Nhfl vay, cd the thay d Trinh Xa dac trflng cua ldi sd'ng ndng thdn the hien kha ro, eac quan he sd cap v i n ddng vai trd chu dao trong he thd'ng cac quan he xa hdi cd ban, cac hinh thf
Trang 160 Xa hoi hoc so 4 (108), 2009
h/
0.-THIJC TRANG SU" DUNG THC)I GIAN ROI CUA NGUOl DAN NONG THON DONG B A N G BAC B O
(Nghien ciiu trUdng hpp xd Trinh Xd, huyen Binh Luc, tinh Hd Nam)
NGUYEN TUAN MINH*
Hoat dpng sfl dung thdi gian rdi la t a m diem de n h i n n h a n ldi sd'ng, la thflde do sfl giau ed cua con ngfldi ca ve vat chat va t i n h t h i n Trong qua trinh lam viec con ngfldi ddu can den sfl nghi ngdi nhflng ngfldi ta khdng the ehi nghi ngdi bang each thoa m a n nhflng n h u c l u sinh hoc hflu b a n ma cdn p h a i la nhflng nhu c l u van hoa, t h a m my, dao dfle, t a m linh Con ngfldi svf d u n g thdi gian nay cho nhflng gi ma dd'i vdi ca n h a n hp la quan trong va day cdn la b o a t dpng tfl the hien minh
Ndng thdn Viet Nam hien nay khac r a t nhieu so vdi trflde kia, kinh te thi trfldng, cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai boa, ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi dan tflng bfldc dfldc nang len, ben canh dd con ngfldi cung ban rdn hdn, lao ddng cang t h i n g hdn va dfldng nhfl n h u c l u vui chdi, giai tri cung t a n g len n h i m giai tda nhflng met mdi tinh t h i n , lap lai t r a n g t h a i can b i n g de tai san x u a t sfle lao ddng dap flng nhu cau mdi cua thflc tien
Viee sii dung thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn ddng bang B i c Bd hien nay nhfl the nao? Nhflng yeu td gi a n h hfldng den nd? Day la nhflng cau hdi e I n dfldc tra ldi
de chung ta cd cai nhin toan dien ve chan dung xa hdi cua ngfldi d a n ndng thdn trong sfl nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hien nay Bai viet nay dfla tren
ket qua khao sat eua Dfl an "Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam trong chuyen ddi",
dfldc tidn h a n h tai xa Trinh Xa, huyen Binh Luc, t i n h Ha N a m , n a m 2008
1 V i e c li^a c h o n v a mxic do c u a c a c h o a t d o n g t r o n g t h d i g i a n rdi
Theo tac gia Chu K h i c trong bai viet "Van de quy thdi gian trong sinh boat gia dinh h a n g n g a y " \ cac n h a xa hdi hoc da chia quy thdi gian r a lam ba bp phan:
1 Thdi gian lao ddng san xuat la thdi gian ngfldi lao ddng d a n h cho boat ddng san xuat va cdng tac d cd quan, xi nghiep, n h a may ;
2 Thdi gian ngoai san xuat hoac thdi gian sinh b o a t c i n t h i e t la thdi gian thflc hien nhflng cdng viec bfle thiet va thda dang cho cac n h u cau sd'ng (nhieu tac gia goi thdi gian nay la thdi gian tfl do);
' Ths, Vien Xd hgi hgc
' Tap chi Xa hoi hoc so 3,4 nam 1988
Trang 2Nguyin Tudn Minh £2
3 Thdi gian rdi la luc con ngfldi dfldc thanh thdi hoan toan va tfly thich ca nhan
ma Ilia chpn hinh thflc tii the hien^
Trong bai viet nay, thdi gian rdi dfldc hieu la thdi gian con ngUdi thodt khoi
cong viec kiem sdng vd tU do lUa chgn cdc hinh thQc the hien
Cac boat ddng trong 12 thang qua cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn dfldc tim hieu vdi 4 mflc dp tham gia: thfldng xuyen, thinh thoang, hiem khi va chfla bao gid Ket qua khao sat cho thay:
Bdng 1: Mflc do tham gia cdc hoqt dong trong 12 thdng qua
MCrc do
Tham gia
Thudng xuyen
Thinh thoPng
Hiem khi
Chua bao gio
Tong (N)
Cac hoot dpng (%)
OQC sach/
bao
7.6 14.6 43.0 34,8
302
Xem tivi
92.7 5.0 2.0 ,3
302
Nghe dai
14,3 12.7 28,0 45,0
300
N6I ctiu/en vdbcn be/txrg xom 63,2 31.5 5.0 3
302
Oidn uong vol bgn
be 2,0 16,2 37,1 44,7
302
Choi c6/bd
,0 4,0 10,6 85,4
302
Choi the thao
2,0 3,3 8.3 86,4
302
Xem phim/
kjch/ca nhgc/
karaoke ,0 2,6 16,2 81,1
302
D i l i den/
chua/
