xay dung va phat trien thuy dien thdi gian qua da dat dupc kit qua quan trpng trong viec khde phuc tinh trang thie'u dien va gdp phdn cung cap ngudn dien chu yeu cho he thd'ng dien qudc
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M 6 I TRUCING 6 cAc DU AN THOY DI£N
PHAM QUANG TtJ,*
PHAN piNH NHA, NGUYfiN VAN SV"
^IT^ hiiy dien dupc xac djnh la mdt trong
\}/ nhQng ngudn nang lupng uu lien ddu
tu trong ke hoach phat triln dien nang cua
•Viet Nam Ket qua tdng hcfp lii cac quy hoach
phat trien thiiy dien cua Bd Cdng thuong
(theo tdng so dd VI va quy hoach ciia cac dia
phuong), tdng sd cdng trinh thuy dien ca nudc
du kien xay dung khoang 1021 cdng trinh
phan bd b 36 tinh vdi tdng cdng sua't thie't ke'
khoang hon 24 nghin MW Xay dung thuy
dien se phai thu hdi dien lich ddt dai ldn,
trong do chu yeu la ddt san xudt ndng lam
nghiep va di dan tai djnh cu (TDC) lien quan
den ddng bao dan tdc thieu so
xay dung va phat trien thuy dien thdi gian
qua da dat dupc kit qua quan trpng trong viec
khde phuc tinh trang thie'u dien va gdp phdn
cung cap ngudn dien chu yeu cho he thd'ng
dien qudc gia phuc vu sir nghiep phat trien
kinh te' xa hpi Ngoai nhiem vu tfch nudc phat
dien, cac hd chiia da phat huy hieu qua ve
dilu tiet chdng 10, chdng han cho ha luu, cung
cdp nudc cho san xudt va sinh hoat, gdp phan
cai thien dp am va dilu hoa tilu khf hau, tao
CO hdi phat trien mdt sd nganh nghe va dich
vu mdi (nudi trdng danh bat thiiy san, du Ijch
sinh thai, djch vu tdng hpp ) Cdng lac di
dan TDC da gdp phdn dn djnh cupc sdng cho
ngudi dan va tao dieu kien quan ly cd hieu
qua tinh hinh an ninh chfnh trj va dn djnh xa
hdi Tai cac khu TDC, nha d dupc xay dung
khang trang hen, co sd ha tang kha ddy dii tao
dieu kien thuan lpi cho cdng ddng TDC dl
dang tie'p can vdi thj trudng, tie'p can cac djch
vu kinh te' xa hdi va tao co hdi cai thien va
phat Irien kinh te
Tuy nhien, ben canh lpi fch va kit qua dat
dupc, xay dung thuy dien va di dan TDC
cung gay ra nhilu vdn de biic xiic vl kinh te'
xa hdi va anh hudng bdt lpi d^n quan iy bao
ve tai nguyen mdi Irudng khdng chi xay ra d mdt vai cdng trinh ddn le ma trd thanh tinh trang phd bie'n d hdu h^t cac du an thuy dien
cd di dan TDC Vi vay, vdn dl thu hdi ddt va
di dan TDC ciia cac du an thuy dien ddi hdi cdn cd nghien ciiu danh gia lam co sd dl xuat kie'n nghj dilu chinh chfnh sach hpp ly, khac phuc hau qua cac du an TDC dl giai quylt hai hda lpi fch cua cac ben, gop phdn tao ddng luc phat trien bin viing Bai viet nay tdng hpp kit qua nghien ciiu cua Vien
Tu va'n phat triln tir 2008 - 2010 ve "Di dan tai djnh cu, dn djnh cupc sd'ng va bao ve tai nguyen mdi irudng d cac du an thuy dien Viet Nam" qua nghien ciiu trudng hpp TDC xen ghep d huyen Ham Yen cua du an thuy dien Tuyen Quang, khu TDC xa Hao Ly (thiiy dien Hoa Binh), khu TDC xa Ngpc Lam (thuy dien Ban Ve) va khu TDC Kroong KTah (thiiy dien Yaly)
1 Mot sd anh huong bat Ipi den cupc sdng ngudi dan tai dinh cu va tai nguyen mdi trudng khi xay dung thuy dien
a) Sinh keciia cong dong di ddn tdi dinh cii chdm phuc hoi vd dura on dinh cuoc sdng
Thu hdi da't, di dan TDC trong cac du an thiiy dien cd nhilu tac ddng lieu cue va manh
me den ngudn vdn sinh ke, nha't la dd'i vdi ngud'n vdn tai nguyen tu nhien, vdn xa hdi va vd'n tai chfnh Thdi gian phuc hdi sinh ke va
