ngu' nay thudng bj lam dung mdt each phi phan tieh, phi phe phan, dya tren mdt quan niem ludng phan va each ly thd thiin giu-a mdt ben la nha nude va mpt ben la xa hdi dan sy Lochak, 198
Trang 1TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(i36)-2009 13
MOT SO QUAN NIEM Dl/ONG DAI VE XA HOI DAN SL/
TRAN H O U Q U A N G
T6M TAT
Trong nhCrng thi ky tw XVIt tdi XIX, tien
trinh chuyen hda cua khai niem "xa hdi
dan sw" qua cac tac gia co dien Tay
phwang da dien ra trong boi canh twang
wng vdi nhirng qua trinh diu tranh chinh
tri trong cac xa hdi Tay Au Sang the ky
XX, ndi dung cua thuat ngir nay tiep tuc
chuyen bien manh me Bai viet nay diem
lai mdt so quan nidm ve khai niem xa hdi
dan sw tren the gidi trong vdng vai chuc
nam trd lai day
Nhu chung tdi da d l cap trong mpt bai
trude (Trin Hiru Quang, 2009), t i i n trinh
ehuyin hda eua khai niem "xa hdi dan sy"
qua cac tae gia ed d i l n trong ljch SLP t u
tudng Tay phuang thye c h i t mang tinh
chit y thCpc he, bdi le t i i n trinh nay tuang
Crng vdi nhu-ng qua trinh d i u tranh chinh tri
trong eae xa hdi Tay Au (Xem: Louis-Juste,
2006) Sang t h i ky XX, nhu'ng sy chuyin
hda v l ndi dung cda thugt ngu' nay v i n
cdn tilp tuc d i l n ra mgnh me tren t h i gidi
che d i n tan ngay nay Npi dung cua bai
nay la d i i m Igi mpt s l quan niem v l khai
niem xa hdi dan sy tren t h i gidi trong vdng
vai chyc nam trd Igi day
Trong t h i ky XX, theo Franpois Rangeon,
thuat ngCp "xa hdi dan sy" lde d i u dudng
Tran HOu Quang Pho Giao su, tiin sT Trung
tam Thong tin Vien Phat trien Ben vung viing
Nam Bp
nhu v i n g bdng nai cac nha t u tudng theo trudng phai t y do nhu F Hayek, J Rawls,
B de Jouvenel hay R Arcn, d l r i i sau nay xult hien trd lai mdt each kha on ao va da nghTa'^', d i n mCpc ma nd khdng cdn la mdt
"khai niem", ma trd thanh nhu mdt thCr
"huyin thogi", h i l u theo nghTa eda Roland Barthes (Rangeon, 1986, tr 30)<^'
Thay vao chd cua nhu'ng he thing ly thuyit phd'C tgp cda Hegel, Marx hay Gramsei v l m i i quan he giu'a nha nudc vdi xa hdi dan sy, ngay nay nhiiu ngudi hai Idng d l dai vdi ldi lap luan h i t SLPC gian lugc v l sy d i i lap giu'a xa hpi dan sy vdi nha nudc, cho r i n g nha nudc la b i i u tugng cda cai x i u , va ngugc Igi, xa hdi dan sy la hinh tugng ly tudng cua cai tdt
Xa hdi dan s y la nai mang nhiiu dCpc tinh nhu SCPC sang tgo, tinh nang ddng, t y do, tinh lien ddi, kha nang t y quan d i i lap vdi nha nude von mang tinh quan lieu, xa CLPng, nang n l , m i t SCPC sdng (Rangeon,
1986, tr 29-30) Krishan Kumar neu cau hdi phai chang ngay nay thugt ngu' "xa hdi dan sy" khdng cdn la mpt khai niem ed thye c h i t nu'a ma chi cdn la mpt "Idi keu
gpi hieu trieu" {rallying cry) hay mdt " k h i u hieu" {slogan) (Kumar, 1999, tr 90)
Daniele Lochak eho ring, n l u vao t h i ky XIX, viee SLP dyng khai niem xa hdi dan sy nai nhu'ng tac gia nhu Hegel hay Marx ehinh la b i i u hien cua mdt loi t i l p can hay mdt khudn khd ly thuyit giai thich thye tai, thi ngay nay, d i l u dang ngac nhien la thuat
Trang 214 TRAN H O U Q U A N G - M Q T SO QUAN NIEM DUONG DAI VE
ngu' nay thudng bj lam dung mdt each phi
phan tieh, phi phe phan, dya tren mdt
quan niem ludng phan va each ly thd thiin
giu-a mdt ben la nha nude va mpt ben la xa
hdi dan sy (Lochak, 1986, tr 45)
Mdt trong nhu'ng nguin g l e sau xa cda
hien tugng thoai hda eua khai niem xa hdi
dan sy, hay cua nhu'ng quan niem sai l i m
v l xa hdi dan sy, dd la s y len ngdi thing
trj cda nhCrng t u tudng eua hpe thuyet t y
dc {Liberalism) va tan t y do {Neoliberalism)
trude sy thoai trao cua eae nudc xa hdi
chd nghTa va sy "hyt hai" d u l l sCre eua
canh ta d Tay Au Hay ndi nhu Samir
Amin, sy thong tri nay d i l n ra trong b i i
canh ma qua trinh nhit t h i hda kinh t l
toan c l u sau T h i ehiln thCr hai da lam syp
d l ba try edt Idn tren t h i gidi, dd la md
hinh Keynes d cac nudc phuang Tay, chd
nghTa xa hdi d cac nudc Ddng Au, va md
hinh Bandung d cac nudc phuang Nam
(Xem: "La societe civile ", 1998, tr 11)
Tdn T h i t Nguyin Thiem d i l n giai qua trinh
nay nhu sau: "Trong boi canh dd (tCre k l td'
eudi thap nien 1980), vdi sy suy thoai eua
cae ehinh t h i theo md hinh eda Keynes
