Báo cáo khoa học: "DEALING WITH THE NOTION "OBLIGATORY" IN SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS" docx

There is hope.. He insists on his opinion... 1975 Abh~ingigkeitsgramma- tik.

D o r o t h e e R e i m a n n

Z e n t r a l i n s t i t u t f ~ r S p r a c h w i s s e n s c h a f t

A k a d e m i e d e r W i s s e n s c h a f t e n d e r D D R

P r e n z l a u e r P r o m e n a d e 1 4 9 - 1 5 2

B e r l i n

D D R - I I 0 0

A B S T R A C T

In t h e p a p e r t h e u s e of t h e n o t i o n

" o b l i g a t o r y c o m p l e m e n t " in s y n t a c t i c

a n a l y s i s is d i s c u s s e d In m a n y t h e o r i e s

w h i c h s e r v e as b a s e s f o r s y n t a c t i c

a n a l y s i s p r o c e d u r e s t h e r e a r e d e v i c e s t o

e x p r e s s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n o b l i g a t o r y

and o p t i o n a l c o m p l e m e n t s on t h e r u l e

level, i.e v i a t h e l e x i c o n t h e w o r d f o r m s

a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s e r u l e s w h e r e t h e

f i t t i n g p r o p e r t i e s a r e e x p r e s s e d I'll

s h o w t h a t s u c h an a p p r o a c h l e a d s t o s o m e

p r o b l e m s , if w e w a n t t o h a n d l e r e a l t e x t s

in s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s

In t h e f i r s t p a r t I'll o u t l i n e t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k w e w o r k with T h e n

I'll d i s c u s s for w h i c h p u r p o s e t h e u s e of

t h e n o t i o n o b l i g a t o r y h a s s o m e a d v a n t a g e s

a n d in t h e l a s t p a r t I'll s h o w s h o r t l y h o w

w e i n t e n d t o u s e t h i s n o t i o n

- in l e x i c a l e n t r i e s ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o

m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s ) and

- in t h e s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s p r o c e s s

S O M E T H E O R E T I C A L P R E R E Q U I S I T E S

T h e b a s i s of o u r w o r k is a s p e c i a l

v e r s i o n of a d e p e n d e n c y g r a m m a r ( K u n z e

1975) In t h i s t h e o r y a s y n t a c t i c

s t r u c t u r e of a s e n t e n c e is r e p r e s e n t e d as

a tree, w h e r e t h e n o d e s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e

w o r d f o r m s of t h e s e n t e n c e a n d t h e e d g e s

e x p r e s s t h e d e p e n d e n c i e s b e t w e e n t h e w o r d -

forms T h e e d g e s a r e m a r k e d b y s u b o r d i n a -

t i o n r e l a t i o n s (SR's) w h i c h d e s c r i b e t h e

r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s u b t r e e " u n d e r " t h e

e d g e a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t r e e c o n t e x t

B e s i d e s t h e s y n t a c t i c d e p e n d e n c i e s

o t h e r c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e w o r d f o r m s of

t h e s e n t e n c e r e m a i n w h i c h e x p r e s s c e r t a i n

c o n g r u e n c e s a n d r e s t r i c t i o n s H e r e w e h a v e

c o n g r u e n c e s - s o - c a l l e d p a r a d i g m a t i c

c o n n e c t i o n s - l i k e (the l i s t e d c a t e g o r i e s

c o n c e r n t h e G e r m a n v a r i a n t ) :

f r o m a n o u n t o an a t t r i b u t e (gender,

n u m b e r , case)

f r o m a p r e p o s i t i o n t o t h e n o u n (case)

f r o m t h e s u b j e c t t o t h e f i n i t e v e r b

(number, p e r s o n )

a n d r e s t r i c t i o n s - s e l e c t i v e c o n n e c t i o n s -

like:

f r o m t h e v e r b t o t h e (deep) s u b j e c t

f r o m t h e v e r b t o t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t etc

T h e s e l e c t i v e c o n n e c t i o n s a l s o a p p l y t o all t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l v a r i a n t s of t h e

c o n c e r n e d p h e n o m e n o n (let us t a k e t h e

S U B J - c o n n e c t i o n ) :

(I)

( 2 )

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

J o h n l i e s t e i n Buch

( J o h n r e a d s a book )

Ich s e h e J o h n e i n B u c h lesen (I s e e J o h n r e a d i n g a book )

D a s B u c h w i r d v o n J o h n g e l e s e n (The b o o k is r e a d b y J o h n )

D a s v o n J o h n g e l e s e n e B u c h (The b o o k r e a d b y J o h n .)

D a s L e s e n d e s B u c h e s d u r c h J o h n (The r e a d i n g of t h e b o o k b y J o h n .)

D e r e i n B u c h l e s e n d e J o h n ( J o h n r e a d i n g a b o o k .)

(7) John, d e r e i n B u c h l i e s t

( J o h n w h o r e a d s a b o o k )

It is e a s y t o s e e t h a t t h e t r e e

p r o p e r t y w o u l d b e d e s t r o y e d if t h e s e

c o n n e c t i o n s w e r e i n c l u d e d as e d g e s in t h e

tree To s a v e t h e t r e e p r o p e r t y K u n z e

i n t r o d u c e d t h e m e c h a n i s m of p a t h s of

a c t i o n f o r t h e p a r a d i g m a t i c a n d s e l e c t i v e

c o n n e c t i o n s T h e s e p a t h s run a l o n g t h e

edges, i.e t h e y c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a l s o b y

t h e s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s T h i s is o n e

e s s e n t i a l r e a s o n f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e

S R ' s v e r y s t r o n g l y

F o r i n s t a n c e , it is n e c e s s a r y t o

d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n

- t h e " n o r m a l " d i r e c t o b j e c t a n d t h e

d i r e c t o b j e c t w i t h s u b j e c t role:

J o h n r e a d s a boo~

I s e e J o h ~ r e a d i n g a book

- an a d j e c t i v e as a t t r i b u t e a n d a

p a r t i c i p l e as a t t r i b u t e :

T h e ~ E b o o k

T h e r_~gding J o h n

- t h e s u b j e c t in an a c t i v e c l a u s e a n d t h e

s u b j e c t in a p a s s i v e c l a u s e :

J o h n r e a d s a book

A b o Q ~ is r e a d b y John

B e s i d e s t h e s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s

a n o t h e r c e n t r a l c o n c e p t in K u n z e ' s t h e o r y

a r e t h e h ~ l e s (see a l s o R e i m a n n , 1982)

A b u n d l e is a s u b s t r u c t u r e of a d e p e n d e n c y

t r e e w h i c h c o n t a i n s e x a c t l y o n e t o p n o d e

and all n o d e s d i r e c t l y s u b o r d i n a t e d t o it

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e d g e s b e t w e e n (and t h e i r

m a r k i n g s - t h e s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s )

T h e o r i g i n a l i d e a w a s t o u s e t h e b u n d l e s

as s y n t a c t i c rules F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , t h e

b u n d l e is r e g a r d e d as a s y s t e m of

c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h h a v e t o b e f u l f i l l e d b y a

s e t of n o d e s t o c o n s t r u c t t h e s t r u c t u r e

w h i c h t h e b u n d l e p r e s c r i b e d

B u t a n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y t o u s e b u n d l e s

is t h e f o l l o w i n g : T h e y c a n s e r v e as

d e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r

of w o r d f o r m s (i.e t h e s u r f a c e f o r m of

v a l e n c y ) In t h i s way, t h e a p p r o a c h is

s i m i l a r t o o t h e r t h e o r i e s : In t h e l e x i c a l

e n t r i e s of t h e w o r d f o r m s t h e r e is a

p o i n t e r t o t h e r u l e s w h i c h c a n b e a p p l i e d

w i t h t h e c o n c e r n e d w o r d f o r m as t o p node

O u r a p p r o a c h g o e s f a r t h e r in t h e

d i r e c t i o n of d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r

d e s c r i p t i o n s H a v i n g in m i n d that,

e s p e c i a l l y for n o u n s a n d verbs, t h e

d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r is a v e r y c o m p l e x one,

i.e m a n y d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s c a n b e s u b -

o r d i n a t e d t o n o u n s a n d v e r b s : m a n y of t h e m

a r e o p t i o n a l , s o m e of t h e m s t a n d in

c e r t a i n r e l a t i o n s t o others, etc T h u s w e

c o n c e n t r a t e all t h e s e b u n d l e s b y d e f i n i n g

a n o t h e r f o r m of a b u n d l e , w h i c h c o n s i s t s ,

F o r i n s t a n c e :

P e t e r s t i e h l t

P e t e r s t i e h l t e i n Auto

P e t e r s t i e h l t d a m B a u e r n d a s Auto

P e t e r s t i e h l t d a m B a u e r n d a s A u t o v o m

Hof

P e t e r s t i e h l t d a s A u t o v o m Hof

* P e t e r s t i e h l t v o m Hof

* P e t e r s t i e h l t d a m B a u e r n

As w e c a n see, o n l y t h e s u b j e c t is

o b l i g a t o r y (in t h e a c t i v e s e n t e n c e ) , b u t

t h e i n d i r e c t o b j e c t as w e l l as t h e

d i r e c t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e a r e o n l y used, if

t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t b e l o n g s t o t h e s e n t e n c e

T h e s e f a c t s c a n b e e x p r e s s e d b y a l o g i c a l

f o r m u l a l i k e this:

( S U B J @a v ( ( I O B J v D I R ) - ~ D O B J ) )

T h a t m e a n s w e r e p r e s e n t t h e d o m i n a n c e

b e h a v i c u r of w o r d f o r m s b y l o g i c a l f o r m u l a s (in s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s ) - we c a l l

t h e s e f o r m u l a s b u n d l e s It is q u i t e c l e a r

t h a t it is n o t so e a s y t o u s e t h e s e

b u n d l e s as r u l e s f o r s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s ,

b u t to d e s c r i b e t h e d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r of

w o r d f o r m s t h e y s e e m t o be q u i t e

a p p r o p r i a t e I w o n ' t d e a l h e r e w i t h f r e e

m o d i f i c a t i o n s (real a d j u n c t s and o t h e r

p e r i p h e r a l e l e m e n t s ) , a l t h o u g h t h e y

b e l o n g , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h e o r y , a l s o t o

t h e b u n d l e s To h a n d l e t h e m a s p e c i a l

m e c h a n i s m is i n c l u d e d in t h e a n a l y s i s

p r o c e d u r e

T H E P H E N O M E N O N O F O B L I G A T O R Y C O M P L E M E N T S

In t h e v a l e n c y t h e o r y o b l i g a t o r y

c o m p l e m e n t s a r e n o r m a l l y r e g a r d e d as

s p e c i a l p a r t s of t h e c o n c e p t of t h e verb

O n t h i s level t h e n o t i o n " o b l i g a t o r y " h a s

o f t e n b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d It is c o n n e c t e d

w i t h t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n " c o m p l e m e n t -

a d j u n c t " , b u t t h e r e a r e a l s o o p t i o n a l

c o m p l e m e n t s and o b l i g a t o r y a d j u n c t s

F o r a u t o m a t i c p r o c e s s i n g t h i s

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is n o t s u f f i c i e n t :

H S o m e r s (1986) s h o w e d t h a t a m o r e

f l e x i b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n l e a d t o b e t t e r

r e s u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t to

m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n S o m e r s r e f e r r e d a l s o

t o t h e p r o b l e m t h a t o b l i g a t o r y

c o m p l e m e n t s c a n b e " h i d d e n " in t h e text:

- E l l i p s e s and o t h e r p h e n o m e n a lead to

o m i s s i o n s w h i c h a r e h a r d t o h a n d l e

- In m o d i f i e d s y n t a c t i c c o n s t r u c t i o n s ( p a s s i v e , n o m i n a l i s a t i o n s ) c o m p l e m e n t s

c a n b e o m i t t e d r e g u l a r l y

- In o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s t h e c o m p l e m e n t s

s t a n d in q u i t e d i f f e r e n t r e l a t i o n s to

t h e f o r m d e r i v e d f r o m a v e r b (the

p h e n o m e n o n of c o n t r o l , a t t r i b u t i v e

p a r t i c i p l e s etc.) In t h e s e c a s e s t h e

c o m p l e m e n t s h a v e to be f o u n d b y s p e c i a l tools

C o n c e r n i n g t h e e x a m p l e s in t h e f i r s t

p a r a g r a p h r e g u l a r o m i s s i o n s a r e p o s s i b l e

t h i r d category T h e y all h a v e to be

h a n d l e d in s y n t a c t i c analysis, b u t the

q u e s t i o n arises: W h a t is t h e a d v a n t a g e of

u s i n g the n o t i o n o b l i g a t o r y u n d e r the

n a m e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s ?

O b l i g a t o r y in s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s

N o r m a l l y we s u p p o s e t h a t s e n t e n c e s to

be a n a l y s e d are correct But, if we

c o n s t r u c t a set of b u n d l e s (with

o b l i g a t o r y edges), we are d e f i n i n g a set

of s e n t e n c e s w h i c h w i l l n e v e r be complete

If t h e r e are no o b l i g a t o r y edges, the

d e s c r i b e d set is b e t t e r c o v e r i n g t h e set

of c o r r e c t sentences O n l y v e r y s i m p l e

d e m a n d s h a v e to be r e g a r d e d like t h e

n e c e s s i t y of the s u r f a c e subject In this

w a y a p a r s i n g s y s t e m can w o r k q u i t e well

In the $ a a r b r G c k e n M T - s y s t e m s a

d i c t i o n a r y is u s e d w h e r e all c o m p l e m e n t s

are e n t e r e d in a c u m u l a t i v e w a y w i t h o u t

the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o b l i g a t o r y - o p t i o n a l or

o t h e r r e l a t i o n s (Luckhardt, 1985)

B u t I think, t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s to

c o m b i n e c o m p l e m e n t s of v e r b s (and of

d e r i v e d forms) and t h u s also t h e n o t i o n

o b l i g a t o r y can be v e r y u s e f u l to s o l v e

a m b i g u i t i e s and to d i s t i n g u i s h d i f f e r e n t

m e a n i n g s of a verb By the way, a l s o in

S a a r b r G c k e n such m e c h a n i s m s are used, b u t

o n l y in the s o - c a l l e d s e m a n t i c a n a l y s i s

f o l l o w i n g t h e s y n t a c t i c analysis

To s h o w the a d v a n t a g e s I'll t a k e the

f o l l o w i n g v e r b s as examples:

a) E @ c h n @ ~

(I) Er r e c h n e t (die A u f g a b e n )

(He c a l c u l a t e s (the e x e r c i c e s ) )

(2) Er r e c h n e t ihn zu s e i n e n Freunden

(He r e c k o n s h i m a m o n g his friends.)

(3) Er r e c h n e t m i t ibm

(He t a k e s h i m into a c c o u n t )

In t h e f i r s t c a s e t h e d i r e c t o b j e c t is

optional, but t h e p r e p o s i t i o n a l o b j e c t s in

b o t h o t h e r cases as well as t h e d i r e c t

o b j e c t in the s e c o n d c a s e are obligatory

If not, t h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e w o u l d h a v e all

t h r e e m e a n i n g s ! O n l y t h e s u b j e c t is not

i m p o r t a n t for t h e d i s t i n c t i o n of t h e

meanings, and it is n o t as o b l i g a t o r y as

the o t h e r c o m p l e m e n t s , b e c a u s e it can be

o m i t t e d by p a s s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

b) b_.~e s ~t eh en

(I) Es b e s t e h t Hoffnung

(There is hope.)

(2) Er b e s t e h t d i e PrGfung

(He p a s s e s the e x a m i n a t i o n )

(3) Die F a b r i k b e s t e h t seit 3 Jahren

(The f a c t o r y has e x i s t e d for .)

(4) Er b e s t e h t auf s e i n e r Meinung

(He insists on his opinion.)

(5) D i e W a n d b e s t e h t aus Steinen

(The wall c o n s i s t s of stones

(6) Das W e s e n d e r S a c h e b e s t e h t darin, (The n a t u r e c o n s i s t s in .)

H e r e in (I) and (3) t h e s u b j e c t is obligatory, b u t in (2) only t h e d i r e c t object In the o t h e r c a s e s t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n a l o b j e c t s are obligatory, thus the d i s t i n c t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s

is p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t a m b i g u i t i e s c) e r w ~ r t e n

(i) Er e r w a r t e t G~ste

(He is w a i t i n g for g u e s t s ) (2) Die K i n d e r e r w a r t e n (von d e n E l t e r n )

ein Geschenk

(The c h i l d r e n e x p e c t a g i f t (from

t h e i r p a r e n t s ) )

B e c a u s e of the p o s s i b i l i t y to f o r m a

p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e f r o m (I), t h e s u b j e c t is not o b l i g a t o r y in this case But in (2) it

is o b l i g a t o r y U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e

d i s t i n c t i v e c o m p l e m e n t w i t h y o n is n o t obligatory, thus t h e d i s t i n c t i o n of t h e s e

t w o m e a n i n g s r e q u i r e s also to t a k e into

c o n s i d e r a t i o n the s e l e c t i v e p r o p e r t i e s of the d i r e c t object

The c o n c l u s i o n of this p a r a g r a p h can be

t h a t the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in o b l i g a t o r y and

o p t i o n a l c o m p l e m e n t s is o n l y i m p o r t a n t in

a final s t a g e of s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s to

s u p p o r t the d i s t i n c t i o n of d i f f e r e n t

m e a n i n g s of w o r d f o r m s ( e s p e c i a l l y v e r b a l forms or forms d e r i v e d f r o m verbs) B u t this d i s t i n c t i o n is v e r y u s e f u l m a i n l y

w i t h r e s p e c t to m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n , as we can see t r a n s l a t i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s

of the examples

P R A C T I C A L C O N C L U S I O N S

As we h a v e seen in the first p a r a g r a p h the b u n d l e s (i.e t h e logical f o r m u l a s )

h a v e t h e i r p l a c e in the l e x i c o n as

d e s c r i p t i o n of the d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r of the wcrdforms T h e r e is no problem, if a

w o r d f o r m l e x i c o n (with full forms) is used But in an e x t e n s i v e s y n t a c t i c

a n a l y s i s s y s t e m a m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s has to be included

O b l i g a t o r y in t h e l e x i c o n

F o r a m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s (not o n l y

an i n f l e x i o n a n a l y s i s ) we need a l e x i c o n

of b a s e s and a l e x i c o n of affixes In the

l e x i c o n of b a s e s t h e r e m u s t be a g e n e r a l

d e s c r i p t i o n of the g r a m m a t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s and with the a f f i x e s rules h a v e to be

s t a t e d for c a l c u l a t i n g the p r o p e r t i e s of the d e r i v e d w o r d f o r m s

W h a t does this m e a n for the d e s c r i p t i o n

of the d o m i n a n c e b e h a v i o u r ? To c a l c u l a t e

w i t h the logical f o r m u l a s seems to be not

v e r y convenient

T h e r e f o r e the d o m i n a n c e c o m p o n e n t is

d i v i d e d into two parts: The f i r s t one is a

r e l a t i o n s a n d t h e s e c o n d o n e c o n t a i n s t h e

b u n d l e s

F o r t h e f i r s t p a r t a s p l i t t i n g of t h e

s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s is a d v a n t a g e o u s

T h e s u b o r d i n a t i o n r e l a t i o n s a r e v e r y

c o m p l e x t h i n g s c o n s i s t i n g of d i f f e r e n t

k i n d s of i n f o r m a t i o n :

- u s u a l i d e a s a b o u t s y n t a c t i c p a r t s of

s e n t e n c e s l i k e s u b j e c t , a t t r i b u t e

- p a t h s of a c t i o n f o r s e l e c t i v e

c o n n e c t i o n s ,

- p a t h s of a c t i o n f o r p a r a d i g m a t i c

c o n n e c t i o n s ,

- w o r d c l a s s c o n d i t i o n s etc

T h e f i r s t t w o e x p r e s s t h e w e l l - k n o w n

s y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n s (SF's), t h e o t h e r s

t h e i r a ~ p e a r a n c e s - s o - c a l l e d m o r p h o -

s y n t a c t i c r e l a t i o n s (MSR's) - w h i c h a r e

o n l y n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o g n i z e t h e s y n t a c t i c

f u n c t i o n s If a s y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n is

r e c o g n i z e d , t h e u s e d m o r p h o - s y n t a c t i c

r e l a t i o n c a n b e f o r g o t t e n

T h u s t h i s p a r t of t h e d o m i n a n c e

c o m p o n e n t is a l i s t of s y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n s

w h i c h h a v e p o i n t e r s t o t h e M S R ' s

e x p r e s s i n g t h i s s y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n in c a s e

of t h e c o n c e r n e d w o r d f o r m ( S F - M S R - I i s t )

The r u l e s f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s c o n c e r n o n l y

t h i s list, i.e o n l y t h e M S R ' s u n d e r t h e

S F ' s can b e c h a n g e d F o r i n s t a n c e :

r e c h n e n

S F ' s M S R ' s

S U B J N-I n o u n in n o m i n a t i v e c a s e

D O B J N - 4 n o u n in a c c u s s a t i v e c a s e

ZU P - Z U p r e p o s i t i o n z u

M I T P - M I T p r e p o s i t i o n m i t

or S - D A S S d_a~_-clause

or I-ZU i n f i n i t i v e w i t h z u

( S - D A S S a n d I-ZU o n l y w i t h

c o r r e l a t e )

A f t e r t h e p a s s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n we

h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g list:

S U B J

D O B J

ZU

M I T

P - P R A C T p r e p o s i t i o n a l a c t o r

N-I n o u n in n o m i n a t i v e c a s e

s e e a b o v e

s e e a b o v e

A n o m i n a l i s a t i o n (die ~ e Q h ~ g ) l e a d s

t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :

S U B J N - 2 n o u n in g e n i t i v e c a s e

or P - P R A C T p r e p o s i t i o n a l a c t o r

D O B J N - 2 n o u n in g e n i t i v e c a s e

or P - V O N p r e p o s i t i o n y o n

M I T s e e a b o v e

T h u s t h e b u n d l e s a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d b y

t h e r u l e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e d e r i v a t i o n s

B u t t h e p r o b l e m r e m a i n s h o w t o h a n d l e t h e

p r o p e r t y " o b l i g a t o r y " here W e h a v e t w o

p o s s i b i l i t i e s :

- O n l y t h o s e c o m p l e m e n t s w h i c h a r e

m a r k e d b y t h e s i g n OB In t h i s case,

t h e s u b j e c t is n o t o b l i g a t o r y f o r m a n y

v e r b s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r all t r a n s i t i v e verbs C h o o s i n g t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y , t h e

" s u r f a c e o b l i g a t e n e s s " (e.g of a

s u r f a c e s u b j e c t ) h a s t o b e g e n e r a t e d

d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s ( d e p e n d i n g on

d e r i v a t i o n )

- All s e m a n t i c a l l y o b l i g a t o r y c o m p l e m e n t s

a r e m a r k e d b y OB T h e n c h a n g e s h a v e t o

b e p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t h e a n a l y s i s

p r o c e s s , too

W e i n t e n d t o f o l l o w t h e f i r s t way A t

t h i s p o i n t t h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s h o w t o d e a l

w i t h t h e o m i s s i o n s of t h e t h i r d c a t e g o r y ,

w h e r e t h e c o m p l e m e n t s a r e n o t r e a l l y

o m i t t e d , b u t h a v e t o b e l o o k e d f o r at

o t h e r p l a c e s w i t h i n t h e s e n t e n c e T h a t

m e a n s t h a t t h e s e c o m p l e m e n t s a r e n o t

c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e v e r b a l n o d e b y a d i r e c t

e d g e ( d o w n w a r d ) , b u t - in o u r t h e o r y -

t h e y a r e c o n n e c t e d b y a p a t h of a c t i o n for

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e l e c t i v e c o n n e c t i o n In

t h i s w a y it is p o s s i b l e t o let t h e s e

c o m p l e m e n t s b e o b l i g a t o r y and t o r e m a r k in

t h e S F - M S R - I i s t t h a t i n s t e a d of a M S R a

p a t h af a c t i o n l e a d s t o t h e c o n c e r n e d

c o m p l e m e n t

T h u s t h e S F - M S R - I i s t f o r t h e i n f i n i t i v e

E e R h n e n w i l l h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

S U B J v i a S U B J - p a t h of a c t i o n

D O B J N - 4

ZU s e e a b o v e

M I T s e e a b o v e

As r e s u l t of t h e d i s c u s s i o n w e h a v e t h e

f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a s for t h e d i f f e r e n t

m e a n i n g s of r e c h n e n : (I) ( S U B J v D O B J ) (2) ( S U B J v (ZU A D O B J ) oB) (3) (SUBJ v M I T e S )

O b l i g a t o r y in t h e a n a l y s i s p r o c e s s

F i n a l l y I'll g i v e a s h o r t s u r v e y of o u r

s y n t a c t i c a n a l y s i s s y s t e m to s h o w t h a t t h e

b u n d l e s and w i t h t h e m a l s o t h e n o t i o n

o b l i g a t o r y - a r e u s e d o n l y in t h e v e r y

f i n a l stage

T h e f i r s t s t e p of t h e p r o c e d u r e is a

s e q u e n t i a l p r e a n a l y s i s ( p e r f o r m e d b y an ATN) w h i c h h a s t h e t a s k t o f i n d t h e

s e g m e n t s of t h e s e n t e n c e a n d t h e v e r b a l

g r o u p s of e a c h clause

T h e s e c o n d s t e p is a local a n a l y s i s

w h e r e o n l y t w o n o d e s a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e m a r e r e g a r d e d H e r e t h e S F -

M S R - l i s t s a r e u s e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h e

p o s s i b l e s y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n s

B u t in t h e t h i r d s t e p w r o n g r e a d i n g s

f r o m t h e f i r s t t w o s t e p s a r e f i l t e r e d o u t

u s i n g t h e b u n d l e s , i.e t h e l o g i c a l

c o n d i t i o n s ( t r a n s p o r t e d by t h e p a t h s of action) A side e f f e c t of this s o - c a l l e d global b u n d l e a n a l y s i s is t h e s e l e c t i o n of the actual verbal meaning O n l y h e r e t h e

n o t i o n " o b l i g a t o r y " is used

To c o n c l u d e this p a p e r I'll e m p h a s i z e once m o r e t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h h a v e to be

t a k e n into c o n s i d e r a t i o n , if the n o t i o n

" o b l i g a t o r y " is u s e d for s y n t a c t i c analysis:

- The a d v a n t a g e of u s i n g such a c o n c e p t

is the p o s s i b i l i t y to s o l v e a m b i g u i t i e s and t o s.elect actual m e a n i n g s of w o r d - forms ( e s p e c i a l l y v e r b a l forms) This is the r e a s o n w h y it shall be used only in a final s t a g e of analysis

- The d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s to omit

o b l i g a t o r y c o m p l e m e n t s h a v e to be

t r e a t e d in an a d e q u a t e way H e r e special p r o c e d u r e s d u r i n g m o r p h o l o g i c a l

a n a l y s i s and the m e c h a n i s m of s e l e c t i v e

c o n n e c t i o n s (paths of action) can h e l p

to h a n d l e t h e r e g u l a r cases F o r o t h e r

o m i s s i o n s (in e l l i p s e s etc.) d e f a u l t

s o l u t i o n s are proposed

R E F E R E N C E S Engel, U.; Schumacher, H 1978 K l e i n e s

V a l e n z l e x i k o n d e u t s c h e r Verben TBL

V e r l a g G u n t e r Narr, THbingen

Helbig, G.; Schenkel, W 1983 W ~ r t e r b u c h zur V a l e n z und D i s t r i b u t i o n d e u t s c h e r Verben V e r l a g E n z y k l o p ~ d i e , Leipzig Kunze, J~rgen 1975 Abh~ingigkeitsgramma- tik S t u d i a G r s m m a t i c a XIl, A k a d e m i e - Verlag, Berlin

Luckhardt, H e i n z - D i r k 1985 V a l e n z und

T i e f e n k a s u s in d e r m a s c h i n e l l e n O b e r - setzung C L - R e p o r t No 4, S o n d e r f o r -

s c h u n g s b e r e i c h I00, U n i v e r s i t ~ t des Saarlandes, S a a r b r ~ c k e n

Reimann, Dorothee 1982 B ~ s e h e l als syn-

t a k t i s c h e Regeln In: Kunze, J0rgen, Ed., A u t o m a t i s e h e A n a l y s e des D e u t - schen A k a d e m i e - V e r l a g , Berlin

Somers, H a r o l d L 1988 The N e e d for MT-

o r i e n t e d V e r s i o n s of Case and V a l e n c y

in MT In: P r o c e e d i n g s COLING'86, Bonn