dn djnh cude sdng cua ngudi dan TDC phu thudc vao miic dp tac ddng bat lpi vao cac ngudn vd'n sinh ke va su hd Irp cua chi'nh sach TDC nhdm cai thien cac ngudn vd'n nay
Pham Quang Tu, - Phan Dinh Nha - Nguyen van Su, Vien Tuvan phat trien (CODE)
El
Trang 2Thuc td tai cic didm TDC cho tha'y, cude
sd'ng ciia da sd ngudi dan TDC khi hdt thdi
ban hd trg ciia du an (khoang 2 nam) cdn
gap ri't nhidu khd khan vi kem hdn trudc
khi di ddi TDC Cd ddn 82,2% sd hd cho
ring cude sd'ng ciia hg kem hdn trudc khi
TDC, clii cd 11,2% sd' hd cd cude sd'ng td't
hon Mdt sd didm TDC co ty le sd hd danh
gia cude sd'ng kem hon trudc khi TDC rit
BANG 1 Su thay ddi trong cuoc
cao nhu d khu TDC thudc thuy dien Ban Ve (93%), thiy dien Tuyen Quang (95,4%), Dd'i vdi cic hd din TDC thudc thiiy dien Yaly, do viec di chuydn TDC thuc hien ngay trong dja bin xa, cic didu kien tu nhien, kinh td xa hdi ft bi xao trdn nen ty le hd dinh gia cd cude sdng kem hon trudc khi TDC cd thip hon cic du an didu tra khac nhung vin 6 miic cao (60,9%)
sd'ng ciia hg tii dinh cu so vdi trirdc
Tieu chi
1 K^m hon trudc
2 Nhu noi cf cQ
3 Tdt han trudc
Duan Ihiiy dien (%):
Hoa Binh
77,5
6,5
15,9
Ban Vc
93,0
4,9 2,1
Yaly
60.9
10,6
28,5
Tuyen Quang 95,4 4,6
Chung(%)
82,2
6,6
11,2
Ben canh dd, kha nang phtic hdi sinh kd va
dn dinh thu nhap didn ra rat cham, thudng phai
mat thdi gian dai mdi cd kha nang phuc hdi
(khoang tren 10 nam) Sau khi hdt thdi gian hd
trg (khoang 2 nam) chi cd khoang 3% sd hd
phuc hdi dugc sinh kd nhu trudc day va
khoang 11,2% sd hd phuc hdi dugc sau khi
den TDC tir 3-5 nam 6 khu TDC thdn Kroong
K'lah thudc thiiy dien Yaly (thuc hien di dan
tit 1997) sau hdn 13 nam den TDC vin cdn
33,5% sd hg chua phuc hdi dugc sinh kd, d
khu TDC xa Hao Ly thudc thiiy dien Hoa Binh
(thuc hien di dan ttr 1979 - 1994) sau hon 15
nam den TDC Viin cdn 41,3% so hd chua phuc
hdi dugc sinh kd va dn dinh cude sd'ng
Ngheo ddi vin la tinh trang phd bidn va
dang cd nguy co gia tang, diy ngudi din vao
bay ddi ngheo Ty le hd ngheo d cac khu TDC
ciia du an thiiy dien cao hdn so vdi ty le ngheo
tl ung binh d cac dja phudng, dac biet la cac hd
dan TDC thudc thiiy dien Ban Ve (hdn 80% hd
ngheo), thiiy dien Yaly (33,6%), thuy dien
Tuyen Quang (46,3%) Cac hd TDC ven hd
Hoa Binh sau khi ket thiic hd tro khie phuc
bau qua TDC giai doan 1 (nam 2()01) vjn cdn
40 - 45% ho ngheo, ke't Ihiic giai doan 2 (2008)
con 30-34% hg nglieo (Ban quan ly du an
747/472, 2009)
m
b) Tdi dinh cif ciia cdc du dn thuy dien co nhieu vdn de xd hgi bi'rc xue
Xiy dung cic hd chira thiiy dien da phai di chuyen mdt khdi lugng din cu ldn ra khoi khu virc long hd va vung xay dung cdng tiinh, dan de'n thay ddi noi cu trii, dja ban san xuit va TDC tren nhidu vCing dit mdi gay xao trdn xa hdi Giai doan trudc nam 1990 da phai di ddi khoang tren 120.000 ngudi, giai doan dSu nhihig nim 90 den nay sd lugng di din TDC udc tinh len de'n khoang 460.000 ngudi (Vien chien lugc va chinh sich TNMT, 2009) vi du kie'n 2006 - 2025 cdn phai di chuydn hon 61.0(X) dan (theo du kidn tdng so dd dien VI), trong dd chii ydu la ddng bid dan tdc thieu sd chiem khoang 90,5% (SEI, 2009)
Qui trinh thitc hien thu hdi dit va di dSn TDC gay ra nhidu thic mic, khieu kien keo dai
