Tuy nhien, ed the gd'c gie cua ngUdi Chim d Binh Dinh ngay nay ndi chung, thdi Nguyen ndi rieng \d'n la nhiTng ngirdi Chimed ngirdi Chiem Thanh.. NhU vay, ngirdi Chim d Binh Dinh bao gdm
Trang 1DAN CU BINH D|NH Dl/<5l TRifiu NGUYEN (Nl/A DAU THfe' Ki XIX)
DINH THI THAO"
Viec tim hieu ve trieu Nguyin ludn la mdt d l tai ha'p dan vdi nhieu nhd nghien cffu trong va ngodi nffdc Tuy nhidn trong cdc npi dung nghien cffu v l trilu Nguyin, Iinh vffc xa hdi chffa dffdc quan tam diing mffc Ddy Id mpt trong nhffng li do gay khd khan khdng it eho sff h i i u bie'l tffdng tan ve va'n de dan eff d nffa dau the ki XIX Nham gdp phan tim h i i u thdm v l trieu Nguyen ndi chung, khia canh xa hpi Binh Dinhdffdi trieu Nguydn ndi rieng, bai viel nay d l cap dd'n mpt va'n de ciia xa hdi Binh
Dinh nffa dau the ki XIX dd la "Ddn cu Binh Dinh dudi triiu Nguyin "
1 NGUON GOC VA CAC THANH PHAN CU DAN BINH DINH
I L Ngffdi Kinh (Vigt)
Binh Dinh la mdt dnh cd dan sd' ddng so vdi eac tinh khac d khu vffc Trung Trung
Bg De'n thdng 4/1999, neu Quang Nam cd 1.372 442 ngffdi, Quang Ngai cd 1.190.006 ngffdi, Phu Yen cd 786.972 ngffdi, thi Binh Dinh ed tdi 1.461.046 ngffdi [5] Trong cdc dan tpc sd'ng d Binh Dinh, dan tdc Kinh cd sd' Iffdng ldn nhdt, ehiem khoang 98% dan sd'eua u'nh (nam 1999) [6; tr.211] Nam 2007, Binh Dinh cd dien tich tff nhien 6.039 km^, dan so' 1.578.900 ngffdi, mat dp dan sd'261.5 ngffdi/km^
Ngffdi Kinh d Binh Dinh la cff dan thude ngff he Nam A, nhdm ngdn ngff Viet Mffdng Hg chii yeu la ngffdi Kinh tff phia Bac (ddng nha't la ngffdi Kinh d vung Thanh -Nghe - Tinh) di cff vao trong nhieu thdi diem khae nhau Qua trinh di eff nay gan hen
vdi qua trinh "Nam lii'n" cua dan tdc Day la qud trinh d i i n ra hen tue ff-ong nhieu the'
ki vdi nhieu li do khdc nhau Khi den Binh Dinh, ngffdi Kinh cd nhffng hoan canh, nguon gd'c xua't than khae nhau, bao gdm:
-I- Quan lai va anh em, gia dinh, ddng tdc cua hg
-I- Binh linh giai ngu tff nguyen d lai vimg da't mdi lap nghiep
-I- Tu binh trong cac cugc chien tranh
-F Tdi nhan, nghich phan
-I- Ndng dan di tim vung da't mdi, dan di cff, dan chay nan
-I- Nhffng ngffdi thuyen chuyen do nhiem vu, edng viec hoac do ke't qua cua cac cudc hdn nhan,
Trang 2nhin vi thich nghi nhifng khia c?nh khic nhau cila n^n vin hda vi truydn thSng dja phirdng Di din ngirdi Kinh d Binh Dinh cd khi ning vay miTdn, tr$n l3n vi ti^p thu mOt cich rdng rii cic y^u ttf vin hda cila ngirdi Chim cOng nhir cic din tOc khic
u-ong vilng KiJ'tqui cila qui Irlnh dd li ngiTfli KinhtOf phfa Bic di ciTvioda dUdc "dia
phaang hda' Tuy viy, ngiriii Kinh d Binh Djnh cung khdng dinh mat bin sic rieng
cila hp T^i vilng di't mdi, hp di hinh thinh tinh cich mdi, tinh cich niy sinh tir thii dp sin sing kinh qua, chap nhin v.^ tie'p biOr'n nhifng gl hiru ich trong mdi trtrdng mdi Hp thudng cddctd md vi cdi md dd'i vdi cii mdi, tir tirdng mdi; linh h6n nhiSn va khoing dat hdn eilng vdi thii dd khdng de bj ring budc bdi ljch siJ, bdi uuyen thtfng 1.2 Cic din tOc thid'u sd'
• Ddn tdc Chdm
