Nha xa bgi bgc ngfldi My Cdleman dinh nghia vd'n xa hgi theo chflc nang cda nd: "la sfl da dang nhflng thflc the khac nhau vdi hai yeu td chung la i tat d deu cbfla dflng mgt mat nao dd
Trang 1MOI QUAN HE PHUC HOP CUA VON XA HOI VA VON CON NGUdi
TRUONG THi THU TRANG ''>
1 Khdi niem von xa hgi vd von con nguol
Vd'n xa hgi la mgt khai niem khdng
tfldng minh Hien chfla cd mgt dinh
nghia dfldc thfla nhan chung va dfldc coi
la that chuan xlc ve vd'n xa hgi, nhflng
khi de cap den van d i vdn xa hgi cac
nghien cflu thfldng vien dan den khai
niem cda ba tac gia tieu bieu: Pierre
Bourdieu, Coleman va Robert Putnam
Pierre Bourdieu dinh nghia vdn xa
bgi: "la mgt tbugc tinh cua mdi d nhan
trong xa hgi va bat cfl ai cung cd the
khai t h i c vd'n xa hgi nbam dem lai cac
ldi ich kinh te thdng thfldng" (dan theo:
8) Nha xa bgi bgc ngfldi My Cdleman
dinh nghia vd'n xa hgi theo chflc nang
cda nd: "la sfl da dang nhflng thflc the
khac nhau vdi hai yeu td chung la (i) tat
d deu cbfla dflng mgt mat nao dd cda
d c d u trflc xa hgi, va (ii) tao diiu kien
cho nhflng hanh ddng cu the cua d c c l
nhan trong d c d u true xa hgi dd" (dan
theo 8) Putnam xem vdn xa hgi gdm cac
yeu to' cda mgt td chflc xa bgi, chang ban
nhfl sfl tin cay, d c chuan mflc va d c
mang Ifldi ma cd the cai thien nang lflc
cda xa hgi b l n g viec tao dieu kien cho
nhflng hanh dong hdp t i e (din theo: 9)
Khai niem vd'n con ngfldi dfldc nha kinh te hgc, chinh tri hgc ngfldi Anh Adam Smith dat nen mdng dau tien tfl the ky XVIII Ong xlc dinh vo'n con ngfldi la "nhflng nang lflc hflu ich ma cfl dan heac d c t h a n h vien cua mgt xa hgi
cd dfldc"(l) Nhflng nang lflc nhfl vay cd dfldc la nhd viec cac d nhan da d l u tfl vao hgc tap va dfldc thu hfldng nen giao due, dao tao, hgc nghe Va ta't ca d c dau tfl nhfl vay cd the tinh toan dfldc dfldi dang d c chi phi Nhflng d nhan cd dfldc "nang lflc hflu dung" da lam tang
cd bgi nang cao ddi sd'ng cua chinh ban than va cdng ddng ma trong dd hg la thanh vien ***Do dd, ldi nbu^n tfl hoat ddng kinh doanh phai tinh den ca nhflng chi phi cho viec cd dfldc nhflng
"nang lflc hflu dung" dd Nhfl vay, vd'n con ngfldi (theo quan niem cua Smith) dfldc hieu nhfl tap hdp d c ky nang, tay nghe (xet d binh dien the c h i t , tam ly va tri tue) va kha nang xet doan
K h I i niem vo'n con ngfldi dfldc phat trien day dd vao nhflng nam 1960 vdi sfl
ra ddi cda ly thuyet vdn con ngfldi do
(•) ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi
Trang 2nioi quan he phuc hop
Sehultz va Becker dfla ra Scbultz phan
tich chi phi giao due nhfl la mgt binh
thflc d l u tfl Becker phat trien ly thuyet
hinh thanh vdn eon ngfldi va phan tich
ty le hoan tra ddi vdi dau tfl vao giao
due va dao tao Theo Scbultz (7), mdi
con ngfldi nhd cd giao due ma cd kien
thflc ky nang nghe nghiep ggi la "vdn tri
tue" Nhd vdn tri tue ma mdi ngfldi cd
thu nhap t i i n Ifldng va dia vi xa hgi
