Tir xung hd trong tieng Viet ve ca ban khdng phan biet xung hd van phong va xung hd khau ngu, chu yeu la xung hd dan am tidt, die biet trong each diing "xung" va "gpi" thudng dimg dan am
Trang 1LICH sir - VAN HOA
TRDNG TIENG VIET, TIENG HAN VA SIT KHAC NHAU
VE VAN HiA HAI NUtC TUf GiC Dt GlAl TINH
LE QUANG SANG
NCS Dgi hgc Trung San, Trung Quo'c
Phuang thirc cau tao tir xung hd
gia dinh trong tieng Viet va tieng
Han cd sir khac nhau kha Idn Tir
xung hd gia dinh dugc phan lam hai loai
chinh: xung ho dan diing xung gpi rieng mpt
hoac nhieu thanh vien trong gia dinh nhu:
dng, dng npi,v.v , va xung ho gdp hay cdn
gpi xung hd kep gdm hai xung hd ding lap
trd len, diing de gpi chung nhieu thanh vien
nhu: dng ba, cd bac,v.v Trong pham vi bai
viet, chung tdi chu yeu nghien ciiu phuang
thuc cau tao tir xung hd dan
Tir xung hd trong tieng Viet ve ca ban
khdng phan biet xung hd van phong va xung
hd khau ngu, chu yeu la xung hd dan am tidt,
die biet trong each diing "xung" va "gpi"
thudng dimg dan am tiet, trudng hgp tha
xung hoac trudng hgp cin giai thich r5 vd
gidi tinh, npi ngoai, huyet thdng, than sa
bang he, ngudi Viet mdi them cac tir td phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, huyet thdng, than sa, cau tao nen tir xung ho chinh phu, trung tam diing trudc yeu td phu diing sau va chi cd nhung tir khdng phan biet gidi tinh, npi ngoai, than sa mdi cd chirc nang nay Nhung trong tieng Han hien dai, tir xung ho gia dinh
cd xu hu'dng chu yeu song am tiet, phan biet
ro xung ho van phong va xung hd khau ngir, phan biet ro gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, tdng tpc, than so, huyet thdng 0 day, chiing tdi chi so sanh cau tao tir xung hd gia dinh trong tidng Viet va xung hd van phong trong tieng Han, qua do thay dugc sir khac nhau giua hai ndn van hda Viet va Han
Xung hd vin phong trong tieng Han thudng dugc ciu tao tir hai am tidt trd len Cach cau tao tir chu yeu dua vao xung hd goc (tir can), kdt hgp vdi cac tir td xung hd
NGHIEN CllU TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2011
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Trang 2LE QUANG SANG
khac, md rong ve trai hoac ve phai de cau
tao nen tir Thdng thudng, cau tao ve ben trai
de bieu thj gioi tinh, cau tao ve phia phai de
phan biet tong tgc, ngi ngoai, than so, huyet
thdng Khac vdi tidng Viet, nhimg tir xung
ho gdc vdn mang y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh,
ngi ngoai, than so, huyet thong khdng ket
hgp dugc vdi cac tir to phan biet gidi tinh,
ngi ngoai, than so huyet thdng, nhung trong
tieng Han, nhimg tir xung ho goc nay lai van
k8t hgp vdi nhimg tir to tren tao nen tir xung
hd Mat khac, nhirng tir xung ho gdc trong
tieng Viet ddng thdi la cac tir xung hd;
nhung tir xung hd chinh phu ddi xiing nhau
ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai Cach cau tao ciia cac
tir xung hd nil giai va xung hd ben ngoai
khdng lay cac tir xung hd gdc nam gidi va
xung hd ben ngi de phat trien thanh tir xung
hd Trong khi do, nhung tir xung hd trong
tieng Han hien dai khdng diing dgc lap dugc
ma phai ket hgp vdi cac tir xung ho khac