Ngirdi Chim li eirdan thupc ngiT hp Nam Dao, nhdm ngdn ngffMalayo-Poninedi Theo ke't qui nghien cihi, ngirdi Chim d tinh Binh Dinh hipn nay li mpt trong nhiTng ldp cir dan bin dia, ed mit ra't sdm d vDng di't niy Ben canh ngirdi Chim, tnrdc dd tren vDng di't Binh Dinh da ed mil ngirdi Chim ed sinh sd'ng hOi til
Trong "Do Bun Ihdnh ki" tie gia Nguyen Vin Hien (Hoing giip thdi Minh
Menh) eho biel: Sau khi bi vua Ld Dai Hinh dinh Iiy thinh Dia L(, vua Chiem Thinh (Xi - Ldi - Da - Ngd - phit - hoingl di bo Quing Nam chay \ ao Binh Dinh lap thanh mdi-thinh Dd Ban Mdt thdi gian sau dd, Dd Ban trd thinh trung tam (Kinh do) ciia
viTdng qud'c Champa co va phit trien thinh vudng trong thdi gian 983-1470 Diy cung
la thdi diem hpi tu ddng dao ngirdi Chim tren da't Binh Dinh
Hien nay, gidi khoa hoc chira ed ke't luin chic chin, eudi cDng ve nguon gdc ngudi Chim d Binh Dinh Tuy nhien, ed the gd'c gie cua ngUdi Chim d Binh Dinh ngay nay ndi chung, thdi Nguyen ndi rieng \d'n la nhiTng ngirdi Chimed (ngirdi Chiem Thanh) Sau sir thi't bai cua virOng qud'c Chiem Thanh, nhiTng ngirdi Chim cd nay da chay dat len mien nui rdi tu ciT lai d dd Trong qui uinh sinh sd'ng d mien ndi, do tach biet vdi cdng ddng ban dau, do giao liru vi chiu anh hlTdng eiia ngirdi Bana sd'ng mrdc
dd nen trong vin hda eua bp phin "Chdm mlin nui" dan dan xua't hien nhiTng ye'u td
vin hda mdi NhU vay, ngirdi Chim d Binh Dinh (bao gdm ngirdi Chim hien nay noi chung, ngirdi Chim dudi trilu Nguyen ndi rieng vi ngirdi Chiem Thinh-ngirdi Chim
cd trirde dd) la mdt trong nhiTng ldp eirdan ed ngudn gd'c ban dia, dinh eirlau ddi tren manh da't Binh Dinh
* Ddn ldc Bana vd H're
Dan tdc Bana vi H're la cic dan tdc thieu so sd'ng lau ddi tai Binh Dinh Day la hai tdc ngirdi thudc ngu" he Nam A, nhdm ngdn ngfl" Mdn-Khdme Hp cung la nhirng dan tpc ban dia cua vilng que nay Mac dil hien nay gidi khoa hoc ehira xie dinh dlTdc
Trang 3thffc te', cffng vdi dan tOc Chdm, dSn l$c Bana vd H'rd Id nhffng ddn tdc cd mdt rd't
sdm tren da't Binh D;nh
* Ddn igc Hoa (Hdn)
Day la nhdm cff ddn thupc ngff h§ Hdn-Tgng, di cff iff Trung Qud'c sang Cdc ddt
di cff cua ngffdi Hoa de'n Vipt Nam ndi chung Binh Dinh ndi ridng thffdng gin vdi cdc
dien bien chinh tri ciia da't nffdc Trung Qud'c (chff ye'u g^n vdi sff thay ddi cdc vffdng
trilu) Da phan ngffdi Hoa di cff Id de trdnh nan binh dao do ba't man khdng chju hpp
ldc vdi chinh quyen mdi hodc do nhu c^u giao thffdng, budn bdn Ngffdi Hoa di cff chii
ye'u Id nhffng binh linh quan lai, nhffng ngffdi cd nhilu quan he vdi chinh quyln cii vd
mdt bd phan thffdng nhan
Hien nay chffa cd ldi lipu kh^ng dinh thdi diem cd mdt sdm nha't eiia ngffdi Hoa
dBinhDinh Tuy nhien, qua mpt sd'tai lipu cd the di de'n ket ludn: Khi phd'cdng Nffdc
Man Quy Nhdn ra ddi, phdt Iriln (the ki XVII-XIX) va khang dinh vi tri trung ldm
ciia minh tren cdc ITnh vffc kinh te' chinh tri, vdn hda, thi dd cung Id lue Binh Dinh
trd thanh ndi hdi tu eiia cde ldp cff dan tff ndi khae den, trong dd ed ngffdi Hoa
Tac pham "Klidm dinh Dgi Nam hdi diin sti li" ed ghi: "Ndm thti 13 (1832, ddi
Minh Mang) vua chudn ldi tdu cho trdn Binh Dinh nhgn ngUdi Hoa d hai tinh Qudng