(chd y i u la d Tay va B l e Au) va sy lan
rdng cda nhCrng chinh saeh kinh t l tan t y
do, eung nhu vdi nhCrng ehinh saeh "giai
le" {"Deregulation") vao giu'a thap nien
1990), can can "tuang quan lye lugng"
giu-a thj trudng, nha nudc va xa hdi edng
dan nghieng h i n v l thj trudng ngay cang
trd thanh mpt tac nhan thing ITnh Va eung
trong d i l n trinh dd, cac 'hpe thuyet tan t y
do' trong khoa hpe xa hdi, nhan van va
chinh trj - dya vao 'trpng lugng' eda cac
trudng phai tan e l d i l n trong kinh t l hpe
-da p h i biin nhu-ng 'dinh nghTa mdi' v l
"Civil Society": do la khoang khdng gian
rieng biet eua nhu'ng m i i quan he hgp tac giCra t u nhan, nghTa la nhCrng ca nhan trudng thanh, t y do va y thCpc, cd quyin thilt lap cho rieng minh mpi ' t h i logi hgp
d i n g quan he' m i i n sao eae "hogt ddng dan sy" l y khdng dyng ehgm d i n quyin Igi eua ca nhan khac trong cdng ding" (Tdn T h i t Nguyin Thiem, 2006)
Khuynh hwdng ngd nhan dong hda giwa cap pham tru cdng/tw vdi cap pham tru chinh tri/kinh te
Cac tac gia theo hpc thuyit t y do da each
ly va dgt cap khai niem nha nude/xa hdi dan sy thanh hai v l d i i lap mdt each eye doan b i n g each dgt n i n tang tren sy ddi
lap giCpa edng va t u {public/private) Sy
phan biet edng/tu nay chinh la sy "phan
biet mang tinh quy t i e " {distinction canonique) trong hpc thuyit t y do kinh tl'^*
Hp lap luan r i n g ITnh vyc edng {public) ddng hda vdi ITnh vyc chinh trj {political), edn ITnh vyc t u {private) thi ddng hda vdi ITnh vyc kinh t l {economic), va vi t h i , ITnh
vyc cdng ehinh la ITnh vyc eua nha nudc
{State), cdn ITnh vyc t u ehinh la ITnh vyc eda xa hdi dan s y {civil society) Cap khai niem cdng/tw duge d i n g hda v l mat ngir nghTa vdi cap khai niem chinh tri/kinh te,
va c u i i edng ddng hda ludn vdi cap khai niem nha nwdc/xa hdi dan si/ Tin d i l u can
ban cua hpc thuyit t y do la: nha nude va
xa hdi dan s y la hai cai tach rdi nhau, va
phai tach rdi nhau LTnh vyc nha nudc la
ITnh vyc eua Igi ich chung, phdc Igi ehung; edn ITnh vyc xa hdi dan sy la ITnh vyc cua nhCpng Igi ich t u nhan, nhu'ng v i n d l rieng
tu Theo Adam Smith, n l u can thiep vao ddi s i n g kinh t l , nha nude se xam pham
Trang 3TRAN H Q U QUANG - MQT SO QUAN NIEM DUONG DAI VE 15
d i n quyin t y do cua cac sd hiru chd, can
trd sy t y do trao ddi, va do dd se lam r i i
logn trgt t y hai hda t y nhien xult phat td'
sy van hanh cua thi trudng Trong cap
khai niem nha nude/xa hdi dan sy, ngudi
ta phai uu tien chd trpng tdi xa hdi dan sy:
nha nude ed nhiem vy phye vu eho xa hdi
dan sy, va chinh tri phai phy thudc vao
kinh t l (Lochak, 1986, tr 52)
Trong khudn khd quan niem nay eua hpc
thuyit t y do, chip civil vd hinh trung bj d i y
lui v l phia private (tu nhan), mac du xet v l
ngCp nghTa, ehCp civil xult phat tCp ehCp
La-tinh civis vdn thudng dugc hilu thien theo
nghTa "edng dan", va mac du nai nhCpng
tac gia e l d i l n trude Hegel, dac biet la nai
Locke, ehu' civil dugc dung d l ndi v l met
xa hdi dugc t l chd'c v l mat chinh tri, cd
nha nudc, tCpc la duge "van minh hda"
{civilized) so vdi xa hdi edn trong tinh trang
ty nhien C i n ndi them, ngay trong quan
niem eda Adam Smith hay cda Hegel, chu'
civil cung khdng hoan toan tuang Cpng vdi
chCp private, vi cac hogt ddng kinh t l va
thuang mgi, von la thanh p h i n e l u tgo nen
xa hdi dan sy, ludn d i l n ra ben ngoai
khudn k h i gia dinh ( v i n chinh la ITnh vyc
private theo ddng nghTa gdc cda tCp nay'"*'),
va do dd v l mat nay eae hogt ddng kinh t l
va thuang mgi eung mang tinh c h i t "edng
cpng" Q day, sy dong hda giu'a khai niem
xa hdi dan sy vdi khai niem t u nhan chi cd
t h i dugc quan niem trong chu-ng myc ma
ea hai d i u d i i lap vdi khai niem nha nudc
hay ITnh vyc edng edng, va chi ed t h i ma
thdi (Lochak, 1986, tr 54)
Theo Lochak, ehu' public va chw private
eung khdng kem p h i n ma ho va da nghTa
ChCp public (tuang Cpng vdi cae td' trong
tilng Viet nhu: "chung", "cdng", "cdng
cdng" hay "edng khai") ed hai nghTa: nghTa
"chCpc nang" {sens Jonctionnei) - cai gi cd
lien quan d i n cdng d i n g , thude v l mpi ngudi; va nghTa "ea hu'u" hay nghTa "quy
c h l " {sens "organique" ou statutaire) - cai
