Ngfldi Dan Lai hien nay cd nhieu diem tUdng ddng ve ngdn ngfl, van hda vdi cac nhdm dia phfldng khac trong dan tgc Thd Dac biet la vd'n tfl cua cac nhdm: Cudi d Tan Ki, Nghia Dan cd ngdn
Trang 1Gop phan lam ro nguon goc
nhom Oan Lai (Thd)
d huyen Con Cuong, tinh Nghe An
1 Ngifdi D a n L a i d C o n C u o n g
Trong b a n g D a n h muc cac t h a n h p b i n
dan tdc Viet Nam*^', ngUdi D a n Lai (Dan
Lai - Ly Ha) la ragt n h d m dia phUdng
thuoc dan tdc Thd (gdm nhieu nhdm dia
phfldng nhfl: Keo, Mgn, Cudi, D a n Lai, Ly
Ha, Tay Pogng, Xa la vang) vdi so' dan la
68.394 ngudi cU t r u d Nghe An, T h a n h
Hoa Ngoai Viet N a m cac nhdm Dan Lai
-Ly Ha, Tay Pogng cdn sinh sd'ng d Lao, cd
quan he hg h a n g va thUdng xuyen di lai
vdi ddng tde cua hg d nUdc ta
Khi c i n the hien d a n h t i n h cua tdc
ngudi cd luc hg ggi la D a n Lai, cung cd luc
la Dan Lai - Ly Ha Hai n h d m D a n Lai va
Ly Ha do hoan c a n h lich sfl tac ddng nen
cung sd'ng c h u n g t r e n mdt dia b a n vdi
nhau Trong q u a t r i n h sinh sd'ng, ngUdi
Ly Ha da bi a n h hudng phong tuc t a p
quan, ldi sd'ng, Idi sinh h o a t cua ngUdi
Dan Lai, d i n dan ngUdi Ly Ha da bi Dan
Lai hda Do vay, ngUdi Ly Ha gd'c ngay
met ft di, va den mflc khd cd the p h a n biet
dflde ai la ngfldi D a n Lai, ai la ngfldi Ly
Ha Den nay, ngfldi Ly Ha cung chap
BUI M I N H THUAN*
n h a n ten ggi D a n Lai hay Dan Lai - Ly
Ha Do vay, trong cac van ban b a n h chinh hay trong each xUng hd h a n g ngay ngUdi
ta t h u d n g d u n g ten ggi Dan Lai hay Dan Lai - Ly Ha Tuy nhien, den nay ten ggi
D a n Lai dUdc dflng phd bien
Ngfldi Dan Lai hien nay cd nhieu diem tUdng ddng ve ngdn ngfl, van hda vdi cac nhdm dia phfldng khac trong dan tgc Thd Dac biet la vd'n tfl cua cac nhdm: Cudi d Tan Ki, Nghia Dan cd ngdn ngfl chung vdi D a n Lai khoang 71%; nhdm Hg
d T a n Ki va nhdm Thd NbU Xuan (Thanh Hda) cd Ifldng tfl chung vdi ngUdi Dan Lai 68%; nhdm Kee d Nghia Dan cd lUdng tfl chung vdi D a n Lai k h o i n g 64%; nhdm Mgn d Nghia Dan, Quy Hdp chung tfl vdi Dan Lai 59%
Theo y kien cua cac nha nghien cflu nhfl P h a m Dflc Dfldng, N g u y i n Van Ldi thi ngUdi D a n Lai cdn cU trfl d t i n b Kam Mudn va Boh Khamxay cua nudc
CHDC-ND Lao Trong qua t r i n h sinh sdng, ngUdi Dan Lai da thien di den vflng bien gidi cua nUdc Lao Nhflng nghien cflu cho tha'y ngUdi Dan Lai va ngUdi d Kara Mudn, Bdli
Biii Minh Thuan, giang vien Khoa Sfl, TrUefng Dai hoc Vinh
Trang 266 Nghien cOii Ddng Nam A 10/2010
Khamxay cung cd mdt sd' diem tUdng ddng
nhau ve kinh te va van hda, dac biet la
ngdn ngfl cd den hdn 60% vd'n tfl chung