nha tho 9,6 23,8 29,1 37,4
302
Di choi
xg
,3 9,6
36,1 54,0
302
Xem ti vi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm la hai boat ddng dfldc ngfldi dan ndng thdn liia chpn nhidu nhat va mflc do tham gia thfldng xuyen cung cao n h i t vdi
tl le 92,7% va 63,2% Tiep den la nghe dai 14,3%, di den/ehua/nha thd 9,6% va dpc
sach/bao 7,6%, cdn lai chiem ti le rat thap d mflc do thfldng xuyen la di an ud'ng vdi
ban be va chdi the thao cung la 2,0%, di chdi xa 0,3%, khdng cd ai thfldng xuyen chdi cd/bai va xem phim/kieh/ca nhae/hat karaoke (Bang 1)
Cac ket qua phdng van sau cung cho thay r i n g da p h i n cac boat ddng trong thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn hien nay thfldng trong pham vi eua thdn, xa va dfla tren tinh cd s i n cung kha nang liia chpn, cac boat ddng thfldng xuyen ehi la xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm
"Thdi gian rdnh roi thi Idy beo cho Idn gd dn, nhd cd 1 con be, 1 con bb vd 1 Idn
xi Rdnh rdi nQa thi trong chdu hodc xem tivi Chong co rdnh roi thi hay di chai vdi bgn be, hdng xdm" (Nfl, 53 tudi)
"Thdi gian rdnh rdi chi ngoi chdi hodc di ngd ddng rugng d nhd Thinh thodng
ra dinh thon de hgp, sang chdi nhd anh em, hg hdng, gidi tri chi xem tivi chQ d ddy
^ Nhieu tac gia lai chia quy thdi gian thanh thdi gian lam viec (hay san xuat) va thdi gian ngoai gid lam
viec (trong do co thdi gian tii do bao gom cac cong viec thoa man cac nhu cau song va thUc hien nghia
vu xa hpi quan trong va thdi gian roi) V.Petrushev trong cuon Thai gian vdi tU each la mot pham trii kinh ^e'iai chia th6i gian thanh bon phan: 1 - thdi gian trong san xuat xa hoi; 2 - thdi gian lao dong d
nha va thoa man cac nhu cau sinh hoat; 3 thdi gian de thoa man cac nhu cau sinh ly tU nhien; 4 -thdi gian tU do, Noi chung, nhieu tac gia chia quy -thdi gian thanh hai bp ph^n: san xuS't va khong san xuat Trong bo phan thtt hai lai chia nho thanh: thdi gian sinh hoat tinh than va thdi gian roi, Chiing toi quan mem thdi gian roi dang diidc tach rieng ra de nghien ciiu rieng biet vi no rat phong phu va da dang, the hien ro net loi song cua ngUdi lao dpng Mpt so nha xa hpi hpc Lien X6 nhU A Andreeva A.Niolaenko ciing chii triidng nhit vay
Trang 362 ThUc trgng sQ dung thdi gian rdi cua ngiCdi ddn nong thon
khong CO gi cd Cdc diem gidi tri cua tQ nhdn nhQ cd phe, cdc qudn internet, karaoke, d ddy khong cd, day la vung sdu" (Nam, 46 tudi)
Nhfl vay, cd the thay d Trinh Xa dac trflng cua ldi sd'ng ndng thdn the hien kha
ro, eac quan he sd cap v i n ddng vai trd chu dao trong he thd'ng cac quan he xa hdi cd ban, cac hinh thflc boat ddng trong thdi gian rdi ciia ngfldi dSn ndng thdn cdn ngheo nan, chfla da dang va mang tinh tich ciic, chu ddng Nguyen n h a n cd le do mflc dp do thi hda d Trinh Xa la d mflc vfla phai va chfla chiu nhieu anh hfldng eua Id'i sd'ng dd thi
2 Sii k h a c b i e t t r o n g svC d u n g thdi gian rdi c u a ngiidi d a n n o n g thon
a) Gidi tinh ' •*
Hai hoat ddng xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi bqn be, hdng xdm la hai hoat dpng ma
da phan ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla chpn, cd the ndi la "khdng the thieu" trong thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn Khdng cd sii khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl trong boat ddng nay, ti le n a m gidi xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm cung 1^ 100%, trong khi dd ti le nay d nfl gidi cung cung la 99,4 % (Bieu 1) Kiem dinh Khi-Binh phfldng^ (Chi Square Test) deu cho tri so' p- value = 0,355 (mflc y nghia thu dfldc tfl mau quan sat) Idn hdn 0,05, dieu nay ehflng td khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla n a m va nfl trong viec Ifla chpn hoat dpng Xem tivi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm trong thdi gian rdi, da p h i n ngfldi dan ndng thdn deu Ifla chon hai hoat dpng nay trong thdi gian rdi bat ke la nam hay nfl