gi ed lien quan d i n nha nude va cac djnh
c h l cda nha nude Cdn chu' private (tuang
Cpng vdi cac tCr trong tilng Viet nhu: "tu",
"tu nhan" hay "rieng tu") thi thudng duge djnh nghTa theo k i i u phd djnh, b i n g each quy chilu ve cai ddi lap vdi nd: cai gi khdng phai cdng cdng, khdng cd lien quan
d i n ngudi khae, hoac khdng mang tinh
c h i t ehinh tri, khdng phy thudc vao nha nudc Theo Lochak, nhd qua trinh djnh
c h l hda ITnh vyc cdng cdng (thanh cac t l chCre cda nha nude) ma ehdng ta d l dang nhan ra nhu'ng gi thudc ve ITnh vyc nha nude han la nhCpng gi khdng thupc v l ITnh vyc nay, eho nen khdng cd gi phai ngge nhien n l u ITnh vyc nha nude trd thanh
d i i m qui ehilu d l djnh nghTa ITnh vyc cdng theo each khing djnh, va djnh nghTa ITnh vyc t u theo k i i u phu djnh (Lochak, 1986,
tr 55)
Lochak cho r i n g chinh vi may mde hieu
cap tinh tCr cdng/tw theo cai tryc ngCr nghTa nha nwdc/phi nha nwdc ma quan niem eda
hpe thuyit t y do da lam ngheo di mdt each
tham hgi cap khai niem nha nwdc/xa hdi dan sw v i n tCpng dugc trien khai va dien
giai mpt each h i t SCPC phong phd bdi Hegel, Marx hay Gramsei Va vi t h i , m i i quan he giCpa xa hdi dan s y vdi nha nude hoan toan m i t di tinh c h i t bien chd'ng, tac ddng l l n nhau hoac bd trg eho nhau, ma chi cdn Igi s y ddi lap may mdc va thd thiin
giu'a cdng va tw iheo k i i u logi tru' lan nhau
(Lochak, 1986, tr 55-56) Trong boi canh quan niem nhu vay, theo Lochak, viee SLP
Trang 416 T R A N H U U QUANG - M O T SO QUAN NIEM D U Q N G DAI VE
dung mdt each on ao thugt ngu' "xa hdi dan
sy" g i n day, nhit la nai gidi chinh tri,
chd'ng td rd ret nhu'ng ham y y thd'C he
n i m d i n g sau "Xa hpi dan sy" trd thanh
"diim quy tich cda mpi t u tudng ching
nha nudc va ching gd bd" (Lochak, 1986,
tr 66)
Mpt trong nhu'ng nguin g l e eda sy sai l i m
d day la td' ehd phe phan nhu-ng mat tieu
eye hoac t h i t bgi cda nha nude phuc Igi
{Welfare State) hay nha nudc quan phdng
{Bat providence), hp di d i n chd phe phan
ban than nha nwdc vdi t u each la nha
nudc
Cung n i m trong chilu hudng nay, quan
niem sai lge v l xa hpi dan sy edn cd the
dugc biiu hien qua djnh kiln v l sw doi lap
giwa thi trwdng va nha nwdc, lam nhu t h i
day la hai ITnh vyc t y ban c h i t la ddi khang
nhau, lam nhu t h i thj trudng hoan toan
khong ed quan he gi vdi nha nudc, va eho
ring nha nudc t y nd la x i u , la sy eudng
c h l , edn thj trudng t y nd la t i t , la nai phat
huy sy t y do, la nai de ra sy t y do (mdt
bang quang cao d Costa Rica tham ehi
cdn dua ra k h i u hieu: "Xi nghiep t u nhan
san xult ra sy t y do") Quan niem nay
eung hay dong hda thj trudng vdi xa hdi
dan sy (Gallardo, 1998, tr 105-110)
Khuynh hwdng huyen thoai hda va cdng cu
hda khai niem xa hdi dan sw
Rangeon nhan xet rang, ngay nay, thuat
ngu' xa hdi dan sy da bj lot bd h i t mpi ndi
ham cda khai niem d l khoac len minh ea
mpt he thing cae gia tri hoa my ma ngudi
ta vd doan gan ghep eho nd, va do dd, nd
biin thanh mpt "huyen thoai" Va d i l u nay
khdng phai khdng cd nhu-ng he qua thye
tiin, Thuat ngu- "xa hdi dan sy" thudng
dugc nhiiu ngudi SLP dyng nhu mdt trong nhijpng cdng cu d l phe phan nha nudc, d l
to cac nhCpng sy can thiep eu t h i cda nha nude Nhung theo Rangeon, day la mdt eon dao hai ludi: vi cym tip nay cd the dugc khoac l i y nhu-ng gia tri h i t SLPC khac nhau, tham ehi d i i nghjeh nhau, ching han mdt ben thi d l cao sy lien ddi va sy ty quan, cdn ben kia thi tan duang sang kiln
ca nhan va sy cgnh tranh t y dc (Rangeon,
1986, tr.31-32)
ll/lpt trong nhCrng b i i u hien cda hien tugng huyin thogi hda khai niem xa hdi dan sy,
theo ehdng tdi, dd edn la viee cdng cu hda
khai niem nay, tCre la b i i n nhCrng khai niem trCru tugng thanh nhCrng edng cu cy t h i
n h i m phyc vy cho nhu'ng muc tieu cy t h i Ndi theo ngdn tip triit hpc, cd t h i ndi ring
hien tugng nay b i i u hien xu hudng vat hda khai niem nay {reification) - \wc la biin
nhCpng m i i quan he xa hdi thanh nhCrng
m i i quan he giCra cae " d l vat" vdi nhau (Labica, 1985, tr 979-982) - va vi t h i mac nhien che g i i u va tudc bd di ndi ham thye thu eda khai niem xa hpi dan sy vdn phai dugc ludn ludn quan niem trong m i l quan