[Le Tuc anh, 2004, tr 10]
Q Nghe An ngUdi Dan Lai ehi sinh
sd'ng tren dia ban huyen Con Cudng Theo
sd'Iieu thd'ng ke dan sd'cua huyen, cho den
nam 2008, ngUdi Dan Lai cd 3.054 ngUdi,
chiem 4,25% dan sd' toan huyen Con
Cudng, phan bo' tren dia ban 6 xa: Chau
Khe, Mdn Sdn, Luc Da, Lang Khe, Yen
Khe, Thach Ngan Trong dd, ddng nha't la
Chau Khe cd 1.338 ngUdi, chiem 43,8% va
Mdn Sdn cd 1.057 ngudi chiem, 34,6%
tdng sd' ngUdi Dan Lai toan huyen
Vflng thfldng ngudn khe Khang (vflng
ldi cua Vudn Qud'c gia Pfl Mat) thuge dia
ban xa Mdn Sdn dUdc coi la vflng dat td
cua ngUdi Dan Lai TrUde khi thfle hien
tai dinh cfl (nam 2002), dan sd' cua hg tai
khe Khang chiem sd' lUdng Idn nha't vdi
163 hg, 894 nhan khau phan bd' tai 3 b i n
Cd Phat, khe Cdn va ban Bung Do eudc
sd'ng kinh te vdi phudng thfle cd ban la:
"chat - bdt - ddi", phu thudc nhieu vao tU
nhien, vao ngudn thfle an rflng, nen hg
sd'ng theo hinh thfle du canh, du cU, nay
day mai dd Khi ngudn thfle an ndi dinh cfl
da can kiet, hg lai rdi den mdt ndi mdi de
tim kiem thfle an Qua trinh di chuyen
nhieu lin, lam cho eudc sd'ng cd nhieu bien
ddng ve dia ban sinh sd'ng va dan so'
Qua trinh di cU cua ngUdi Dan Lai gin
vdi nhflng con sudi, con khe Idn nhU: Khe
Khang, khe Choang, khe Mgi, khe Thdi,
trong dd khe Khang (thUdng ngudn sdng
Giang) dUde coi la ndi "chon rau cdt rdn"
vdi nhieu truyen thuyet ke ve eudc ddi va
nhflng eudc chien dau ehd'ng lai sU khac nghiet cua tU nhien, benh tat de duy tri sU sd'ng Ndi day, kha biet lap vdi ben ngoai, eudc sd'ng vd cung khd ^ban, chu yeu dUa vao nUdng ray, san bat va hai lUdm Hdn nfla, tap quan hdn nhan can huyet dien ra phd bien trong cdng ddng cang lam cho ngUdi Dan Lai cd xu hudng kem phat trien
ve mat the chat, tri tue va tudi thg
Trong nhflng nam qua, thfle hien De
an: "Bdo ton vd phdt trien ben vang tpc
ngUcti thieu so Dan Lai hien dang sinh song d viing loi Vudn Qud'c gia Pii Mdt"
theo Quyet dinh sd 280/2006/QD-TTg, ngay 19/12/2006 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu UBND tinh Nghe An va huyen Con Cudng da quan tam giup dd ddng bao, dUa
hg den dinh cU d nhflng vflng dat mdi vdi mong mud'n tao dieu kien thuan ldi hdn de phat trien s i n xua't, nang can ddi sd'ng, tflng bfldc thoat khdi ddi ngheo, lac hau va bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien Vudn Qud'c gia Pfl Mat
2 Mot so v a n de ve lich sdf toe ngifdi
Cho den hien nay, van de ngudn gd'c lich sfl ngfldi Dan Lai v i n cdn la mot de tai gay nhieu tranh luan va ehUa cd sU thd'ng nha't trong cae nha nghien cflu khi ban den van de nay