Bieu 1: Gidi tfnh vd cdc hoqt dong trong thdi gian rdi (%)
I N a m ilsTif
sP
>> 6 * (f- ^ «b* ^(jP ^ ^ -ii
.^ .>s^
.^^
#-+*
Kiem dinh Khi- B i n h phUc^ng (Chi S q u a r e Test) trong tho'ng ke suy luan sii dung d l kiem dinh tinh doc
lap (gia t h u y e t Ho) cua hai bien so dUdc quan tam v6i miic y nghia a nhat dinh 0 day chung toi la'y mile y
nghia 5/0 tUdng dUdng a = 0,05) Neu kiem dinh cho tri so' p- v a l u e (miJc y nghia) cua dii lieu quan sat bang ho^c nho hdn a thi g i a thuye't H„ bi bac bo v^ ne'u tri so'p cang nho thi bSng chiing cho'ng lai gia
t h u y e t Ho do du Ueu cung cap lai cang Idn Noi each khac, neu p- v a l u e < a thi ta se ket luan rSng dfl lieu
CO y nghia thong ke d mixc a NgUdc lai, neu p > a thi gia t h u y e t H , ve sii dpc Mp cua hai bie'n d u * khing d,nh Tuy nhien kiem dinh Khi- B i n h phitomg chi cho ta bie't dUdc giQa hai bie'h ba't ki la co moi lien he
phu thupc hay khong ma chua cho biet miic dp cua moi Uen he phu thuoc a'y
Trang 4Nguyin Tudn Minh 63
Tuy khdng phd bien nhfl Xem tivi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm nhflng
dgc sdch hdo, di le din /chua /nhd thd, nghe ddi, di dn uong vdi bgn be cung la nhflng
hoat ddng dfldc hdn nifa ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla chpn trong 12 thang qua va cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl trong viee Ifla chpn tham gia cae hoat dpng nay Ti le nam gidi dpc sach/bao la 73,4%) trong khi dd ti le nay d nfl la 58,3%, p=0,003 Ti le nam di l l den/ehfla/nha thd la 48,9% thap hdn so vdi nfl gidi la 74,2%, p=0,000 Tl le nam nghe dai la 64,5% trong khi dd ti le nay d nfl la 46,9%, p=0,005 Tl le nam di an ud'ng vdi ban be la 79,1% trong khi dd ti le nay d nfl la 35%, p=0,000 Nhfl vay, cd the nhan xet r i n g nam gidi ed xu hfldng dpc sach/bao, nghe dai,
di an ud'ng vdi ban be nhieu hdn so vdi nfl gidi Cdn nfl gidi thi lai cd xu hfldng di le den/ehfla/nha thd nhieu hdn so vdi nam gidi
Chdi cd hay chcti bdi, chdi the thao, xem phim lea nhgc I kich I hdt karaoke, di chdi xa la nhflng boat dpng ma it ngfldi dan d ndng thdn Ifla chpn trong 12 thaiig qua
NgOai trfl boat ddng di chdi xa la khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl (p=0,351) cdn lai nhflng boat ddng khac deu ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke gifla nam va nfl Ti le nam cd chdi cd/bai la 29,5% trdng khi dd ti le nay d nfl gidi chi la 1,8%, p=0,000 Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ti le nam gidi chdi the thao la 23,7%, nfl
la 4,9%, p=0,000 Ti le nam xem phim/ca nhae/kieh/hat karaoke la 25,9%, nfl la 12,9%, p=0,004 Nhfl vay, cd the nhan xet r i n g nam gidi cd xu hfldng chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao, xem phim/ca nhae/kieh/hat karaoke nhieu hdn sd vdi nfl trong thdi gian rdi
Cac ket qua phdng van sau cung cho thay r i n g , phu nfl it tham gia cac boat
dpng mang tinh chat vui chdi, giai tri: "Phu nQ ndi chung ban ldm, khong ldm rugng
thi di dong ndt, nuoi trau bb, Idn gd Gidi tri chi cd xem tivi VQa roi lau ldm mdi co 1 ddt dQdc xem bieu dien cua dodn Chdt dgc da cam: hdt, do thuat, kich TQ be den Idn ddy la lan ddu tien dQdc xem Khuyen nghi nhd nQdc cho cdc dodn vdn hda vdn nghe
vi nong thon bieu diin Ndi chung nam gidi vdn rdnh hem so vdi nQ bdi vi nhQng viec gia dinh khong phdi ldm Biet Id bdy gid binh ddng nam nQ, nam phdi giup dd
vd ldm cdc cong viec nhd nhQng thQc ted nong thon it ldm" (Nfl, 33 tudi)