Dong, Phiic Kii'n phieu lieu tdi" [6; tr.222] Day cd le la thdi diem sdm nha't cho phep
ngffdi Hoa dinh eff mpt each hdp phdp d Binh Dinh (chii yeu la Quy Nhdn)
Vao nhffng ndm dau thap nien 40, 50 cua the ki XIX, khi Trung Qud'c xay ra
nhffng sff kien chinh tri ldn (chid'n tranh Nha phie'n (1840), phong trdo Thdi Binh thien
qud'c (1850-1865) ), lan sdng di cff cua ngffdi Hoa de'n Binh Dinh cdng trd nen 6 at va
ddng dao Que goc ciia nhffng ngffdi Hoa di cff thudc nhieu viing khdc nhau eiia nffdc
Trung Hoa rdng ldn, nhfftig ddng hdn la nhffng ngffdi Hoa d vung ven biin Quang
Ddng, Phuc Kien, Hai Nam,
Tdm lai, nhffng cff dan cd mdt tren dat Binh Dinh ngdy nay bao gom ldp cff dan
bandia(ngffdiCham, Bana, H're) va nhffng bd phancffdantff ndi khac chuyen eff de'n
vao nhieu thdi diem lich sff khdc nhau (ngffdi Kinh, ngffdi Hoa, ) Mac du cd sff khae
nhau vl nguon gd'c dan tdc, tieng ndi, phong luc tap quan, song ci-C dan tdc anh em
ludn doan ke't, gan bd vdi nhau, cffng chung sffc xay dffng que hffdng Binh Dinh ngdy
mdt giau dep
2 Cd CAU DAN CU VA SU PHAN BO DAN CU 6 BINH DINH
D\j6\ TRIEU NGUYEN (NlfA DAU THE KI XIX)
Nham dam bao nguon thu, nhan Iffc va luyin linh, ngay sau khi len ngdi, vua
Gia Long da td ehffc lai va'n de dang lich, ra lenh cff 5 nam 1 lan duyet binh, bat budc
Trang 4thai Gia Long sddan dinh tinh Binh Dinh cd khoing 38.400 tren tdng sd6l2.912 dan dinh ci nirdc (chifi'm khoing 6,2%) Thdi vua Tir DtJc, Binh Dinh ed 52.110 din dinh trdn tdng sd 1.024.388 ila ii dinh ci nifdc (chidm khoing 5,08%)
Theo "Dgi Nam ihi/tc life chinh biin", sddan dinh d Binh Djnh ctj the vio mpt sd
nim ciia nila diu the ki XIX nhir sau:
Nim 1819, cd 33.300 dinh tring;
Nim 1829, cd 39.965 dinh tring;
Nim 1847, ed 52.110 dinh tring |7;tr.l64|
Theo thdng ke iiri n dinh ni m IX19 (trii; u Gia Long) vi na m 1847 (Irilu Tif Ddc), Binh Dinh vdi Quang Ngai ed dipn tich tirdng dirdng Thanh Hda cd dipn tich gin gi'p ddi, song din sdBlnh Dinh ludn ehid'm t! Ip cao vi ting Iheo li le thuin vdi Ihdi gian
CM the:
" ^ ^ - - ^ ^ Dinh
Tinh ^ ^ ~ - ^
Binh Dinh
Quing Ngii
Thanh Hda
Di(>n lich (knv) 6.075 5.856 11.168
Gia I>ong (1819) 33.500 15.400 40.500
Ti;Di?e (1847) 52.110 25.766 63.353 [2; tr.24] Thang 5/1847 theo ldi tdu ciia quan linh Binh Dinh hu\en Bong Sdncd sd dinh
vd dan rat ddng So dinh hdn 11.200 ngffdi, so diin hdn 20,900 mau, xin chia lam 2 huyen Bong Sdn vd Bong Dao nhffng irieu dinh khdng chap nhan |7; tr 144] Cdc con so' tren ddy da phan nao the hien sff phat trien dan sd' ciia tinh Binh Dinh trong nffa dau ihe ki XIX Ddc biel, khi phd cang Qu\ Nhdn dffdc tao dffng va phdt trien (theki XVII - XIX) da Ihu hul dffpe mpt Iffc Iffdng ddng dao cff dan tff ndi Ichdc de'n lu cff Trong dd cd hang loat ngffdi Hoa den iff Trieu Chau, Phffc Kien, Nam Hdi Phan ddng di dan dffdc lay vd la'y chong ngffdi Viet \ a an cff lac nghiep tren da't Viet ndi chung va Binh Djnh ndi rieng
Sff Idng len ve dan so da dan den sif ihay ddi trong cd ca'u dan cff va sff phan bd dan eff ciia viing da't Binh Dinh d nufa dau the' ki XIX