Trong cdng trinh nghien cflu "NgUdi
MUdng d Caa Rdo" dUdc hcan thanh vad
nam 1934 cua Albert Louppe, Phd Thanh tra Bao an binh, Cgng sfl Vinh, thudc Phu Toan quyen Ddng Dudng cd ndi ve ngUdi
Dan Lai Ong cho biet: "Nhang ngUdi Dan
Lai, gdm dp 150 ngUdi d Mon Sdn vd Canh
Trang 3Bin Minh Thudn - Ve nguon gdc nhdm Dan Lai (Thd) a huyen Con Cudng 67
Trap" Gid'ng ngUdi nay ngay cang giam di
qua sfl giao phdi vdi ngUdi P h u Thai'^',
thudc ngudn gd'c ngudi Viet, nhUng c h i n g
gifl dflde mdt dac diem gi ve ngudn gd'c c i
Hg deu ndi tieng Mudng*'^' vdi gigng hdi
khac mdt chflt Nhdm ngfldi nay deu hoan
toan theo cae phong tuc, t a p q u a n cua
ngudi Lao [Albert Louppe, 1934, t r l 7 ]
Cac hgc gia nhU: Vudng Hoang Tuyen
trong: "Cdc ddn tpc ngudn gdc Nam a d
miin Bdc Viet Nam", 1963, (tr.63); Mac
Dudng trong: "Cdc ddn tpc miin ndi Bac
Trung Bd', 1964, (tr.20) cd n h i c den ngUdi
Dan Lai - Ly Ha va "Tay Pdgng" Sau kbi
hoa binh lap lai 1954, gidi khoa hgc biet
den hg qua bao cao cua Ban mien Tay k h u
IV va trong cud'n: "Cdc ddn tdc thieu sdd
Viet Nam", 1959 (tr.245) cua La Van Ld
va cdng sfl deu can cfl vao cau truyen
truyen t h u y e t ve cd' hUdng cua nhdm nay
do cac cu gia ke lai va ket luan r a n g day
la nhdm Viet cd d ddng b i n g do sU ap bfle
bdc lot cua q u a n trUdng phong kien hoac
do bien ddng cua xa hdi va lich sfl ma huge
phai bd que hUdng chay len vflng rflng
nui Trdng bai viet: "Vdi net ve ba nhdm
Dan Lai, Ly Hd, "Tdy Popng"" cua Dang
Nghiem Van Ong td r a nghi ngd ve ngudn
gdc Viet cd cua ngUdi D a n Lai - Ly Ha
[Vien Dan tdc hgc, 1975, tr.461] Vdi
ngudn tu lieu dien da, Bui Minh Dao cho
rang ngUdi Dan Lai - Ly Ha cd ngudn gd'c
tfl ngfldi Viet cd Ve m a t lich sfl, k h u vUc
ddng b i n g Nghe An cu la ndi ludn xay ra
nhflng bien ddng xa hdi, lam cho nhieu
nhdm cfl dan ngfldi Viet d vflng ddng bang
budc phai bd que hUdng chay len mien
rflng nui T r e n g bdi c a n h lich sfl dd, kha
n a n g tUdng tfl d ngudi Dan Lai - Ly Ha la
r a t cd the [Bui Minh Dao, 1978, t r l 5 ]
Ninh Viet Giao cho r i n g ngUdi Dan Lai
cd ngudn gd'c tfl vflng T h a n h La, T h a n h Chfldng di cfl len vflng thfldng cua huyen Con Cuong Cung cd mdt truyen thuyet khac cho r i n g , gd'c ngUdi D a n Lai d vflng Cfla Nhai, tflc Cfla Hdi chay len sinh sd'ng
d vflng T h a n h ChUdng [Ninh Viet Giao,
2003, t r l 3 5 ] N h a nghien cflu van boa dan gian T r i n Vudng cho r i n g , ngUdi Dan Lai gd'c d lang D a n Nhiem, Nam Dan [ T r i n VUdng, 2004, t r l l ] Theo T r i n Binh, D a n Lai la mdt cdng ddng cd ngudn gd'c d vung dat phia Tay Nam tinh Nghe