Nhfl vay, ed the thay, mac dfl binh dang nam nfl dfldc dam bao b l n g he thdng phap luat song tren thflc te dinh kien gidi d ndng thdn v i n edn kha phd bien, ngfldi phu nfl v i n phai dam nhiem rat nhieu cac cdng viec tfl ddng rupng, chan nudi den eac cdng viec trong gia dinh, cd hdi danh cho nghi ngdi va giai tri la r l t it so vdi ngfldi dan dng • • '
b) Tudi
Trong nghien cflu nay ngfldi dfldc hdi cd dp tudi tfl 20 den 60 dfldc phan chia thanh ba nhdm: Thanh nien (tfl 20 den 35); Trung nien (tfl 36 den 50); Cao tudi (tren 50) Ket qua phan tich thd'ng ke da cho thay, cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke gifla bien sd tudi va boat ddng nghe dai Ti le nghe dai trong 12 t h i n g qua tang dan theo nhdm tudi, thanh nien 34,4%; trung nien: 56,6%; cao tudi: 76,6%, p=0,000 Nhfl vay, kh^ng dinh xu hfldng nhdm cao tudi nghe dai trong thdi gian rdi nhieu hdn so vdi cac nhdm thanh nien va trung nien
Trang 564 ThQc trgng sQ dung thdi gian rSi cda ngQdi ddn nong thon
Bieu 2: Nhdm tudi vd cdc tioqt dpng trong ttidi gian rdi (%)
rii rT Ml
I Doc sach/
bao Xem tivi
Noi chuyen Nghe dai | voi ban
t be/hang
Oi dn uong voi ban be Choi co/bai Chdi the thao
Xem 01 phnvkjch/ca i den/chua/
nhac, hat I nhS thd Oi Choi xa
O Thanh nien I 62,5 100 34,4 100 50 7.8 20,3 65,6 37.5
I Trung niSn 67,5 99,5 56,6 100 53,9 14.7 19.4 61.8 48,2
O Cao tuii 59,6 100 76,6 97.9 68.1 19.1 14.9 61.7 48,9
Ngoai md'i lien he phu thudc ed y nghia thd'ng ke gifla bien sd' tudi va boat ddng nghe dai thi khdng cd md'i lien he phu thupc nao gifla bien so' tudi vdi viec Ifla chpn cac boat ddng khac: dpc sach/bao (p=0,516), xem tivi (p=0,747), ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm (p=0,066), di an ud'ng vdi ban be (p=0,137), chdi cd/bai (p=0,479), chdi the thao (p=0,211), xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke (p=0,739), di den/chua/nha thd (p=0,852), di chdi xa (p=0,303) trong 12 thang qua
Viee Ilia chpn boat ddng di le dinh/chfla/nha thd tuy khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla eac nhdm tudi nhflng mflc dp ciia boat ddng nay lai cd sfl khac biet, nhieu y kien cho r i n g ngfldi cao tudi (phu nfl thfldng di le/sinh hoat d Chua cdn cac eu dng thi d Dinh) cd mflc dp di l i den/ehfla/nha' thd nhieu hdn so vdi thanh nien (thanh nien chi chu yeu di vao eac dip d i u xuan hay cac dip le dac biet)
"Thanh nien di chua hay nhd thd chu yeu vdo cdc dip ddu xudn, cdc doi trai gdi Trong ndm chi cd cdc cu ong vd cu bd nhiiu hcfn chiem khodng 80%, tre vui nhd, gid vui chua md" (Nam, 55 tudi)
"Ngdy thudng ngUdi ta cung hay di tung kinh con ngdy chii nhdt thi cha ve gidng dao Dd'i tUcfng chu yeu Id trung trung tudi vd ngUdi gid, chu, nhdt cd cd nam nQ thanh nien nhUng it" (Nam, 38 tudi)
Viee Ifla chpn cac boat ddng danh cd/bai, hay chdi the thao trong thdi gian rdi cung khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla cac nhdm tudi nhflng ket qua phdng van sau cho thay, d dia phfldng ngfldi cao tudi tham gia eac boat ddng nay thfldng xuyen hdn so vdi thanh nien do thanh nien ban di lam hoac di cfl di lam an xa
"Thdi gian rdnh tdi thudng d nhd phu giup gia dinh hodc chcfi cdu long, chdi cd tgi nhd vdn hda Nhd vdn hda chu yeu td cdc cu hUu tri, nghi hQu Thanh nien phdi
di ldm dn xa nen it vui chcfi gidi tri, chi cd ngQdi cao tudi khdng phdi ldm viec mdi ra chcfi" (Nam, 55 tudi)
"Thanh nien ndi chung phdi di ldm dn nen it khi cd thdi gian gidi tri Cdc cii chi CO xem tivi, den nhd hdng xdm hodc chdi cd tQdng" (Nam, 34 tudi)
Trang 6Nguyin Tudn Minh QQ
Nhfl vay cd the thay, ngfldi cao tudi nghe dai trong thdi gian rdi nhieu hdn so vdi thanh nien va mfle dp thfldng xuyen d cae boat ddng nhfl di l l den/ehfla/nha thd, chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao cung cao hdn so vdi thanh nien mac dfl sii liia chpn cae boat ddng nay trong 12 thang qua la khdng ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke Hien tfldng "lang v i n g bdng thanh nien" cd le dang ngay cang phd bidn d Trinh Xa va it nhieu nd se anh hfldng den cae heat ddng, phong trao van hda chung cua dia phfldng
c) Trinh dp hpc vdn
Cd sfl khac biet gifla trinh dp hpc van vdi eac boat ddng dpc sach/ bao, chdi the thao, xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke Ti le ngfldi dan dpc sach/bao tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van eua hp, Clp I: 50%, Cap II: 68,3%, C l p III: 81,6%, p= 0,001 Ti le Ilia chpn chdi the thao cung tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van Cap I: 5,1%, Cap II: 15,6%, Cap III: 21,1%, p=0,027 Cung tfldng tfl, ti le liia chpn xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke cung tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van Cap I: 12,8%, Clp II: 17,2%, Cap.III: 39,5%, p=0,002 Nhfl vay, ed the thay xu hfldng khac biet la: nhflng ngfldi ed hoc v i n cang cao thi cang ed xu hfldng Ifla chpn cac boat dpng dpc sach/bao, chdi the thao, xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke trong thdi gian roi nhieu hdn so vdi nhflng ngfldi cd trinh dp hoc van thap Dieu nay phai chang do nhdm cd trinh dp hoc van cao thi hieu biet ve sfl cin thiet ciia cac boat ddng vui chdi, giai tri cao hdn so vdi nhdm cd ehinh dp hoc van thap va do vay hp tham gia vao cac boat dpng nay nhieu hdn
Bieu 3: Trinh do hoc vdn vd cdc hoqt ddng trong thdi gian rdi (%)
120
Khdng ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla trinh dp hpc van vdi boat dpng xem tivi (p= 0,731), ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm (p=0,237), nghe dai (p=0,336), di an ud'ng vdi ban be (p=0,276), chdi cd/bai (p=0,395), di den/chua/nha thd (p=0,817), di chdi xa (p=0,135) Dieu nay ehflng td dfl trinh dp hpc v i n nao di chang nfla thi xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm cung la nhflng boat ddng dfldc da
so ngfldi dan ndng thdn liia chpn trong thdi gian rdi Tiep den la cac heat ddng di den/chua/nha thd, nghe dai Cac boat ddng di an udng vdi ban be, di chdi xa, chdi cd/bM 1^ nhflng boat dpng it dfldc ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla ebon nhat
Trang 766 Thiic trgng sQ dung thdi gian roi cua ngiidi ddn nong thon
d) Miic sdng cua gia dinh
Mfle sd'ng d day la nhflng dieu kien vat c h i t can thiet de con ngfldi cd the tham gia cae boat ddng sd'ng khac nhau Trong nghien cflu nay, sau khi ngfldi dfldc hdi tra ldi mdt sd cau hdi lien quan den dieu kien sd'ng cua gia dinh (kieu loai nha d, dien tich, nha ve sinh, dd dflng sinh boat trong gia dinh, tdng thu nhap cua gia dinh, ) thi tli danh gia mfle sd'ng kinh te cua hd gia dinh minh thudc loai nao vdi 3 mflc tren trung binh, trung binh va dfldi trung binh Tren cd sd nay mflc sd'ng dfldc xem xet trong md'i tfldng quan vdi eac boat ddng trong 12 thang qua eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn
Bieu 4: l\/!flc sdng vd cdc hoqt ddng trong thdi gian rdi (%)
120 1
60
0
• TrSn TB
• Trung b'rh
D Duo'ilB
•~
^ •
1
Doc sach
bao
^
J
79.5
61,6
Xemtiv
L •
• •
•L •
•
100
100
532 98,4
Nghe da
61.4 56.4 41.9
Noi Chuyen voi ban
Ln
~B
100 99.3
100
OiSn u6ng vbi ban be
•~
- •
64,8 52.3
SO
Ml
Chffi cff/bai
17 13.9 12.9
hi
Choi thi thao
18,2 11.9 11.3
Xem phinrVkich/c
a nhac
30,7 12,6 17.7
^
Oi
din/chlia
65,9 62.9 56,5
Dl Choi xa
59,1 42.4 35,5
