Thue te hien tUdng ehuyen mdn hoa san xuS't va phSn cdng lao ddng xa hdi trong cdng ddng eu d t o tien sii Ha Long la mdt su dieu ehinh do nhu clu ndi tai eiia he thd'ng nay nhung khi ca
Trang 1PHAN BO DAN Cl/VA CAC HINH THAI KINH TE
CUA Cl/ DAN VAN HOA HA LONG
NGUYEN GIA DOI*
1 LJ ieu kien ttr nhien khu vtfc Ddng Bic
Toan bd mi^n Ddng Bae ke't thiic bang mdt dai da't ven bien keo dai theo ria tay bSc ciia vinh Bae Bd, kd ca mdt canh cung duydn hai bi chim ngap, nay chi cdn ndi len Id nhd thanh tram nghin hdn dao ldn nho Dpe theo bd bidn Ddng BSc, dia hinh chu yd'u la nhung day niii, ddi, dd cao san san nhif nhau Cac ddng ban hep duyen hai nam gin nhu ngang vdi muc nudc bidn viia la san pham tich tu cua phii sa bien va phu sa sdng, nd cdn tie'p tuc lan rdng ra phia bien bc(i nhiing bai, dUdng cat bien xen ke nhiing bai ngap trieu phii d i y sii vet Dia hinh khu vuc duyen hai Ddng Bae ndi bat vdi vdng cung khae gdm hang nghin cac dao ldn nho sap thanh hai hang nd'i dudi nhau chay tu Miii Ngpc cho de'n phia nam Hdn Gai Cac dao tii Tidn Ydn trd ldn phia bae thudng la eae niii dao dai, chii ye'u ca'u tao bdi da phien chay song song vdi canh cung Ddng Tri^u d phia trong da't lien nhu dao Virih Thue, dao Cai Chidn,
dao Cai Vvtac va eud'i eiing la dao Cai Bdu - dao ldn nha't d Ddng Bae hrnh tam giac ma cd
mdt canh thang bang nhu phin tie'p tuc cua dilt gay Dinh Lap - Tien Yen Day dao nay ciing gin nhu bao bpc hai vinh ndng la Ha Cdi va Ddng Rui d phia trong va la clu nd'i vdi quin dao
Cd Td d ngoai khdi phia ddng Tii dao Cai Biu trd xud'ng phia tay nam la hai vdng eung hang tram cac dao ldn nho keo dai gin 100km bao bpc vinh Bai Tu Long va Ha Long ndi tie'ng Phin ldn cae dao nay la da vdi, xen ke da phien, nd mang diy dii dac trUng ciia mpt mien nui da vdi
ed tudi Caebon - Peemi nguyen phat trien tren da't lien roi Sau dd nirdc bidn dang len lam chim ngap Phia tay nam ciia hd thd'ng dia hrnh Karst nay cdn keo dai qua Udng Bi, Mao Khd, Thuy Nguydn dd'n tan Kim Mdn, Hai Dudng (Ld Ba Thao 2004)
Ve khi hau thuy van, ludng mua d Ddng Bae cd nhung diem tap trung ldn, vao miia
he ddi khi ed mua da, miia ddng kha lanh ed sUdng mud'i He thd'ng sdng sud'i kliu vuc nay ngan dd dd'c tUdng dd'i ldn, them phii sa sdng kha han hep Nhin ehung dieu kien khi hau va thd nhuong khdng thu^n ldi cho san xua't ndng nghiep Tuy nhien viing Ddng BSe lai cd rat nhieu ldi the've vi tri dia ly ciing nhu cac ngudn ldi tu nhien khac Nguon khoang san vd ciing phong phii la than da, ngoai ra cdn cd quang sit, eat ti-ing lam thuy tinh Tai nguyen ve lam nghiep khdng nhieu nhUng cung cd nhieu loai quy hiem Bie'n d khu vUc nay rat giau hai san kd' ca trong cac viing vinh ven bd va ngoai khdi eho nen khai thae hai san la mpt trong nhiing
* TS Vien Khao co hpc
Trang 212 Khdo cd hpc, sd 112010
n g a n h kinh te q u a n trpng hidn nay eiing n h u trong lich sii Bie'n d k h u v u c nay cung d d n g vai trd quan trpng trong giao didng, giao thUdng vdi nhieu vimg Do cd n h i i u viing vinh kin gid nen tau be ed the d i d a n g di lai va neo d a u tao thanh he thd'ng nhieu cang bien ldn nhd Tii day, vdi cac phUdng tien tau thuyen n h o ciing ed the di ngude len phia b i c tdi v i m g ven bie'n
va hai dao ddng n a m T r u n g Qud'c, h u d n g ve phia d d n g ed thd' ddn dao Hai N a m , xudi vi n a m