An ngay nay ChUa c h i c c h i n l i m , nhung
cd the dd la mdt vflng cd dia h i n b trung du mien nui [ T r i n Binh, 2006, tr.4]
Nhu vay, qua ket q u i nghien cflu cua cac hgc gia di trudc, h i u nhU deu cd quan diem cho r i n g ngudi Dan Lai (Dan Lai
-Ly Ha) cd ngudn gd'c tfl vflng ddng bang di cfl len ehfl khdng phai la cfl dan tai chd Trong qua t r i n h dien da, chflng tdi phdng van nhieu gia lang, trudng ban ve ngudn gd'c ngUdi Dan Lai Hg ke r i n g , thee pfl, nha, y, me (dng, ba, cha, me) truyen lai, xUa l a n h dia d dudi Trung Chau, mien Hoa Quan, T h a n h La (thudc huyen T h a n h ChUdng bay gid) Hdi dd, cd Trflm lang^"" gian ac, t h a m lam chuyen vd vet cua dan lang ve lam giau che minh Mdt bdm Trflm lang giao cho ba con vao
rflng tim cho du "trdm cdy naa vdng" va
"cdi thuyin liin cheo" Lang cfl t h a n h nien
trai t r a n g lan ldi k h i p rflng sau, nfli hiem
v i n khdng the tim dflde Sd hi giet chet, hg
ru n h a u be lang chay trdn Ngay nay sang
Trang 468 Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 10/2010
thang khae, cfl theo ddng sdng Giang ma
di den ndi sdn eflng thuy tan Hg Le ddi
thanh hg La cuge ddi ndi nfli cac deo
tham "theo ddu chdn nai di trong hat lua,
theo ddu chdn cpp, di tria hat ngd" nhfl td
ca, td cun, kha lang (Idn rflng, vfldn), sang
udng nUdc khe Tang, tdi ve ngu khe Be
"lang thang ddu sudi, diu hiu lUng
deo " Mai nha thfldng Idp bing la chudi
cho den khi nga sang mau vang, nhin len
tha'y ci trdi sao lai d i t diu nhau tim den
chd khac
Trong qua trinh tim hieu ngudn gd'c
ngUdi Dan Lai d Con Cuong, chung tdi da
tiep can dUdc nhflng tai lieu ghi chep ve
nhdm ngUdi nay la "Nghe An ki', "Thanh
chUdng huyen chi' cua Bui Dudng Lich^^'
va "Thanh ChUdng huyen chi' cua
Nguyin Dien^*''
Treng: "Thanh ChUdng huyen cht' cua
Bui DUdng Lich, trang 41 cd doan chep:
"Trong huyen cd cdc bdn Dan Lai, Ly Hd
tu lac, thanh sdc nang miii Vi vdc ddng,
khdng khdc mdy so vdi mpi ngUdi ddn ta
Chi cd tieng ndi ngdn, nang Hp d khdng
yen mpt ndi Mdi cum khodng hdn mUdi
ngUdi, quay td tru ngu ThUdng treo len
nui cao thu hdi Vu, dU hUctng^"^^ vd don gd
ket be dUa vi xudi bdn hope ddi gao, mudi
rdi vi ngay, khong d lai lau Bdi hp, d ncti
binh dia chdn ldo ddo nhU mudn ngd Do
bdm thu nhiiu khi sefn ldm, nhiiu ngUdi
thp tren 100 tudi NgUdi d day chi biet den
ndm md khdng chu, y tdi thdng - Hp la ddn
chi d td, khong lo viec ldm nhd"
Bui Van Chat (ngUdi dich "Thanh
ChUctng huyen chi' cua Bui Dfldng Lich)
cho r i n g Dan Lai - Ly Ha tu lai ven sdng
Dan Lai va eac cu cao tudi cho biet, ngUdi Dan Lai tfl lau da theo sudn nui len diu ngudn sdng Giang cU ngu tai ban Dan Lai, Con Cudng
