Tong hgp cac kit qua va each xem xet cd dugc trong du" lieu nghien cd'u, nhdm da su dyng mdt so biin ed tac dyng lam thang do ndi dung thdng thudng cua vin xa hdi Raiser 2001.. XLP ly va
Trang 136 TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(l36)-2009
VON XA HOI VA NGHIEN CLfU VAN DE VON XA HOI 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN VAN TUAN
TOMTAT
Bai viet tap hap mdt so ket qua nghidn cwu
vi xac dinh cac tidu chi thudc von xa hdi,
thang do cac tidu chi dd, ket qua da sir
dung cua cac nghidn cwu da cd va hwdng
ap dung trong nghien cwu von xa hdi phuc
vu nghidn cwu, giang day ve cac mdn lien
quan den khoa hoc lanh dao quan ly
1. TH£ NAO LA VON XA HOI
Cd nhiiu djnh nghTa v l v i n xa hpi, theo
chdng tdi ed t h i SLP dung khai niem v i n xa
hpi va cac ndi dung lien quan d i n v i n xa
hdi nhu sau
Von xa hdi la loai von hinh thanh tw cac
mang Iwdi xa hdi, cac lidn kdt ndi tai trong
mang Iwdi dd, cac chuan mwc xa hdi dwac
cdng ddng thdng qua budc cac thanh vien
thirc hidn Von xa hdi tao thuan lai cho str
hap tac giCra cac thanh vien va cac cdng
dong, to chwc, ca quan; tao thuan lai,
thanh cdng cho cac chien Iwac phat trien
ciia cac ca nhan
Ciing c i n phai ndi them r i n g , Vdn xa hdi la
mdt khai niem phCpc tgp da chilu Chdng
tdi gidi thieu nhu'ng triln khai them khai
niem v i n xa hdi cua Halpem (2005) Ong
xae djnh cd 3 khia egnh cda v i n xa hdi
theo chilu ngang: Cac bd phan hgp thanh
Nguyin Van Tuan Tiin sT Vien Xa hpi hpc,
Hpc vien Chinh trj-Hanh chinh Quic gia Ho
ChiMinh
v i n xa hdi; Cac mCpc dp phan tich/hinh thCpc von xa hdi va ChCpc nang eda v i n xa hpi
vdn xa hdi cd 3 bd phan hap thanh: Mgng
ludi: Cae mdi lien k i t ben trong/lan nhau cda mpi ngudi; cac chuin mye hanh ddng phai tuan theo (cac hanh dpng ehuin, cae qui t i c , eae gia tri, cac mong dgi duge t h i thLPC hoa); va s y c h i p hanh/thu'a nhgn (dd
la viec thudng, phgt lam cho cac hanh ddng tieu ehuin ed SCPC mgnh them)
Cac bp phan nay ed moi lien he va tac ddng qua Igi vdi nhau Mang ludi xa hpi lam sau s l e them eae hanh ddng tieu chuan va chdng chi mgnh them bdi sy
c h i p hanh/thCpa nhgn Cac bp phan nay phan biet vdi nhau, khac nhau nhung ed
m i l quan he qua Igi va tae ddng tuang hd vdi nhau
Von xa hdi dwac phan tich a 3 cap ddIZ hinh thLPC Vi md, trung md va vT md O mwc vi md, vdn xa hdi bao g i m cac moi
lien he than thilt vdi gia dinh, bgn be; d
c l p dp trung md, v i n xa hpi bao gom cae
m i i quan he trong cac cdng dong, td chCpc
xa hpi; O" e l p vT md, v i n xa hdi bao g i m : cac m i i lien k i t giCpa cac dja phuang va lien k i t quoc gia xuyen qua cac dja phuang O' 3 c l p nay ed d i i m ehung ve mat chd'c nang cua v i n xa hdi N l u mdt nghien CCPU nao dd ehi d l cap d i n mdt cap
dp cda von xa hpi thi e i n xem xet them sy tae dpng eua e l p khac Vi dy, n l u con
Trang 2NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HQI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE 37
ngudi trong mdt xa hdi b i t d i u vdi cac m i i
quan he y i u vdi gia dinh cua hp (khi
nghien CCPU vdn xa hdi d c l p vT md), thi
dilu dd lam m i t di chCpc nang tang eudng
sy tham gia eua hp trong cdng dong hoae
hp se tich eye han trong viec tham gia d
mCpc qudc gia (vT md)
Vdn xa hdi cd 3 chwc nang ca ban: mpt,
k i t noi (bonding); hai, vuan ra ngoai
(briding) va ba la, chCpc nang k i t n i i 2
chCpc nang tren ChCpc nang k i t noi cd
nghTa la ed logi v i n xa hpi ma mgng ludi
cua ea nhan hoae epng dong cda hp cd xu