Nin kinh te cda mdi nfldc tdn tai va
phat trien la nhd vo'n vat c h i t (tai
nguyen, d l t dai) va vd'n con ngfldi (tfl
ban eon ngfldi) O day, tfl ban con ngfldi
dfldc md rgng ra la ket qua tdng hdp cua
giao due, q u i trinh tao ra trinh do lanb
ngbi cua dgi ngu lao ddng (7)
2 Moi quan he phuc hgp ciia von xa hgi vd v£fn
con nguoi
Vd'n con ngfldi tap trung vao each
hoat ddng mang tinh kinh te cda d
nhan, dac biet la vao d c h thflc sd dung
kien thflc, ky nang, kha nang cda bg de
lam ra n h i i u san pham hdn va kiem
dfldc nhiiu t i i n hdn, va do dd lam cho
xa hgi ndi hg sdng ed n h i i u san pham
bdn va giau cd hdn T i e ddng an sau cda
vd'n eon ngfldi la sfl d l u tfl vad kien
thflc, ky nang mang lai nhflng ket qua
vi mat kinh te cho c l nhan va do dd
cflng mang lai ket qua cho tap the
Vo'n xa hdi tap trung vao mang Ifldi
xa hgi: d c quan be ben trong mang Ifldi
va gifla cac mang Ifldi xa bgi vdi nhau,
cac quy t i c quan ly nhflng md'i quan be
nay Mae dfl, cae mdi quan be tren
kbdng doi bdi mgt vi tri gia tri dac biet
cda nhflng ngfldi sd dung vd'n xa hgi
nhfl mgt cdng cu phan tich, ma nd cd y
nghia quy chuan, ngu y r i n g cac mdi
quan be tin can co ldi cho sfl co' ket xa
35
bgi va thanh cdng v i kinh te Tuy nhien, cac mdi lien ket chat che cflng co the phan tac dung khi loai trfl thdng tin
va giam kha nang ddi mdi Cd the tdn tai nhflng hiep hgi quy chuan tieu cflc hoac tich cflc - vi vay ma mgt so' mang
xa bgi the hien "mang to'i" cua vdn xa hgi, gay phfldng hai den nhdm xa bgi Idn hdn va ca ehinh nhflng thanh vien cua
nd
Viec tap trung vao cac mdi quan he nay cdng cd' them sfl lien quan cua vdn
xa hgi vdi van d i cd ket xa hgi Cach tiep can tieu chuan tich cflc bdn nhan manh den nhflng ldi ich xa hgi, ddi khi trong mgt binh thflc cdng xa ddn gian Vd'n xa bgi vfla la kdt qua cda cd' ket xa bgi, vfla la thfl tao ra sfl co' ket xa hgi Theo Putnam, d mflc do cdng ddng, doanh nghiep, qud'c gia, chit Ifldng cugc sd'ng - dfl la phong Iflu hdn - se cae hdn neu thanh vien cda cdng ddng cd sfl tham gia tich cflc hdn Diiu nay se khuyen khich chflng ta tao dflng vd'n xa bgi trflc tiep Va d dau cd mang to'i, dieu nay se canh bao chflng ta each thflc ma mang Ifldi xa bgi cd the hanh ddng chdng lai sfl co'ket xa hgi Do dd, vi mat phan tich, vd'n xa bgi cd quan he chat che vdi cugc tranh luan v i co k i t xa hgi Vd'n xa hdi cd lien quan chat che den cac chi so' con ngfldi va ngudn nhan lflc song khai niem vdn xa hgi khdng tinh den cac pham chat cua con ngfldi ca the (tham chi la nhflng p h l m chit da dfldc binh quan boa) ma bfldng den chit va Ifldng cda md'i quan he gifla cac thanh to' hdp thanh mang Ifldi cdng ddng Day
la gia tri dich thflc cda cac tiep can vd'n
xa hgi trong nghien cflu con ngfldi va phat trien
Trang 336 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa h6i, s6 8.2009
Vdn xa hgi cho phep nha nghien cflu
danh g i l mdi tfldng tac gifla con ngfldi
vdi phat trien tfl giac do tinh co' ket va
d c pham chat cua cong ddng ngfldi,
trong dd d c ca t h i tham dfl vdi tfl each
la mgt m l t xich cua mang Ifldi quan he
Trong thflc te xa hgi, cd nhflng
nhdm ngfldi thflc hien muc tieu cua
minh tdt hdn ngfldi khac va hg cung
nhan dfldc nhieu thanh qua hdn, trd
thanh nhflng nhan td va nhdm ndi trgi
Neu chi dfla vao khai niem vd'n con
ngfldi thi se khdng giai thich dfldc d l y
du va thuyet phuc vdi nhflng ly de ma
khai niem nay dfla ra nhfl: kha nang, tri
tue va ky nang ciia ngfldi nay hdn ngfldi
khac Trong hoan d n h nay, khai niem
vd'n xa hgi la sfl bd sung cho khai niem
vd'n con ngfldi khi ly giai nhflng tinh
hudng tren
Vd'n xa bgi trflc tiep hfldng den cac
md'i quan he ma giup thflc hien tiim
nang vd'n con ngfldi cua c l nhan va tap
the Diiu nay bao gdm d nhflng md'i
quan he gifla d c nhdm khac nhau cung
nhfl ben trong mgt nhdm Nhflng de
tiim nang vd'n con ngfldi dfldc phat buy
tdi da, d n cd sfl quan tam cua nha nfldc
va xa bgi the hien thdng qua cac cbinh
sach va thiet che 0 day, khdng gia dinh
r i n g vo'n xa hgi la chia khol ky dieu cho
thanh cdng cua d c chinh sIch kinh te va
xa hgi Vd'n xa hgi cd kha nang flng dung
rat da dang d nhieu d p do va loai hinh
cda linh vflc chinh sach Va nd cung cd
the khdng dung do'i vdi flng dung ddn
gian Tuy nhien, viec sii dung vdn xa hgi
md ra nhflng ludng tfl tfldng va nghien
cflu ly thuyet va thflc nghiem cho phep
nhieu khu vflc chinh sIch quan trgng
dfldc giai quyet t h a n h cong hdn
Mdt van de quan trgng dfldc d c nha nghien cflu va hoach dinh chinh sach dat ra la: vo'n xa hgi va vd'n con ngfldi cd md'i quan he nhfl the nao? Chung dfldc
b o l n ddi cho nhau nhfl the nao va chung gia tang anh hfldng dd'i vdi nhau nhfl the nao? Mo'i quan he gifla ngudn vd'n tfl nhien va nhflng hinh thflc vo'n khac? Tom Schuller (6) da dfla ra khung phan tich ve md'i quan he gifla vd'n con ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi thdng qua cac tieu chi sau:
K h u n g x e m x e t m o i q u a n h e giita
v o n c o n ngifcfi v a v o n x a h o i
Muc tieu
Oo iiTdng
Ket qud
Md hinh
Vdn con ngUdi
Timg ca nhan Qua trinh hoc tap, bang cSp
Trifc ta^p: thu nh$p, s i n phlm Gian ti^p: sure kho^, hoat dOng cd nhan
OLfdng thang
Vdn xa h6i
M6i quan h&
Thdi dO/Gid tri Thdnh vifen/ Tham gia/ Mijrc dO ta'n
cIn
C(5 k^t xa M\
thdnh quci xa hOi, nhi6u v6n xd h6i
Tuong tdc/xoan 6c
Ve muc tieu: Vo'n con ngfldi nham
vao ddn vi c l n h a n cdn vd'n xa hgi n h l m vao md'i quan he gifla cac ca nhan va mang Ifldi xa hgi ma cac d nhan tao lap Trong bd'i canh kinh te, sfl phat trien ky nang cua ca n h a n ngoai viec phu tbugc vao vd'n con ngfldi cua ca nhan dd cdn phu tbugc vao md hinh gia tri cda nhdm, tflc la cdn phu tbugc vao vd'n xa hgi ciia d nhan Viec n h l m vao cac quan he hdn la vao d c ca nhan cua vd'n xa hgi tao ra mgt thay ddi ve mat
d u true Day khdng phai la sfl hoan ddi
ma la sfl bd sung, nghia la vd'n xa hgi cd tac ddng bo sung cho vdn con ngfldi
Trang 4ffTdi quan he phuc hop 37
Ve do litdng: Vdn eon ngfldi dfldc do
chd yeu dfla vao cac mflc b l n g d p ma
ca nhan dat dfldc Kien thflc thfldng la
khong du de do vdn eon ngfldi ma d n cd
d c bg sd heu Idn cho phep viec do Ifldng
de dang Vdn xa hgi thi phd bien bdn
Nd dfldc do tren dien rgng, thfldng theo
each ddn gian, dfla vao sfl tham gia hoac
gia tri, hoac mflc do tham gia tich cflc
cda ca n h a n trong ddi song bay trong
mang Ifldi xa hgi khac Sfl phfl hdp cda
vd'n xa hgi dd'i vdi tang trfldng kinh td cd
the dfldc xem xet trong mgt so' each
thflc Nd dem lai nhflng bfla hen Idn
hdn, vi du, dd'i vdi cac md hinh hgc tap
khdng chinh thflc, nhd boat ddng nay,
cac ky nang yeu d u ed the dat dfldc
Cac thanh vien cua mang xa hgi cung
d p sfl tiep can thdng tin va cae y tfldng
quan trgng, thfldng trong mgt phfldng
thflc phi cd d u Vi du, ed md'i quan he
tfldng hd gifla viec bgc tap vdi viec san
xuat kinb te trong nfldc
vi ket qud: Ket qua cda vd'n con
ngfldi thfldng dfldc dd b l n g thu nhap
dfldc nang len hoae san pham dfldc tao
ra Vdn xa hgi dfldc lien be trflc tidp den
boat dong kinh te d d c mflc do qud'c gia,
khu vflc hoae gifla cac cong ddng bay td
chflc vdi nhau hoae trong ehinh cac cdng
ddng, td chflc Nd cung ed ket qua rgng
bdn - ke d viec sinh ra vdn xa hgi
nhieu hdn Mgt sd hinb thflc vdn xa hgi,
vi du nhfl viec duy tri sfl cd ket xa bgi,
trd lai, ddng gdp g i l n tiep vao nang cao
boat ddng kinb te Nhin tfl bdi canh vdn
xa bgi, t i e dong trflc tiep cda viec dao
tao cd the nang cao mang Ifldi xa bgi va
d c ddng thong tin nhfl kien thflc va
nang lflc cda c l nhan hoac cai thien
nang s u i t
Ve mo hinh: Vdn con ngfldi gdi y mgt
mo hinh dfldng t h i n g trflc tiep: viec dau tfl dfldc thiet lap trfldc, v i thdi gian hoac tien bac, ldi ich kinh te den sau Dieu nay cd sfl hap d i n dang ke, ca ve kha nang quan ly phfldng phap l l n kha nang thfla nhan v i mat chinh tri Do la
nd cd the phan tich, bo' tri sfl tdn tai cua cac cdng cu de danh gia ket qua dau tfl
va cae ehinh tri gia chflng minh phi tdn cho viec tao ra vd'n eon ngfldi Vo'n xa bgi ed hfldng tiep can it thang hdn va ket qua cua nd cung it kbi cd the xac dinh de dang Mgt mat, vd'n xa bgi chiu thach thflc cua vong t u I n hoan va no khd
cd the tao ra ket qua dac biet dang mong chd va khi nad thi tao ra ket qua Mat khac, sfl bd sung dd la mgt hfldng tiep can chat che hdn do'i vdi the gidi thflc Tfl khung xem xet neu tren, mgt loat cau hdi ve mo'i quan he qua lai gifla vd'n con ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi dfldc dat ra Vi du nhfl:
- Vd'n xa hgi eo khuydn khich nang cao hay bd sung cho vo'n eon ngfldi hay khong?
- Lieu vd'n xa hgi tha'p cd kiem che kha nang cda vo'n eon ngfldi khonj^?
- Ngfldc lai, lieu vdn con ngfldi cad
cd thflc day hay kim ham vdn xa hgi khdng?
D i tra ldi cho cae cau hdi tren, chflng ta xem xet cac khia canh sau: Thfl nhat la tac dong cda sfl thu hut
va gia tri Field va Spence (5) da chi ra
r i n g d Blc Ireland, gia tri cua cong ddng cd t b i kiem che nguyen vgng bgc tap cda c l nhan, ngan can bg tham gia vao nen kinh td dia phfldng, ndi cd ky nang thap, va cung cd sfl phan biet gifla
Trang 538 Tiiung tm ruiea nOc xa hoi so o.HiJOij
ngfldi cd trinh do cao va ngfldi cd trinh
do thap Mat khac, nhflng ndi ma cd sfl
tin can tha'p va thdng tin gifla ngfldi
tuyen dung va ngfldi lao ddng dia
phfldng ngheo nan thi mgt chinh sIch
tap trung vao nang cao ky nang va trinh
do ngfldi lao ddng se lam thay ddi hoan
toan vong xoan dc ciia sfl suy giam hay
loai trfl xa hgi Cac nha tuyen dung d n
dfla ra thdng tin cho toan xa hgi v i ldi
ich va p h l n thfldng vd'n con ngfldi kbdng
chi ddi vdi kha nang dfldc tuyen dung
n h a n h nha't Ndi d c h khIc, mgt vd'n xa
hgi dfla vao phan tich dieu kien dia
phfldng hoac khu vflc cd the bgc Id sfl
yeu kem ciia cac cbinh sIch d i p flng
muc tieu va chi ra sfl d n thiet phai cd
nhflng h a n h ddng rgng hdn, thd'ng n h l t
hdn cflng vdi chinh sach da d p do
Thfl hai la ky nang va nang lflc
Theo Tom Schuller (6), ky nang giao
tiep va lam viec theo nhdm la hai trong
so' nhflng nang lflc kien thflc phd bien
nha't trong mgt nen kinb te bien dai
Nhflng ky nang nay cd the dfldc hieu d
mflc do thflc h a n h cd ban hoac cao, hoac
tha'p tuy thuoc vao yeu c l u cua ndi san
xua't Ca linh vflc t r u y i n thdng va linh
vflc mdi ndi ciia nen kinb te d i u dfla ra
nhflng vi du ve dieu nay Nhflng cdng
nghe mdi thfldng gdp p h l n lam tang
nang s u i t Nhflng sfl thay ddi cdng nghe
khdng ddng nghia vdi viec nang cao mflc
do ky nang Vdn con ngfldi chic c h i n cd
the dfldc hieu la chfla dflng ky nang ky
t h u a t cung nhfl ky nang v i mat xa hgi,
nhflng vd'n xa hgi mang lai sfl ciing cd
mang Ifldi xa hgi v l gia tri xa hgi thdng
qua viec xay dflng, cung cd' va dat dfldc
mgt loat ky nang chung Thdng thfldng,
ngfldi ta se nghi r i n g d c cdng ty xay
dflng mo'i quan he chat che vdi cdng nhan cd kien thflc ddng vai trd chu cho't trong cdng viec, gifl hg lai de hg ddng gdp cho cdng ty CIc cdng ty d l u tfl r l t
it vao viec nang cao trinh do, ky nang
n g h i nghiep cho cdng nhan ciia hg, tham chi ca khi hg mud'n cdng nhan g i n
bd lau dai, vi hg biet r i n g , chi cd mgt so'
it cdng n h a n se gan bd lau dai Nhflng tai sao cac nha tuyen dung khdng cung
d p nhflng hdp ddng cdng viec dfldc dam bao n h i i u hdn cho ngfldi lao dong? Cau tra ldi cd hai chieu Thfl nha't, vai trd dd'i vdi nghe nghiep ro rang da nang cao gia tri de cac cd quan chuyen mdn, d c khu vflc kinh doanh hay d c cd quan dai dien khac ung hg viec p h I t trien vd'n con ngfldi thdng qua nhflng sflc ep ve tieu chuan Thfl hai, sfl minh bach va trung thflc bdn la cd sd cho d c md'i quan he viec lam, de cd mgt d c h hieu ro rang gifla nha tuyen dung va n h a n vien trong viec d l u tfl dfldc dat ra
Thfl ba la ddn vi phan tich: gia dinh
va yeu to' dia ly quyet dinh Cac mdi quan he ben ngoai va ben tropg thfldng
it khi bi Id di trong mgt cd ca'u vo'n xa hgi so vdi trong mgt cd ca'u chinh sIcb
do chi n h l m vao ky nang va trinh do ma ngfldi dan dat dfldc luc dd V l n de nay
cd the dfldc minh hoa b l n g viec tham khao them d c bg phan cdng tac, d d p
do ca nhan va hg gia dinh Viec sd dunt cac chfldng trinh dao tao d i n den nhieu bd' me ddn t h a n tham gia vao lflc Ifldng lao ddng hdn hoac tao ra nhieu hg gia dinh kiem sd'ng theo kieu "nfldc doi", khien nan t h l t nghiep giam va lam tang nang s u i t l l n tdng thu nhap cua
bg gia dinh trong mgt giai doan ngln Nhflng, khoang each gifla bg nhieu viec,
Trang 6mdi quan he phuc hop
39
it thdi gian va hg it viec hoac khong cd
viec dang ngay cang xa hdn va tac ddng
den quan he gia dinh, dac biet ddi vdi
viec giao due tre nhd Putnam coi sfl gia
tang boat dong kiem sd'ng theo kieu
"nfldc ddi" cua cac hg gia dinh la yeu td
suy giam vdn xa hgi Diiu nay minh boa
sflc ep gifla cac muc tieu chinh sach
khac nhau Mgt phan tich vd'n xa hgi
dfldng nhfl ed the dat dfldc sflc ep dd
Tuy nhien, Schuller cho r i n g , khdng
cbi la van d i thoa hiep gifla vd'n con
ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi Trong bd'i d n h dan
so' gia, d n ed suy nghi ky hdn v i ky
nang va hieu biet ma nhflng ngfldi Idn
tuoi cd the duy tri va phat trien sau
hdn Cd the la thdng qua cac ehinh sach
dfldc thiet lap de giflp hg duy tri boat
ddng ISu dai bdn Nhflng cung ed the la
thong qua kha nang cda bg de cdng ed'
ky nang cda d e nhdm lam viec tfl
nguyen Nhflng ngfldi cd tudi hdn cd vai
trd quan trgng hdn trong viec duy tri sfl
tham gia cda ngfldi dan d cac d p dg,
trong phfldng thflc ed sfl bd sung, tdng
hdp tich cflc gifla vd'n con ngfldi va vd'n
xa hgi
3 Kg't luan
Tdm lai, khi xem xet mdi quan he
gifla vd'n xa hgi va vo'n con ngfldi, mgt sd
nghien cflu ly thuyet da ebi ra r i n g , sfl
bd sung trflc tiep gifla bai binh thflc vdn
eon ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi chi la mgt trong
nhflng yeu td quyet dinh cac chinh sach
d n dfldc quan tam xem xet Md'i quan
he qua lai gifla hai hinb thflc vdn nay
tao ra vd sd van de cbinh sach khac Sfl
phflc tap tang len khi ta cd g l n g diiu
boa nhflng xem xet d mflc do vi md va vi
md mgt khi ta vflt bd gia thuyet r i n g mgt bflc tranh rgng Idn cd the dfldc ve len mgt each ddn gian b l n g viec hdp nhat cac thdng tin d mflc vi md
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 A Smith The Weath od Nation, Book 2 London: G.Routledge, 1776
2 OECD Human capital investment:
an international comparison, 1998
3 OECD The well-being of nations: the role of social and human capital,
2001
4 Jonathan Fox The World Bank and social capital: contesting 1997, Journal of International Development, Vol 9, No 7, 1997
5 J Field, L Spence "Informal Learning and Social Capital" in ed Frank Coffield The Importance of Informal Learning (Bristol: Polity Press), 2000
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