va didn ra d moi cip va bing nhidu hinh thiic khac nhau Ket qua didu tra 6 cac du an TDC trong linh vuc thuy dien cho thiy, sd hd cd thic mic/khidu kien thudng chidm da sd va xay ra d tit ca cac budc thirc Men du an TDC lit chgn dja diem TDC, cdng tic bdi thudng/ddn bil, xiy dung khu TDC, xay dung khu tai djnh canh de'n cdng tac hd trg san xuit/dn djnh ddi sdng Vin dd ding luu y la nhimg budc thuc hien cd tac dgng deh ngudn lire sinh ke thudng cd ty ie
Trang 3sd hd thdc mdc/khie'u kien cao, dd la cdng tac san xudt, dn djnh ddi sdng (79,2%) va xay bdi thudng/din bu (82,5%), cdng tac hd trp dung khu tai djnh canh (68,7%)
H I N H 1 Ty le hp cd y kien, khieu kien theo cac giai doan TDC
Di dan TDC dii theo hinh thiic tap trung,
xen ghep hay di ven deu gay ra sir gia tang dp
luc vl bao ve tai nguyen, phan chia su dung tai
nguyen, cd su khac biet vl van hda xa hpi giira
cdng ddng TDC vdi nhau va dan cir ban dia
ddn din nguy co xay ra tranh chap, mau thudn
va xung ddt xa hdi Xay dung cac khu TDC
• mdi tap trung tao dilu kien thuan lpi cho cdng
d&ig TDC tie'p can giao luu trao ddi kinh te,
van hda xa hpi vdi ben ngoai nhung cung gay
ra nhilu tac adng tieu cue din ddi sd'ng cua hp
Khi cdng ddng chua chudn bi san sang tam ly
da phai dd'i mat vdi nhirng thay ddi ddt ngpt ve
mdi trudng sdng va nhilu noi tiep can nhanh
chdng voi kinh te" thi trudng, su xam nhap qua
nhanh cua van hda ngoai lai ma cdng ddng
chua kjp thfch nghi hoac ban dja hda ddn de'n
nguy CO lam cho cai cu tai noi d truyen thd'ng
se ddn mdt di, trong khi cai mdi chua kjp hinh
Ihanh, tao nen su hdng hut trong ddi sdng van
hda, keo theo ddi sdng van hda suy kiet va trd
nen ngheo nan Mat khac, tinh trang thieu viec
lam cdng vdi san cd tiln bdi thudng, nhilu te
nan xa hdi cd co hdi xam nhap va phat trien
nhu nghien hiit, ud'ng rupu, an choi dua ddi
va ddn de'n va cham, mau thudn trong cdng
ddng, xung dot van hda vdi dan sd tai
c) Xdy dung thiiy dien vd di ddn ldi dinh cir
CO nhieu tdc dgng bdt lot ve qudn ly tdi nguyen
vd mdi trudng
xay dung hd chiia ngan chan ddng chay va
thudng lam ngap dien tfch dat dai ldn ddn den
thay ddi he ddng thuc vat, anh hudng xau den
da dang sinh hpc va hd sinh thai cung nhu tao
ra nhiing bien ddi vi khf hau trong viing ngap Chi tfnh lir nam 1995 din 2009, trung binh cd gdn 6.000 ha da't/nam phai thu hdi (chu yl'u la da't san xua't ndng nghiep va da't rimg) va trong nhiing nam tdi theo ke' hoach long so dd dien
VI (den 2025) se phai chilm dung them khoang hon 25.000 ha ddt de xay dung thuy dien (chua ke thuy dien nhd) Tren cac luu vuc
ho chiia thuy dien hien nay va quanh khu vuc TDC, tai nguyen rirng hau hit bi suy giam nhanh chdng so vdi trudc khi xay dung cdng trinh
Viec xay dung mot so khu TDC tap trung
cd quy md ldn mac dii thuan lpi cho viec ddu
tu xay dung ddng bp ve ha tang, song cung tao
ap luc ldn vl nhu cdu dat dai cho xay dung khu TDC va da't san xuat ndng nghiep cho ngudi dan den TDC Dl dap iing yeu cau nay mot sd noi da phai khai hoang, pha rimg vdi quy md kha ldn, da tac ddng manh lam thay ddi mdi irudng sinh thai va su phat trien ben virng ciia dia phupng Viec quy hoach, xay dung va quan
ly van hanh cac cdng trinh thuy dien cung nhu cac hoal ddng kinh te tren luu vuc chua hcfp ly
da tac ddng ldn den dien tfch rCrng, dac biet la rCmg phdng hd lam suy giam tai nguyen rtrng gay ID quel, gia lang qua trinh xdi mdn rira trdi da't, bdi Idng Idng hd anh hudng true tiep de'n kha nang cung ca'p dieu tilt ngudn nudc cho nha may thuy dien, lam thay ddi che dp ddng