hudng tang eudng sy thing nhit, d i n g
nhit trong nhdm ngudi g i n gui ChCpc
nang vuan ra ngoai hoae md rdng ra ben
ngoai, la mang ludi xa hpi dd ed t h i vuan
ra vdi nhu'ng ngudi xung quanh Khae vdi
quan he k i t n i i d tren, chCpc nang nay lam
cho eon ngudi d l chia tach khdi nhu'ng
moi quan he b i n chat, than thupc k i i u gia
dinh, bgn be; thd- ba, chd-c nang lien k i t
cua v i n xa hdi, cd nghTa la lien k i t mpi
ngudi thdng qua cac m i i quan he can
bing/nhu nhau vdi quyin lyc va cd t h i
tam coi la hinh thd-c dae biet eua chd'c
nang vuan ra ngoai, nd lien quan dae biet
tdi quyin lye Nd la c l u n i i theo ehilu
dpc/thd' bae thdng qua cac m i i quan he
can xd'ng v l quyin lyc va tai nguyen xa
hpi Ba chCpc nang nay t i n tgi d i n g thdi va
d cac md'c dp khac nhau
Trong khi 3 mat cua moi chilu canh cua
von xa hpi cd m i i lien he tuang tac npi tgi
vdi nhau, 3 ehilu egnh eda v i n xa hdi (cae
bp phan; c l p dp phan tich va chCpc nang
eua v i n xa hdi) thudng ed tuang quan vdi
nhau d ve b l ngoai ThCpa nhan cac chilu
cgnh khae nhau, dong thdi cung c i n ed
each d l lien k i t ehdng lai trong nghien CCPU Vi dy, trong phan tieh chCpc nang k i t
n i i b i n chat d mCpc vi md eua von xa hpi, ching han viec cham sdc con cai cua cha
me, d i n g thdi eung quan tam tdi tae ddng eua chd'c nang hudng ra ngoai d mCpc vi
md, vi dy, nhu eae to chCpc mdi trudng ky vpng nhu t h i nao ve sy thay d i i cua ngudi dd, nhu lien k i t vdi cac nhdm mdi trudng khae Thdng qua each xem xet theo chilu ngang dd, gidp eho viee nghien CLPU
t i t han, va nd gidp chdng ta cd dwac
thdng tin v l mpt xa hpi, d dd cd von xa hpi cao hay t h i p , vi nd cd t h i cao d phuang dien nay nhung Igi t h i p d chilu cgnh khae
Vdi each h i l u v l v i n xa hpi nhu vay, ed
t h i ap dyng nd dk tim h i l u xu hudng van
dpng cda v i n xa hpi va t l m quan trpng eda
nd d cae e l p dp phan tich khac nhau
Vi du, vdi eae bd phan hgp thanh, cac c l p
dp nghien CLPU theo cac chCpc nang eua
v i n xa hpi, nhiiu trudng phai nghien CLPU
v l v i n xa hdi da cd danh gia v l xu hudng van ddng cda von xa hdi d mdt q u i c gia, ching han Hoa Ky: d h l u h i t eae tieu chi/thang do (measure), vdn xa hpi di xuing trong s u i t thdi gian td' 1960 d i n
2000 Nhung sy di xuing dd lam cho v i n
xa hpi tang len rd rang I n djnh han trong giai dogn sau dd ( d i u t h i ky XXI) Cung chu y ring, ehi cd mpt nhdm td chd'c xa hpi hai Idng vdi xu hudng do.- Nhu cac nhdm tinh nguyen, cac nhdm ed cung tdn giao, eae phong trao xa hdi, edn h l u h i t eae nhdm xa hdi chinh thd'C khae khdng thda man vdi xu hudng dd (Halpem, 2005)
Uc va Anh dudng nhu theo v l t chan eua Hea Ky, cdn d Thuy d i l n , Nhgt Ban, va Niu
Di lan v i n xa hdi lai theo xu hudng tang
Trang 338 N G U Y E N VAN TUAN - VON XA HOI VA NGHIEN C U U VAN DE
len Nhin ehung cae hinh thd'C von xa hpi
truyin thing nhu eae t l chd'c nha thd, eae
hiep hpi kinh doanh v i n xa hpi giam xudng
d quy md toan c l u <- : :
Sy t h i hien rd han eua sy thay d i i v i n xa
hpi tren quy md toan c l u , binh dien chung
la tang v i n xa hpi thupc v l ea nhan Tuy
nhien xu hudng dd eung biiu hien khae
biet d cac q u i c gia khac nhau, Theo
Halpern, dudng nhu nhiiu nudc von xa
hpi dang van dpng theo kiiu nao dd cua
ehu nghTa ea nhan, nhung nhu'ng dae tinh
thupc v l chd nghTa ea nhan eua td'ng nudc
lai r i t khae biet (2005) Mpt s l quoc gia
nhu Thuy D i l n dang trai qua sy gia tang
von xa hpi ca nhan theo kieu giCp gin l i i