Dffdi trieu Nguyen Binh Dinh ed nhilu dan ldc sinh sdng (Kinh, Bana, H're, Hoa ) Cae dan tpc nay cd so Iffdng nhilu it khdc nhau Tuy nhien, de'n nffa dau the ki XIX, ngffdi Kinh la cff dan ed sd Iffdng ddng nha't 6 Binh Dinh Vdi ffu the nay ngffdi Kinh da dan dan tien len vCing irung du vDng nui ldm an, sinh song Trong khi dd, cdc dan tdc Chdm, H're, Hoa chiem so Iffdng ra't it trong ed ca'u ddn cff Binh Dinh dffdi
Trang 5Ndm 1808, vua Gia Long ddt Trd'n Binh Dinh thay cho Dinh Binh Dinh ldp tff
ndm 1799 Dia ba Binh Dinh ndm 1815 cho biel, cd trd'n Binh Dinh cd 28 xa (huy$n
Bong Sdn cd 12 xa, huydn Phff Li cd 11 xa vd huypn Tuy Viin ed 5 xa) Ndm Minh
Menh thff 13 (1832), khi ti^n hdnh s^p xd'p cdc ddn vi hdnh chinh tren pham vi cd
nffdc, trilu Nguyin da chia huypn Tuy Viin ldm 2 huy$n (Tuy Viin vd Tuy Phffde),
chia huydn Phil Ly ldm 2 huy^n (Phff Cdt vd PhCi My) Den Dia ba Binh Dinh ndm
1839 loan linh cd 677 thdn vd 1 trang, khdng tha'y ghi cd'p xa Ben canh dd, ndm 1826,
nha Nguyen cho lap 7 ddn d thdn An Sdn (An KhS) gdm; Trd Dinh, Xuan Vien, Tam
Giang, Hffdng Thffy Tnic Lam, VLI Bdn vd Dai Tien [7; tr 92] Viec ehia tdch edc ddn
vi hanh chinh d Binh Dinh nffa d^u the ki XIX ddc bidt Id ddi vdi cac mien thffdng du
da cho thd'y sff md rdng vl dien tich ciia vffng da't Binh Djnh CDng vdi dd la sff ddng
len cua sd' Iffdng dan cff vd sff thay doi trong phan bd ddn cff d Binh Dinh nffa dau the
kiXIX
Trffdc khi ngffdi Viet tien xud'ng phia Nam ngffdi Chdm van tie'p tuc cff tru tren
vung da't ma hg sinh sd'ng trffdc dd (vffng dong b^ng ven bien) Ne'u cd thay ddi dia
ban sd'ng thi ehi mdt bg phan ra't nhd ciia cdng ddng Chdm d vung ddng bang chuyen
eff len viing nui Binh Dinh sinh sd'ng (huyen Van Canh ngay nay) Dia ban vung niii
dnh Binh Dinh Iiie dau Id vung da't eff tni ehu ye'u ciia ngffdi Bana vd H're
Khi de'n dinh eff d Binh Dinh, vung ddng bang ven bien doe theo ha Iffu cae eon
sdng Id vung dd't eff trff, dffng chan eiia ngffdi Kinh Iff miln Bae di eff vao Tuy nhien,
den cud'i the ki XVIII - nffa dau the ki XIX, ngffdi Kinh khdng ehi sd'ng tap trung d
vung ddng bdng, hp da tien dan len khai pha cac vffng trung du va vung nui Bay gid,
dia ban vung nui d Binh Dinh khdng ehi la vung da't sinh sd'ng ehu ye'u cua ngffdi
Bana, H're, ma cdn cd mat ngdy cang ddng dao cdng ddng ngffdi Kinh
Ngay tff cuo'i the' ki XVIII, anh em nha Tay Sdn da pha'l cd khdi nghia d viing
Tay Sdn thffdng Lffc Iffdng tham gia ed ddng dao ngffdi Kinh va ddng bao dan ldc it
ngffdi Dieu dd phan nao chffng td sff phan bd' dan cff da ed sff chuyen dich tff ddng
bang len trung du va mien nui Qua tnnh nay ngay cdng dffdc day manh dffdi trieu
Nguydn De'n nam 1870, vua Tff Dffc phe chuan cho tinh Binh Dinh lap "nha Doanh
diin" 5 An Khe, md dan khai hoang, lap a'p Nam 1877, dat "nha An Khe Kinh If" d mien
thffdng du huyen Tuy Vidn Dieu nay cung chffng to sff phan bo dan cff giffa ddng bang,
tnmg du va miln mii tren dia ban tinh chac chan da ed nhffng bien ddng, thay ddi
Ngoai ra, do dac diem cua hoat dgng kinh te (budn ban, trao ddi, san xua't hang
hda ) dia ban eff tni ciia ngffdi Hoa thffdng la ndi giao thdng thuan ldi, dan cff ddng