chay, sat Id b ha luu va sinh ke bin vung cua
cdng ddng
Trang 4Viec hinh thanh cic cum TDC ldn tip teung
bd tri nhu khu din cu dd thi nhung lai thidu he
thdng ddng bd vd thu gom xii l^ nudc thai,
chit thai, thidu cay xanh lim chd mdi trudng
khu dan cu vao miia khd ngiy cang khie
nghiet do bui, khd ndng va bdc miii tit he
thd'ng ve sinh, phd thai sinh boat vi chin nudi
tha rdng tren dien hep
Qua nghien ciiu thuc tidn chd thiy, vin dd
Cd ban cua tinh trang tren diy li do co chd
chinh sach va qua trinh td chiic thuc hien thu
hdi da't va di dan TDC chua dam bao cic didu
kien CO ban ca vd vit chit vi tim l^ de ngudi
dan dll kha nang dd'i mat vi vugt qua nhiing
khd khan Ihach thiic ban diu khi phai thay ddi
mdi trudng sd'ng Die biet la hiu hdt cac khu
TDC chua giai quydt dugc ngudn lire cd ban
cua cude sd'ng ddi vdi ddng bao dan tdc thidu
sd cd dac thii san xuit ndng nghiep, ndng thdn
mien nui la dit san xui't (vira thidu vira khdng
dam bao cha't lugng), ngudn nudc sinh boat va
san xuit (chua ed hoac khdng dap ting nhu ciu
tdi thieu) Nhidu ndi chua dam bao cd sd ha
ting djch vu thie't ye'u nhu y td, giao due Bdi
thudng hd trg TDC khi nha nudc thu hdi dat de
xay dung thuy dien chua bao dam hii hoa igi
ich giiia nha nudc, chii dau tu thiiy dien va
cdng ddng bj anh hudng Ngudi bj thu hdi da't
va di ddi TDC chua dugc bdi thudng day du,
chua dam bao kha nang thay the nhChig thiet
hai ma hg bj mat va thdi gian bd trg chua dii de
phuc bdi ngudn lire sau TDC Trach nhiem td
chue thuc hien du an TDC ciia cic ben lien
quan chua rd rang, thidu kiem tra giam sat chat
che, ngudi dan chua dugc tham gia diy dii vao
qua trinh chuan bj thuc hien du an TDC,
Cong ddng bi anh hudng ndi chung ing hd
chii truong ciia nha nudc va san sang nhudng
dat dd xay dung thiiy dien, nhung hg chua hai
long vdi viec bdi thudng va thuc hien du in
TDC Qua didu tra Ihuc te cho thiy, phin ldn
cdng ddng phai di ddi TDC deu danh gia
khdng hai Idng d til ca cac budc thuc hien dit
an TDC, dac biel la cdng tic bdi thudng/ddn
bil tai san bi thiet hai va hd tro san xuat/dn
djnh ddi sdng (tuong ting la 87,9% va 76,9%)
Ve lira chgn dia diem TDC cd ty le danh gia
khong hai Idng thap ban do du an Yaly thuc
hien TDC ndi ving (khdng xa ndi d cO), cdn cac khu TBC cic du in khie cd miic dd dinh
gii khdng hii long cao nhu du an Tuyen
Quang 65,9% va Ban Ve 79%
HINH 2 Miic do hai 16ng theo cic budc
thuc hien dll an TDC
BdithuOng Luachon Quyhoacltxd Hilr^sxvi Mjnbii di^mrnC MluTQC ddistfng
Q Khdng hai ling aHaiiong O Khong c6yi<l6l
2 Hudng tdi dn dinh cugc sdng cho cdng dong tai dinh cu va quan ly bao ve tai nguyen moi trudng ben vDmg
Tren cd sd phan tich dinh gii viec thuc hien
chinh sach vi thu hdi dit va di din TDC 6 Viet
Nam cung nhu kinh nghiem thuc tidn tren thd gidi, mdt sd kidn nghj didu chinh chinh sich va giai phap td chiic thuc hifin de nang cao hieu qua cac du an TDC nhu sau:
a) Ve cliinh sdch
Trudc bet, cin thd'ng nhit quan diem ve thu hdi da't quy djnh trong Hien phap (1992) va Luit Di't dai (2003) Dd'i vdi thu hdi dit dd thuc hien cic chuong trinh, du in phit tridn
(nhu dir an thiy dien), viec thu hdi dit va TDC
cin diim bao nguyen tic: (i) Sir cdng bang va hai hda vd ldi ich giiia nha nudc, nha diu tu vii ngudi dan cd di't bj thu hdi; (ii) Ngudi cd dat