Cho den nay, theo hieu biet cua chung tdi thi Bfli Dfldng Lich la ngfldi diu tien
cd nhflng mieu ta ve ngUdi Dan Lai - Ly
Ha d Thanh ChUdng Nhu vay, ed the khang dinh chic chin xUa kia ngUdi Dan Lai - Ly Ha tflng sinh sd'ng tren dia ban huyen Thanh ChUdng Hdn nfla, cac dia danh nhfl Thanh La, Hoa Quan, song Trai, sdng Dan Lai trong cac truyen thuyet ke ve ngudn gd'c ngUdi Dan Lai da dUde nhic den rai rac trong sach cua Bui Dudng Lich va Nguyin Dien tieu bieu nhU
trong: "Thanh ChUctng huyen chC, trang
38 chep: "Song Trai - Dan Lai giang: Phdt
nguyen ta xa nui cao, rang ram mpt thdc nUdc ta tren ghenh chay xud'ng ro rdng mpt ddi, tuc gpi Id khe Lau Trdng Den song Dan Lai dong dd Idn hdn, qua Chi Qudn (Hod Qudn) Thanh La, Song nhieu cd chay cd mdt Ddn d ddy, vdo miia
ha, mang cdm len tan ddu ngudn, diing Id che dap dap cho xud'ng khe, cd met la, mpt
me ddnh het Kem Id rau rang, gid ldm goi
dn, mdt bd, khdng chdn."
Tfl the ky XIV trd lai, vflng dat Nghe
An thfldng xuyen xiy ra nhflng bien ddng
xa hdi do quan trUdng phong kien va nan giac gia cUdp bdc hoanh hanh Tfl dd da
d i n tdi ket qua, nhieu nhdm ngudi Viet d vflng ddng bing chay len vflng mien nfli nhfl: Hg, Keo, Mgn trong sd dd cd ngfldi Dan Lai Hdn nfla, ngfldi Dan Lai d vung khe Khang hien nay v i n cdn lUu gifl nhieu dac diem gidng nhu trong mieu ta
Trang 5Bid Minh ThueJtn - Ve nguon gdc nhdm Dun Lai (Thd) a huyen Con Cudng 69
ve ngUdi D a n Lai - Ly Ha d T h a n h
ChUdng cua Bui Dudng Lich
Cac xa T h a n h La, Hda Q u a n deu n i m
ven bd sdng D a n Lai (sdng Trai) va sdng
Giang*^' Hai con sdng nay deu la n h a n h
dd vao sdng L a m Cac dia d a n h nay dUdc
nhflng ngfldi huge p h a i rdi bd que bUdng
lay de dat ten cho m i n h n h a m ghi nhd ve
que hUdng, ngudn cdi Ten nhdm ngUdi
Dan Lai cd t h e dUdc lay tfl ten cen sdng
ndi cdng ddng cfl t r u trudc khi di cU la
sdng Dan Lai Hien nay, h i u bet ngUdi
Dan Lai deu m a n g hg La, phai chang
nhflng ten hg dd cd ngudn gd'c tfl vflng dat
cfl tru khi xUa la T h a n h La Hien tUdng
lay dia d a n h cU trfl cu lam tdc d a n h vd'n la
hien tUdng k h a phd bien d nhieu dan tec
Van de nay da dUdc de cap va t r i n h bay
thanh ly l u a n t r e n g bai viet: "Bdn vi ten
gpi cdc ddn tpc d mien Bdc nUdc ta" cua
Dang Nghiem V a n [Vien Dan tdc hgc,
1975, tr.98-135]
Tren ddng sdng D a n Lai cd mdn ca m a t
rat ngon, dUdc ngUdi dan Ua thich Day la
mdn ca ndi tieng d vflng thfldng ngudn
sdng Giang hien nay va gan bd m a t thiet
trong ddi sd'ng s i n h b o a t cua cdng ddng