Ket qua kiem dinh thd'ng ke da cho thay ed mdi lien he phu thudc gifla mflc sd'ng vdi cac boat ddng: Dpc sach/bao (p=0,002), Nghe dai (p=0,054), Di chdi xa (p=0,008), Di xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaeke (p=0,003) Nhin vao bieu 4, ti le dpc sach/bao tang d i n ti le thuan vdi mfle sd'ng cua gia dinh, dfldi t r u n g binh: 53,2%, trung binh: 61,6%, tren trung binh: 79,5% Tfldng tii nhfl vay, d boat dpng nghe dai (41,9%; 56,4%; 61,4%), di chdi xa (35,5%; 42,4%; 59,1%), xem phim/kich/ ca nhac/hat karaoke (17,7%; 12,6%; 30,7%) Nhfl vay, cd the k h l n g dinh xu hfldng, ngfldi cd mflc sdng cang cao cang cd xu hfldng Ifla chon cac hoat ddng Doc sach/bao, Nghe dai, Di xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke, Di chdi xa trong thdi gian rdi cua minh nhieu hdn so vdi nhflng ngfldi cd mflc sd'ng thap Dieu nay cd ve hdp ly khi ma de tham gia nhflng boat ddng tren khdng ehi ddi hdi ed thdi gian ma cdn phai cd nhflng dieu kien kinh te n h i t dinh va do dd nhflng gia dinh cd mfle sd'ng cao hdn thi t a t nhien se cd nhieu dieu kien hdn so vdi nhflng gia dinh cd mflc sd'ng thap
Cae boat ddng khac nhfl xem ti vi, ndi ehuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm, di an ud'ng vdi ban be, chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao, di den/chua/nha thd khdng cd md'i quan he phu thudc vdi mflc sd'ng Kiem dinh thd'ng ke Khi-binh phfldng cho tri sd p lan Ifldt la: 0,145; 0,608; 0,109; 0,732; 0,331; 0,493 Tflc la khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghla thdng ke gifla cac nhdm cd mflc sd'ng khac nhau vdi eac boat ddng dfldc da sd ngfldi dan thfldng xuyen Ifla chon nhfl: xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm hay cac hoat ddng ma it ngfldi dan Ifla chpn nhfl: di den/ehfla/nha thd, di an ud'ng vdi ban be,
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chdi the thao, chdi cd/bai trong thdi gian rdi eua minh Dieu nay ed the giai thich bdi cac boat ddng xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm, di le den/thd/nha thd, chdi cd/bai la nhflng boat ddng ma yeu td'kinh te khdng phai la yeu td'quyet dinh Cdn lai cac boat ddng di an ud'ng vdi ban be, chdi the thao, rd rang eIn phai ed nhflng dieu kien kinh te nhat dinh tuy nhien nhflng boat dpng nay lai chi tap trung vao mot so' it ngfldi va do vay khdng mang y nghia dai dien
3 Nhiifng y e u to' a n h hvfdng d e n viec suf d u n g t h d i g i a n r o i d n o n g t h o n
a) Dieu hien kinh te
Cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat dfla cae gidng lua ed nang s u i t cao vao tham canh giup cho ngfldi dan ndng thdn lao ddng dd v l t va hdn, nang s u i t lao ddng nang cao, ddi sd'ng eua ngfldi dan tflng bfldc dfldc cai thien, ngfldi
dan cd nhieu thdi gian rdi hdn so vdi trflde d&y: Hdi xUa ldm nong nghiep thii cong
bdy gid mdy hd trd nhiiu, mdy tra do tUcfng - mdy lien hodn cua xd tri gid 18 trieu, mdy tudt lua, mdy tra ong Ida mg, mdy gat lien hodn, nen thdi gian rdnh roi cdng nhiiu hdn trUdc (Nam, 55 tudi) Tuy nhien, vdi dac thu mdt xa t h u i n ndng, khdng cd
lang nghe truyen thd'ng, cac nganh nghe phu it phat trien, nhin chung ddi sdng va thu nhap cua ngfldi dan Trinh Xa v i n cdn d mflc thap so vdi mat b l n g chung d huyen Binh Luc - tinh Ha Nam Cd le chinh dieu nay ma khien cho dd'i vdi nhieu ngfldi muc tieu lao ddng, san xuat mdi la flu tien do dd thdi gian lao ddng eua hp tang len va nhfl vay ddng nghia vdi viec thdi gian danh cho cac boat ddng mang tinh c h i t nghi ngdi, giai tri it di, khdng gian boat dpng trong thdi gian rdi cung ban hep, eac boat ddng khdng da dang
"Ddn cU d ddy ndi chung Id kinh tekem, phdi tdp trung vdo ldm dn, nuoi con dn hgc md chi trong vdo dong rugng cung met NgUdi ddn ong thUdng phdi di ldm them nhu ldm mgc, thd xdy, cQu van, phu nQ thi ngodi ddng rugng, trong nom nhd cQa, con cdi thi con di chd dong ndt, theu ren, " (Nfl, 32 tudi);