bj thu hdi la ngudi cd dong gdp vao su phat trien, khdng xem TDC la phin phai sinh cua
du an diu tu, TDC vi phuc hdi sinh kd phai dugc coi nhu du an phit trien kinh td xa hgi cia ving Chinh sich bdi thudng hd trg vii TDC cin dugc nghien cult xay dung dam bao cdng bang, tinh dn djnh thd'ng nhit trong ca nudc trdn co sd khdng tao ra su phin biet ddi
x i vdi timg du in nhung vin dam bad su uu tien theo cac chinh sich vung khd khin, ving dan tdc thieu sd vi coi trgng cdng tic kidm ha
Trang 5giam sat, x& ly kip thdi cac sai pham Viec
dilu chinh chinh sach can dua tren each lilp
can trao quyln cho ngudi dan, thay vi chi dap
ling don thudn cdc nhu cdu thie't ye'u ciia hp va
can tfnh din dilu kien sd'ng cua cdng ddng ddn
tpc vung ndng Ihdn miln mil, dac bi6l la cdc
nhdm ngudi dl bi ldn thuong dl cd chfnh sdch
hd trp dac biet
Chinh sach bdi thudng/dIn bii cdn dilu
chinh bd sung theo hudng: (i) Bdi thudng/dIn
bil dupc tinh tren co sd dam bao gid trj thay thi
(du kinh phi dl mua Iai hay phuc hdi Iai da't
dai va tai san tren ddt); (ii) Dd'i vdi hd ndng
nghiep ndng thdn bj thu hdi ddt, I6'i da viec bdi
thudng bang giao ddt thay the' ciing loai (gdm
ca ddt lam nghiep) va dam bao cdc cdng trinh
ha tdng phuc vu san xua't; (iii) Bdi thudng/dIn
bu cho cdc thiet hai gian tie'p va thu nhap vd
hinh ma ngudi dan bj thiet hai chua dupc tfnh
de'n trong cac chfnh sach vl bdi thudng hd trp
va TDC khi bi thu hdi ddt; (iv) Bdi thudng/den
bii nhiing anh hudng de'n sinh ke va hd trp
cupc sd'ng cho cdng ddng sd'ng d thupng luu va
ha luu; (v) Dd'i vdi hd chuyen ddi nghe nghiep,
vice bdi thudng/den bu dam bao cho hp xay
dung/phuc hdi co sd san xudt kinh doanh, dich
vu; hoac dam bao kinh phf dao tao chuyen ddi
nghi nghiep
Chpn dia diem va xay dung khu TDC can
dua tren nam quan diem chfnh la: (i) TDC phai
duy Ui cac dac dilm ciia cdng ddng; (ii) TDC
dd'i vdi cdc hp gia dinh ndng nghiep ndng thdn,
sinh kl phai dua vao cac boat dpng ndng - lam
nghiep; (iii) Viec lap quy hoach, ke hoach
TDC phai thdng nhat vdi cac chien lupc, quy
hoach phat Irien kinh te xa hdi dja phuong; (iv)
Cdng ddng bj anh hudng se dupc hudng lpi lir
quy hoach, ke' hoach TDC va dam bao phat
trien bin viing; va (v) Xay dung khu TDC va
di dan cdn dupc thuc hien xong trudc khi khdi
cdng xay dung cdng trinh thiiy dien tdi thieu I
- 2 nam, td't nha't la sau khi cac hd TDC dn
djnh dupc eudc sd'ng Cdn cd quy djnh cdp
Gia'y chiing nhan Quyln sir dung da't ddng thdi
vdi khi giao ddt d, dat san xuat cho ngudi dan
(gdm ca giao riing) khi de'n TDC Khu TDC
can dupc ddu tu va xay dung ddy du, dam bao
cha't lupng cac cdng trinh CP sd ha tdng thiet
yeu cho san xudt va ddi sd'ng cua ngudi dan TDC, dam bao hdi hda lpi fch gitta cdng ddng
di chuyin, cdng ddng ndi di va cdng ddng nc« tie'p nhan Khuye'n khfch va tao dilu kien cho ngudi dan tu xay nha va cac cdng trinh di liln
nha b bang liln bdi thudng, hd trp Trudng hpp
khdng dii ddt san xudt ndng lam nghiep, du an phai cd phuong an thay the' dam bao thu nhap thdng qua lilu du an hd trp phat triln nganh nghd nhu chSn nudi, nghi thu cdng va chl bil^n ndng, lam san, djch vu, va dupc thdm djnh chat che dl dam bao tfnh kha thi