ngudi D a n Lai v u n g k h e K h a n g Ca m a t
khong chi la ngudn thUe p h a m q u a n
trgng ma cdn la l i vat khdng t h e thieu
trong cac dip cUdi xin, ma chay va cac
nghi le khac'^>
Qua cac ngudn tai lieu va dien da
chung tdi ddng y vdi cac hgc gia di trUde
khi n h a n dinh ngfldi D a n Lai hien nay d
Con Cudng do q u a n lai dia phUdng ap bfle,
bdc lot hoac do bien ddng lich sfl va xa hdi
da phai bd que bUdng di cU tfl vflng t r u n g
du mien nfli T h a n h Chfldng len
N b u vay, neu ngUdi Dan Lai cd gd'c d
T h a n h ChUdng thi hg da bd que hUdng de
di cU tfl bao gid? Dd cd le la diem khd xac dinb nha't t r e n g viec tim hieu ve ngudn gd'c lich sfl ngUdi D a n Lai Theo truyen
t h u y e t cua ngUdi D a n Lai va tac gia Mac Dudng la thdi Minh thudc, tflc d i u the ky
XV [Sdd, tr.33] Vudng Hoang Tuyen thi
k h a n g dinh thdi diem di cfl it ra phai tren
400 n a m [Sdd, tr.37] Bfli Minh Dae lai cho rang, mugn lam thi den d i u the ky XV qua t r i n h bd ddng b i n g chay len mien rflng nfli cua ngUdi Dan Lai - Ly Ha da phai xay ra, qua t r i n h dd cdn cd the dien
ra sdm hdn n h u the nfla [Sdd, tr.20] T r i n Binh lai cho r i n g , thdi diem cdng ddng Dan Lai b i t d i u cd eudc chuyen cU d i u tien rdi que hUdng cd, each ngay nay khdang 5 - 6 ddi, tflc vao khoang cudi the
ky XVII, hoac d i u XVIII [Sdd, tr.4]
Sinh thdi Bfli Dudng Lich bien scan kha nhieu sach ve vflng dat Nghe An nhU:
"Nghe An phong thd ky", "Nghe An chi',
"Nghe An ky", "Thanh ChUcMg huyen chi' Ngay tfl thdi lam tham chinh d
Sdn Nam, Bfli Dfldng Lich da tdi Hdan Chau da cd y dinh sUu t a p tU lieu lap dia chi cac huyen nhUng cdng viec chUa bean
t h a n h Phai tdi khdang 20 n a m sau, khi lam Ddc hgc Nghe An mdi cd dieu kien sUu t i m va td chflc bien soan huyen chi
T h a n h ChUdng [Bfli Dudng Lich, 2008, tr.7]
N h u vay, qua t r i n h t a p hdp tU heu cua Bfli Dfldng Lich cd the dflde b i t d i u tfl
k h d i n g cudi the ky XVIII va cac cud'n sach dUde viet vao nhflng nam d i u the ky XIX
Trang 670 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 10/2010
(1806 - 1812, luc l a m Ddc hgc Nghe An)
Trong cac cud'n sach dng bien soan hdi bay
gid tbi cud'n: "Thanh ChUctng huyen chi' cd
dean mieu ta ve ngUdi D a n Lai - Ly Ha
sinh sd'ng d v u n g mien nfli h u y e n T h a n h
ChUdng Can cfl v a c k h o i n g thdi gian t a p
hdp tfl lieu de bien soan cud'n sach va bd
p h a n cU dan dUdc Bfli Dudng Lich mieu ta
la td tien cua ngfldi D a n Lai hien nay dang
sinh sd'ng d h u y e n Con Cudng thi qua
t r i n h hg rdi bd que hUdng T h a n h ChUdng