"Rdnh roi thudng ldm cdc viec linh tinh de cho thu nhdp trong gia dinh tdng len Chdn nuoi Idn gd, rugng nUcfng ngodi ddng, thdm ddng xem lua phdt trien the ndo, chugt bg vd sdu benh Chcfi bdi nhd anh em hodc bgn be de quan he cong dn viec ldm, ndi chuyen vi cdch ldm dn, chdn nuoi, trong trgt" (Nam, 34 tudi);
Lao ddng d ndng thdn nhin chung la v l t va va ehinh dieu dd ddi khi anh hfldng
den ldi sdng ciia ngfldi dan trong dd ed viee sif dung thdi gian rdi "Cdu long ngdy mua
anh em khong chdi vi phdi giup vd con, vdi lgi ngUdi ta ldm ddng md minh di ddnh cdu long thi khong hay" (nam, 40 tudi, can bd Tfl phap xa)
Tap trung flu tien cac boat ddng lao ddng san xuat, ehflng td ngfldi dan ndng thdn hien nay ed tinh t h i n nd Iflc vfldn len trong cudc sd'ng, cham chi, bang say lao ddng Tuy nhien, cudc sdng chi la boat ddng tao ra thu nhap se la mdt nguy ed lam mlt stf phat trien can b l n g dd'i vdi mdi ca nhan va khien cae boat ddng mang gia tri truyen thdng d ndng thdn bi mai mdt hoae gay ra sfl coi thfldng gia tri cua cae boat dong khdng cd tinh c h i t kinh te Mdt vi du ddn gian nhfl Tet trung thu d ndng thdn
Trang 968 ThQc trgng sQ dung thdi gian roi cua ngQdi ddn nong thon
dd la mdt net van hda truyen thd'ng the hien sii quan t a m ciia cdng ddng dd'i vdi tre
em, viec td chflc thfldng dfldc giao cho Doan t h a n h nien, tuy nhien hoat dpng nay dang ngay mdt "bdt vui" bdi t h a n h nien d xa r a t it, da p h a n di cfl di lam an xa hoac ban rpn vdi cdng viec
"Dao ndy bd het rdi, trung thu cd thdy gi ddu bdi vi trUdc viec td chQc trung thu thQdng Id ldp tre nhUng bdy gid ldp tre di ldm xa hodc Idy vp chdng sdm nen khdng co
ai phu trdch thie'u nhi Cung cd phu trdch nhUng hgi dd'lqi be qud khodng ldp 9-10 nen viec td chQc khd (Nfl, 26 tudi)
b) Cdc thiet che van hoa
O ndng thdn cac boat ddng trong thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan thfldng dien ra trong pham vi ciia thdn, xa do vay vai trd ciia eac thiet che van hda d cd sd cd mdt y
nghia quan trpng "Thdi gian rdnh toi thQdng d nhd phu giup gia dinh hodc chcfi cdu
long, chdi cd tgi nhd vdn hda Nhd vdn hda chu yeu Id ddnh cho cdc cu hQu tri, nghi hUu " (Nam, 55 tudi) Tuy nhien, ngudn kin];i phi cho cac hoat ddng cdn b a n che, cac
thiet che, cd sd trang thidt bi phuc vu cho eac boat ddng van hda van nghe, boat ddng the due the thao cdn thieu, do vay chfla dap flng dfldc nhu cau sinh hoat, t^p luyen ciia ddng dao nhan dan '
"Nhd vdn hda cua thon ndy khdng cd, chi cd dinh Idng mpt thdi sdn dinh cdng dupc tan diing de ddnh cdu long nhUng mot thdi gian sau lqi khong ddnh nQa hdi vi ddy khong phdi tru sd cua thon, khong chcfi dQdc diu ddn mdi khi cd viec d dinh nhQ cung le ngdy rdm, ngdy tet, ddm tang, ddm cQdi TrQdng ban vdn hda thdng tin xd phdi di xudt vdi ddng uy, UBND cd ngudn kinh phi trich ra cho hoqt ddng vdn hda vd TDTT De mua trang thiet bi, cd dgi ngQ nhdn sU, tuyen truyin cho nhdn ddn Phdi
cd cdc mon nhU bdng dd cho nam, bdng chuyin hdi cho nQ Nhu cdu cua nhdn ddn cung thich nhUng d xd chUa cd ai dQng len deldm viec dd (Nam, 55 tudi)
Nhfl vay cd the thay, vai trd ciia cae thiet che van hda d ndng thdn cd mdt y nghia r l t quan trpng dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng van hda cua ngfldi dan bdi n h u cau sinh hoat van hda eua ngfldi dan tfldng dd'i cao Viec nha nfldc va n h a n dan cung lam de xay dflng cac thiet che van hda dang tflng bfldc dat dfldc nhflng ket qua n h a t dinh, tuy nhien cung phai thay r i n g vdi dieu kien kinh te nhfl d Trinh Xa thi viec dau tfl hdn nfla cua ehinh quyen cho cac thiet che van hda la mdt dieu c i n thiet
c) Cdc hoqt dpng, phong trdo vdn hoa d nong thon
Ndng thdn la chiec ndi san sinh, nudi dfldng va bao ve van hda truyen thd'ng eua dan tdc, cae boat ddng van hda truyen thd'ng nay da gdp phan n a n g cao ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn Td hat cheo va dpi sfl tii cua thdn An Thfl la mdt
vi du, day la 2 boat ddng dfldc truyen tfl ddi nay qua ddi khac thu h u t dfldc mdt Iflc Ifldng dang ke ngfldi dan tham gia va sinh hoat deu dan tai thdn trong thdi gian rdi
"Dpi cheo vd mua sQ tQ cua thon la cua cdc cu hdi xUa cQ truyin tQ ddi ndy qua ddi khde Tdcheo cd 12 ngQdi vd phu hga cd khodng 15 ngUdi, hdt cheo thudng bieu dien vdo ngdy 10110 dm lich hdng ndm trong li te Thdnh hodng cua dinh, tQ dem 9
Trang 10Nguyin Tudn Minh 69
den het sdng 10/10 Dpi sU tQ cua Idng cd 14 anh em, thudng bieu diin vdo nhQng dip rdm thdng 8, mQng ddng mQng xudn ra qudn, dgi hdi the due the thao, xd cd viec
gi cdn thi thQdng mdi cdc ddi ndy cua thon len" (Nam, 55 tudi)
Phong trao "toan dan doan ket xay dflng ddi sd'ng van hda" ma eu the la phong trao xay diing lang van hda dfldc thiic hien kha hieu qua d Trinh Xa, 7/8 thdn dfldc cdng nhan la lang van hda, cae thu tuc lac hau tflng bfldc dfldc xda bd, dam cfldi, dam tang trang trpng, gpn nhe, tiet kiem, cac boat ddng van hda van nghe the due the thao dfldc khdi day va td chflc hang nam da gdp p h i n cai thien ddi sd'ng van hda tinh
thin ciia ngfldi dan "NhQng ngdy le Idn hodc ddu xudn tQ 7-1 den rdm thdng rieng Id
td chQc vui vdn nghe hodc cdu long, bdng chuyin, cd tQdng" (Nam 55 tudi)
Ben canh dd, vdi dac thu la mdt xa cd den 7 ngdi chua, 7 ngdi dinh (trong dd 1 ngdi dinh dfldc xep hang di tich lich sii van hda clp qud'c gia) va 3 nha thd hp dao da khdng chi dap flng dfldc nhu c l u tam linh ma edn ea nhu c l u van hda tinh t h i n cua ngfldi dan trong xa
4 Ket l u a n v a m o t vai n h a n x e t
Cac boat ddng trong thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn chfla da dang va thdi Ifldng danh cho cac boat ddng nay chfla nhieu Cac boat ddng phd bien la xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm, tiep den la mdt sd boat ddng khdng thfldng xuyen: nhfl nghe dai, dpc sach bio, di ll ehfla/nha thd
Cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla eac dac diem gidi tinh, tudi, trinh
dp hpc van va mflc sd'ng gia dinh vdi viee sii dung thdi gian rdi
Trong cae yeu td' anh hfldng den viee sif dung thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn thi dieu kien kinh te la mdt yeu td anh hfldng manh nhat, tiep den la cac ydu td' nhfl: viec phan cdng lao ddng trong gia dinh, cae thiet che va cae boat ddng, phong trao van hda
d dia phfldng
Tfl ket qua nghien cflu tren cd the thly, vdi dac thfl met xa t h u i n ndng va mfle
do dd thi hda vfla phai, Trinh Xa v i n edn nhieu viee eIn phai lam tfl phat trien kinh
te den viee xay dflng ddi sd'ng van hda ndng thdn de dap flng nguyen vpng cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn trong thdi dai mdi Mdt sd viec c i n phai tiep tuc va trien khai nhfl:
Day manh hdn nfla eac boat ddng phat trien kinh te d dia phfldng, dac biet quan tam den van de viee lam cua thanh nien bdi thflc trang "lang ving thanh nien" dang cd ve r l t phd bien tai Trinh Xa
Tuyen truyen va cd nhflng boat ddng tich eiic hdn nfla de thiic hien viec binh ding gidi d dia phfldng n h i t la trong cac boat ddng lao ddng trong gia dinh va vui chdi, giai tri
Tang cfldng d i u tfl'trang thiet bi cho cac thiet che van hda va bd sung nhan sfl, kinh phi cho cac boat ddng van hda, the due the thao Dac biet chu y gin gifl, phat huy va bao ve cac boat ddng van hda truyen thd'ng eua dia phfldng./