Phuang thiic cau tao tir chii yeu lay cac tir
xung hd goc nam gidi va xung hd ben ngi lam
gdc, ket hgp vdi cic tir td phan biet gidi tinh,
ngi ngoai, tdng tgc, huyet thdng, than so, md
rpng sang phai va trai Hai each cau tao tir nay
phan anh sir khac biet ve van hda, xa hgi cua
hai nuac Viet Nam va Trung Quoc
1 Phirong thii'c cau tao tu xyng ho
trong tieng Viet va tieng Han
I.I Phuffng thitc cau tao tir xung ho
trong tieng Viet
So lugng tir xung hd tieng Viet kha it,
biln the it, mgt tir xung ho cd the xung ggi
nhidu thanh vien trong gia dinh Theo Hoang
Anh Thi, xung ho gia dinh gdm 26 tir xung
hd ca ban, cdn theo Truang Thj Diem thi cd
25 til- xung hd ca ban (khong cd tir xung ho
"chit").^"
Khao sat 26 tir xung hd gdc cho thay, chiing deu cd the diing dgc lap thinh tir xung
hd, nhit la trong trudng hgp "xung" va "ggi" Trong trudng hgp tha xung hoac can giai thich, nhung tir xung hd nay cd the chia lam hai loai chinh: Nhimg tir xung ho vdn mang
y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, than
so, huydt thdng, thudng khdng ket hgp dugc vdi nhirng tir td chi giai tinh, ngi ngoai, than
so, huyet thdng nhu: dng, ba, trai, gai, dau, re, ngi, ngoai, rupt, hg Vi du, chiing ta khdng the ndi "chu trai, chii ngi, cau ngoai, bd hp, con hg, dng trai, ba gai Nhirng tir xung hd gdc nay ludn d dang don am tiet, khdng cd kha nang cau thanh tir xung hd chinh phu NhiJng tir khong mang y nghTa phan biet gidi tinh, npi ngoai, than so, huyet thdng, cd the ket hgp dugc vdi cac yeu to tren'^\ tao thanh cac tir xung hd chinh phu, trung tam dung trudc, thanh to phu diing sau
Xet ve gdc do gidi tinh, 26 tir xung hd gdc nay cd 17 tir xung hd phan biet gidi tinh
va 9 tir khong phan biet gidi tinh Nhimg tir phan biet gidi tinh khong ket hgp dugc vdi cac tir phan biet giai tinh Nhiing tir khdng phan biet gidi tinh cd thd kdt hgp vdi 6 tir td (dng, ba, trai, gai, dau, rd) diing dd phan biet gidi tinh Trong do, "dng", "ba" chi kdt hgp dugc vai hai tir "cu, ky" dd phan biet gidi tinh "Trai, gai, dau, re" ngoai chirc nang phan biet gidi tinh, cdn cd chirc ning phan biet huyet thdng va phi huydt thdng; "trai,
50 NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUOC s o 2(114) - 2011
Trang 3Phutfng thiib cau tao tir xung ho gia dinh
gai" bidu thj huydt thdng, "dau, re" bieu thj
hon nhan
Trong 17 tir xung hd phan biet gidi tinh,
ngoai hai tir "anh, chi" ra, 13 tir cdn lai
khdng kdt hop dugc vdi cac tir phan biet gidi
tinh, dd la "dng, ba, cha, me, chii, cd, cau, di,
thim, mg, dugng, dau, re, vg, chong" Trong
sd dd, mdt sd tir ket hgp dugc, nhung ngir
nghla thay ddi, nhu: chii re, co dau, cd gai
Sd dT hai tir "anh, chi" cd thd ket hgp dugc
vdi cac tir "trai, gai, dau, rd", tao thanh "anh
trai, chi gai, anh re, chi dau", khong phai de
phan biet gidi tinh, ma dd phan biet than so,
huydt thong Rieng hai tir "thim, mg" khi
dimg lam tha xung ciing cd the ket hgp vdi
"dau", thanh "mg dau, thim dau" dd nhan
manh day la xung hd do hdn nhan dem lai
9 tir xung hd cdn lai khdng phan biet gidi:
"ky, cu, bic, con, em, cbau, chat, chiit,
chit"^^\ trong dd "ky, cu" chi ket hgp vdi hai
tir "dng, ba", 7 tir cdn lai kdt hgp vdi "trai,