diic, la cae thanh thi, thi tran, thi tff Do dd, dffdi trieu Nguyin, ngffdi Hoa chu ye'u
sd'ng tap trung d Gd Gang, Dap Da, Nffdc Man, Quy Nhdn Tuy nhien, ngffdi Hoa d
Binh Dinh thffdng khdng sd'ng tap trung thanh cac diem tu eff Idn kieu nhff eac lang
Trang 6Nhin chung, vio nifa iiu thd k! XIX, eil ci'u din ctr vi sif phin bd dan cif ciia
Binh Djnh di cd nhidu thay ddi Sd Itfijng ngiy mdi ddng thfim vi difpc phan bd tren hiu khip cic dja bin ddng bing, dd thi, Irung duvi midn niii Ngifdi Kinh da dan tien Idn cic vilng trung du vi midn ndi lim in, sinh sdng Tuy nhidn, dja bin sdng tip trung nhi't ciia ngifdi Kinh, ngirdi Hoa viin li vilng ddng bSng, vilng phd thj, ndi cd didu kidn giao thdng tiTdng ddi lhu§n lpi Vilng nui van li ndi sinh ti,i chu ydu cua eic din ldc thidu sd (Bana, H're, Chim)
3 Ddi S 6 N G CUA CU DAN BINH DINH NLfA DAU TH^ KJ XIX DSn cif Vidt Nam ndi chung, din cif Binh Djnh ndi ri6ng hau hdt li ndng din,
sdng tip trung thinh nhifng td ehd'c gpi li "ling" trong ngdn ngU hing ngiy vi "xd"
trong ngdn ngif hinh ehinh Ddn nifa diu thd ki XIX, d Binh Dinh cd nhiTng loai hinh ling sau:
- Ling ven bien, thifdng tifa lung vio diy ddi cit chay dpc bd bidn hay tlfa lUhg vio chin cie diy niii lan ra tin bien Cif dan ciia ling ven bien chuyen sdng bing ngif nghipp
- Ling ven dam, ven vinh, ven sdng Ctr din d nhiTng ling niy thifdng cd sif kdt hdp giifa ndng-ngir nghipp
- Ling ven chan niii, chin ddi li nhiTng ling ndng-lam nghiep ket hdp
- Ling nim giifa ddng bing, chuyen lim ndng nghipp, quan lu Iheo iCrng xdm
- Mdt sd it ling ndng-cdng-thifdng nghipp ke'l hpp d cic thi Iri'n ven linh li, huypn li nhif An Thai Gd Ging, Dap Di, Ntfdc Min, Gd Bdi, Cufa Gii, NhiTng ling niy ve sau phit trien thinh thi tu*, nhifng trung tim cdng-thlfdng nghiep ngiy nay
To chlfc xa hdi Viet Nam ndi chung, Binh Dinh ndi rieng deu dtfa tren td ehlTc
xa thdn Chinh quyen khdng true tiep quan li ngifdi dan mi chi coi ngifdi din nhu mpt dd'i tUdng ciia cpng ddng thdn xi Chinh quyen khdng bit dan dinh phii npp tnfc tiep thud eho chinh quyen nhifng budc ling xa phai chiu trich nhipm \'e thud vi sifu dich cho nhi nUdc
Trong hdn 50 nim dau the ki XIX, trieu Nguyen da ban hanh vi thire hien nhieu chinh sach nham dn dinh xi hpi va phit tridn kinh id di't nifdc Tuy nhien, nhCfng chinh sich cua Uieu Nguyen chtfa thifc sU mang lai hipu qui dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng eua cie tang ldp nhan dan Thud rupng dat, thud dinh (thud than) vi nhieu Uiu* Uiud khic di act thanh ginh ning dd'i vdi nhan din Binh Dinh ndi rieng, nhan din ei nirdc ndi chung Cu the:
- Thud dinh:
Theo quy dinh nim 1832 thdi \ ua Minh Menh, viec npp thue' dinh d Binh Dinh khdng phin biet ehinh hp, khich hp; din dUdc ehia lim 2 hang nop thue: trang hang
Trang 7khdng cd rudng cdng Cu thi, vua Minh Mpnh quy dmh: "Hdng ndm ddng thuilhdn,
trd cdc hd ndp thue sdn vdt, vdn sai cdc nha, chiiu nggch thu ndp ra cdn ihi mgi ngUdi
phdi ndp, nhu ddn ndo cd rudng cdng chia cdp, thi cd ndm mdi ngUdi trdng hgng lien
thue thdn 1 quan 4 tien, liin suu 1 tiin; hgng gid, ddn dinh, Idn tdt, cd ndm liin ihui