dpe tlieo cac vimg ven bien nUdc ta
Nhirng dae d i e m ve dia ly t u nhien ciia vimg Ddng Ble ndi sd bd d tren cd vai trd ra't quan trpng trorig viec dinh h u d n g cac phUdng thiic kinh te', dac trUng v a n hoa trong tie'n trinh lich sii eiia k h u vUe nay
2 Dac die'm p h a n bd' d a n cU va phitOng thxic k i n h te cua cU d a n v a n h o a Ha Long
Trong cac di chi v a n hoa H a Long hien bie't m d t so n a m tren nhiing dUdng cat, nhiing
gd da't tlia'p thupc t h e m bien - eua sdng sat bien hoac each bien k h d n g xa n h u v i m g eua sdng Bach D i n g - Sdng Chanh; vimg ciia sdng Tien Yen, Ha Cd'i va Ka Long Mpt so' di chi khac
p h a n bd d ven cac dao trong viing vinh Ve m a t sinli thai - n h a n van, he thd'ng eu trii eiia ngudi Ha Long n a m trong he sinh thai rat dac trUng bien Trong h e sinh thai n a y d i i u kidn v i thd' n h u d n g k h d n g t h u a n ldi eho san xua't n d n g nghiep m a thich h d p cho kinh td' khai thae bien va giao thUdng, trao ddi T u lieu khao cd hoc hien bie't eho tha'y m a y k h u y n h h u d n g trong ca'u true kinh t e - xa hdi vdi cac tieu he mdi t r u d n g sinli thai d k h u vuc nay n h u sau:
- Lam n d n g ke't h d p vdi khai thae hai san ven bd (eua sdng; v i m g n g a p man), khai thae lam san, lam mud'i, lam dd gdm la the' m a n h ciia n h d m cif d a n v e n bien - cua sdng vimg Hoanh Bo - Yen H i m g ; v i m g hd'triing Tidn Ydn - cua sdng H a Cd'i va v i m g ven bien Mdng Cai Nhiing di chi cU trii d p h u hd thd'ng nay ed ve n h u kha dn dinh, kha n a n g t u cung t u cap cao hdn, n h u c l u trao ddi san p h a m khdng thue s u cap thie't
- Khai thae hai san viing vinh va xa bd, lam thuyen be, lam ludi d a n h bat hai san ke't
h d p vdi giao thUdng tren bien la k h u y n g h u d n g ciia nlidm cu d a n cu tru tren eae dao n h u Cat
Ba, Cai Biu, Ngpc Vimg.v.v Do tren cae dao n g u d n nudc ngpt k h a h a n ehd'ndn khdng cd Uu the'lam n d n g vi vay n h u c l u trao ddi hai san va eae ehe'pham khae de ddi lay l u d n g thUc la tat yeii BCha nang h a n g hai va giao luu xa la the'manh eiia n h d m eu d a n nay
- San xua't thii cdng nghiep, giao t h u d n g trao ddi san p h a m la n i n tang ciia n h d m eu dan d ven bien va hai dao phia n a m n h u Ba Viing, Bai Ben va Trang Kenh N h d m cu dan nay thudng d nhirng vi tri thuan ldi cho giao thdng d u d n g bidn n h u v i m g ciia sdng, viing vinh cua bien Nhiing san p h a m thii cdng nghiep ciia h p m a n g tinh chuydn hoa n h u miii khoan, miii nhpn hoac do trang siie, khdng ehi phue vu n h u c l u ndi bd m a ed le ehu yeu de trao ddi vdi cac n h d m cu d a n khac xa hdn
Su p h a n chia thanh cac d a n g tieu he sinh thai - ca'u triic kinh te'xa hdi n h u tren ehi ed gia tri tUdng dd'i Thu'c ra trong cau triic td'ng thd' ciia nd, mpi khu vUc, mpi ye'u to d e u cd md'i lien he mat thid't p h u thude l l n nhau, bd' sung cho nhau, khdng bao gid ton tai nhiing ye'u td' thira - phi chiic n a n g - trong mpt he thd'ng hoan chinh Su p h a n viing d a n cu va p h a n edng lao dpng xa hpi tu nhien trong he thd'ng cpng d d n g xa hdi Ha Long chii ye'u xuat p h a t tir yeu c l u thuc te v i kha n a n g eung cap cae n g u o n n a n g litdng t u nhien trong dinh h u d n g hoat d d n g