dien r a chUa lau Cd t h e vad k h o a n g nfla
cudi the ky XVIII, hoac dau XIX
; Day la k h o a n g thdi gian d v u n g mien
Tay Nghe An xay r a nhieu bien dgng lich
sfl, xa hgi da lam xao trgn t h a n h p h i n dan
cU trong vflng Q u a gia p h i eua nhieu
ddng hg ngUdi Thd d T a n Ky, Nghia Dan,
Quy Hdp, Cdn Cudng ghi chep k h a ro ve
p h a m vi b o a t ddng va a n h h u d n g trUc tiep
cua nghia q u a n Le Duy M a t ddi vdi sfl
p h a n bd' d a n cfl trong vung Khdi nghia Le
Duy M a t keo dai t r e n 32 n a m (1738
-1770) da boat ddng k h i p v u n g mien Tay
Nghe An
Ngudn tai lieu cua sfl gia trieu N g u y i n
cho biet "Ndm 1819 ddn Nghe An phieu
tdn mdt 20.000 ngUdi Chi trong hai ndm
(1817 - 1819) vi ddn "trdnh chd nang den
chd nhe" (thue khoa - N.D.L) Sach "Dai
nam thiic luc chinh bien" chep "Ndm
1820, cdc huyen Ddng Thdnh, Quynh LUu,
Thanh ChUdng (thupc Nghe An) phieu tdn
mdt 7 thdn, 191 ngUdi, bo hoang 140 mdu
rupng Cd hat phieu tdn mdt 63 xd thon"
Nara 1834 "Nghe An mdt 22 xd thdn"
[ N g u y i n D i n h Lgc, 1993, tr.38]
N h u vay, q u a q u a t r i n h tira hieu,
nghien cflu chflng tdi m a n h d a n dUa ra mdt vai n h a n d i n h b a n d i u de gdp p h i n lam ro ngudn gd'c lich sfl ngudi D a n Lai./
C H U T H I C H
1 Theo Danh muc cac thanh phan dan tgc Viet Nam Tdng cue tho'ng ke Ha Noi 1/4/1999
2 Phfl Thai hay la ngudi "Phu Tay" (Con Tay
d huyen Que Phong) co nghia la ngUdi Thai (Nguyin Dinh Lgc, 1993, tr 50)
3 Albert Louppe da nham lan ngUdi Thai la ngUdi MUdng (Nguyen Dinh Lgc, 1993, tr 49)
4 NgUdi dflng dau, cai quan cac ban lang cua ngUdi Dan Lai
5 Hoang giap Bfli DUdng Lich (1757-1828), lam Ddc hgc Nghe An (1806-1812) Hai cudn sach nay dUdc viet cflng thdi, vao khoang nhflng nam thfl 10 hoac 20 cua the ky XIX D&n theo Vien Nghien cflu Han Nom
6 Cho de'n nay chua ro lai lich que quan cua Tri huyen Nguyin Dien
7 Vu Du LUdng: Theo sach "Bdn thdo": Thdi
vua Vu Tri thuy (Ha Vu, thdi cd dai Trung Qud'c, tUdng flng vdi thdi cac vua Hung) gap luc lUdng thUc khan hiem, da dung loai hat nay thay the, nhan do cd ten Loai san vat dac biet nay cd nhieu 6 vflng rflng nfli thUdng du Thanh ChUdng Thuyen khach phUdng bie tdi dSt tien trUdc mua, day thuyen dua ve bie, cflng Que Quy, Ky Hudng (tram) la nhflng san vat ngUdi phUdng Bie Ua chudng (tfl lau, loai cay nay da khdng cdn tren dat Thanh ChUdng) (Sdd, tr.44)
8 Sdng Giang b i t ngudn tfl bien gidi Viet -Lao chay qua dia phan cac huyen Con Cudng va Thanh ChUdng
9 Trong dd le cUdi cfla nha trai phai cd 300 cen; Cung via 25 con; Cung ma 20 con ca mat nfldng mdi dung phong tuc cua ngfldi Dan Lai