thdn 7 lien, liin suu 30 ddng Ddn xd ndo khdng cd rudng cdng chia cd'p ihl mSi ngUdi
trdng hgng lien thui thdn 1 quan 2 liin lien stiu 1 liin; hgng gid, ddn dinh, hgng ldn
tdt deu chiu mdt nUa Cdc xa, thdn, phudng, d'p ndo diu ggi trUdc cd nSu lin chvt chinh
hg, khdch hd ihi diu cho bd di" [3; tr 94]
-Thue ruOng:
Thdi Gia Long, quy dinh ddnh thue rudng cdng Idng xd vd rupng tff ngang nhau
Cu the: ruOng hang nha'l nOp 40 thdng thdc hang nhi 30 thdng vd hang ba 20 thdng
Dffdi thdi Minh Mdnh, Tff Dffc mffc thue d Binh Dinh khdng thay ddi
Cac loai dat cdng tff dffdc quy dinh npp 1 quan I tien/mau/ndm Da't trdng dau
ndp 1 quan I tien Da't vffdn trdng cau nop tff 2 quan 2 tiin den 3 quan Da't trong mia
nop 10 thdng thdc/mdu
- Thue'cdng thffdng nghiep:
+ Thue san vdt
Thue san vat cdn ggi Id "thue biel ngp", la v|it pham do ngffdi thp thu cdng san
xua't nop thue' cho nha nffdc Thue san vat thffdng cao hdn thue than nhiflig ngffdi nop
dffdc miln sffu dich, binh dich "Thuibiit ngp" quy dinh cd the thay san vat nay bang
san vat khdc hoac nop b^ng tien thay san vat
Nam 1799, sau khi lap Dinh Binh Dinh Nguyen Anh quy dinh thue san vat hang
nam cho moi ngffdi thd nhff sau:
+ Thd del: Trffu nam mdi tdm ddi 30 thffdc, rpng 7 td'c Linh tham, bdt ty, nhilu
trang, sa trang thi nop thay b^ng trffu nam 1 tam, vai tr^ng 4 td'm
-1- Cdc nghi khdc: nghi sat ngp 150 can/thd; dau rdi 6 vd; nen trdm hang ldn nffa
cay, hang nhd 50 cay; dau lac 90 can; tham cdi 4 ddi; chid'u trdn 4 ddi Thue' sai dff
(tien sai phdi) moi ngffdi nop 3 quan
Nam 1805, d Binh Dinh, thue san vat nhff ndn Id dffa vd ed gai dffdc nop thay
bang vai, mdi ngffdi 2 tefm
Nam 1822 thue' mud'i dffdc nop thay bang liin Moi phffdng mudi ndp thay la 2
tiin 30 ddng
Thue'yenhd: hdng nam nop 19 can 8 lang (1824) Nam 1834, trieu dinh quy dinh
mdi ngffdi khai thdc yen hang nam nop 10 lang
Trang 8Haang pha Quy Nhan n0p thui sdn v4t, mdi ngadi ndp 3 Igng, niu ndm ndo khdng c6
kl nam thi ndp trdm huang Id I cdn" Nim 1803, quy djnh ddi li'y trim hifdng d Dinh
Binh Dinh, mdi nim mdi ngtrdi ndp trim hiTdng loiji cifc tdt I can |7; tr 163)
Nim 1810 tridu dinh l^i quy dinh CM thd: "Sdddn dp Thi Huang theo cu phii
ndp thuilhdn, ddy xdu tiin vi phdi chiu ra linh iheo nggch, edn dao dich (lao dich) tgp vif diu dugc mien, thudng ndm cd trdng, qudn, ddn 3 hgng mdi ngudi ndp kl nam huang I Igng 5 lien Niu ndm ndo tim kiim khdng dugc hodc khdng dH mSi ngadi phdi ndp thay bdng trdm huang cue ldi li 8 Igng Cdn din dinh, ldo, Idt diu chiu mgi nda" [3; tr 348]
+ Thudthtrdngnghi$p
Nim 1812 u-idu Nguydn quy dinh danh thud hing hda bing 1/40 gii bin; u-ong
dd ed Id dinh thud qua bdn dd, d:inh theo sd ginh hing, dau thuyen, cin, lang, Cu
Ihd, nhi nude quy dinh: "Phdm edc nai chg bua, quan di, ngudi budn bdn hdng hda qua
lgi, thdi sd Tudn ly cd 40 phdn thu thui I phdn: trong dd, cd cdc I? ddnh Ihui ngudi budn qua bin dd, ludn thi trudng (chg) hodc chiiu sd gdnh, tinh ddu thuyin, hodc linh Iheo cdn, Igng " [3; tr 450]