Trang 3Nguyin Gia Ooi - Phan bo dan cu va cac hjnh thai kinh te 2T_
kinh te (thd' nhudng khdng thieh hdp de lam ndng), ve mdt khiing hoang nao dd trong ca'u
true xa hdi (tang dan so' xa hdi ddt bid'n) va ciing khdng loai trit v i mdt tae ddng ngoai suih
nao dd gay hieu iing lam bie'n dd'i thdi quen va tri thiic truyin thd'ng Thue te hien tUdng
ehuyen mdn hoa san xuS't va phSn cdng lao ddng xa hdi trong cdng ddng eu d t o tien sii Ha
Long la mdt su dieu ehinh do nhu clu ndi tai eiia he thd'ng nay nhung khi cau true truyin
thd'ng bi giai the nd da vUdt ra khoi pham vi bao quat ciia trat tU eii, nd vUdn ra lien ke't va trd
thanh mot thanh td' ciia mdt he thd'ng bao trum hdn Ndi mdt each cu the thi diiu nay cd nghia
la, vide chuydn mdn hoa san xuS't va phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi khdng cdn la sU can bang giiia
cung va clu giiia eae phu he thd'ng trong khu vUc, ta't ca cac yd'u td' dd lai ddng vai trd la bd dd
eho mdt xu hudng mdi - trao dSi - lien kd't kinh te tren mdt pham vi rpng hdn vdi cac cdng
ddng cu dan d sau trong lue dia miin Bic Viet Nam, vdi vimg duyen hai nam Trung Qud'c va
tham chi xa hdn ve phia nam duyen hai nude ta
3 Di tim dau vet giao thUOng cua Ha Long vdi cac mien gan xa
3.1 Ha Long voi cac cpng dong din cxi d Bic va Trung B6 Viet Nam
Cd the ndi, the manh eiia eu dSn Ha Long la eae ngudn hai san, mud'i, phudng tien
danh bat hai san, phUdng tidn giao thdng tren sdng bien, tri thiic kinh nghiem v i hai dUdng va
kha nang ky thuat ciing nhu san phSm thii cdng che tac da Chae chan nhiing thd'manh va kha
nang nay da dude eu dan Ha Long phat huy de duy tri sU can bang dd'i vdi kha nang thie'u hut
ngudn lUdng thue
Cimg binh tuyen vdi Ha Long ed cdng ddng eU dan Phimg Nguydn d trung du - chau
thd' Bae Bd; edng ddng Mai Pha, edng ddng Ha Giang d miin mil Bae Bd; nhdm eu dan Man
Bae - Hoa Lde; edng ddng Thach Lac - Bau Trd; nhdm eu dan Xdm Cdn h miin Trung va eae
cdng ddng eud'i Da mdi d Tfty Nguyen va Nam Bd Nhiing san pham vat chat ciia qua khii
phin nhiiu da bi buy hoai nha't la vdi nhiing san pham chat hiiu cd nhu gd xUdng Chinh vi
vay khdi phuc lai dien mao hoan chinh ciia cac n i n van hoa tiin su ciing rihU cac md'i lien he
giiia chiing la cdng viee diy khd khan va Mu dai Trong van hoa Ha Long, vide ehd'tao thuyin
be, ludi danh bat hai san ehac chan da diin ra, tuy nhien cho de'n nay van chua tim dude bat
ky dau vet nao Hien tai, tim hieu su giao thucfng giiia Ha Long vdi cac cpng ddng dan cu
khac trong khu vuc chii ye'u dua trdn nhiing di v^t gd'm, da, ludng thdng tin tir dd eiing khdng
nhiiu Nhiing phue dung sau chii ye'u mang tinh cha't phac thao
Trong dia ban phan bd' ciia van hoa Phiing Nguyen, khao ed hpc da phat hien dUdc
mdt sd' di ehi ma san pham vat ehSt kha tUdng ddng vdi Ha Long Do da va gd'm ciia eae di ehi
Gd Ma Ddng, Con Ldn, Quang Hiic, Doan Thudng, Ddng Ba Tram, cd nhiiu riu bdn cd vai cd
na'c va mdt ty le gd'm xd'p gid'ng Ha Long (Ha Van Phiing 2005; Pham Ly Hudng 2004) Sle thai
Ha Long ciia cac di ehi nay kha dSm net chinh vi vSy khdng the' ndi chii the' sang tao ciia nd la
ket qua giao luu van hoa giiia Ha Long va Phimg Nguydn theo kieu ludng cUc tir ca hai phia
Theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi chii nhan ciia nhdm di chi nay da di tru tit duydn hai Ddng Ble
vao, hp da dem theo hanh trang tri thiic, kinh nghidm de'n cu tru gin nhu xen ke vdi edng
ddng Phimg Nguyen Nhdm di tich Ma Dd'ng cd xu hudng lam ndng ke't hdp vdi giao thudng
trao dd'i, hp ed the cung cap mud'i va hai san cho cu dSn Phimg Nguydn va dd'i lay ludng thUc
Trang 4m Khdo cd hpc, sd 1/2010
eung nhu nhiing san pham khac Nhdm cu dan nay ed le tit phu he thd'ng vimg ciia sdng ven bie'n vimg Hoanh Bd, Ydn Hung, Tien Ydn hoac Mdng Cai di cu dd'n thdng qua he thd'ng sdng Bach Ding - Luc Diu Giang d i dang thdng thudng vdi vimg trung du va chau thd' Bae Bd Chic hin giiia Ha Long va Phung Nguydn phai cd mdt md'i quan he dae biet nao dd nhu lien minh bd lac, lien kd't nao khac ve kinh td', hay hdn nhan ngoai tdc? Ne'u khdng se d i dang d i n den xung ddt vi quyin quan ly cac ngudn trong pham vi eua mdi bd lae va cd the vi nhiing ly
do khae nhu gin giii ve tap quan tin ngudng Cd the ndi nhdm di ehi Ma Dd'ng ddng vai trd nhu nhiing diem trung gian ciia md'i quan he Ha Long - Phimg Nguyen Thdng qua quan he giao thudng nay nhiing san pham ciia cU dan Phimg Nguydn nhu mdt ty le dang ke riu tii giac nho nhln ciing nhu dd gd'm chae min kieu Phimg Nguydn hien didn trong nhiiu di ehi Ha Long, dac biet la cae di ehi phan bd' d khu vue phia nam nhu Diu Ram, Lang Bang, Xich Thd, Cai Beo, Bai Ben (Trjnh Hoang Hiep va Pham Thi Nuih 2004)
Mpt di ehi trpng ye'u eiia md'i quan he Ha Long va Phimg Nguyen la TrangKkenh (Hai Phdng) d cue nam ciia vimg Ddng Bae Dd gd'm di chi Trang Kdnh chii yd'u la gd'rn xdp, gdm khdng thuc xdp nhu cac di chi Ha long khae nhung cd le la do nguyen lidu da't set eiing nhu
dp nung cd su khae nhau chiit it edn cd ban ehiing tUdng ddng Gd'm eiing min, loai hinh va hoa van kieu Phimg Nguyen ciing ed mat d Trang Kenh nhimg ty le tha'p Trai lai vdi dd gd'm,
dd da Trang Kenh chu ye'u la riu bdn tii giac kieu Phimg Nguyen, rat hie'm riu bdn cd vai Dae biet d Trang Kenh la mdt edng xUdng ehe' tao dd trang siic bang da ngpc (nephrite) va nhiing loai da ban quy khae San pham eiia nd la vdng tay, khuyen tai, hat chudi cimg nhiing cdng cu che' tac nhu miii khoan, ludi eua, ban mai, nhiing ban thanh pham va phe'vat minh chiing rd rang cho mpt chu trinh che'tac dd trang siic hoan ehinh (Nguyin Kim Dung 2005) Cimg vdi Trang Kenh cdn ed nhiing di chi khae nhu Bai Tu (Bae Ninh), Diu Rim (Yen Hung, Quang Ninh), Bd Chuyen (Hoanh B6, Quang Ninh) eiing la nhiing ndi chd'tae dd trang siic nhimg ed
ve chiing chi la nhiing diem ve tinh eiia trung tam Trang Kenh San pham do trang sue ciia Trang Kenh ed mat d h i u khap cac di chi Phimg Nguyen, Ha Long eiing nhu nhiing edng ddng dan cu khac d Ble va Trung Bd Viet Nam Nghi thii cdng ehe'tae da d Trang Kenh mang tinh chuyen hoa, the hien sU phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi kha ro rang Mdt ddi ngii thd thii edng
da ra ddi tach khoi san xua't ndng nnghiep, di kem vdi nd chic chin la mdt he thd'ng khai thae, cung cap nguyen lieu va he thd'ng trao ddi giao thudng san pham Vi tinh chat tde thude eiia
cu dan Trang Kenh thi edn nhiiu y kie'n chua thd'ng nha't nhung ro rang Trang Kdnh dude tao tir hai ngudn chii ye'u: Ha Long va Phimg Nguyen d vad giai doan khoang 4.000 BP Trong sd' nhiing ngudn hcip thanh Trang Kenh hay Diu Rim, cd le cU dan Ha Long ddng gdp mdt phin tri thiic va kinh nghiem ky thuat che' tac da kha tinh xao nhu ky thuat lam miii khoan vdi cac cdng doan gia edng tif nguydn lieu thanh hach da, qua tach manh, tu chmh tao hinh dang nhu chiing ta da tha'y d cae edng xUdng khac thudc van hoa Ha Long nhu Bai Ben va Ba Viing Ngudi Ha Long ehac han ciing nam dudc nhieu thdng tin ve nguon nguyen lieu da dac biet la nhiing loai da quy de' lam dd trang siie, hp cd kha nang giao luu xa vdi cac vimg ven bie'n va hai dao de khai thae hoae trao dd'i Cu dan Phimg Nguyen ddng gdp ngudn luc tif san xua't ndng nghiep va kha nang lien ke't vdi nhung thi trudng rpng ldn sau hdn trong luc dia Ndi
Trang 5N g u y i n Gia Ool - Phan bo dan c u va c a c hinh thai kinh te 23
n h u ngdn ngii hien dai thi day la mdt trong nhiing die'm lien ke't kinh te cd td' ehiic chat ehe
giiia hai cdng d o n g cU dSn vao loai sdm nha't trong lich su
Nhiing p h a t hidn khao cd' hpc g i n day d m i i n niii phia Bae Viet N a m eho thay mdt sd'
san p h a m ciia H a Long ciing cd mat d k h u viic nay Trong v a n hoa H a Giang p h a n bd' d H a
Giang, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Cao B i n g chiing ta tha'y ed kha n h i i u riu bdn ed vai ed na'c kieu
Ha Long Trong van hoa Mai Pha phan bd' chii ye'u d Lang Sdn, bdn canh riu bdn tii giac ciing
cd mdt sd' riu bdn cd vai, riu bdn cd vai cd na'c, gd'm pha vd n h u y i n the, cac md tip hoa van
dap ndi, trd Id, nhiing vd de bien Cypraea gid'ng H a Long ( N g u y i n C u d n g 2001) Viee trao ddi
giiia Ha Long vdi cac cdng d d n g d a n eU d m i i n mii phia Bae cd thd qua eon difdng dia m a n g
Tien Yen - Lang Sdn, tif Lang Sdn qua dia m a n g Cao - Lang dd'n Cao Bang, Bic Can, Tuydn
Quang, Ha Giang Md'i quan he trao ddi giiia Ha Long vdi cac cdng d d n g cU dan ndi trdn la rd
rang n h u n g tren thUe te nd khdng d e m lai nhieu ldi ich thie't thuc vi giao thdng khdng thuan
ldi va thi trUdng h a n h e p , dan cu thua thdt Nhiing san p h a m trao ddi giiia hai k h u vuc nay cd
le chii ye'u la mud'i, san vat r i m g va nguydn lidu da, cdn nhiing san p h a m khae n h u riu bdn
hoac dd gd'm kha n a n g chi la he qua cua giao lUu tri thiic ky thuat n h u nhiing chiec riu ed vai
lam bang vo trai d Mai Pha, hoac la nhiing m d n qua ban tang lan n h a u giiia cac thu lirih bd
lac, chiing ehii yd'u la nhiing do d d n chie'c
C u dan Ha Long cdn ed thd giao luu vdi nhiing edng d d n g d a n eif d xa h d n doc ven
bidn v i phia nam Gd'm xdp kidu Ha Long tha'y d di chi Man Bae (Ninh Binh), d di chi Hoa Lpc
(Thanh Hoa) Mdt sd' loai riu bdn cd vai trong v a n hoa Bau Trd ciing p h a n g p h a t bdng d a n g
Ha Long Suu tap riu bdn khdng vai, tie't dien n g a n g hinh b i u due d di chi Q u a t Ddng N a m
kha gid'ng vdi riu bdn d Khanh Hoa eiing n h u d m i i n Trung Trung Bd ( N g u y i n Gia Dd'i 1991)
Nhin chung nhiing yd'u td' tUdng d d n g ve di vat ciia nhiing cdng d o n g n g u d i cU trii dpe ven
bidn mien Trung Viet N a m vdi Ha Long, m d t m a t p h a n anh h a n h vi thieh iing dd'i vdi mdi
trudng sinh thai bien, m a t khac ciing p h a n anh cae md'i quan hd giao luu v a n hoa, tri thiic,
kinh nghiem, trao ddi san p h a m , nguydn lidu, qua tang.v.v Ciing k h d n g loai trif kha n a n g
giiia hp ed md'i quan he v i ngii he, tde thudc ciia cae n h d m cu d a n eu trii d v e n bien va hai dao
trong mdt khdng gian van hoa rdng hdn
3.2 Ha Long vdi vung duyen hai dong nam Trung Quoc
Do can k i v i dia ly va kha n a n g di bien ciia cac cdng d o n g cu d a n t i i n sii ndn md'i
quan he giiia vimg d u y e n hai d d n g bae Viet N a m va d d n g n a m Trung Qud'c rat gan giii Md'i
quan he nay chae han khdng phai ehi la quan he than tdc m a diem quan trpng la q u a n he trao
ddi ve nguyen lieu va san p h a m
Trong nhiing loai nguyen lieu thdi tiin su, nguydn lidu da d d n g vai trd cue ky quan
trpng de chd' tac cdng cu Mdt sd' loai da ma cu dan tien sii khu vue duydn hai Ddng Bic sii d u n g
cd thd' khai thae tai chd n h u n g mdt sd' da khae hien chua tim tha'y n g u d n m o t u nhien eiia
chiing.Ngudn nguyen lidu nay ed dUde kha nang thdng qua trao doi vdi eae k h u vuc xa hdn
Da nephrite dimg lam dd trang siie d Trang Kenh, D i u R a m ciing n h u m d t sd lam riu
bdn trong van hoa H a Long hien chUa xae dinh d u d c n g u d n gd'c khai thae n g u y e n lieu Nhiing
ndi ed n g u d n da nay hidn bie't la vimg phia b l e T a w m a w (Myanma), viing Tan C u d n g (Trung
Trang 624 Khdo cd hpc, sd 1/2010
Qud'c) g i n bien gidi vdi Turkestan, khu vuc Lieu Nuih, Hdng Sdn,Thudng Hai va Dai Loan (Jenny F.So et al 1998) Hien tai ehua the khang dinh dupe n g u d n da ngoc d Trang Kenh, D i u Ram hay d mpt sd di chi Ha Long khac cd n g u d n gd'c tif d a u nhuiig cd nhieu kha n a n g nd dudc cung cap qua con d u d n g giao luu trao ddi vdi khu vUe d d n g bae Trung Qud'c hoac vdi Dai Loan
Ba Viing va Bai Be'n la hai di chi cdng xUdng che tac da kha chuydn hoa eiia eu d a n H a Long San p h a m chinh ciia nd la nhiing miii khoan nho ehi m d i d u d c tu chinh ehua ed vet mai
n h u d Trang Kenli Nguydn lidu da lam miii khoan d Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n chii ye'u la felsite nguon gd'c ntii liia, chi cd mdt sd' it la eae loai da chert va opal N g u y d n lieu thd d hai edng XUdng nay deu la nhiing m a n h nhd da qua sd che' chiing to nd k h d n g phai d u d c khai thae tai ehd ma d mdt ndi nao dd kha xa Cac loai hach da, m a n h tude eiia hai di chi nay la cue ky phong phii bao gdm cac kfch cd va kieu loai khac n h a u hinh thanli m d t chudi cac bid'n thai giam dan ciia quy trinh che' tac ( N g u y i n Trudng Ddng 2C|^6)
Khao ed hpc Trung Qud'c tif 1958 da phat
hien cum di chi Tay T i i u Sdn d huydn N a m Hai,
tinh Quang Ddng Khu vuc nay ciing kha g i n
bien va cd mdt loat day nui da n g u d n gd'c mii lUa
(Vocano), chu ye'u la da felsite Xung quanh khu
VUc nay da phat hien m d t so' di tich md khai thae
da cua nhieu thdi dai trong do cd cac cdng xUdng
che' tae da thdi tien sU gdm mdt loat cac di ehi
XUdng die' tac riu cd vai cimg vd so' nhiing ban
thanh p h a m , hach da, m a n h nguyen lieu va manh
tudc (Quang Ddng tinh Bae Vat Quan 1983) (Anh
1) Cac di chi do da bang felsite d Tay Tieu Sdn
d i u phat hien dUdc it gd'm, gd'rn van thimg, gdm
Cling pha cat van khae vach Nien dai ciia van hoa
Tay Tieu Sdn keo dai tif trung ky qua van ky thdi
dai Da mdi de'n sd ky thdi Kim khi Chiing ta tha'y
rang ngudn nguyen lieu dimg de chd' tac cac miii
khoan d Ba Viing va Bai Be'n hoan toan gid'ng
nguyen lieu da felsite d Tay Tieu Sdn Tay Tiiu
Sdn kiidng tim tha'y miii khoan n h u n g nhiing
hach da d day thi hoan toan gid'ng Ba Viing va Bai
Ben ke ca chat lieu loai hinh va ky thuat (Anh 2)
Hach da d ca ba khu vUc nay p h i n ldn cd hinh khd'i lang tru, da didn, hinh chdp cut hoac hinh nem Nhiing hach da kich thudc nhd n h l n , mpt sd kha gid'ng hach da eiia ky nghe
do da nhd (mierolith) cd le la hach de tach cac phien tudc nhd de lam miii khoan Tuy nhien, d Tay T i i u Sdn ehua tim tha'y miii khoan ma ehii ye'u la cac phac vat va riu mai N g u d e lai, d Ba Vung va dae biet la Bai Be'n rat hie'm cac phac v^t riu bdn m a lai p h o n g phii cac san p h a m m u i khoan Phai chang ngudn n g u y e n lieu qua sd che' d Tay Tieu Sdn cd le ehii yd'u d i m g dd' trao
Anh: Ma Mankwong, Bao tang Hong Kong
Trang 7Nguyin Gia Ooi - Phan bo dan cu va cac hinh thai kinh te 25^
dd'i Vdi nhiing tu lidu hien cd, chiing tdi cho rang cu dan Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n kha nang ed
quan hd kha chat che vdi cU d t o van hoa Tay Tiiu Sdn thdng qua trao dd'i nguyen lieu da
felsite Nhu da bie't d Tay Tiiu Sdn cdn mdt sd' di ehi ed nien dai sdm hdn, cd the eud'i hSu ky
Da eii - sd ky thdi dai Da mdi, dd da mang phong each dd da nhd anh hucfng eiia truyin thd'ng
do da nhd tif phia Bic Trung Qud'c Phai chang thdng qua TSy Tiiu Sdn, ky thuat tach manh tii
hach va tu chinh ep da lan truyin de'n Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n vao giai doan eud'i cua truyin
thd'ng nay Mdt van de khac dudc dat ra la san pham miii khoan cua Ba Viing va Bai Ben ra't
phong phii, hien tai chua tim tha'y thi trudng ciia loai san phSm nay Tuy nhien, ehac chin nd
phai dude dem di trao ddi vdi nhiing cdng dong dan cu khac ngoai pham vi ciia cdng ddng
Ha Long
Cae nha khao cd hpc Trung Qud'c eiing eho rang Tay Tiiu Sdn la ndi d i u tidn san sinh
ra nhiing dd da cd vai Tif Tay Tiiu Sdn dd da bang felsite lan truyin rat rdng, bao gdm khip
cac huydn thi ciia tam giac chau thd ChSu Giang, phia ble de'n Phong Khai, phia nam dd'n Chu
Hai, Hudng Gang Dd da cd hai vai xua't hien c( vimg phia nam Quang Tay vao khoang trung
ky thdi dai da mdi, de'n van ky thdi dai Da mdi nd deu ed mat c( luu vue Ta Giang va Htfu
Giang Vao khoang 4.500 nam trudc, dd da cd hai vai xuS't hidn trong van hoa Vien Sdn cl ven
bien phia tay bic Dai Loan, sau dd dude thay the' bdi bdn ed nac Xa hdn v i phia nam, dd da
cd hai vai qua ban dao Ldi Chau truyin nh^p vao dao Hai Nam Trong tUdng quan khu vUc
chiing tdi cho rang nhiing dd da ed vai trong van hoa Ha Long gin giii nha't vdi khu vifc ven
bien Quang Ddng nhu Chu Hai, Hudng Cang va d dao Hai Nam, dd la ke't qua ciia qua trinh
giao luu van hoa trong mdt mdi trudng sinh thai nhan van gin giii
Tdm lai, do diiu kien dia ly d ven bien va hai dao eU dSn Ha Long cd diiu kien thuan
ldi de giao lifu vdi cac cdng ddng cu dan khac kd ca trong luc dia va ven bien hai dao Viec
chuydn mdn hoa san xua't, dac bidt la phat trien nghi thii cdng chd' tac da diin ra kha sdm va
manh me Cd the ndi khu vuc ddng bic thdi tien sii diln ra cae hoat ddng giao luu trao ddi
nguyen lidu va san pham kha sdi ndi vdi nhiiu vimg gin xa Hai san, san pham thu cdng va
kha nang giao thudng trdn bidn chinh la the'manh eiia khu vue nay Ha Long la edng ddng edi
md va cd quan hd rdng rai nhat trong nhiing cdng ddng dan cu cimg brnh tuye'n Nd nhU chid'c
clu nd'i giiia viing ddng nam Trung Qud'c rdng ldn vdi nhieu vimg trong luc dia ciing nhu ven
bien d nude ta
Mdt cau hoi ludn thudng true la, vao thdi ky nay viec trao ddi giao thifdng nguydn lieu
san pham cd thdng qua mdt gia tri trung gian nao dd khdng? TrUdc day Colani eho rang eu dan
khu vuc nay la nhiing thudng nhan va nhiing chie'c riu da nhd xiu khdng ed chiic nang thuc td'
ma nd nhu vSt trung gian de tie'n hanh trao ddi (Colani 1939) Vdi kha nang tu lieu hidn nay chi
cd the bie't rang vide trao ddi giao thUdng thdi Ha Long chii ye'u diln ra dudi hinh thiie vat ddi
vat, mdt hinh thai phd bid'n ciia quan he kinh te trudc khi bude vao thdi dai van minh
TAI LIEU DAN
COLANI M 1939 Recherches Prehistoriqes en Baie d'Along Cahiers de L' Ecole Francaise de Extreme
-Orieitt, 14: 12-19
Trang 8"^ Khdo cd hpc, sd 112010
HA HtJU NGA 2004 Khao co hpc D6ng Bae Viet Nam: Tir nhirng he ihong sinh thai nhan van tdi cau tnic xa
hpi tien nha nude Trong Mpt the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi
HA V A N PHUNG 2005 Mdi quan he ciia van hoa Ha Long trong kh6ng gian va thdi gian Khdo cdlipc, sd
3(135): 47-50
JENNY F SO AND JANET G DOUGLAS 1998 Understanding and Identifying Jades from the Hong.shan
culture Trong Dong A Ngpc Khi ed By Tang Chung, Vol 1
LE BA THAO 2004 TMen nhien Viet Nam Ha Npi
NGUYfiN CUdNG 2001 Vdn hod Mai Pha Nxb Van hoa Thong tin Lang Son
N G U Y £ N GIA DOI 1991 Ghi chu ve mpt nhom riu bon a Quat Dong Nam (Quang Ninh) Trong NMing phdt hiin mai ve Khdo cd hpc ndm 1991 Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi: 32
NGUYfiN KIM DUNG 2005 Mpt so va'n de loai hinh di chi a vung bien Dong Bae Khdo cdhpc, so 3 (135):
51-65
NGUYfiN TRUdNG DONG 2006 Cat ngang di chi Bai Ben bang mP hinh bien ddi giam dan Khdo cdhpc,
"•: sd 3: 64-81
PHAM LY HUONG 2004 Nghien ciru gom tien sit - so sii Viet Nam trong the ky 20, nhirng hilu bie't can
ban Trong Mpt the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi
QUANG DONG TINH B A C VAT Q U A N 1983 Quang Dong Nam Hai huyen Tay Tieu Son di chi Khdo cd,
so 12-1983
TRmn HOANG HIEP vA PHAM THI NINH 2004 Do gom di chi Dau Ram trong he thdng gdm co viing
ven bien Dong Bic Viet Nam Trong Mot the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa
hoi, Ha Noi
•'it, >v,i ;.,: •=;, ^io;; ; i :
-POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC MORPHOLOGY
^^"' '• OF HA LONG-CULTURE INHABITANTS
NGUYIN GIA OOI
Ha Long culture was distributed along northeastern coastal area with two sub-regions: estuary-coast and island-bay
The inhabitants in estuary-coast sub-region tended to do the farming in combination with exploitation of coastal seafood, production of salt and ceramics
I ' ' '
The inhabitants in island-bay Ha Long specialized in exploiting far offshore seafood and trading on sea, < - • •
A part of the population from the southern coast and islands specializing in stone-tool making such as Trang Kenh, Ba Viing and Bai Ben exchanged materials and products and had much relationship with the population communities in Viet Nam as well as southern China