Chfnh sach phai dam bao hd trp ngudi dan TDC de'n khi hp khdi phuc dupc san xudt, phuc hdi thu nhap, dn djnh cude sdng tai noi TDC (ft nhdt khoang 10 nam hoac hon) va tao dieu kien phat trien ben vGng Hd trp khdi phuc sinh ke khdng chi tao thu nhap ma cdn bao gdm ca phuc hdi va cai thien cac ngudn vdn sinh ke', nhdt la ngudn vd'n tai nguyen tu nhien Trong khi lap phuong an bdi thudng hd trp va TDC cdn cd quy djnh bat budc ldp phucmg an chi tiet ke hoach hd trp san xudl va phuc hdi sinh kl phii hpp vdi dac diem ciia cdng ddng TDC va phCi hpp vdi dieu kien san xudt cung nhu ke' hoach, quy hoach phat trien kinh t l xa hdi cua dja phuong noi den Ddi vdi cac viing
ha luu bi anh hudng de'n sinh ke va cude sd'ng, tren co sd thiet hai va miic dd anh hudng cdn duoc dua vao ke' hoach bdi thudng va hd trp dn dinh san xuat nhu cac hd bj thu hdi ddt va TDC Dd'i vdi vung thupng luu, cdn cd phucmg
an hd trp sinh ke va bao ve phat trien rCmg (chfnh sach ve djch vu mdi trudng rirng) sau khi xay dung cdng trinh cho cdng ddng sinh sd'ng tren luu vuc
Ddi vdi cac du an TDC mdi va du an da thuc hien nhung chua dam bao dn dinh sinh
ke, dn djnh cupc sd'ng cho ngudi dan sau khi he't thdi ky hd tro cua du an, nha nudc cdn cd ke' hoach ra soat danh gia Iai va xem xet nghien ciiu ban hanh chfnh sach hd trp hau TDC vdi mpt sd npi dung chu ye'u sau day: (i)
Hd trp dam bao cac dieu kien sdng co ban la ngudn nudc, dat san xuat (tim them quy dat va cai tao da't), chuyen ddi nghi nghiep hoac cac ngudn sinh ke' thay the phii hpp, co sd ha tang
xa hdi CO ban (giao due, y tl ); (ii) Xay dung
SS
Trang 6quy hd trg TDC cho cac hd vi cdng ddng dd
dam bao viec phuc hdi thu nhap vi dn djnh ddi
sd'ng sau TDC Ngudn quy nay cd thd huy
ddng ddng gdp t i hieu qua kinh doanh cia nha
may thiy dien trong qua trinh san xuit, quy
bao ve phat tridn ring ; (iii) Nghien ciiu chinh
sach hd trg chi tra thit nghiep ddn khi tun
dugc viec lam dd'i vdi lao ddng cia cic hd phii
chuyen ddi nghd nghiep, ddng thdi nghien cihi
chinh sach budc chu diu tu thiy dien mua bao
hidm xa hdi 20 nam cho ngudi lao ddng ldn
tudi de dam bao chd dd nghi huu khi hg ddn 55
hoac 60 tudi va hd trg ngudi dan mua bao hidm
ddi vdi san xuit ndng nghiep trong thdi ban 5
-10 nam khi san xui't chua di vio trang thai dn
djnh va phat tridn Mat khac dd nang cao hieu
qua du an TDC, cin bd sung quy djnh bit budc
cd tu van phan bien va giam sit ddc lap trdng
qua trinh chuin bj va thuc hien dir an TDC
b) Ve to'chifc thtrc hien
Khi xiy dung cdng trinh thuy dien cin tinh
toan lira chgn phuong an sao cho viec thu hdi
da't, anh hudng tdi tai san cung nhu viec di ddi
cac hd bi anh hudng dugc giam tdi miic td'i
thieu Trong trudng hgp bat budc phai di dan
TDC, cdng tac di dan '\£>C cin dugc chuin bj
va thuc hien cang sdm cang td't trudc khi khdi
cong xay dung edng trinh Lira chgn dia diem
TDC khdng nen qua xa nai d cu, ne'u phai
chuyen di xa thi cin cd nghien cuu lua chgn
diem cd didu kien sinh thai xa hdi tUdng dd'i
tuang ddng dd giam bdt cu sdc ve thay ddi mdi
Iruang sdng cho cdng ddng TDC Khi lap du
an TDC, can dac biet chu Irgng nghien ciu dac
diem kinh te van hda xa hdi v;i mdi trudng
sd'ng cua cong ddng ca ndi di va ndi de'n Dd'i
vdi cac vung cd quy da't san xuit ndng nghiep
han che nen xac djnh chidn lugc phuc hdi sinh
ke chinh la dua vao rung va dit lam nghiep
Can cd su chuan bj, nghien ciu va xay dung
quy hoach phat trien tdng the kinh te xa hdi
khu TDC (juy hoach xay dung TDC phai di
trudc mdt budc, khdng de tinh trang khi trien
khai du an xay dung thuy dien mdi tie'n hanh
lap quy hoach di dan TDC Cong tac khao sat
va lap quy hoach phai dugc tidn hanh trinh tir
lu quy hoach tdng the de'n quy hoach, thie't kd
chi tiet diem TDC Quy hoach thiet ke xiy
dung nha b TDC phai dam bao gin vdi yeu ciu
sin xuit, didu kien ve sinh mdi trudng sdng phu hgp vdi phong tuc tip quin Kidm soat ning lite cua cac td chic vi ca nhin hinh nghd quy hoach xiy dung didm din cu ndng thdn ndi chung va didm TDC ndi rieng Cic didm TDC nen xiy dung thed quy md nho khdng qui gin nhau se tranh dugc viec san phi ndn tu nhien vdi khd'i lugng ldn lim thay ddi dja hinh,
dd giy xdi Id dit, khdng an toan trong didu kien dja hinh midn mil vi ddng thdi giam dugc
ip luc vd s i dung tii nguyen
Uu tien bd tri din cu theo cdng ddng dd phit huy tinh ti'ch cue trong mang ludi cdng ddng, ban chd ddn mic thip nhit su xao trdn
vi thay ddi vd van hoa, phong tuc tip quin cua ddng bio cic din tdc Xiy dung nha d phai gin vdi giao di't lidn kd phit tridn kinh td vudn nha, vudn ring vi chin nudi Nhi 6 phai da dang vd Idai miu, phu hgp vdi didu kien khi hau cua timg vung vi tip quin vd sinh hdat cua cic dan tdc va phai cdng b6 cdng khai dd nhin dan tham gia lira chgn, trinh tinh trang ip dat
vd miu nha d Td't nhit nen de cho ngudi dan
tu quydt vd xiy dung nha 6 cia minh theo phuang thic nhi nudc hd trg vin chuydn, san
ii nen, nhan dan tu thio dd nha cu, dung lai hoac xay mdi theo so thich, nguyen vgng
De phuc hdi va dam bao sinh kd bdn ving, cin dam bao tdi da quydn tiep can quan ly si diing tai nguyen tu nhien, ip dung tdi da chien lugc sinh kd dua vao ndng lim nghiep Khu tai djnh canh can dugc tridn khai cang sdm cang td't dam bao didu kien sin xuit (cai tao dat, ngudn n u d c ) de khi ngudi dan chuyen den
CO thd bat tay vao san xuit dugc ngay, trudc he't khdi phuc dugc mdt sd boat ddng san xuit truydn thd'ng cd the thuc hien dugc tai nd TDC de sdm cd thu nhip Tao cd hdi tidp eta kinh td rimg, can long ghdp thuc hien chUdng trinh giao dit giao riing cho cdng ddng va ho gia dinh quan ly bao ve sao cho hg cd thd sdng dugc t i ring tren co sd tdng hgp cac ngudn thu nhap t i ring va phi dich vu mdi trudng Ben canh dd cin cd nghien ciu va chuii bj cic giai phap khuydn khich va hd trg phat tridn cac nganh kinh td khac nhu hd trg phat tridn nganh nghd thi cdng, xue tie'n xiy dung phuong
Trang 7an quan ly phat triln tdng hpp long hd, dac
biet phai trien nghi nudi ca, djch vu du Ijch tao
kl sinh nhai cho ngudi dan
Xac dinh ro vai trd va co che' chju trdch
nhiem cung nhu su tham gia ciia cac ben lien
quan trong viec chudn bj va thiic hien du an di
dan TDC, dac biet la vai trd chii du an cua
UBND cac cdp dja phuong
- Chu du an (UBND cac cap) phai gifi dupc
vai trd chu tri iheo quy djnh cua phap luat mdi
CO thi dilu phdi dupc cdc ben lien quan tham
gia thuc hien va giai quye't kip thcd nhiing vdn
dl nay sinh tir cdng ddng bj anh hudng, dac
biet y thiic tudn thii chat che quy trinh trinh tu
thuc hien cdng tac bdi thudng hd trp va TDC
theo quy djnh Cdn cd co che' thue mdt sd td
chiic tu va'n ddc lap co kinh nghiem tham gia
va thuc hien mdt sd hpp phdn lien quan den
ITnh vuc sinh thai, nhan van, xa hpi va mdi
trudng Qua trinh thuc hien phai tie'n hanh tiing
budc theo quy dinh, tuSn thii trinh tu thu tuc vl
bdi thudng, hd trp TDC, khdng Ihiic ep tie'n dd
di dan theo tie'n dd xay dung cdng trinh thuy
dien va edn cd cac bien phap khdi phuc ddi
sdng va san xudt cho ngudi TDC trudc khi du
kie'n khdi cdng cdng trinh d vj trf tuong iing
- Chu ddu tu thuy dien dam bao ngudn kinh
phi kjp thdi cho trien khai thuc hien du dn theo
phuong an da dupc UBND linh/huyen da phe
duyet Khi chua hoan thanh cdng lac bdi
thudng den bu vd xay dung khu TDC va dilu
kien san xuat thi chua khdi cdng cdng trinh
Phdi hpp chal che vdi dja phucmg kjp thdi giai
quylt nhiing vah de nay sinh dam bao quyln
lpi cho ngudi bj anh hudng va bao ve mdi
Irudng sinh thai Chu ddu tu thuy dien cdn thuc
hien nghiem chinh va ddy du trach nhiem xa
hdi cua doanh nghiep, dac biet cd k6 hoach hd
trp dai han ddi vdl cupc sdng cua cac hd TDC,
cdng ddng va phuc hdi, bao vd tai nguyen mdi
Irudng tren luu vuc
- Ngudi dan bi Ihu hdi ddt va TDC phai thuc
su dupc tham gia lap ke hoach, tham gia y kie'n
va giam sat trong sudt qua trinh chudn bj va td
chirc thuc hien di dan TDC Ngudi bj anh
hudng phai dupc tham vdn vl kha nang hp cd
Ihl lam gi, kha nang thfch iing khi chuyen d^n
nai b mdi va nhiing vdn dl cdn dupc hd trp de
phuc hdi sinh ke', dn djnh cuoc sd'ng
- Cac td chiic xa hdi cdn chu ddng dl xudt
va cdn dupc tao dilu kien thuan Ipi tham gia vao nhiing hoat ddng quan Irpng nhu: (i) hd trp nang eao nang luc va nhan thiic cho cdng ddng
bj anh hudng nhdm lao dilu kien cho hp cd kha nang tilp can ddy du cdc chfnh sach bdi thudng hd trp cua nha nude, ddng thdi gidp hp tham gia thao ludn lap k^ hoach, gidm sdt dl dam bao quyln lpi vd thuc hien trdch nhiem ciia minh trong qua trinh thuc hien du an TDC; (ii) dam bao chiic ndng cdu ndi tao co hdi cho cac cude ddi thoai vd thao luan cdng khai giiia ngudi bj anh hudng va cac ben lien quan; va
(iii) tham gia cac hoat ddng giam sat va tu \Sn,
phan bien ddc lap ddng gdp ^ kil'n cho chu du
an TDC cd them can cii va co sd khoa hpc
trudc khi quyet djnh cac vdn di lien quan trong
ti^n Irinh lap, thuc hien du an TDC va thue thi eac giai phap thuc le',
Tdm lai, vl tdng the vdn dl thu hdi dat va di dan TDC cac du an thuy dien ddi hdi cdn cd mdt chfnh sach vl bdi thudng, hd trp TDC hpp 1^, du chi tilt va kjp thdi ban hanh chinh sach khde phuc hau qua cac du an TDC thiiy dien
de giai quyel hai hda lpi fch ciia cac ben gdp phdn tao ddng luc phat trien Cdng tdc di dan TDC phai dam bao dn djnh, nang cao chdt lupng cude sd'ng ciia nguM dan va phai lay tieu chf dam bao sinh ke cua ngudi dan va bao ve mdi trudng lam muc tieu hang ddu Td chiic thuc hien hieu qua, dam bao bii ddp day dii nhiing thiet hai true tie'p va gian tiep cho cdng ddng bj anh hudng cung nhu dam bao dilu kien phuc hdi sinh ke, dn djnh cude sd'ng va bao ve tai nguyen mdi trudng, tie'n ldi phat trien ben viing./
TAI Ll6U THAM KHAO
1 Ban quan ly du an 747/472 Hoa Binh (2009);
Tdng ke't ihuc hien chuong trinh h6 trg dn dinh cu6c
sd'ng vung chuyen dSn sdng Da (thiiy dien Hoa Binh); Hoa Binh
2 Bd cong thucmg (2010); Bao cao s6
28/BC-BCT gui Thu tudng chi'nh phii vl "Kit qua ki^m Ua
ra soat, danh gia vl quy hoach ddu tu va van hanh cac nha mdy thiiy diSn"
3 Vien chien luoc va chi'nh sach TNMT (2009); Thuc trang TDC cua cac du an thiiy dien 6 Viet Nam; B6 TN&MT
4 S:ockholm Environment Institute (2009); Strategic Environmental Assessment of hydropower
in Viet Nam in the context of tiie Power Development Plan VI Hanoi