Nen kinh te Viet Nam van la kinh te ndng ngMep, nang sudi lao ddng tha'p, ddi sd'ng cua da so dan eff, nhai Id rMflhg ngffdi lao ddng edng dan, ndng dan, tri thffe edn tha'p va khdng dn
Trang 168 TAP CHI P H A T T R I E N NHAN LUC, SO 3(13)-2009
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MOT 80 VAN DE VE HAN CHE SUY GIAM KINH TE
VA BAO DAM AN SINH XA HOI
NGUYEN PHlTtfNG NAM''
L Tmh hinh khung hoang kinh te toan cau
Cudc khung hodng tai chinb bat dau M My da
chuyen thanh eupc khiing hodng kinh te todn
cau, lam cho hang loat ngan hang Idn phd sdn
va tang tnfdng kinh te Me gidi gidm marM Nam
2008, khiing hoang da lam the gidi "bd'e bdi"
tren 30 ngdn ty USD; be thd'ng ngdn hang the
gidi mai 2,2 ngan ty USD
Tang trffdng kinh te the gidi gidm matM: tff
5,2% nam 2007 xud'ng 3,4% nam 2008 va se
xud'ng 0,5% nam 2009 Dan dau cupe khung
hoang la nhdm CT7: M mffe tang GDP -i- 1% nam
2008 xud'ng 2% nam 2009 Trong dd My la
-1,6%, EU -2%, Nhat Ban -2,6%
Cdc nen kinh te mdi ndi (ludn dffdc ky vpng
la se giup duy tri dffdc da tang trffdng kMh te the
gidi) cflng giam manh: tang trffdng M 8,3% nam
2007 giam xudng 6,3% nam 2008 va cbi cdn
khoang 3,3% nam 2009 Trong dd, Trung Qud'c
tang trffdng M 11,9% nam 2007 xudng 9% nam
(*) PGS TS NCVCC
2008 va cM cd khoang 6,7% nam 2009; Nga tang tnfdng M 7,6% nam 2007, xudng 6,8% nam 2008
va khoang 3% vao nam 2009; An Dp tang trffdng
tii 9% nam 2007, xud'ng 7,3% nam 2008 va con
5,1% vao nam 2009 ; Dau M FDI todn cau giam M 1,5 ngdn ty USD
nam 2007 xud'ng dffdi I ngan ty USD nam 2008
va cM cdn khoang 500 ty USD vao nam 2009
ODA cho cdc nffdc dang phdt trien khdng vffdt qud 0,28% GDP cua cdc nffdc phdt trien (ttong kbi mffe cam k e i la 0,51%) Lffdng kieu hoi chuyen ve cde nffdc dang phat trien cung giam
M mffe trung binh 2% GDP (337 ty USD) nam
2007 xud'ng 1,8% GDP (283 ty USD) nam 2008
va cM cdn khoang dffdi 1% GDP vao nam 2009
Trong bdi canh khung hoang ndi hen, sff phoi hdp todn can ttong viec ban che khung hoang Id rai quan trpng Hau bet cde nen kinh te' Idn diu
cM nhffng khoan tien Idn de ciM ttd kMh te (My
cM khoang 2.800 ty USD, Trung Qudc - 586 t^
USD, Nhat Ban - 275 ty USD, Nga - 250 t^
USD, Dffe - 81 ty USD, A'n Dd - 61 ty USD, Anh - 30 ty USD, Phap - 26 ty USD), My nWen,
Trang 2NGUYEN PHUONG NAM - MOT SO VAN DE 69
cho den nay ket qua van cdn nMeu ban che
Theo dff bao eiia cdc chuyen gia bdng dau Me
gidi, cdc "gdi kich cau" vd cac gidi pbdp cuh ttd
kinh te ndi tren chffa du life de "ham phanh"
cudc khiing hoang Cudc khung hoang cdn dang
dien ra vd ed the "dffng lai" vao cudi nam 2009
Do dd, cd the mai tff 2 den 3 nam (sau khung
hodng) de bdi phue nen kinh te
2 Anh hffofng khung hoang kinh te of Viet Nam
va nhiTng vSfn dd dat ra
Trong 22 nam ddi mdi, Viet Nam da dat dffdc
nhflng thdnh tffu an Mdng: nen kirM te tang trffdng
cao (7,5%) hen tuc trong nMeu nam, thu hut dau
M tnfc tie'p Idn (rieng nam 2008 la hdn 60 ty
USD) vd de'n nay dat khoang 100 ty USD Da
gidm dffdc ty le ngheo ddi tff 58% nam 1993
xudng cdn khodng 12% vdo nam 2008, ddi sdng
nhdn dan dffdc cai tMen, che dp cMiM tri - xa
hpi dn dinh, Viet Nam da la thanh vien cua WTO,
vi the vd uy tin ngay edng dffdc nang cao tren
trffdng qudc te
Tuy nMen, cho den nay, Viet Nam van edn la
nffdc ngheo vd trong trang thdi kem phdt trien
Nen kinh te Viet Nam van la kinh te ndng ngMep,
nang sudi lao ddng tha'p, ddi sd'ng cua da so dan
eff, nhai Id rMflhg ngffdi lao ddng (edng dan, ndng
dan, tri thffe) edn tha'p va khdng dn dinh, he thdng
an smh xa hdi edn kMem td'n Tang trffdng kinh
te tuy eao vd nhanh (trong nhffng nam qua),
nhflhg chffa viMg chac vd cflng chffa Mat sff gan
vdi viec thffc Men cdng bang xa hpi vd phat
trien ben vffng
Viet Nam da va dang phai chiu anh hffdng khd
manh ciia khung hoang kinh te todn cau Dieu
nay dffdc the Men d nhffng diem chu yeu sau:
Mpt Id, nam 2008 tdc dp tang trffdng kirM te
dat 6,2%, lam phdt tang cao (khoang 25%), 16/
25 chi tieu dat va vffdt ke hoach, 9/25 cM tieu
khdng dat ke hoach Bffde sang nam 2009, nffdc
ta edn gap khd khan bdn Quy I nam 2009, tang
tiifdng kinh te chi dat 3,1% (la mffe tha'p Midi
trong nMeu nam qua), mffe tang trffdng eiia du lieh, xuai khdu, vdn dau M trffc tie'p deu giam
so vdi nam 2008
Hai la, nhffng van de gan vdi quyen vd ldi ich
cua nhffng ngffdi lao ddng trd nen bffc xuc: mdt
bp phdn ndng ddn tMeu rudng ddi va san xuai khdng dn dinh; cdng rMan Iffdng tha'p vd thieu viec Idm, dpi ngfl tri thffc Iffdng tha'p va tMeu dieu kien tham gia vdo cdc chffdng trirM phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi mang tinh cMen Iffdc cua dai nffdc va cua cdc dia phffdng
Ba la, sd Iffdng vd chai Iffdng sd'ng cua ngffdi
lao ddng cd xu hffdng gidm sut An sinh xa hpi chffa dffdc bao dam day du; phan hda giau ngheo
cd xu hffdng tang len; mdi trffdng sd'ng, mdi trffdng ldm viec suy giam vd cde te nan xa hdi
cd nguy cd lan rdng
TirM WrM tren ed nMeu nguyen rMan, trong
dd, cd ede nguyen rMan ehii ye'u: ve mat khach quan, la do ndi life eua ehung ta edn ye'u, trong khi dd, lai bi tac ddng manh bdi khiing hoang kinh te todn cau; ve mat ehii quan la do sff dieu banh cua cdc edp, ede nganh d Trung ffdng vd ede dia phffdng cdn nMeu bai cap, yeu kem va ddi kW td ra lung Mng; trong khi dd ngffdi lao ddng va ede doanh ngMep cdn "y lai", trdng chd vdo sff ttd giup ciia nhd nffdc va vao "van may" eua minh
3 M6t so giai phap gop phan han che' suy giam Idnh te va bao dam an sinh xa hpi Hoat ddng cua 3 tni cdt (Nhd nffdc, doanh nghiep, ngffdi lao ddng) trong nen kinh te thi trffdng dinh hffdng xd hdi chii ngMa cd y nghia effc ky quan trpng ddi vdi viee ban che kliung hoang kinh te va bao dam an sinh xa hdi Trong
dd, Nha nffdc giff vai hd chu dao vd cd y ngWa quyet dinh Nam trong tay eae ngudn life phdt tiien ciia qud'c gia, Nhd nffdc ehii ddng dffa ra vd thffc Men cMen Iffdc vd cdc quyet sdch phfl hdp, kip thdi de ban che suy giam kinh te vd bao
ddm an sinh xa hdi & ddy, can hdnh tff tffdng
Trang 370 NGUYEN PHUONG NAM - MOT SO VAN DI
ndng vdi, chu quan, coi thffdng quy Mat khach
quan va Mai dp bao thu tri tre
- Thd nhdt, Nhd nffdc can tang effdng nhffng
"gdi trd giup" (cho vay chff khdng phai cho
khdng) tdc ddng tnfc tiep vao "kich cau dau M
va tieu dflng" va "Muc day san xuai kinh doarM,
xuai khau" Dong thdi, can cd cd che va chinb
sdch de nam va kiem sodt dffdc sff van haiM cua
nhffng "gdi trd giup" nay (bao dam "kich can"
cho san xuai vd tieu dflng phai mang tinh tich
effc vd cd Meu qua tMet thffc)
- Thd hai, vdi M each Id chu Me san xudi kinh
doanh, cac doatM nghiep can chii ddng phdt
huy ndi life, sff dung sff trd giup cua Nhd nffdc
mdt cdch Men qua (trong nhffng dieu kien iMai
dinh vd cd trffdng hdp can phai chap iMan lai it
hoac khdng cd lai de duy tri sdn xudi kinh doatM
vd hd ttd ngffdi lao ddng)
- Tha ba, ngffdi lao ddng can chu ddng "tff cffu
minh" bang cdch tich effc Mam gia sdn xuai, kinh
doaiM; xay dffng va thffe Men chffdng triiM tiei
kiem trong tflfng gia dirM vdi Mng cdng viee cu
Me (khdng lang pW); ddng thdi phai pha'n da'u,
tff hpc tap, tff ddo tao de tWch ffng vdi tM tiifdng
ludn bien ddi
- Tha tu, can thffc Men cdng khai, minh bach
ve tai chinh vd cdc boat ddng cua cdc cd quan,
ddn vi Nha nffdc, cdc td chffc chinh tri - xa hpi
M ttung ffdng den dia phffdng (hff bi mat qud'c
gia) Ddng Mdi, tang effdng edng tdc M van, giam
dinh va phan bien xa hdi ddi vdi cdc chii trffdng,
cWnh sdch, cac cdng trinh, dif an & cac cap
Cd the ndi, cdng khai minh bach va phan bien
xa hdi khdng cM la cdng cu sac ben de han che quan heu, lang pW va tham iMung, md edn ttcl thdiM ddng life thuc day kinh te - xa hdi phat trien
- JTia ndm, can phai Mffe Men "quyet het" cac
giai phap quan trpng iMff: tiei kiem trong giao tie'p, trong san xuai, kinh doaiM, sinh boat va tieu dflng; kien quyei chd'ng thai thoat vd cac bieu Men eua quan heu va tham nhflng; xay difhg
va hoan tMen cac bd Mat hen quan tnfc tie'p den san xuai, kinh doanh, tieu dung va bao dam an siiM xa hdi; day manh eai cdch hdtM ehinh d tat
ca cdc cap, cac ngaiM; tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho doanh ngMep va tMffng ngffdi lao ddng co
Me tie'p can tnfc tie'p cdc "gdi kich can" vd nhiing phuc ldi xa hdi
Nhff vay, ttong dieu kien suy giam kinh te, sif thd'ng iMai ve muc tieu vd ^ chi cung vdi sif phdi hdp chat che ttong boat ddng giffa Nhd nffdc vdi cac doarM ngMep va tMffng ngffdi lao dpng dffa tren ed sd ldi ich chimg cua dai nffdc (ttong
do cd ldi ich cua cac chu the boat ddng) eo ^ ngMa quyet diiM den viec ban che suy giam kinh
te va bao dam an sinh xa hdi ^ ^
MM