sing rieng va tang cudng eae m i i lien k i t
giu'a cac ea nhan ma Rothstein gpi la ehu
nghTa ca nhan d i n g thuan O mpt s l q u i c
gia khae nhu Uc, Hoa Ky, dudng nhu la
t i l p nhan chu nghTa ca nhan ngay cang vi
ky (Halpem 2005) .'., - : ,
Tuy cd nhiiu ehilu canh nhung ehdng ta
eung khdng ngac nhien khi cd mpt nguyen
nhan duy nhit dugc xem xet khi nghien
CLPU sy thay d i i eua von xa hpi Dong thdi
cd nhiiu m i i lien he nhan qua duge phat
hien ra trong nghien CLPU, O md-c vi md,
v i n xa hpi bj anh hudng cac dac d i i m ea
nhan, nhu t u l i , hoan canh gia dinh, hpc
v i n , edng viee, tdn giao va thdi quen tieu
dung, Cdn d e l p trung gian (epng ddng
cac t l chu-c kinh t l , xa hpi), cac y i u t l lam
thay d i i v i n xa hpi la xa hpi edng dan, nha
trudng, epng dong, tdn giao va nhCpng phat
sinh xa hpi khae nhu dpng ea, sy thay doi
thoi quen, k i t e l u ha t i n g , xay dyng dd
thj Cudi cung d md-c vT md, cac y i u t l anh
hudng dd la lich SLP, van hoa, c l u trdc xa
hdi va tinh thCp bae, xu hudng, quy md thi trudng lao dpng va sy thjnh vugng quoc gia (Halpern 2005)
O Viet Nam hien nay, v i n xa hpi la y i u t l khach quan t i n tai ngay trong sy phat triln cua mdi ca nhan, epng d i n g , dan tdc, du eae ea nhan, epng d i n g , dan tpc cd quan tam tdi nd hay khdng Trong toan bp ljch SLP phat triln eua minh, eon ngudi Viet Nam, cac cpng d i n g kinh t l , xa hdi Viet Nam dd da nhan thu-c dugc hay ehua nhan thu-c dugc vdn xa hpi la gi nhung van ludn ludn sd- dung, phat triln nd - nhu quan niem cua ehdng ta - met each ty phat hay t y giac d l phuc vy eho minh
Mdi eon ngudi Viet Nam d i u mang s i n trong minh mpt truyin thing gia dinh, que huang, tap t h i eua minh d l xay dap, phat triln cupc sdng eho minh, cho gia dinh, tap
t h i va q u i c gia Dd chinh la viec hp sd' dung bdi dap v i n xa hpi cua ea nhan, gia dinh, t l chLPC va d i t nude
Moi epng d i n g , tap t h i d i u t y giae hoae ty phat tgo ra eho minh mpt SCPC manh rieng
d l t i n tai, hoat dpng va phat triln, SCPC
manh l y thu dwac tw eae ea nhan trong
epng d i n g , tCp sy d i n g tam nhit tri, tin cay lan nhau de cung tham gia edng viee ehung eda epng d i n g ; bing viec hoa ding eung eae epng d i n g tap t h i khae tham gia cdng viee ldn han eua quic gia nhu nhCpng
sy t y giae trach nhiem vdi nhau
Viet Nam ddi mdi cd hanh trang v i n xa hdi rieng cua minh Mdi ea nhan, epng d i n g Viet Nam d i u s i n sang hoa ehung vao phat trien kinh t l , xa hpi eua d i t nudc Tuy nhien d ea 3 mCpc dp, hinh thCpc cda v i n xa hpi dd cua Viet Nam dang cdn nhii-ng khoang tring/tli
Trang 4NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HOI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE, 39
O tipng ca nhan, d nai nay, nai kia, lde nay
lde khae dang cd xu hudng tiem nhiim chu
nghTa ea nhan vj ky, ma khdng phai la ca
nhan ding thuan; thiiu sy tin cay lan
nhau, d l kj eho nen mdt tap hgp cac ca
nhan chua tgo ra dugc SCPC manh tap t h i
trong nhiiu ITnh vyc hoat dpng, D i l u nay
gop phin gay nen b i t binh d i n g trong phat
triln kinh t l
Trong cae epng ding, tap t h i , ehCpc nang
k i t nii, rang bupc l l n nhau bing nhCpng
moi quan he g i n gui ban be, gia dinh, lang
xdm con nang, uu trpi han chipc nang
vuan ra ngoai, Vi t h i sy phat triln cua tap
t h i d l bj cham iai; met s l khuyit tat trai
vdi phat triln ehung nhu tri tre, tham
nhung ed ea hpi phat triln
Q mCpc q u i c gia, nhu'ng han c h l tren trong
von xa hpi dudi hinh thu-c ea nhan, epng