Ngoii cac loai thud phii ddng hing nim, dan dinh Binh Dinh cdn cd nghia vu phii ddng cdng sUu xiy difng cic cdng trinh cho nhi nude gpi li lao dich nhtf: dip dianh luy, lim cau dirdng, lim gd, nung gach ngdi, Ldc dau thud lao dich bit bupe phii di lim trlTc tiep, vd sau ddi Ip cd the npp bing tien, cu the: mdi nim 2 ki, mdi ki
6 tien; ddi vdi cie din tpc it ngirdi d vilng thUdng du cd Ihe ndp bing hipn vat nhiTmat ong, sip ong, tram hUdng, ngi voi, sirng td giie,
Thien tai cung la nguyen nhin dan de'n cudc sdng khd cifc eua ngifdi ndng din Nan phieu tin dien ra lien tuc u-ong nOfa dau the ki XIX, kdm theo dd li sif hoanh hinh eua nan ddi vi dich bpnh Ben canh dd, ngifdi dan edn phai ginh chiu nan nhung nhieu cua quan lai, cifdng hio Dd cflng la blfc u-anh \ c ddi sd'ng khd ciTc eiia ngifdi din Binh Dinh d ei ndng thdn, thanh thi vi vDng ndi
Ngoii td chlfc xi thdn, d Binh Dinh vio nila dau the ki XIX di hinh diinh khu
dd thi Quy Nhdn do ngUdi Viet va ngifdi Hoa lap phd budn bin Ndi dung vin bia d den Quan Thinh (chua dng Nhieu) lap vio nim 1837 ghi ten nhiTng ngifdi cdng den,
UTing tu ngdi den da phan inh rd dieu niy "Nude Dgi Nam Thdi id Thiiu bdo Hiep
bien Dai hgc si lanh Binh Phi Tong ddc hg Vd eung Phd trudng Trdn DUe Hiep, Cai long Ngd Vdn Phdng ddp Chinh Lgc, Ihdn Vinh Khdnh, long Tuy Hda, huyen Tuy Phudc, phi
An Nhan thinh ldm dn chay niem Phdt de xdy dung miiu Quan thdnh di qudn Ngiy 1 Ihdng 3 ndm Dinh Ddu (1837) bdt ddu khdi cdng xdy dung" [6; tr 291-292]
Nhif vay, nim 1837, da cd chile danh "Phdtrudng" do Tran DiTe Hiep phii ffich dd
thi Quy Nhdn Day la mdt cd che quan li dd thi difdi trieu Nguyen lan dau tien xui't hidn
Trang 9thd, dan cU dd thi; giiip vide eho Phd n-ifdng ed cic vien ThuT lai, Thif dich, Dpi midng
Ngifdi Hoa budn bin d Quy Nhdn ed ed chd tU tri theo hinh thd'c Bang Chd dd
Bang d Quy Nhdn ed thi dupe thinh lip tir nim 1814 DUng dau mdi Bang cd mdt
"Bang Iradng": gidp vipc cd 1 hoic 2 Bang phd Bang trudng ed nhipm vu xdt xuf cie
vu u-anh tung giifa eic Hoa kieu vi dai didn cho hp trifde nhi cam quydn Tuy nhien,
nhiem vu ehinh ye'u cua Bang trudng li quin ddc viec tri thud cQa Hoa kieu trong
Bang cho U-ieu dinh Mdi nim vao thing 10, cie Bang trifdng phii de'n tinh U dd khai
sd din ciia Bang Nim 1842, vua Thipu Tri quy dinh: "Cdc dia phuang cd ngadi Hoa
kliu din eU ngu phdi ddng ten vio sd hing Bang de chiu ihui " Nim 1847, d Binh
Dinh cd 7 Bang Hoa kieu |7; tr 166]
Dd'i vdi ngudi Minh HlTdng sd'ng d Binh Dinh trUde thing 8/1826, nhi nirdc quy
dinh ndp thud than gdm: 2 ta'm vii vi I quan 5 lien/ngudi/nim Tif thing 8/1826 ve
sau, moi ngUdi phai nop 2 lang bac, diy td xiu lien, vide binh dao dUdc mien, din
hang dinh, lio, tit difdc nop mpt nda [7; tr 161]
Nhifng ngudi sd'ng trong td chu'c Bang ed che' dp tif tri cao nhifng phai ddng tien
thud ning hdn Le thud nam 1830 quy dinh: thud thin ngUdi Hoa den eir ngu la 6 quan
5 tien/nam: ne'u khdng cd tii san dUdc giam mdt nila nhifng khdng qui 3 nam Thud
ap dung eho nhifng ngifdi tir 18-60 mdi Den nim 1838, thud than ngifdi Hoa kieu
chieu theo le thud ngu'di Mmh HUdng de thu [3; tt 180]
Nhifng ngudi Hoa gd'c Quang Ddng, Phiic Kie'n nhap cif den Binh Dinh cil 30