gai, dau, re" tao nen cac tir xung ho ddi xiing
nhau ve giai tinh, vira phan biet huyet thdng:
"Ky dng - ky ba; cu dng - cu ba (khdng
cd "cu trai, cu gai, ky dau, ky re ")
"Bic trai - bae gai; bic dau - bae re; con
trai - con gii; con diu - con re; em trai - em
gai; em dau - em re; chau trai - chau gai;
chau dau - chau re; chat trai - chit gai, chat
dau chat re; chiit trai chut gai; chut dau
-chiit re; chit trai - chit gai; chit dau - chit re"
Ve gdc do phan biet ngi ngoai, 26 tir
xung bd nay, cd 18 tir khdng ket hgp dugc
vdi hai tir "ndi, ngoai" vi bin than nhimg tir
nay hoac co sir phan biet npi ngoai nhu "ehii,
CO, cau, thim, mg, di, dugng", hoac chi quan
he hat nhan nhu "cha, me, con, anh, chi, em", hoac chi quan he hdn nhan nhu "dau, re, vg, chdng" Rieng tir "bic" tuang ddi dac biet, khdng cd sir phan biet ngi ngoai, nhung lai khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir "ngi, ngoai" Tir "bic" la tir dugc mugn tir tieng Han chi ngudi anh cua bd, mang y nghTa nam gidi, xung ho ben ngi, tdng tgc, huyet thdng, be tren, bang he Khi dugc mugn sang tieng Viet, do anh hudng van hda Vi^t khdng cd su phan biet ro rang ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, nen tir "bae" mat di y nghia nam gidi, xung ho ben ngi, tdng tpc, nhung van khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir phan biet ngi ngoai nay gidng nhu tir "chii"
8 tir khdng cd sir phan biet npi ngoai: cu,
ky, dng, ba, chau, chat, chiit, chit, cd the ket hgp vdi cac tir "ngi, ngoai" tao nen sir ddi xiing trong xung hd npi ngoai: "Ky ngi - ky ngoai; cu npi - cu ngoai; ong npi - dng ngoai; ba ngi - bi ngoai; chau ndi - chau ngoai; chat npi - chat ngoai; chiit npi - chiit ngoai; chit ngi - chit ngoai"
De phan biet than sa, ngudi Viet cdn diing hai tir "rugt, hg" de phan biet, ngoai nhirng tir xung ho "than" nhat nhu "cha, me, con" va nhung tir mang nghTa gdc "so" chi quan he hdn nhin nhu "thim, mg, dugng, dau, re", khdng ket hgp dugc vdi hai tir nay, nhimg tir xung hd khic deu cd the diing hai tir nay de phan biet than sa, so sanh: "chu rupt chii hg; bic rugt bae hp, chau rupt -chau hp "
Tat ca nhirng tir xung ho gdc (tir can) trong tieng Viet deu cd the dung dgc lap cau tao nen tir xung bd, xung hd nam gidi va nir gidi khdng phu thude nhau, binh dang Han
NGHIEN cum TRUNG QUOC so 2(114) - 2011
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Trang 4Lt QUANG SANG
niia, ngoai nhiing tir xung ho ddc lap, nhimg
tir xung hd tha xung, ty le ximg nam nQ, npi
ngoai ciing luon can bang, ddi xung nhau,
thd hien sir binh ding nam nu:, binh dang
trong quan he ngi ngoai
1.2 Phuffng thirc cdu tao tir xung ho
trong tieng Hdn
Xung hd gia dinh trong tieng Han sd
lugng nhieu, bien the nhieu Theo Ho ST Van
khao sat ban 1900 tir xung hd, khoang 90%
la xung hd chinh phu^''\ Khac vdi tidng Viet,
ban 1900 tir xung hd nay deu cd sir phan biet
ro rang ve gidi tinh, ngi ngoai va tong tgc
Theo khao sat ciia chung tdi, xung hd
chinh phu dugc cau tao tir xung hd goc, md
rong ben phai phan biet gioi tinh, md rdng
sang ben trai de phan biet ngi ngoai, than so,
tdng tgc
Khac vai tieng Viet, ban than nhimg tir
xung hd goc trong tieng Han deu cd phan
biet nam nil, ndi ngoai, tdng tgc Trong 22 tir
xung ho gdc gdm cd i§.(t 6), ?/|^ (tdn), 3<1
(phu), T (tir), # (miu), ^ (nir), ^
(huynh), ^ (de), ffl (thu), U (muoi), i^
(ba), i$i (thiic), $4 (cd), M (cim: cau),
M (di: di), H (diet: chau), 4^ (sanh: chau
ngoai), ^ (phu), # (the), W (tiu: chi
diu), -S-(nh ac), ^ (te: re)'^\ trong dd gidi
ti'nh cd 13 tir chi nam gidi (td, tdn, phu,
huynh, de, ba, thuc, cuu, diet, sanh, phu), 8
tir chi nu gidi (mau, nir, thu, mudi, cd, di, the,
tau), 1 tir khdng phan biet gidi tinh (nhac);
ngi ngoai cd 3 tir ben'ngoai (mau, ciru, di), 4
tir chi hon nhan (phu, the, nhac, te) khdng cd
sir phan biet npi ngoai, cdn lai xung bd ben
ngi; tdng tgc cd 9 tir ngi tpc, 13 tir ngoai tgc,
CO sir mat can ddi nghiem trgng giira nam va
nii, gida ngi va ngoai Nhung chung khdng diing dgc lap ma kdt hgp vdfi nhiing tir chi giai tinh, ngi ngoai, bang he, cau tao nen tir xung ho
Ve gdc do giai tinh, da s6 cac tir xung hd huyet thdng dugc cau tao bing each lay tir xung ho gdc nam gidi rdi ma rong sang ben phai tao nen tir xung hd nam giai va nil gidi Day la sir bieu hien trpng nam khinh nir, lay nam giai lam trung tam Sir phat trien cac tir xung ho theo qua trinh sau:
Xung ho gdc nam giai -^ xung hd nam
gidi —> xung ho nir giai
Vi du: To ^^ to phu —>• to mau
Ket cau cua no thudng la:
Tir goc mang y nghla nam gioi + tur chi gioi tinh nam hoac nir
Thdng thudng tham gia cdng thirc tren gdm CO cac xung hd be tren va xung hd be dudi, xung hd ben ndi, so sanh;
ffi.3i (td phu: dng ngi) - !§.# (td mau:
ba ndi); a'ffl5i (ting td phu: cu dng ngi)
-^ ? f i # (ting td miu: cu ba npi); i -^ l l j -^ (cao td phu: ky dng npi) - i^ffl-^ (cao td
mau: ky ba ngi); i^^ (ba phu: anh ciia cha)
- 'f6# (bi mau: vg anh trai cua cha); ^'yL (thuc phu: em trai cua cha) - ^-(^ (thiic mii:
vg em trai cua cha); M5t (ciru phu: anh,
em trai ciia me) - M ^ (cilu mau: vg anh
em trai cua me); # ^ ( t d n tir: cbau trai npi)
- # : ^ (ton nil: chau gai ngi); {^^ (diet
tir: chau trai con cua anh, em trai) - {=£ l^ (diet nil: cbau gai con cua anh, em trai)
Tat ca cac xung hd chinh phu trong tidng Han cd the nhan biet bang mpt sd diu hieu sau:
Trang 5Phwang thdc cau tao tCfxuttg ho gia dinh
Th ic nhdt, hau hdt cac xung hd nil, dugc huydt thdng Day la diu tich coi trpng huyet ciu tao tir bp thii ic (nil), hoac tir td nir nhu: thdng hom phi huyet thdng So sanh su phat W.1^ (tau tii: chj dau), ® $ I (thu thu: chj trien xung hd:
gai), ^ ^ (mudi mudi: em gai), #::^ (tdn
nir: chau gai), i S : ^ (diet nir: chau gai),
v.v , nhung xung hd nam gidi lai khdng
dugc cau tao bai bg "nam" hoac tir td "nam",
vi du: R, (huynh: anh trai), ^ ^ (ca ca:
anh trai), ^ ^ (de de: em trai), ?/J^^ (tdn
tir: chau trai), ' S ^ (diet tir: chau %2i\f'\
Thit hai, ve ngir nghTa, chung ta cd the
can cii vao tir td cudi ciing de xac djnh nam
hay nd Xung ho be tren vai nam gidi, hau
tiet td la "phu", xung hd be tren nu gidi hau
tiet td la "mau", xung hd ngang bae thudrng
can cii vao tir xung ho gdc (khau ngir thudng
d dang lap) nhu huynh, ca, de, thu, muoi
Xung hd be dudi, xung hd nam gidi ben npi
thudng dugc ket cau bang tir td "tir" nhu
"tdn tii, diet tir", xung hd nd gidi be dudi
ben ngi thudng ket hgp vdi tir td "nil", nhu
"tdn nir, diet nil" Chi cd mgt bg phan nhd
xung hd gdc nil gidi dugc cau tao tir chinh
xung hd gdc, dd la "mau", "tiu", "thu",
"mudi", "nil", "cd", "di", thanh cac xung hd
chi nir giai la "mau than", "tau tii" (chi dau),
"mudi muoi", "nil tir" , "cd miu', "di miu"
va 5 tir gdc "thu", "mudi", "nir", "cd", "di"
lam tir can cau tao nen 5 tir xung hd nam
Di—> di mau—> di phu; co -^ cd mau -*
cd phu; thu — thu thu -^ thu phu; muoi -* muoi mudi — thu mudi; nil' -* nu tir
-» nir te (chdng con gai)
Nhu vay, dai da so cac tir xung hd trong tieng Han dugc cau tao, phat trien xuat phat tir xung hd gdc nam gidi, phan anh tu tudng lay nam gidi lam trung tam, nir gidi phu thupc vao nam gidi, the hien sir bat binh ding trong gia dinh, ddng thdi ciing cho thay
tu tudng trgng huyet thong hon phi huyet thong ciia ngudi Trung Quoc
Ve su phan biet ngi ngoai, cau tao tir xung hd tieng Han theo phuang thirc nhj phan, phan thanh ngi tgc va ngoai tgc, ngi tgc than ban ngoai tpc Nhimg ngudi than trong gia dinh cd cimg hg ggi la ngi tgc, cdn
hg hang ben ngoai va hp hang ben npi khdng ciing hg deu ggi la ngoai tgc Ve each cau tao tir, xung hd ngi tgc dugc cau tao tir xung
hd gde npi tpc Dai da sd cac tir xung hd ngoai tgc dugc dugc cau tao tir xung hd ngi tgc ket hgp vdi cac tir td ngoai tgc nhu
"ngoai" (ben ngoai)," bieu" (be ngoai) Ngugc lai, nhimg tir xung hd ngoai tdc gidi do quan be hdn nhan mang lai va khdng khdng cd chirc nang cau tao nen tir xung hd cau tao nen dugc nhirng tir xung nam gidi npi tpc Vi du:
(ben n o i , nam gicVi
To phy (ong nOi') T6 mau (ba noi) TflTig lo phu (cu ong nOi) Tang to mau (cu ba noi) C::ao 16 phu (ky ong nOi) C:ao to mau (ky ba ngi)
Ngoai to phu (ong ngoaii) Ngoai to mau (ba ngoai) Ngoai tang 16 phvi (cy ong ngoai Ngoai tang to mflu (cu ba ngoai) Ngoai cao to phu (ky ong ngoai Ngoai cao to mSu (ky ba ngoai)
NGHIEN cum TRUNG QUOC sd 2(114) - 2011
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Trang 6LE QUANG SANG
De (nam gidi, ben ndi) — bieu de (nam trong do chi cd "bidu" thudc ben ngoai, cdn gidi, ben ngoai, bang he) (con cua anh, chi lai thugc ben ngi Cong thiic xung hd bang
em ciia me) he nhu sau:
Ngay ciing xung hd ben ndi, xung hd
nam gidi vanir gidi ciing khac nhau Nil gidi
khi liy chdng thugc vd ddng hg khac, nen
con chau ciia hp khdng thugc ndi tgc Con
cua chj em gai va con cua con gai minh cQng
chiu sd phan nhu ben ngoai, so sanh:
Con ciia anh em trai ggi la "diet nam"
(chau ngi trai), "diet nil" (chau ngi gai),
nhung con ciia chj em gai lai ggi la "ngoai
sinh" (chau ngoai trai), "ngoai sinh nir"
(chau ngoai gai) Con cua con trai minh gpi
la "tdn tu" (chau trai), "tdn nil" chau gai, con
cua con gai minh gpi la "ngoai tdn" (chau
ngoai trai), "ngoai tdn nil" (chau ngoai gai)
Ngoai ra, trong cau tao xung hd bang he
(so), tieng Viet chi dimg tir "hg", khdng phan
biet ngi ngoai, nhung trong tieng Han, diing
kha nhieu tir xung hd (dudng, tdng, tai tdng,
tdc, bieu) deu phan biet npi ngoai ro rang,
Ximg ho bang he ben noi = Tir bieu bang he ben noi + ximg ho ben noi
Xirng ho bang he ben ngoai = Tu- bieu bang he ben ngoai + xung ho ben noi
Cau tao xung hd bang he bae 1, ben npi
cd "duang, tdng" (nghTa la trong nha, npi), xung ho ben ngoai dimg "bieu" Xung ho ben ndi cdn cd cac tir de phan biet bae 2, bae
3, bae 4 nhu "tai tdng", "tgc", nhung xung
hd ben ngoai lai khong cd sir phan chia chi tiet nhu vay, chi vi ben ngoai "sa" qua, nen khdng can cd xung hd, gay ra su khuyet thieu xung hd ben ngoai Dieu nay tao nen
sd lugng tir xung ho ben ngi khdng 16, cdn
sd lugng tir xung hd ben ngoai lai qua it, dan den sir mat can bang nghiem trgng trong xung hd hai ben npi ngoai Hon nira tat ca nhiing tir xung hd bang he deu dugc cau tao tir xung hd ben ngi, la su bieu hien cua thai
dp trgng ngi khinh ngoai Vi du:
Xung hd gdc
Huynh (ben ndi, nam
gidi)
Thu (ben ndi, nir gidi)
Xung hd ben ndi Dudng huynh Tdng huynh Tai tdng huynh Tgc huynh Dudng thu Tdng thu Tai tdng thu Tgc thu
Xung hd ben ngoai Bieu huynh
9
7
? Bieu thu
9
9
7
Nhu vay, each cau tao tir xung hd ben ndi phu thudc vao xung hd ben npi, ndi dung
vi xung ho ben ngoai tao nen su mat can ddi han dugc phai sinh tir xung ho ben ndi Thuc
ve sd lugng tir xung hd, xung hd ben ndi chat day la sir bieu hien tu tudng trgng ngi dugc lay lam trung tam, xung hd ben ngoai khinh ngoai, than ngi han than ngoai, suy
54 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2011
Trang 7PhLtong thdt: cau tao tir xang ho gia dinh
cho ciing chinh la bidu hien ciia tu tudng
trgng nam khinh nir
2 Su- khac nhau trong phuang thu-c
cau tao tir xu-ng ho tieng Vift, tieng Han
va sir khac nhau ve van hoa hai nu-o-c
Ngdn ngir la tam guong phan anh xa hgi
Xung hd gia dinh phan anh che do hdn nhan,
xung hd gia dinh ngudi Viet phan anh tam ly
trgng tinh, sir binh dang cua cac thanh vien
trong gia dinh
C ach cau tao tir xung hd gia dinh trong
tieng Viet va tieng Han cd sir khac nhau ve
ca ban Xung hd tieng Viet hien dai cd mgt
lugng ldn tir xung ho thuan Viet khong phan
biet gidi tinh, ngi ngoai, than so, bien hai
chu the nam nil khac nhau ve mat sinh hgc,
tam ly, vai trd xa hgi lam mdt Hon niia,
nhiing tir xung hd chinh phu, mdi quan he
chinh phu tuong ddi long leo, nd chi dugc sir
dung trong trudng hgp tha xung va can giai
thich ky moi quan he Khi cau tao nen tir cd
sir ddi xumg gi&a xung hd nam va xung hd
nil, xung ho ben ngi va xung hd ben ngoai,
xung hd "than", xung hd "sa" Xung hd nam
nir dgc lap, ddi xiing, khdng phu thugc nhau;
xung hd ngi ngoai ciing dpc lap, ddi xung,
khdng phu thugc nhau Qua each cau tao, ta
ciing thay nhan thirc, tu duy ciia ngudi Viet
tuang ddi ro rang, ban than nhirng tir gdc
mang y nghTa gidi tinh, ndi ngoai, than so
khdng the ket hgp dugc nhiing tir de ehi ro
quan he do Thuc chat, day la san pham cua
vin hda trgng tinh va tu tudng binh dang gidi,
la net tien tien dang tu hao ciia ngudi Viet
Trong tieng Hin, ban than tir xung hd
goc da CO sir phan biet nam nil, npi ngoai,
tdng tpc Cach caii tao tir xung bd gia dinh
liy tir xung hd gdc nam giai, xumg hd ben ngi lam trung tam, rdi phat trien thanh xung
ho nir gidi va xung hd ben ngoai Cach cau tao ciing khong mach lac, nhiing tir xung hd gdc vdn mang trong minh ham nghia nam, hii-, ngi, ngoai, tong tgc, nhung van kdt hgp vdi nhung tir td phan biet gidi tinh, npi ngoai, tdng tgc Cach cau tao tir xung ho trong tieng Han gay ra sir mat can ddi ve sd lupng xung ho nam va nir, ngi va ngoai So lugng xung ho nam giai nhieu, xung hd nil gidi it, xung ho ben ngi nhien, xung hd ben ngoai it
Ve hinh thiic, xung hd nir gicii thuang cd diu hieu nhan biet la nil hoac bg nG, xung ho nCr giai thudng nhidu am tidt han nam gidi, xung hd ben ngoai thudng cd tir td "ngoai" (trong khi do ben ngi lai khong can), am tiet thudng nhieu hon ben ngi Ve ngii nghTa, xung ho ben npi nam gidi la npi tpc, xung hd ben ngoai va xung hd nil gidi ben npi la ngoai tgc Day thuc chat la sir phan anh tu tudng, trpng nam khinh nu-, trpng ndi khinh ngoai, phan anh quan niem luan ly ve xa hgi truyen thdng cua Trung Qude Kdt ciu xa hgi
va ket cau gia dinh deu lay nam quyen lam trung tam, lam chu the Gia tgc chi bao gdm
hp hang ben cha, hg hang ben me coi la
"ngoai" (ben ngoai), phan anh sau sic quan niem tong phap Hg hang ben cha, nhimg ngudi cd cimg hg la ngudi huong khdi, kd thira tai san, la ngi tgc, hg hang ben ngoai vi con chiu cua chi em gii deu la ngoai tgc Chinh vi dieu nay nen ngudi Trung Qude rit coi trgng hg, ngudi ta ggi nhau bing hg ghep vdi ten hoac chiic vu nghe nghiep ma it khi ggi bang ten Che do tdng phap dua tren ca
sa quan he huyet thdng phu he, ciing mdt td tien, duy tri su thin mat, trong npi tpc phan tren duai, tdn ty, quy dinh rd quydn lgi,
NGHIEN cum TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2011
55
Trang 8LE QUANG SANG
nghTa vu, miic dp than sa va dia vi cua cac
thanh vien, hg hang ngoai tgc khdng dugc
coi trgng Didu do dugc phan anh vao he
thdng xung hd gia dinh, cd su phan chia ro
rang ngi ngoai, he thdng xung hd nghieng
lech ve xung hd phu he ndi tgc
Ciing gidng nhidu ngdn ngii tren the giai,
trong each cau tao tir cua tieng Han co sir
phan biet nam nil ro ret Trong tieng Anh,
nhidu tir xung hd nil dugc phat trien tir xung
hd nam gidi, phan anh than phan phu thugc
cua hg, vi du: actor (nam diln vien), actress
(nd dien vien), host (nam chu nhan), hostess
(nil chu nhan), hero (nam anh himg), heroine
(nil anh hung) Trong tieng Phap ciing vay,
vi du: chanteur (nam ca sT), chanteuse (nil ca
sT), etidiant (nam sinh vien), etidiante (nir
sinh vien) Trong tieng Nga ciing tuong tu,
nhieu tir gidng cai dugc cau tao tir gidng due,
vi du Apyr (ban trai), flpyra(ban gai), OH
(anh ay, ong ay ), oua (cd ay, ba ay, chj
ay ) Day chinh la bieu hien cua sir ky thj
gidi tinh, ma thuc chit la ky thi nil gidi
Chinh vi vay, tir nhiing nam 60 the ky 20,
phong trio nir gidi ddi quyen binh dang phat
trien manh me, de ra nhieu phuang hudng
cii cich ngdn ngii, nhu d Phap xuat hien
nhieu tir c6 each cau tao cd lgi cho nir gidi
nhu: conductrice (nir lai xe), ministress (nG
bg trudng), madame la directrice (nu giam
ddc) Qua day cd the thiy, each cau tao
xung ho va van hda Viet Nam la mpt net
rieng tien tien it thay tren the gidi, dang
dugc tran trgng va tu hio!
CHU THICH:
(1) Hoang Anh Thi: "So sanh nghi thiec giao
tiep tieng Nhdt vd Tieng Vief (qua tir xung ho),
Luan an Tien si Ngir van, 200L Trucmg Thi Diem:
"Tir ximg ho co ngudn gdc danh tie thdn tgc trong giao tiip tiing Viet", Luan van Thac si Ngu van,
Vinh-NgheAn, 1997
(2) d day chiing toi khong khao sat tradng hop xung ho gia dinh md rpng ra xa hpi, tile 26 tir xung
ho nay hiu h6t dSu co the kSt hop vdi tir td "Sy, ta"
de cau tao nen xung ho tha xung, co chile ning giong nhu dai tir ngoi thii ba so it
(3) Theo khao sit cua chiing toi, 9 tir xung ho nay d6u la nhihig tir thuin Viet, da duac thay the hoan toin cic tir Hin Viet, dugc su dung trong cac gia dinh Viet Nam hifn nay NhCrng tir co su phan biet npi ngoai, thudng la nhihig tir Hin Viet, hoac
do anh hudng ciia van hoa Han van con giir mpt phan ngii nghia goc Khi nhirng tir nay duac diing
ra xa hoi, y nghia phan bift nam nu, npi ngoai, tong
tpc bi md nhat di do chiu anh hudng ciia van hoa
Viet
(4) Ho ST van: "Nghien cieu xung ho gia dinh
trong tieng Hdn", NXB Thucmg vu, Bae Kinh 2007
tt.2007)
(5) 22 tir xung h6 gdc trong tiSng Han tdng hop tir 18 tir xung ho do Phiing Han Ky thu thap, bo
sung 4 tir xung ho goc : "W." (tau), " ^ (t6), "phu",
" ^ " (the) Phiing Han Ky "Chi nam xung ho gia
dinh Trung Quoc", NXB Thucmg Hai, 1989, trang
2-4 (w-i^m i'^mmmmn^m)) ,±.m\hm±,
1989^,2-4^) (6) Theo TrSn Nhu Dong thdng ke, trong "Tir Hai", CO 257 tir duoc cau tao tir bo "nir", trong do
CO 100 tir mang ham nghTa tot xau, ty le nhu sau: 47 tir nghia tot, 35 tii nghTa xau, 18 tu niia tdt niia xau
47 rir nghTa lot, thucmg la nhimg tir chi dung mao phu nil, nhu dieu, dao, chau, dinh, thanh , nhirng tir nghTa xau, thuong gan vai hanh vi, than phan, pham hanh nhu gian, dam, no, ky Nhung bo
"nam" lai rdt it va khong co nghia xlu (Trin Nhii
Dong "Ly ludn hoc ngon ngir", NXB Bic Kinh,
2001, trang 45-48 RS^^.iS"g'f631^[M] ib:^: :lt:ffC tii fiStt,2001.45-48.)
56 NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC s d 2(114) - 2011