he bien chCpng vdi khai niem nha nudc hay khai niem xa hdi ehinh tri
Xu hudng cdng cy hda nay da d i l n ra, theo ehdng tdi, it n h i t theo hai hudng ma chdng ta ed t h i nhan dien duge
Hudng thd' nhit la quy gian va t l m thudng hda khai niem tru'u tugng v l xa hpi dan sy vdi t u each la mdt "md-men" ndi theo Hegel, mpt "ting" ndi theo Gramsei, hay nhu mpt khdng gian xa hpi xet-trong-mli-quan-he-hCpu-ca-vdi nha nude, thanh met khai niem chi cdn bao g i m mpt sd td ehCpc
xa hdi eu t h i , hoac la xem xa hdi dan sy
Trang 5TRAN H O U QUANG - MOT SO QUAN NIEM D U Q N G DAI VE 17
nhu la "ngudi trung gian" giu'a cdng dan
vdi nha nudc, nhu mdt "lyc lugng d i i
trpng" hay mdt "ban d i i tae" vdi nha nudc,
nghTa la hoan toan tach rdi khdi nha nude
Hudng thCr hai la biin khai niem "xa hdi
dan sy", v i n la mdt khai niem phan tich
{concept analytique) chf mang tinh trung
tinh {neutre) thanh g i n nhu mdt thCp md
hinh xa hpi ly tudng, mang du mpi p h i m
chit t i t dep ma loai ngudi d vao thdi dai
nao cung ed the mong m u i n va ma wdc
Ca hai hudng vipa ndi d i u n h i m mye tieu
SLP dung khai niem "xa hdi dan sy" da
dugc djnh nghTa lai d l lam edng cy hay
phuang tien bien minh cho nhu'ng y thd'C
he I n tang hoac c l xdy eho nhu'ng hogt
dpng thye t i i n nhit djnh
v l xu hudng biin xa hpi dan sy thanh mdt
thu- md hinh xa hpi ly tudng, chdng ta cd
t h i xem chang hgn djnh nghTa sau day cua
Partha Chatterjee: xa hpi dan sy bao gom
"nhu'ng djnh c h l dgc trung cua ddi s i n g
hiep hdi hien dgi phat sinh td' eae xa hdi
Tay phuang - nhu-ng djnh c h l nay dat n i n
tang tren sy binh d i n g , sy t y tri, sy t y do
gia nhap va rdi khdi, nhu-ng qui trinh l i y
quyit djnh dya tren khe wdc, nhu'ng quyin
va nghTa vy cda thanh vien, va nhiiu
nguyen t i c khae tuang ty"'^' Apocrv
Kurup nhan djnh rang "rut ra tu' djnh nghTa
nay eua Partha Chatterjee, d i l u hiin nhien
la xa hdi dan s y dugc coi gilng nhu sy
binh d i n g {equality)" (Kurup, 2005, tr 62)
Biiu hien d l t h i y nhit eda xu hudng cdng
eu hda la l i i djnh nghTa r i t phd thdng hien
nay cda nhiiu td chuc qude t l , coi "xa hdi
dan sy" nhu ehi bao gdm cac t l chd'c phi
chinh phd {NGO - Non-governmental
organizatiohf^\
Ngan hang T h i gidi (Worid Bank), chang han, "sd' dyng thuat ngir xa hdi dan sy
{Civil Society) d l ndi v l toan bd cac td
ehCpc phi chinh phd va phi lgi nhuan dang hogt ddng trong ITnh vyc cdng epng, b i i u hien cac Igi ich va cae gia tn cua cac thanh vien hoac cda nhCpng ngudi khac, dya tren nhCpng moi quan tam v l mat dgo dCpc, van hda, chinh trj, khoa hpc, tdn giao hay nhan dao" Cung v i n theo Ngan hang T h i gidi,
cac " t l ehCre xa hdi dan sy" {Civil Society Organizations - CSO) bao g i m : cac nhdm
edng d i n g , cae td chCre phi chinh phd (NGO), cac nghiep doan, cac nhdm ngudi ban dja, eae t l ehCre td' thien, cac td chCpc tdn giao, eae hiep hdi n g h i nghiep, va cac quy tai trg xa hpi*''*
To chd'c Civicus (Worid Alliance for Citizen Participation) thi tuy coi xa hpi dan sy la
"lanh vyc d ben ngoai gia dinh, nha nudc,
va thj trudng, nai ngudi dan k i t hgp hogt ddng n h i m thang t i i n cac Igi ich chung", nhung r i i cung v i n ddng khung hgn hep khai niem xa hdi dan s y vao cae " t l chCrc
xa hdi dan sy" khi ma, sau dd, Civicus eho
r i n g djnh nghTa nay bao phd rpng han eae
" t l chd'c xa hdi dan sy" ehinh thd'C (CSO)
vi bao ham ca nhCrng t l chCre va hiep hpi
phi chinh thCre {informaff^\
Quy T i i n te Q u i c t l (IMF) thi dua ra mdt djnh nghTa cu t h i han v l cac " t l chCre xa hdi dan sy" (CSO): dd la "toan bd nhCrng
hiep hdi eua cdng dan {Citizens' Associations] n h i m muc tieu cung Crng
eae phdc Igi, djch vy, hoae anh hudng ehinh tri d i i vdi nhu'ng nhdm cy t h i trong Idng xa hdi", nhung khdng bao gdm cac dan vj eua ehinh phu, eae doanh nghiep t u nhan, cae dang phai ehinh tri, va cac phuang tien truyin thdng dgi chdng'^'
Trang 618 TRAN H Q U QUANG - MQT SO QUAN NIEM DUONG DAI VE„,
Nhung Ngan hang Phat triln Lien My
(Inter-American Development Bank - IDB)
thi Igi eoi cac "td chCre xa hdi dan sy"
(CSO) la bao gdm ea cae td chCre phi ehinh
phd va cac hiep hpi, l l n eae dan vj kinh t l
t u nhan''°>
"CuIn saeh tring v l sy quan tri" eua Lien
minh Au chau viit ring "xa hdi dan sy bao
gom dae biet cae td chCre nghiep doan cua
edng nhan va eua gidi chu , cac t l chCre
phi ehinh phu, cac hiep hdi n g h i nghiep,
cac hpi tCp thien, cae to chCpc ea sd, cac td
chCpc ed sy tham gia eua eae edng dan
treng ddi sing dja phuang va thanh p h i ,
vdi sy ddng gdp dae thu eua cac giao hdi
va cae cpng doan tdn giao"'^^', td'c cung
khdng bao g i m khu vyc kinh t l
Trung tam nghien CCPU v l xa hdi dan sy
cda ngdi trudng danh tilng London School
of Eeenomies dua ra mdt djnh nghTa tuang
doi tripu tugng han, nhung v i n loai trir ITnh
vyc kinh t l ra ngoai: "Xa hdi dan sy (la
thuat ngu') ndi v l phgm vi hogt ddng tap
t h i t y nguyen {uncoerced) cd lien quan tdi
nhu'ng Igi ich, nhCrng myc tieu va nhCpng
gia tri ehung V l ly thuyit, eae hinh thd-c
djnh c h l cda (xa hdi dan sy) khac biet vdi
cac hinh thd-c djnh c h l eda nha nudc, gia
dinh va thj trudng, mac du trong thye t l ,
cae ranh gidi giu'a nha nude, xa hdi dan
sy, gia dinh va thj trudng thudng kha
phCpc tgp, mu md va bj l l n qua l l n lgi Xa
hdi dan sy thudng bao trum nhiiu khdng
gian, nhiiu tae nhan, va nhu'ng hinh thd'C
djnh c h l khac nhau, khac biet nhau v l
md'c dp chinh thd'C, mCpc dp t y trj va mCpc
dp quyin lye Xa hdi dan sy thudng bao
gom nhu'ng td chCrc nhu cac hdi tCr thien
cd dang ky, cae t l chCre phat triln phi
ehinh phu,_cae nhdm edng d i n g , cac t l
chd'c eda phy nCr, cae td chCpc tdn giao, cae hiep hpi n g h i nghiep, cae nghiep doan, cac nhdm tuang trg, cac phong trao
xa hdi, eae hiep hdi kinh doanh, cac lien minh va eae nhdm van ddng"'^^'
Mdt trong nhCpng biiu hien cda xu hudng
"edng eu hda" xa hpi dan sy cdn la quan
niem coi xa hdi dan sy nhu mdt "tac nhan
xa hdr ben cgnh nha nude va/hoae thj
trudng, eho du coi dd la d i i trpng hay la ddi tac vdi nha nudc va/hoae vdi thj trudng
Van ban d i n tren cua Ngan hang T h i gidi ndi rd r i n g xa hpi dan sy la "mdt khu vyc dang noi len nhu mpt tac nhan xa hdi
{Societal Actor) trpn ven" tai nhiiu nai tren
t h i gidi*^^' Rob Jenkins nhgn xet ring cac
ea quan vien trg thude eae nudc Tay phuang thudng eoi vai trd cua "xa hpi dan sy" nhu mang tinh chit "edng eu"
{Instrumental) trong viee thdc d i y sy phat
triln dan chd d cac nudc t h i gidi thCp ba<^^'
Khi ban luan v l xa hdi dan sy d An Dp, quan diem eua Apocrv Kurup la eoi xa hpi dan sy " v l thye chit" chinh la "mdt ngudi
phat ngdn trung gian then chit [key interlocutor] giCpa nha nude va xa hpi", xet
nhu la "mdt cdng cy thuang lugng"
{Instrument of Negotiation) vdi nha nudc
n h i m tgo ra nhu'ng d i l u kien gidp nha
nudc hoan thien sy quan tri {Governance)
cua minh (Kurup, 2005, tr 65) N l u Geoffrey Hawthorne cho ring xa hdi dan
sy "ed t h i cai thien sy truyin thdng giCra cdng dan vdi ehinh phd eua minh, nang eao n i n dgo dd'c cdng cdng, tgo ra mdt sy can bing ddng d i n han v l quyin lyc, va nhd dd hinh thanh mdt n i n dan ehd thda dang", thi Kurup b l sung ring, n l u lam
Trang 7TRAN H Q U QUANG - MOT SO QUAN NIEM D U Q N G DAI VE
nhu vay, xa hdi dan s y se trd thanh "met
lyc lugng d i i trpng {Countervailing Force),
kiim c h l cae hanh vi dpe doan va nhCpng
sy can thiep qua dang eua nha nude"
(Kurup, 2005, tr 62) Vi bd may hanh
chinh nha nudc thudng hay gay khd khan
philn phCpc eho ngudi dan, nen trong
nhCrng trudng hgp nay, xa hdi dan sy cd
t h i "gidp lam cho moi quan he giCra nha
nude va ea nhan td' chd ddi d i u
{Confrontation) chuyin sang hgp tac
{Cooperation)" (Kurup, 2005, tr 62)
Theo Mare Morje Howard, "nha nudc
khdng phai la ke doi lap {Opponent) ma
eung ching phai la phan d l {Antithesis)
cua xa hdi dan sy, nhung la ngudi bgn
hgp tae {Cooperative partner) vdi xa hdi
dan sy" (Howard, 2002) Nhgn djnh v l m i i
quan he giira nha nude vdi xa hdi dan s y
d Nga, Marcia Weigle nhln mgnh d i n md
hinh "quan he d i i tac" {"Partnership"
model) va eho ring khdng t h i eoi m i i quan
he nay nhu mpt "tran d i u quyin Anh", vi
dung ra nd gilng nhu "mdt cudc khieu vu
cua hai ngudi ban d i i tac khdng binh
ding" (a dance of two unequal partners):
nha nudc e i n budc len san nhay va di
budc chinh trudc, vi n l u khdng thi xa hpi
dan sy khdng t h i budc chan vao cupc
chai nay dugc (Weigle, 2002)
Ngoai ra, lien quan tdi thj trudng va
nhu'ng mat trai cda nd, Kurup cdn cho
rang, vi cac djnh c h l cua xa hdi dan s y
g i n gui va g i n bd vdi nhCrng gia tri xa hdi
va nhCpng gia tri tdn giao sau xa, nen
chdng ed t h i "tgo d i l u kien phat triln mdt
he t h i n g thj trudng cd trach nhiem giai
trinh {Accountable), t y d i l u tilt
{Self-Regulating), cd hieu qua, mang tinh nhan
ban [human], va cd tinh egnh tranh" "Cai
giao dien {Interface) giu'a xa hdi dan s y va
cac thj trudng se nd lyc hudng d i n ehd
tao ra mdt n i n kinh t l dan s y {Civil
Economy)" (Kurup, 2005, tr 63-64)
Theo Howell va Pearee, trong cac hogt ddng eda xa hpi dan s y cd lien quan tdi kinh t l , cd t h i phan biet dugc hai gidng trao luu chinh sau day: (a) vai trd cua xa hdi dan s y trong viec "lam cho chu nghTa
t u ban cd y thCpc trach nhiem v l mat xa
hdi" {making capitalism socially responsible);
va (b) xay dyng mdt ccn dudng phat triln
theo kiiu khae {alternative developmentf^^\
Tuy nhien, khae vdi xu hudng chd y tdi nhu'ng mat trai cda kinh t l thj trudng neu tren, cung ed nhCpng tae gia lai dya tren
t u tudng eda Adam Smith d l h u y i n thoai hda vai trd eda thj trudng va xem day nhu c h i l e dua t h i n cd kha nang hda giai mpi v i n d l xa hdi va ehinh tri- D i l n hinh
nhu Vaclav Klaus, trong q u y i n The Ten
Commandments of Systematic Reform
(Mudi d i l u ran eda cudc cai each he thing) (1993), lap luan r i n g y thCpc cdng dan t i t duge dat n i n tang tren s y tinh toan
duy ly v l lgi ieh ca nhan Homo politicus
(con ngudi ehinh tri) la mdt he qua eda
Homo oeconomicus (con ngudi kinh t l )
D i n Idi Adam Smith, Klaus eho r i n g "ddng lye mgnh n h i t la ' n l lyc ddng nhit, b i n bi
va khdng ngung nghi cda mpi ea nhan con ngudi n h i m cai thien d i l u kien s i n g eua minh'" N l u ban tinh con ngudi la b i n bf nhu vay, thi theo Klaus, s y tinh toan v l
"thu nhap va gia ea" ddng mpt vai trd quan
trpng trong " b i t cw quyit djnh kinh t l (va
phi kinh t l ) nao" D i i m then chot d l tgo dyng va duy tri mdt ehinh q u y i n dan ehd
la thilt lap met he t h i n g kinh t l eung Crng duge t i i n edng cao n h i t so vdi gia ca
Trang 820 TRAN H Q U Q U A N G - MQT SO QUAN NIEM D U O N G DAI VE
hang hda Theo Klaus, khdng chi he thing
kinh t l ma ea ddi s i n g chinh tri eung van
hanh thuan theo "ban tay vd hinh" - theo
ngdn tu' cua Adam Smith ( D i n Igi theo:
Pontuso, 2002, tr 153-177)
Mdt quan niem khae v l xa hdi dan sy, xult
phat td' trudng phai ma ngudi ta thudng
gpi d Phap la "canh ta thd' hai" {"deuxieme
gauche"), mong muon di tim nhCpng
phuang thCre to chCre xa hdi mdi, khac vdi
ehd nghTa t u ban l l n vdi xu hudng duy
nha nudc {etatisme) Lap trudng eda
trudng phai nay la coi "xa hpi dan sy" nhu
mdt "khu vwc thw ba" {troisieme secteur)
nam giCra khu vyc cdng va khu vyc t u ,
hcac la eoi dd nhu mdt "eon dudng thCr
ba" {troisieme vole) cho phep ngudi ta
thoat ra khdi Idgie eua quyin lye l l n logic
eua lgi nhuan Khu vyc t u nhan d day
khdng cdn dugc d l cao, ma bj danh gia
tieu eye cung giong nhu khu vyc cdng:
khu vyc t u nhan dugc eoi la d i n g hda vdi
chu nghTa t u ban, cdn khu vyc cdng thi
dong hda vdi bd may hanh chinh quan lieu
ap bCrc Day la luan d i i m tieu biiu cua
Pierre Rosanvallon, mpt nha sCr hpc Phap,
trong quyin L'age de iautogestion (Thdi
dgi ty quan) (1976): dng ndi d i n "mdt xa
hpi dan s y bj b i i n dang bdi ehd nghTa t u
ban, le thupc vao s y ngy trj cua menh lenh
thi trudng", du-ng trudc "met nha nude
vira xam nhap vao mpi ITnh vyc, vd'a b i t
lyc, sieu tap trung va kem hieu lye" Do
dd, y djnh eua trudng phai "ty quan" nay
{autogestion) la xay dyng Igi "met xa hpi
dan sy thye thy trong mdt t h i gidi bj de
bep bdi bp may quan lieu nha nude va s y
ngy trj eua hang hda v i n lam biin dgng
mpi quan he xa hdi" (Lochak, 1986, tr 70)
N i n tang eua quan niem nay la y tudng
tam phan {Ternaire) v l xa hdi (bao gdm
nha nude, thj trudng, va xa hpi dan sy),
ehd' khdng cdn la nhi phan {Binaire) (bao
gom nha nude va xa hdi dan sy): giCra mdt khu vyc t u nhan d tgp bj thing tri bdi qui luat Igi nhuan, va met khu vyc nha nude bi quan lieu hda va cd t h i mang tinh ap bCpc,
ed "khu vyc thCr ba" la nai eua s y t y do,
sy binh dang, va tinh nhan ai V l mat ly thuyit, day rd rang la quan niem di theo
"Idgie ngan e l t {Decoupage) va chia d {Compartimentage) d i i vdi khdng gian xa
hdi" (Lochak, 1986, tr 72-73)
Theo Lochak, cd ba ldi d i l n giai khac nhau trong quan niem v l xa hdi dan s y nhu mpt
"khu vyc thCr ba" Thw nhat, dd la eoi "khu vyc thCr ba" nhu mdt khdng gian ddc lap,
mdt vung trung gian n i m giCra cac khu vyc cdng va t u , ed nhCrng ehCre nang rieng biet dae thu thdng qua hogt ddng cda cac hiep hdi nhu quan ly nhu'ng Igi ieh tap t h i , dam nhiem khu v y c phi Igi nhuan von khdng thudc v l chCre nang eua nha nudc l l n cua
xi nghiep t u nhan Ldi d i l n giai thw hai, dd
la coi "khu v y c thCr ba" nhu mdt khdng gian trung gidi {mediation) giwa nha nudc
vdi xa hdi dan sy Trong khdng gian nay, cac hiep hdi duge eoi nhu nai chuyin tilp, nai truyin dgt nhCrng yeu c l u eda xa hdi doi vdi nha nudc, nai ma nha nude cd t h i SLP dung nhu trung gian d i i vdi xa hpi L i i
d i l n giai thw ba, dd la coi "khu vyc thCp ba" nhu mpt phwang tidn nhim phuc hoi va tai sinh xa hdi dan sw v i n bi chi phii bdi
nhCpng Igi ich ca nhan vi ky va bdi quy lugt cua Igi nhuan (Lochak, 1986, tr 72-73) Trung tam nghien CCPU v l xa hdi dan s y eua Dgi hpe California cung dua ra mdt djnh nghTa tuang ty, coi xa hdi dan s y la thugt ngu' ndi v l "toan bd cac djnh c h l
Trang 9TRAN H O U QUANG - MOT SO QUAN NIEM DUONG DAI VE 21
cac td chLPC va Crng xiip n i m giCra nha
nudc, t h i gidi kinh doanh, va gia dinh", va
cho r i n g "cac djnh c h l t u nhan" {Private
Institutions) trong ITnh vyc nay ehinh la
"khu vyc thCr ba" {Third Sector) ma lau nay
gidi khoa hpc xa hdi khdng chu tam eci
trpng, n i m giu'a hai khu vyc thudng dugc
ndi d i n la nha nude va thi trudng'^®'
Cung theo chilu hudng nay, Nicanor
Perias viit : "Xa hdi dan sy hien dai da
dua ra hai Idi tuyen ngdn ddc lap - mpt la
ddc lap khdi nha nude va hai la ddc lap
khdi thj trudng Xa hdi dan sy ty nhin
nhan mdt each cd y thCre ring minh la mdt
lye lugng d i i trpng ching lai nhCrng xu
hudng toan tri nai nha nudc va thj trudng
( ) Xa hdi dan sy la lyc lugng thCp ba
toan c l u {Third Global Force) ben egnh
nha nude va thi trudng ( ) Chung ta
dang sing trong mpt t h i gidi tam eye
{Tri-Polar World), dugc c l u thanh bdi eae lye
lugng cua thi trudng, nha nude va xa hpi
dan sy Nhung t h i nao la xa hdi dan sy ?
Mpi xa hpi d i u cd ba ITnh vyc t y tri, nhung
cd lien he hu'u ca l l n nhau Dd la ITnh vyc
kinh t l , ITnh vyc chinh tri va ITnh vyc van
hda Thj trudng n i m trong n i n kinh t l
Nha nudc hoat dpng trcng ITnh vyc chinh
tri Nai eu trd t y nhien eua xa hpi dan sy la
trong n i n van hda Thi trudng cd quyin
lyc kinh t l , nha nudc SLP dung quyin lyc
chinh trj, va xa hpi dan sy huy ddng quyin
lyc van hda ( ) Xa hdi dan sy huy dpng
quyin lye van hda doi vdi nha nude bang
each trao cho hoac tudc di tinh hgp thd'C
{Legitimacy) cda nha nudc ( ) Xa hdi dan
sy eung ed t h i huy dpng quyin lye van
hda d i i vdi thj trudng, ching han bing
each anh hudng tdi nhu e l u ddi vdi nhCrng
mgt hang nhit djnh thdng qua sy t i y chay"
(Xem: Perias) - <
Anil Louis-Juste da phe phan y tudng v l
"con dudng thCr ba" cda Anthony Giddens nhu sau X u l t phat tir nhan dinh ring ngay nay dang dien ra rdng k h i p sy "suy thoai
v l y thCre cdng dan", sy "sut giam cda y thd-c lien ddi", sy "gia tang v l ty le tdi pham" va s y "tan vd cua hdn nhan va gia dinh", Giddens keu gpi ddi mdi lai xa hpi dan sy b i n g each triln khai cac chuang trinh phat trien edng dong va d l xudng mdt sy hgp tac chu dpng giu-a xa hdi dan
sy vdi nha nudc Xa hpi dan sy khdng bao gid khdng ehCpa dyng nhu'ng xung dot xa hdi - Giddens cung bupc phai thCra nhan thye t l nay, nhung dng Igi ehpn loi t i l p can
giai quyit " v i n nan xa hpi" {"Social Question") b i n g each d l eao y thCre cdng
dan va quyin edng dan; ehinh vi vay ma dng n h l n manh vai trd cua xa hdi dan s y trcng viec "xay dyng Igi mdt khdng gian cdng epng" Ong ggt ra ngoai y tudng v l
sy giai phdng eon ngudi khdi than phan
b i t edng, bj t h i n g tri, va vi t h i , khi n h l n manh d i n khai niem "ca hpi song", thye
c h i t dng da "tudc bd ndi dung xa hdi cua
lao ddng va eda cac phuang tien sinh s i n g
de che giiu sw bdc lot, sw thdng tri va sir
ky thi xa hdi, va tw do dk xudng sy hda
hgp xa hdi hay sy cdng tae giu'a cac giai
c l p thdng qua chuang trinh 'mdi' cda dng mang ten la 'chuang trinh Con dudng thCr ba' " (nhCrng chd n h l n manh la do chdng tdi -T.H.Q.) (Louis-Juste, 20/1/2006)
Diln dan Xa hdi T h i gidi (Forum Social Mondial), theo Louis-Juste, cung rai vao sai l i m tuang t y khi hp m u i n huy ddng mpt logt cac phong trao, cac td chCre va eae mang ludi n h i m lien k i t lai ehdng vdi nhau trong nhCpng cudc phan khang rdng
Trang 1022 TRAN H Q U Q U A N G - MQT SO QUAN NIEM DUONG DAI VE
rai d i u tranh eho mye tieu "xa hpi" ching
lai qua trinh "toan c l u hda eda cac edng
ty" {Corporate Globalization) Theo nhCpng
ngudi chu truang Diln dan nay, qua trinh
nay se dugc dam nhiem bdi chinh "cac
thye t h i cua xa hpi dan sy"; hp "dudng
nhu quen m i t cudc d i u tranh giai e l p
dang diln ra hang ngay ngay trong Idng
"xa hdi dan sy" - mdt cai nhan hieu ma hp
muin xem nhu mpt khdi d i n g nhit", Ly
thuyit "toan e l u theo k i i u khae"
{Altermondialism) dat n i n tang tren nhu-ng
hogt dpng khdi xudng tu- sy lien ddi
{Solidarity) va sy phd quat hda y thCre cdng
dan, va dc dd, y tudng v l xa hdi dan sy
eua Diln dan Xa hpi T h i gidi thye chit la
mpt ehu truang hda hgp va hgp tac giai
c l p ma khdng h i ban tam gi d i n viec dgt
lai v i n d l " v l n i n tang vat chit eua sy bdc
lot tu ban chu nghTa", va suy eho cung la
cung e l eho y thd-c he tan tw do
Louis-Juste nhan djnh v l quan d i i m nay nhu
sau: "TCP ehd la mdt khdng gian, la nhu-ng
eude d i u tranh d i i khang, xa hdi dan sy
ehuyin sang cuang vj eua mpt tac nhan
dong thuan va da nguyen mudn tim each
hanh dpng nham t i i n tdi mpt k h i wdc xa
hpi mdi, nghTa la dat n i n tang tren ca nhan
thj dan/tu san {L'individu Bourgeois), chd
t h i quyin lgi {Sujet-de-Droit)"
(Louis-Juste, 20/1/2006),
Dk k i t thdc bai nay, ehdng tdi mudn
nhudng Idi cho mpt nhan dinh cua
Rangeon nhu sau: "(Vi) khdng cd mpt ndi
dung c l djnh, (nen) xa hpi dan sy da khoac
liy nhu-ng y nghTa khac nhau trong suit ljch
SU' thang trim eua minh, mpt lich SLP trong
do nd khdng ngirng bj gianh giat va bi danh
gia lai trong ehung myc ma nd dang la mpt
trong nhCrng ehu d l eua cupc tranh luan
ehinh tri hien nay" (Rangeon, 1986, tr 32) Cdn Lochak thi bi quan han khi eho ring
"nhu-ng t i i m nang ddi mdi ly thuyit cua khai niem xa hdi dan sy da nhanh ehdng bj dim d i n c h i t d u l l bdi each thu-c ma ngudi
ta SLP dung khai niem nay mpt each phi phe phan" trong nhCrng boi canh mang nang tinh chinh tri va tinh y thue he, va do do thuat ngu' nay c u i i cung da trd thanh nhu mdt thCr " d l trang SLPC" khdng han khdng kem (Lochak, 1986, tr 75) •
CHU THiCH '^' Dominique Colas tipng nhan xet ring "cuna
tir mo ho nay {sociite civile), v6n du-pc
su-dung qua nhiiu k l tCr dau thap nien 1970, thudng noi v l toan bp nhung gi trong xa hpi khong thupc v l nha nu'ac - "phi nha nu'ac"
{"non etatique") la mpt pham tru tam chip
nhan dupc v l mat khai niem, cOng gilng y nhu'
pham tru "khong phai lac da" {"non dromadaire') noi v l toan bp nhicng hu-u the
nao khong phai la con lac da" (Trong; Franpois Chatelet, Olivier Duhamel, Evelyne Pisier (Chu
bien) Dictionnaire des ceuvres politiques, Paris,
Ed Presses universitaires de France, Coll, Quadrige/Reference, 2001, tr 588 Dan lai theo: http://fr,vi/ikiquote.org/wiki/Societe_ civile), '^' Theo Barthes, "huyin thoai la mpt he thong truyen thong,,, (no) khong phai la mpt d l vat, mpt khai niem, hay mpt y tu-dng; dd la mpt
phuong thLPC bieu dat y nghla (no la) mpt gii tri" (Roland Barthes, Mythologies, Seuil, 1970,
tr, 193 va 209, Dan lai theo: Franpois Rangeon, bai da din, tr, 30),
'^' Xem: Gerard Mairet, Le liberalisme Presupposes et significations Trong: Frangois Chatelet (Chu bien), Les ideologies Ed, Marabout,
1981, tap III, tr, 131-159, Din lai theo: Daniele Lochak, bai da din, tr, 52,
'"' Theo Jurgen Habermas, sy phan biet giu-a cong va tu da co tir thoi co dai Hy Lap: trong dp