ngifdi trd len lap thanh nhdm Dai Minh, ea nim moi ngirdi nop vai stfu 2 ta'm, mdi
tam dai 30 thifde, ngang 7 tic vi tien thud than, tien diy xau den nhif le ngUdi nop
thue san vat [3; tr 304]
4 MOT SO NHAN XET 4.1 Dil ngudn gdc din tdc, tie'ng ndi hay phong tijc tip quan khae nhau , cif dan Binh
Dinh ndi chung, cif dan Binh Dinh d nila dau thd kl XIX ndi rieng deu chung sd'ng hda
binh, gan bd mit thiet va ludn cd tinh cam sau nang ddi vdi vilng da't nay Cling vdi
ngudi Viet, cac din tdc Cham, Bana, H're, Hoa , da cd nhidu ddng gdp quan trpng
cho sU ldn manh cua que hUdng Binh Dinh
4.2 De'n nda dau the ki XIX, dien tich Binh Dinh da cd stf md rdng ding ke nham dip
ifng nhu cau tang din sd SU gia ting nhanh chdng cua sd'lUdngdan ctf da tic ddng ldn
den cd cau dan cif va sif phan bd dan cif trong toin tinh Do sile ep eiia dan sd, ngUdi
Viet d Binh Dinh da di eU len mien nui tao nen sU giao lUu kinh td-vin hda tich cUc
giifa mien xudi va mien ngifde
4.3.Hoat ddng kinh te chii yeu cda eif dan Binh Dinh li ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, sued
Trang 10didc d^y nhanh qui trinh hinh thinh v i phit tridn c i c trung t i m budn bin, c i c tu diem kinh id-xi hdi d Binh Dinh
4.4 Chd dp thud khda cOa tridu Nguydn qui ning nd ddi vdi nhin d i n trong cic nginh s i n xui't v i lifu thdng budn bin Trong dd, thud dinh l i mdt ginh ning dd'i vdi
c i c ting ldp nhin din Do v§y, nhin dan Binh Dinh cOng nhu nhin dan c i nifdc ndi chung phii sdng Irong einh cd cifc: d i n chdt ddi, ling xdm Ii6u dieu, cudc sdng khdng
dn dinh VI dill khdng dii nudi sd'ng bin thin v i gia dinh m i np nin, thud khda lai chdng chi't ; ngifdi ndng d i n d i phii bd ling qud di tha phirdng c i u thire Vd sau, chinh sir khdn ciing, khdng cd Idi thoil eiia ngirdi ndng dan li nguydn nhin dan Idi cic cudc khdi nghia, bao lo^n
T A I L I 6 U THAM KHAO
[II N T Anh, Kinh te vd xd hdi Vi('l Nam dudi cdc vua triiu Nguyin, Nhi xu^t bin Van
h9C,(2(X)8)
[2] N X Nhin, Vii nil vi vdn hda cd truyen d cdc ling qui Binh Dinh, Sd VSn hda Uiong
tin Blnh Dinh, (2004)
[3] NOi cic nieuNguyen,Af/i&n(f/n/i Dpi/VnmA^iifidn lie/(••.tip4 Nxb Thuin Hda, Hud,(I993)
[4] Q Tan Nude non Binh Dinh, Nxb Thanh Nien, (1999)
[5] Tdng cue du Uch, Tmng tam cdng nghp thdng tin du lich, N<m nude Viit Nam, Hi Ndi, (2000)
[6] Uy ban nhan din tinh Blnh Dinh, Dia chi Binh Dinh, tdp Thiin nhien, Ddn cu vi Hanh
chinh, Quy Nhdn, (2005)
[7] Uy ban nhan dan tinh Blnh Dinh Dia ehl Binh Dinh tip Lich si Nxb D i Ning, (2006)
BINHDINH RESIDENTS UNDER THE REION OF NGUYEN DYNASTY DURING THE FIRST HALF OFTHE 19™ CENTURY
Dinh Thi Thao
The article initially generalizes the origin, composition, population's structure and its dismbution in Binhdinh during the first half of the 19"'century It also shows the picture of Binhdinh inhabitants' life under the Nguyen reign The hard lax regime and labour as well as the Ulreats of natural disasters, crop famine and epidemics made people's life more miserable, which is the cause leading to die fierce struggles of Binhdinh people
'Khoa Lich sif, Tnrdng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn