Trong he thong tif tddng cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, tif tu'dng va phifdng phap gan bo hilu cd vdi nhau, moi quan diem, tif tu'dng cua Ngu'di deu toat len con du'dng va phu'dng thufc de th
Trang 110 TAP CHI P H A T TRIEN N H A N LL/C, SO 2(18)-2010
Tl/ Tl/CiNG VA TAM Gl/dNG DAO DUfC HO CHf IVIINH
NEU CAO VA THI/C HANH CAN, KIEM, LIEM, CHINH
LA NHEN LLIA CHO D O I SONG MOI
TRAN VAN KHANH(*)
Td tufdng Ho Chi Minh the hien d tam
cao tri tue, bdi do la sif thong thai, tinh
lpc, tiep bie'n cac gia tri van hoa ciia
dan tpc va cua nhan loai Ngifdi la nha Uf tifdng,
nha ly luan Macxit xuaft sac tha'm dddm chii nghia
nhan van cao ca Dong thdi, Ngu'di ciing la nha
to chifc thifc tien tai ba Toan bp cupc ddi cua
Ngifdi la cong hien cho stf song tot dep cua dan
tpc va cua nhan loai Co le eon phai lau lam,
cac the he yeu quy va kinh trpng Ngifdi ca trong
nddc va tren the gidi mdi kham pha he't dddc
nhiing gia tri trong tif tufdng va dao dilc ciia
Ngifdi Dung nhif Tie'n si Madagat Ahmet, Giam
doc UNESCO khu vifc Chau A - Thai Binh
Difdng, Dai dien dac biet cua Tong Giam doc
UNESCO phat bieu: "Chi co it nhan vat trong
lich sif trd thanh mpt bp phan cua huyen thoai
ngay khi con song va ro rang Ho Chi Minh la
mpt trong so do Ngifcfi se dddc ghi nhd khong
phai chi la ngifdi giai phong cho To quo'c va
nhan dan bi do hp ma con la mpt nha hien triet
hien dai da mang lai mpt vien canh va hy vpng
mdi cho nhu'ng ngu'di dang da'u tranh khdng
khoan nhifdng de loai bo bat eong, bat binh dang
khoi trai da't nay""'
Trong he thong tif tddng cua Chu tich Ho Chi
Minh, tif tu'dng va phifdng phap gan bo hilu cd
vdi nhau, moi quan diem, tif tu'dng cua Ngu'di
deu toat len con du'dng va phu'dng thufc de thifc
" NGUT TS., Pho Hieu trudng Trudng Can bp
Tp.HCM
'^' Ky niem 100 nam ngay sinh Chii tich Ho Chi
Minh (1890-1990) Hoi thao qudc te ve Chij tich Ho
Chi Minh (Trich tham luan cua dai bieu qudc te) Nxb
Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 1990, tr.37
hien nhu'ng tif tu'dng ay Con nhiing con du'dng, nhiing phu'dng thifc, td'c la nhiJng phu'dng phap cua Ngifdi lai du'dc tinh lpc tif sif nhan thufc va van dung sang tao tif nhiJng tinh hoa tuf tu'dng ciia dan tpc va cua nhan loai ma tnfdc he't la ttf Chu nghia Mae - Lenin, dong thdi cung la sif kiem nghiem, doi chieu, so sanh, dfie riit tif thifc tien cua lich suf each mang Viet Nam va tren the gidi "Vdi Ho Chi Minh, tif tifdng la ndi phu'dng phap du'dc khai quat hoa va phu'dng phap la ndi thifc tien boa tif tifdng, la hdp diem giifa ly luan
va thifc tien, giifa nhan thiJc va hanh dpng Chinh tif tifdng la ly luan cua phifdng phap va phifdng phap la sif tnfdng thanh thifc tien cua ly luan"'^' Mpt trong nhiJng npi dung quan trpng the hien sif thong nhat giiia tif tu'dng va phu'dng phap trong
tif tifdng cua Ngifdi la quan diem ve cdi mdi Co
the noi, suot cupc ddi ciia Ngu'di la ca mpt qua trinh tim kie'm, phat hien, iing hp, bao ve, vun
trong va dau tranh cho cdi mdi thang ldi Qua
tnnh ay dddc bat dau bang sif tran trd cua ngu'di thanh nien Nguyen Ta't Thanh giau long yeu nu'dc thufdng dan Khi eon d que htidng, Ngu'di sdm difdc ha'p thu truyen thong yeu nifde ciia dan tpc the hien qua eac phong trao kien cifdng da'u tranh chong thifc dan Phap Khi hpc d Hue, Ngifdi dddc tie'p xue bu'dc dau vdi nen van minh phu'dng Tay, dieu do da gdi cho ngu'di nghi ve
mpt hudng di mdi, khae vdi ldp eha anh De roi
tru'dc sif thaft bai cua cac phong trao yeu nu'dc dau the ky XX, da eho Ngu'di nhan tha'y rang: Muon clfu dddc nufdc, phai tim ra dddc mpt con
'2> GS.TS Hoang Chi Bao Tim hieu phuang phap
Ho Chi Minh Nxb Chinh th quo'c gia Ha Noi, 2002,
tr.103-104
Trang 2TRAN V A N K H A N H - NEU CAO VA THUC HANH 11
difdng each mang mdi'^' Sau mddi nam
(1911-1920) ra di tim difdng cifu nifdc, ngu'di thanh
nien yeu nuide Nguyen Ta't Thanh - Nguyen Ai
Quoc da de'n vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin Co
the noi rang, day la bifde chuyen ed ban ciia
Ngu'di ve tti tu'dng, tif cho di tim cai mdi, con
difdng mdi, gid day, de'n vdi cai mdi, nam giii
cai mdi, do la hpc thuye't khoa hpc va each mang,
tif ngu'di yeu nu'dc trd thanh ngu'di cpng san,
bifde chuyen nay co y nghia quye't dinh doi vdi
thang ldi cua each mang Viet Nam ve sau
Viee suot ddi tim tdi va xay difng cdi mdi d
Ngifdi dddc the hien d cac chang difdng tie'p
theo, do la viec sang lap mpt Ddng kieu mdi
Dang Cpng san Viet Nam vdi yeu cau luon difdc
xay difng trong sach, viing manh, "la dao difc la
van minh" de du nang life lanh dao each mang;
la xay difng nen dao dvCc mdi - dao dife each
mang cho dpi ngii can bp dang vien, tiong ta't ca
cac Hnh vifc cua ddi song xa hpi; la xay difng
ddi song mdi tif ngu'di giau cho de'n ngifdi ngheo,
mpt ngifdi, mpt lang, mpt tru'dng hpc cho de'n
trong bp dpi, trong cong sd, trong xifdng may
Ngifdi con khang dinh phai chat chiu, dpng vien,
CO vii tifng ta'm gifdng "ngifdi tot viec tot", nhifng
cai mdi me, tot tifdi, cao thifdng trong cupc song
hang ngay
Khi noi ve cai mdi, Ngu'di khong cat nghia
bang cac thuat ngif phifc tap mang tinh kinh vien,
ma bang each noi, each nghi cua quan chiing
nhan dan, tham difdm hdi thd ciia cupc song
gian khd than thifdng va gan gui Tuy nhien,
nhifng ngon tif gian di, de hieu ay lai ehinh la sif
ke't hdp nhuan nhuyen giifa truyen tho'ng va hien
dai, giifa ke thufa va doi mdi, cho nen, bao gid
ciing chiJa difng sau sac nhifng td tu'dng mdi,
each nghi va each lam mdi, ma suy cho ciing,
neu muc dich cuoi ciing cua tif tu'dng ly luan la
vi thifc tien, thi each noi, each viet ciia Ngddi la
kieu mau cua tinh khoa hpc va each mang
Tac pham Ddi sdng mdi, Ngifdi vie't dau nam
1947, difdc IJy ban Trung ddng Van dpng Ddi
sdng mdi xua't ban va phat hanh ngay 20/3/1947,
nhan dip mot nam phat dpng xay difng ddi sdng
mdi Cuon sach mong chi co 19 cau hoi va tra
ldi, nhuhg vdi mpt phong each dien dat vo ciing
gian di, de hieu, chifa difng trong do mpt kieu mau ve sif ke't hdp giifa tif tu'dng va phifdng phap, giifa ly luan va thifc hanh de xay difng mpt xa hpi mdi, tdt dep, ke ca tiong kho khan dan lufa Dii tac pham dddc viet each day hdn 60 nam, nhifng cho den hom nay va ca mai sau, van giii nguyen gia tri bdi y nghia thifc tiin sau sac ciia tac pham
Trong ldi tifa cua tac pham, Ngddi viet: "Trong liic khang chien eifu quo'c, chiing ta phai dong thdi kien qudc Thifc hanh ddi sdng mdi la mot
dieu cdn kip cho cong cupc cifu qud^c va kien
quo'c
Anh Tan Sinh viet quyen "Ddi sdng mdi" mpt
each van tat, ro rang, thie't thifc, de hieu Do la mpt eudn sach nho, ehi ro bifdc dddng ddi sdng mdi Toi mong ddng bao ta moi ngu'di co mot
quyen "Ddi sdng mdi" de xem, de hieu, de thifc
hanh ddi sdng mdi
Nhif the chiing ta nha't dinh se tie'n bg ldn" '"'
(Chiing toi nha'n manh TVK)
Chi trong may dong cua ldi tifa, chung ta nhan tha'y d trong do rat nhieu chi dan an can, tam huyet, tif muc dich, yeu can, vai tro cho de'n npi dung, phifdng phap va y nghia to ldn ciia eudn sach ma Ngifdi cho rang do la mpt eudn sach nho mong ddng bao ta moi ngu'di co mpt quyen! Npi dung eudn sach gdm 19 cau hoi va tia ldi cua Ngifdi ve "ddi sdng mdi" O day, chung toi khong di vao trinh bay thif tif tifng vain de, ma bu'dc dau tim hieu nhiing chi dan ve sif thdng nha't giiJa ly luan va phifdng phap dddc Ngu'di sif dung mpt each tai tinh va sau sac trong tac pham
Thd nhdt: Nhiing quan diem ldn ve phu'dng
phap luan de xay difng "Ddi song mdi"
Trong toan bp npi dung eudn sach, d goc dp triet hpc Macxit, ta tha'y ndi len nhifng quan diem phifdng phap luan difdc Ngifdi sil dung nhif: Quan diem khach quan; quan diem phat huy tinh nang dpng sang tao eua nhan td con ngifdi; quan diem toan dien - lich su' cu the; quan diem phat trien; quan diem ve cai mdi; quan diem thife tien,v.v Nhifng quan diem cd ban tren, difdc Ngu'di van dung mot each tai tinh, sang tao den mifc no difdc the hien ngay trong each nghi, each lam, difdc long vao hdi thd ciia cupc sdng trong
<^' Xem: Dai tu6ng Vo Nguyen Giap (chii bien) Tu
tudng Ho Chi Minh va con dUdng each m^ng Viet
Nam Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Npi, 2000, tr.20
c) Ho Chi Minh Toan tap t.4, Nxb Su that, Ha Npi,
1984, tr.34
Trang 312 TRAN V A N K H A N H - NEU CAO VA THUC HANH.,
tat ca mpi ngifdi, tiren mpi cong viee Chang ban,
quan diem eua Bac ve eai mdi, ma cu the d day
la Ddi sdng mdi
Tnfdc cau hoi: "Sao gpi la ddi sdng mdi?
Dap: Ddi song mdi khong phai la cai gi cii
ciing bo het, khong phai cai gi ciing lam mdi
Cai gi cu ma xa'u, thi phai bo Thi du: ta phai
bd tinh Itidi bieng, tham lam
Cai gi cii ma khong xafu, nhuhg phien phifc thi
phai sifa ddi lai cho hdp ly Thi du: Dam cung,
cifdi, hoi qua xa xi, ta phai giam bdt di
Cai gi cu ma tdt, thi phai phat trien them Thi
du: ta phai tu'dng than tu'dng ai, tan trung vdi
nifdc, tan hie'u vdi dan hdn tnfdc
Cai gi mdi ma hay thi ta phai lam Thi du: An d
eho hdp ve sinh, lam viec cho co ngan nap
Lam the nao eho ddi sdng cua dan ta, vat chat
difdc day du hdn, tinh than dddc vui manh hdn
Do la muc dich ciia ddi sdng mdi"'"
Nhif vay, theo quan diem cua Ngifdi, ddi sdng
mdi khong phai ra ddi tif hd vo, ma no la sif phii
dinh bien chifng eua qua trinh phat trien xa hpi
Trong qua trinh ay, bao gid ciing mang tinh khach
quan, phan anh khuynh hu'dng ta't ye'u eiia sif
phat trien, ddng thdi ciing mang tinh ke thifa
nhu'ng yeu td tich cifc eiia xa hpi cii chif kliong
phai phu dinh sach ti:dn hay ke thifa khong phe
phan chpn lpc Tuy nhien, vdi each dien dat gian
di, ro rang va sau sac ciia Ngifdi, lai tid nen de
hieu, de lam va thiet thifc
ThQ hai: Npi dung cd ban ciia Ddi sdng mdi
chinh la van de xay difng con ngu'di mdi nham
muc dich de that sif giai phong con ngu'di
Ban chat cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin the hien
d tinh khoa hpe va each mang ciing nhif 6 chu
nghia nhan dao hien thifc cao ea eiia no Tif tifdng
Hd Chi Minh la sif ke't thifa nhifng tinh hoa van
hoa cua dan tpc, cua phu'dng Dong va cua nhan
loai Trong do, quan trpng nha't, cd ban nhai't la
chu nghia Mac - Lenin Do vay, tiong tif tifdng
Ho Chi Minh, ban chat khoa hpe va each mang,
chu nghia nhan van, nhan dao hien thifc luon
toa sang trong tif tu'dng eiia Ngu'di Suot cupc
ddi cua Ngu'di la sif yeu thu'dng con ngifdi, tin
tu'dng d con ngifdi, nhin thay sifc manh ciia con
ngifdi, tim mpi con difdng, each thilc co hieu
qua nha't dil co hy sinh gian khd den dau eiing
khong tif nan de dpng vien, thuyet phuc, giao
due, tap hdp, td chifc thifc tien dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan de giai phong eon ngu'di khoi mpi ap bife, boe lot, bait eong, eao hdn nifa la giai phong mpi nang life sang tao eua con ngu'di dda dia vi con ngddi that sif vddn tdi, lam chii cac gia tri chan, thien, my trong cupc ddi, cuoc sdng ciia minh
Trong "Ddi sdng mdi", Ngu'di chi ro viec thifc
hanh ddi sdng mdi chinh la: Can, Kiem, Liem, Chinh - ve thifc ehat, chinh la Ngu'di mudn xay
difng nhifng con ngudi mdi nham phat huy nang
life ban chat cua con ngu'di de tif giai phong cho minh va cho xa hpi trong nhifng dieu kien hoan canh cu the
Viee phat huy vai tro cua chu the hanh dpng, cua nhan td con ngu'di dufdc Ngu'di xac dinh trong
"Ddi sdng mdi" la "moi ddng bao, bat ky gia
tre, gai trai, giau ngheo can phai cd gang, lam cho ddi song mdi lan khap ca nu'dc" Chii the cua "Ddi sdng mdi" eon du'dc Bac phan tich trong
mo'i quan he giiia cdi rieng va cdi chung trong
moi eon ngifdi Ngddi ehi ro: "Do nhieu ngu'di nhom lai thanh lang Do nhieu lang nhom lai thanh nufdc Neu ngu'di nay eQng xa'u, ngifdi kia Cling xa'u thi thanh lang xa'u, nu'dc hen Neu moi ngu'di deu tot thi thanh lang tot, nifdc manh Ngifdi la gde eua lang nifdc Neu mpi ngu'di deu
ed gang lam dung ddi sdng mdi, thi dan tpc nha't dinh phii cu'dng ""^'
Chu the cua "Ddi sdng mdi" con difdc the hien trong mpt nha; mpt lang; mpt tnfdng hpc; tiong
bp dpi; trong cae eong sd; trong mpt xufdng may Tom lai la trong ta't ca mpi ngu'di, mpi tap the, mpi to chife va tren mpi Hnh vifc cua ddi sdng
xa hpi, chi eo nhif the thi mdi that sif co mpt xa hpi mdi, mot "dan tpc nhat dinh phu cu'dng"
Thvc ba: Ve nhifng mau thuan va phifdng phap
giai quyet mau thuan
Ve thifc chat, nhu'ng man thuan dddc Chu tich
Hd Chi Minh trinh bay trong "Ddi sd'ng mdi" la mau thuin giiia cdi cu va cdi mdi NhiJng mau
thuan nay dddc Ngufdi trinh bay ngan gpn, de hieu, sau sac trong nep nghi, each lam the hien
d tifng ngu'di, tifng tap the, tifng eong viee, tien ta't ea eac Hnh vife cua ddi sdng vat chat va ddi sdng tmh than, trong kinh te, ehinh tri, van hoa,
xa hpi
De giai quyet nhu'ng mau thuan nay, Ngifdi
Trang 4TRAN VAN KHANH - NEU CAO vA THUC HANH 13
cho rang: Noi de thi de Noi kho thi kho
De la vi: Ngifdi ta ai cung mudn sung sifdng
manh khoe, nha cufa sach se, con cai td^t tifdi
Muc dich ddi sd^ng mdi la lam cho mpi ngifdi
thoa long mong mudn do Cho nen ai ciing tan
thanh ddi sdng mdi Ddi sdng mdi ldi niueu chif
khong hai Ldi cho toan the, ma khong hai den
ca nhan Khong co gi cao xa kho khan, lam thi
tha'y ket qua ngay tru'dc mat Khong ton cong
tdn cua ciing lam difdc Nhu'ng viec ddi song
mdi to tat tuy td^n cong, tdn ciia mpt lan nhuhg
ve sau se co ldi gap 100, gap 1000 cong cua
minh bo ra khi lam Vi vay, co quyet tam thi ddi
sdng mdi rat de lam
Vdi each dien dat nhif vay, thi man thuan la d
trong chinh moi con ngu'di, dien ra hang ngay,
chif khong phai xa la, ma ban chat ciia con ngu'di,
suy cho ciing, ai ciing thich, eiing mudn "sung
sifdng manh khoe sach se tdt tifdi" Do vay,
viec giai quyet nhiJng man thuan nay la d§
Kho la vi: Viec de may nhifng khong quyet
chi ben gan thi ciing khong bao gid lam dddc
Thoi quen co sifc i, rat kho thay ddi Cai tdt ma
la, ngufdi ta co the eho la xa'u Cai xa'u ma quen
ngu'di ta cho la thu'dng Kho con vi, ta co tinh
gap sao hay vay Tha chiu khat chif khong mudn
dao gieng Noi tom lai la tinh lifdi'''' Vay, cai
kho d day la nhiJng thoi quen, la phong tuc tap
quan, la nep nghi, each lam du'dc sinh ra tif
nen san xuat nho, manh miin, lac hau, ngan ddi
nay da an vao mau thit cua moi ngifdi, ma khong
dS gi tif bd dddc, ne'u nhif khong thau hieu tae
hai cua no va quyet tam gat bo
Ve phifdng phap giai quyet nhifng mau thuan
tren:
Ngu'di eho rang: Tnfdc het phai myen tiiiyen,
giai thich va lam gifdng Phai chiu kho noi ro
cho mpi ngifdi hieu ieh ldi cua ddi sd^ng mdi,
each thi hanh the nao Noi di noi lai, bao gid
ngu'di ta hieu, ngu'di ta lam mdi thoi Cach noi
thi phai gian ddn, thiet thifc va phu hdp vdi hoan
canh mdi ngifdi Noi sao eho ngifdi ta nghe rdi
lam du'dc ngay Viec de, viec nho lam difdc rdi
se noi de'n viec to, viec kho Tuyen truyen ddi sdng mdi phai hang hai, ben gan, chiu kho, ddng thdi phai can than, khon kheo, mem mong Ngu'di cho phu'dng phap tdt nha't, mot phu'dng phap dac sac cua dao difc phifdng Dong la mieng noi, tay
lam, ldm guang cho ngifdi khac bat chddc Ngu'di
khang dinh: Ddi song mdi ciing can co nhifng ngu'di lam gddng, nhifng nha lam gtidng, nhifng lang lam gifdng Khi trong tha'y hieu qua tdt tifdi, thi chac nhifng ndi khac se hang hai lam theo Neu mieng thi tuyen truyen bao ngu'di ta sieng lam, ma tif minh thi an tnfa, ngu tre; bao ngu'di
ta tiet kiem, ma tif minh thi xa xi lung tung, thi tuyen truyen mot tram nam cung vo ich'^' Ttf dau nam 1947, dat ntfdc con dang khang chien gian kho, vdi nhan quan sau rpng, luon vtfdt trddc cupc song, dif bao chinh xac trong ttfdng lai, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da chi ra van
de ehien lifde dae biet quan trpng la cong cupc Clfu qudc gan bo mat thiet vdi kien qudc Ngtfdi tin tifdng vao stfc manh, vao chie'n thang ciia da't ntfdc va con ngtfdi Viet Nam, "Ntfdc ta ngtfdi kha dong, da't kha rpng; rupng kha tdt, cua kha nhieu Dong bao ta lai co tinh chiu khd, chiu kho, bie't viec phai thi vui long theo The la nhffng dieu kien de lam ddi sdng mdi da du rdi Cung nhtf gao, ntfdc, cui deu san sang, chi can nhen lufa thi CO edm an"'"
Nhtf the, "Ddi sdng mdi" con la van hoa, la nhan van, nhan dao hien thifc sau sac trong ttf tifdng Ho Chi Mmh Thtfc hien "Ddi sdng mdi" theo ttf ttfdng cua Ngtfdi mai mai van la ngudn nang Itfdng vo tan de xay dtfng mpt ntfdc Viet Nam mdi phu cu'dng nhtf Bae Ho kinh yeu hang mong mudn Hieu nay, toan Dang, toan dan dang thtfc hien cupc van dpng "Hpc tap va lam theo ta'm gufdng dao dtfe Ho Chi Minh", thi mpt trong
vo van nhffng dieu phai hpc tap va lam theo ldi day cua Bac van la: "Neu cao va thtfc hanh Can, Kiem, Liem, Chinh van la nhen Itfa cho ddi sdng mdi"<i°'
'•'^ Sdd tr.339-340
<« Sdd tr.341
<«' Sdd tr.343-344
<'<" Sdd tr.344