ding mang tinh ca biet thi vdn xa hpi md-c
quic gia ldn, ea hpi doan kit, tieh eye
tham gia sy nghiep ehung cao Ngugc lai
v i n xa hpi q u i c gia thip, ea hpi phat triln
thinh vugng khdng nhiiu
2, SU THAM GIA CUA XA HOl HQC - TJM
HIEU CAC TIEU CHi, THANG DO VE
VON XA HOl
Cd 1§ it ngudi thda man vdi nhu-ng nhan
djnh tren, Bdi le, trong mpt ehCt-ng mye nao
dd nhCpng nhan djnh v l v i n xa hpi ed t h i
chip nhan nhu vay, Nhung td- dd cd nhiiu
cau hdi dat ra, ngoai nhu-ng tieu ehi dd edn
nhu-ng tieu ehi nao Nhung quan trpng han
la cau hdi can cu- vao dau d l eho ring cac
hinh thCpc v i n xa hpi dd la eao hay t h i p la
vugt trdi hay khdng vugt trpi, V i n xa hdi
vdi dae d i i m rieng nen eung e i n ed each
do rieng eua nd Caeh do l y dudng nhu
danh eho khoa hpe xa hdi hpe, trudc h i t la
phuang phap luan va phuang phap nghien CCPU ^ " j "
-V i n de quan tam d i u tien vd phwang phap
luan nghidn cwu von xa hdi la npi ham khai
niem dd T i l p d i n la cae mCpc d p / e l p dp
nghien CLPU cda von xa hpi V i n xa hpi
d u g c nghien CLPU d e l p ca nhan, epng
d i n g va quoc gia ( n h u da trinh bay s a
luge d tren)
V i n xa hdi dugc nghien CLPU phu hgp vdi tCpng b i i canh kinh t l xa hpi cu t h i va d i u hudng vao tra Idi eau hdi nhQ-ng thuan lgi hay khd khan trong hgp tac trong cpng
d i n g ; nhu-ng thuan Igi hay khd khan trong thye hien ehiln luge tang trudng kinh t l ,
xa hpi eua ca nhan, cdng dong, q u i c gia
Da ed nhCpng nghien CCPU v l v l n xa hpi d cac nudc t u ban edng nghiep hien dai; d cac nudc dang phat triln va d cac nudc
cd n i n kinh t l chuyin ddi, nhu cac nudc Nga, Ddng Au; d cae nude dang trong qua trinh d i i mdi, hdi nhap nhu Viet Nam, Trung Quic
Ve phwang phap nghien cwu Chung tdi
gidi thieu mdt each thCpc thye nghiem va SLP dung cac tieu ehi, thang do v l v i n xa hdi eua cac nghien cd-u tgi cac nude ed
n i n kinh t l chuyin ddi Nga, Ddng Au Du
v i n d l cdn mdi me, (mdi chi dugc nghien CCPU rpng rai tCp giu'a nhu'ng nam 70, 80 eda t h i ky trude), nhung eung da cd nhiiu cdng trinh, tae gia quan tam tra Idi cau hdi nay, b i n g viee dua ra va ap dung thang do
va cac tieu chi d l do v i n xa hdi
- Cac tac gia nghien CLPU SO sanh v i n xa hpi trong cac hinh thai phat triln kinh t l xa hpi khac nhau va danh gia vdn xa hpi so sanh vdi cac v i n khae tai eae md hinh phat triln kinh tl-xa hpi: chu nghTa t u ban
Trang 540 NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HQI vA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE
hien dgi; chu nghTa tu ban d cae nudc
Ddng Au trudc nam 1949; vdn xa hdi cua
cac nude nay trong thdi ky chu nghTa xa
hpi va trong thdi ky ehuyin dii (sau nam
1989)
Thee cac tae gia da thye nghiem, von xa
hpi khdng the do tryc tilp (Petr Mate'ju
2002, Vien Xa hdi hpc thupc Vien han lam
khoa hpc Cpng hda Sec, Praha) Ong xae
djnh vin xa hdi dugc do thdng qua cac
biin thay thi Nghien CCPU von xa hdi trong
dilu kien xa hdi chuyin ddi dng dua ra
each danh gia vin xa hdi ea nhan thdng
qua danh gia y nghTa eua sy tin cay va sy
tham gia cua ca nhan doi vdi tang trudng
kinhtl
Tong hgp cac kit qua va each xem xet cd
dugc trong du" lieu nghien cd'u, nhdm da
su dyng mdt so biin ed tac dyng lam
thang do ndi dung thdng thudng cua vin
xa hdi (Raiser 2001) Dd la: sy tin cay; y
thd'C edng dan va sy tham gia; sy quan
tam chinh trj, thugn Igi cua t h i chl ehinh
thd'C Mpt vai chi bao nhu sy tham gia vao
mgng ludi khdng chinh thd'C (informal)
cung dugc dua vao xem xet
Bang 1 Cac biin va thang do
Biin
Sy tin c|y
ndi Chung
Y thLPC
cong dan
Ldng vi tha
Tham gia
xa hdi
Sy fin cgy
Cic tieu chl, thang do
Ty le ngu-di tra Idi ndi tin tu-dng ngu-di
khac (Formal) (von xa hdi thdng
thydng)
Sd trung binh (1: Thu'dng xuyen, din
10, Khdng bao gid) cua tan xuat lam
vi$c xau: Igu thue, mua h^ng trpm,
nhgn cua diit Idt (Formal)
Ty l# ngydi tra Idi hp cd nghT v l
ngudi khac (Formal)
Tra Idi tham gia to chiec xa hpi tot
(Formal)
Ty 1$ ngydi tra Idi cd anh hydng vi
gan cho
SO dyng
sy tin cgy
Sy quan tam chinh tri Thuan Ip-i cua the c h l chinh thu'c
Sy tin cay vdi the c h l Thuan lgi cua he thong phap lugt Chit tu'P'ng mdi tru'dng dau
tu-t h i cua gia dinh (inFormal) (vdn xa hdi khdng thdng thudng)
Ngu'di tra Idi ve ban be cd tac dyng nhieu (inFormal)
Ngu'di tra Idi thu'dng xuyen thao luan cac van d l chinh tri (Formal)
1 Thugn lpi thap; 4 thuan Ipi cao cho mdi the che (Formal)
1: Khdng tin; din 7: rit tin (Formal)
0: Thuan Ipi thap, 3: Thuan Ipi cao (Formal)
0: mit dn djnh cao nhit, 3: mit on dinh thip nhat (10 npi dung danh gia mdi tru'dng diu tu: Sy on djnh chinh sach, lam phat, ty gia, tai chinh, thue
va dilu chinh, kit clu hg tang tu-phap, tinh hinh tham nhung, tpi phgm
va to chuc tpi pham (Formal)
Nguon: Raise, 2001
XLP ly va tap hgp xem xet cac tae gia phat hien ring, khdng cd sy tuang quan cua md'c dp tin cay giu'a hai ca nhan khdng h i biit nhau vdi tang thu nhap cua quic gia
cy thi Kit qua nay trai ngugc vdi eae kit luan nghien CLPU d cac nudc tu ban hien dai chau Au Biin sy tham gia eua edng dan cd tuang quan tich cyc vdi tang trudng kinh t l ; sy tham gia cua ca nhan lam tang kiln thd-c, hilu biit, do dd giam chi phi giao djch, lam cho vdn tang cudng han Han nu-a, theo du- lieu nghien cd'u tu" Nga, sy tin cay vao t h i chl eung ed tuang quan tieh cyc vdi tang trudng Nghien CLPU
chl ra ring, mCpc tham gia eua cdng dan cao dan tdi mCpc eao eua sy tin cay
Tuy nhien vi ea 2 biin, la su- tham gia va
sw tin cay the che diu cung anh hudng
Trang 6NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HQI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE 41
din tang trudng kinh t l nen khd xae djnh
dugc moi quan he nhan qua giii'a 3 biin
dd Hp cho ring, dang thiiu mdt biin, biin
nay cd t h i dugc dung lam thang do cho
khia canh khdng ehinh thCpc cua vin xa hdi
CO trong mgng ludi giu'a cac ca nhan Vi
vay hp tim each xac djnh thang do dd, d l
lam viee nay, cac tae gia: 1) Diim lai cac
tieu ehi phd hgp cua npi dung vin xa hdi
cd trong cac cudc thye nghiem nhu da neu
tren; 2) Tgo ra khoang do cho khoang each
giu-a cac npi dung cda vin xa hpi va ap
dung vac cac he thing xa hpi, van hoa
khae nhau; 3) Phan tich mii quan he giu'a
cac ndi dung chinh eua vin xa hdi trong
eae he thong khac; 4) Lien kit eae mii lien
h$ giu'a chilu cgnh/ npi dung ehinh eua
vin xa hdi vdi mdt vai biin khae nhu anh
hudng chinh tri; thai dp ehinh trj, vj tri eua
eae ca nhan trong he thing thCp bgc va sy
phan ting xa hdi
Cac tae gia cdn cho rang, d cac nudc ed
nin kinh t l chuyin dii sy nghien CCPU
nhln mgnh vac cae tieu ehi va thang dc
phat triln vin xa hdi bing viec sd' dyng
cae mii lien he yiu va nhu'ng thay ddi cu
thi trcng ddi sing con ngudi nhu nghi
nghiep, sy thang tiin nghi nghiep, sd'
dung cac tai nguyen xa hdi ed gia tri cao,
nhu sy tin nhiem, tin tudng Dk thilt k l
myc tieu nghien CLPU ngudi ta dua ra 2 he
thong chl tieu:
a Chl tieu vin xa hdi tu' vj t h i hien tgi hoac
qua khd' trong clu trdc xa hdi va phan ting
xa hpi
b Hanh vi ea nhan bj thu hdt vao mgng
ludi dyg tren sy tin cay thd'a nhgn lan
nhau va eae kiiu thay ddi
Vi dy d l tilp can dugc cac thang dc v l sy
tham gia cda ca nhan trong mgng ludi dya
tren nhu'ng thay ddi khdng chinh thCpc (theo djnh nghTa cua Bourdieu) mdt so cau
hdi dugc neu ra va dwcfc ap dyng nghien
ed-u d cac quic gia ehuyen dii: Nga, Bun, See, SIdvaki, Ba lan, Ru ma ni Cac cau hdi la:
Cau 1 Trong cdng viee hang ngay, (ngudi
than, bgn than, ngudi quen) cd thudng
xuyen din nhd anh giup dd mpt vin d l gi
dd, giai quyit khd khan trong ddi sdng hoac nhd va anh khdng? (1: Khdng bao gid, din 5: Rit thudng xuyen)
Cau 2 Anh se lam gi khi ggp khd khan: (Cin bae sT tdt, cin kiln thd-c nudi dgy con; lien he vdi mdt s l bd phan) NhCpng ai
se quan tam, gidp anh? (1: Khdng ai; 5: Rit nhiiu)
Cau 3 Nhu'ng giao tilp thuan Igi ed vai trd nhu t h i nao trong cupc sing cua anh? Cae biin mdi nay cd quan he mgnh tdi mdt vai ndi dung eua vdn xa hpi, chdng lien quan chat che vdi dia vi xa hpi trong clu trdc xa hdi, nhu vj t h i xa hdi (social status)
uy tin xa hpi, sy qui trpng (esteem) va cac npi dung lien quan din von chinh trj, nhu
la dang vien, tham gia ehinh tri
Ddng thdi vdn xa hdi cung dugc xem xet bing thang do rieng nhim ed duge nhu'ng
dy bao v l sy thich d'ng cua ca nhan trong nhu'ng nam diu ehuyen ddi va sau dd la
dy bao nhu'ng thay ddi trong thu nhap cua
ca nhan trong 5 nam 1989-1993 (Mat^j
&Lim 1995) Xem xet v l vai trd eua vdn xa hdi, eae tae gia kit luan: "Vin xa hdi ddng vai trd tuang dii quan trpng trong viec cai thi$n cudc sdng ca trong thdi ky kinh t l tgp trung va kinh t l thj trudng, dae biet trong khu vyc tu nhan Sy hoan doi cua vin xa hdi tang len, md rdng khdng ngu'ng va
Trang 742 NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HOI vA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE nhdm nhu'ng ngudi ed tay nghe trude dd
ed uu t h i trong viee cai thien thu nhap cda
minh"
Tu' k i t qua nghien cd-u dd, cd met eau hdi
dugc bd sung eho h l u h i t cac nghien cd-u
ve v i n xa hpi bao ham nhu'ng npi dung lien
quan rpng han Dd la mdi trwdng hap tac
cua cac ca nhan (theo dinh nghTa ve von
xa hpi cda Putnam) Cae thang do dya vao
eae hien tugng eda mdi trudng trudc
ehuyin d i i va mdi trudng cua cac nudc
cdng nghiep phat triln Dd la eae thang do
khoang (scales) cd so sanh vdi cac nudc
t u ban hien dai,
Cd 2 md hinh da dugc su- dung d l k i i m
nghiem cae biin nay va khoang do d l
phan tich v i n xa hpi: Vai trd cua chinh
quyin (1985, 1986, 1996) va mang ludi xa
hpi (1986, 2001) Trong khi eae thang do
khoang dugc su- dyng d l udc lugng uy tin
va cae k i i u t h i c h l , thi nghien CLPU vai trd
mang ludi xa hpi dugc SLP dyng d l thilt k l
dy bao vai trd cda eae kieu mgng ludi ma
con ngudi tham gia trong dd (2001) Nhdm
cae tieu chi lien quan d i n v i n xa hpi eda
nghien CCPU nay la: (cd tieu ehi cu dugc SLP
dung, ed tieu chi k l thCpa, b l sung eae
nghien CCPU neu tren va ed cae tieu ehi
mdi) (Xem bang 2)
Bang 2 Nhom cae tieu ehi cu, tiiu ehi k l
thua, b l sung va cac tieu chi mdi
Ndi dung ciu hdi
Giao t i l p vdi cac thanh vien gia dinh
Sd ban than tai co- quan, hang xdm
hoac ngudi than khac
Giao t i l p vdi ban than
Thanh vien trong mdt td chifc/nhdm
xa hpi
Ghi chu, binh luan
K I thua Tong sd ban than (Mdi)
CO
Bo sung
Anh nhd ai giup d d khi c i n thilt Nguon thdng tin v l viec lam Anh se giup ai khi c i n thilt Cac ngudn thdng tin ve vieclam Dac d i i m cua nhdm bgn than Nhung nghTa vu va mdi quan he vdi bgn be
Trach nhiem vdi chinh quyen Nhu c l u v l cac mdi quan he
S y tin cay vao mpi ngudi
Da sdng a thanh phd bao lau
Cam nhan v l hieu lyc chinh tri ciia chinh q u y i n dia phuong va qudc gia Thao luan v l chinh trj vdi ban be
IVldi
K l thua
K l thij-a
Ke thua
K I thifa Mdi
Mdi Mdi
K l thira
K l thira
Bo sung
Bd sung
Ngudn: Petr Mate'ju, 2002
Vdi he thing cac tieu chi va thang do nay, nghien CCPU vdn xa hpi da dugc khing dinh
cd vai trd gdp p h i n vao giai thich tang trudng kinh t l ; ed t h i dung d l giai thieh sy thanh cdng trong cudc s i n g (sy tham gia vao chuyin d i i xa hpi)
Khi ap dyng nghien CCPU d cac xa hpi chuyin ddi Igi cd sy tac ddng trai ngugc
v l ban c h i t trong 2 hinh thCpc v i n xa hpi Vdn xa hpi trong quan niem cua Putnam
lam sang td sw hap tac xa hdi che phep thj
trudng ndi len nhu mpt chd-c nang George Kolankiwiez ndi, eae yeu t l khdng thoa
thuan trong eae yeu c l u thoa thuan chwa
rd net (tae gia n h l n mgnh) khi thj trudng
yeu e l u mpt n i n tang phap luat Vi vay sy tin cay chi eung e l p v i n r i t t h i p gidp cho
sy tinh toan can nhic ehinh thd-c trong he
thing dd Ngugc lai, vdi mang Iwdi quan
he ydu, (Grancwetter 1973), v i n xa hpi xult phat tw mang Iwdi khdng chinh thwc
va sy thay ddi eho phep ngudi ta phat trien
dap LPng thay d i i lau dai lam tich luy v i n thuan Igi, va e l u true giai t i n g xa hdi hinh
Trang 8NGUYJN VAN TUAN - VON XA HQI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE., 43
thanh, tuy chua x u l t hien rd, ed hieu lyc
chuc nang trong ea c h l thj trudng va trd
thanh nguin tang trudng kinh t l
3 K^T LUAN VA KI^N NGH!
V i n d l v i n xa hdi dugc nghien CLPU nhiiu
trong eae he thing xa hdi, van hda khae
nhau ca d trong nude va ngoai nude'^' (*)
Nhu'ng k i t qua neu ra ed ddng gdp nhit
djnh trcng viec ly giai sy phat triln kinh t l ,
xa hpi d eae mCpc dp ea nhan, cpng dong,
quic gia, dugc thd'a nhan va dugc tham
khao d l hogch djnh chinh saeh phat trien
kinh t l xa hpi va dy bao cho cae ehiln
luge hanh dpng Vi vay nghien cd'u v l v i n
xa hpi d Viet Nam ein t i l p tue dugc
khuyin khich nghien cd'u mpt each ea ban
va sau han:
- Khi giai thich v l tang trudng kinh t l , tinh
hgp tae trong hanh dpng tap t h i cda cae
cpng ding, qudc gia; nghien cd'u v l sy
thanh edng hay ehua thanh edng cda cac
ehiln luge phat triln ea nhan, epng ddng
c i n SU' dyng cac k i t qua nghien CCPU ve
v i n xa hpi vdi cae tieu chi nhu sy tin cay
ca nhan, sy tin cay t h i ehe, cac m i i quan
he trong mgng ludi, vj t h i xa hpi, cac hanh
dpng tieu ehuin da duge cpng ding thdng
qua bupc cac thanh vien thye hien va cae
thang do cae tieu chi dd nhu ehi d i n d
tren
- Cac nha lanh dgo quan ly, cac nha hoach
djnh chinh saeh cac e l p c i n duge eung
c l p cae k i t qua nghien cd'u v l v i n xa hpi
d l ra quyit djnh trong eae v i n d l phat
triln thupc phgm vi minh phu trach
- Cae nha lanh dao quan ly c i n duge eung
c l p hilu biit, kiln thCpc v l v i n xa hpi d l
ed t h i nhan xet, danh gia duge cae v i n d l
v l v i n xa hpi minh c i n quan tam Vi vay
c i n ed nhu'ng chuang trinh nghien CLPU,
giang day v l v i n d l vdn xa hpi d nhu'ng mCpc dp e i n thilt, trong cae to chd'c daa tgo can bd lanh dao quan ly,
- Cac Vien, khoa giang day v l cae khoa hpc lien quan den lanh dao (Xa hpi hpc quan ly, Tam ly lanh dao quan ly Tin hpc trong lanh dao quan ly) e i n cd cae d l tai nghien cd'u v l v i n xa hpi, de tai nghien CU'U sau han v l ly thuyit, phuang phap lien quan d i n v i n xa hpi, •
CHU THiCH '^' Xem kit qua Hpi thao VPn xa hpi va phat trien do Bao Tia sang to chiPC tai Ha Npi va TPHCM, thang 6/2006; Phat huy von xa hpi trong bao ve moi trudng, cua Nguyen Quang Tuin, Vien Chiin lu-pc va Chinh sach khoa hpc
va cong nghe, Bp Khoa hpc va Cong nghe; Nguyen Ngpc Bich, VPn xa hpi va phat then: phin I va II
http://\Nw\N vanhoahoc edu vn/site/index.php ?o ption=com_content&task=view&id=631 <emid
=67;)
A Rrrighetti, G Seravalli, G, Wolleb, Social
Capital, Institutions and Collective Action Between Firms; Paper presented at Euresco Conference "Social Capital: Interdisciplinary Perpectives" 15-20 September 2001
T A I L I E U THAM K H A O
1 Book Summary of Social Capital by David Halpern:
http://beyondintactability.erg/bookssummary/
10674
2 Dang Nguyen Anh Vai trd ciia mang Iwdi
xa hdi trong qua trinh di cw Tap chi Xa hpi
hpe, 2/1998, (62)
3 Le Minh Tiin Tdng quan phwang phap phan tich mang Iwdi xa hdi trong nghien cwu
{Xem tiip trang 79)
Trang 9NGUYEN MANH DUNG - SU KET THUC CUA " T H G I DAI D A N G TRQNG"., 79
An Introductory History Ninth edition Allen&
Unwin, Australia
15 Phan Huy Chu 2006 Lich triiu hidn
chwang loai chi {2 tap) Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due
16 Phan Khoang 2001 Viet sw xw Dang
Trong Ha Npi: Nxb Van hpe
17 Quic SLP quan trilu Nguyin 1998 Kham
dinh Viet sw thdng giam cwang muc (2 tap)
Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due
18 Quic su- Quan trilu Nguyin 2004 Dai
Nam thwc luc Tap 1 Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due
19 Reid, Anthony 1988 Southeast Asia in
the Age of Commerce, Vol 1 The Lands
Below the Winds 1993 Vol 2 Expansion
and Crisis
20 Ta Chi Dai Trudng 2006 Thin ngwdi va
dit Viet Ha Npi: Nxb Van hoa-Thdng tin
21 Trin Quic Vugng 2006 Dam dai dat
nwdc Tap II H u l : Nxb Thuan Hoa,
22 Trin Thj Vinh 2004 Thd che chinh quyen d Dang Trong dwdi thdi cac chiia Nguyin (thi ky XVI-XVIII) Tap chi Nghien
ciPu Ljch SLP, s l 10 (341)
23 Trin Trpng Kim 2005 Viet Nam swiwac
TPHCM: Nxb Ting hgp TPHCM
24 Trudng Dai hpe Khoa hpe Xa hpi va Nhan van, Dai hpe Quic gia Ha Npi 2007
Viet Nam trong he thdng thwang mai chau A the ky XVI-XVII Ha Ndi: Nxb T h i gidi
24 Vu Minh Giang 2009 Lich sw Viet Nam -Truyen thing va hien dai Ha Ndi: Nxb Giao
due
25 Welters, O W 1999 History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives
SEAR Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications
{Tiip theo trang 43)
xa hdi Tap ehi Khoa hpe Xa hdi, sd 9-2006
4 Le Ngpc Hung Ly thuyet va phwang phap
tiep can mang Iwdi xa hdi: Trwdng hap tim
kiem viec lam cua sinh vien Tap ehi Xa hpi
hpc, 2/2003, (82)
5 Petr Mate'ju 2002 Social Capital:
Problems of its conceptualization and
measurement in transforming societies
OECD-ONS Conference on Social Capital
measurement held in London, September
26-27, 2002
6 Raise, Haerpfer, Nowotny, Wallace 2001
Social Capital in Transition Countries: A First
Look at the Evidence EBRD Working Paper
7 Social Stratification in Eastern Europe
1994 (Czech Republic) ISSP: Sceial Networks 2001 (Czech Republic)
8 Thai Kim Lan Von xa hdi Viet Nam nguy
ca phat trien va thin vong phat huy Bai viit cho Hdi thao v l V6n xa hdi va phat then do
Tap chi Tia Sang va Thdi bao Kinh t l Sai Gdn t l chLPC tai Thanh p h i H i Chi Minh Thang 6/2006;
9 Trin HCPU Dung Von xa hdi va phat then kinh te Bai viit eho Hpi thao v l Vdn Xa hdi
va phat then do Tap chi Tia Sang va Thdi
bao Kinh t l Sai Gdn t l chu-e tai Thanh p h i
H i Chi Minh Thang 6/2006