Dli vdi vdn hda tinh than, Nho giao gop phdn Idm hinh thanh ddng vdn hda quan phuong chinh thing, ben cgnh dong vin hda dan gian gdn vdi y thftc tpc ngudi, lam nen c6t ldi ciia van hoa t
Trang 1V Anh hirong cua Nho giao trong van hoa Viet Nam
Ly T u n g Hieu *
Nh$n ngiy 12 thing 12 nam 2014 Chinh sua ngiy 25 thing 12 nam 2014 Chdp n h ^ dSng ngiy 07 thing 01 nim 2015
Tdm tdt: Vdi Ijch su 1900 nam truyen ba d Vipt Nam, frong dd cd hai giai dogn
chiem dia vj dpc ton la Hau Le (1428 - 1527) va Nguyin sa (1802 - 1883), Nho giao
da tdc dpng mgnh me den vdn hoa Vipt Nam Nho gido tac dpng chii yeu den cac giai cap, ting Idp fren trong xd hpi, nhung khong an sdu ben re vdo cdc giai cap, ting Idp dudi Dli vdi vdn hda tinh than, Nho giao gop phdn Idm hinh thanh ddng vdn hda quan phuong chinh thing, ben cgnh dong vin hda dan gian gdn vdi y thftc tpc ngudi, lam nen c6t ldi ciia van hoa tpc ngudi Nho giao Iam cho vdn hoa tinh thin cua Viet Nam thdi trung dai bj Han hoa mpt phan dang ke, ddng thdi kim ham, gay hgi cho nen vdn hda truyen thong cua Vipt Nam, ca frong Itnh vyc van hda tinh than Idn van hda vgt chat Nho gido cdng dgt tdi t$t dinh quyen uy thi dat nudc Vipt Nam cdng suy yeu, vdn hda Vipt Nam cdng suy thodi Va culi ciing, trudc nan vong qudc cuoi the ky XIX, Nho giao dd bat Iyc va tan lyi
Tir khda: Vdn hoa Vipt Nam; Nho gido
1 D ^ t v i n d l
Hon mdt ttdm ndm qua kl tft khi Nho
gido suy vong, van dfi Nho gido ttong vdn
hda Vipt Nam dd dugc bdn nhilu Cdc nha
nghifin cftu Nho gido thdi trudc cd Phan
Bpi Chau, Tran Trpng Kim, Dao Duy Anh,
Duong Qudng Ham, Ngd Tdt Td, Nguyfin
Duy cin, Kim Dinh Gdn day hon cd Cao
Xudn Huy, Trin Vdn Giau, Trin Dinh
Hugu, Quang Dgm, Trjnh Dodn Chinh,
Nhung hau het cdc nghien cftu iy diu dftng
d cac difim nhin trifit fapc hogc sft hpc, van
hgc; va cac khia cgnh dugc ndi nhilu vdn la
tft tudng, gido dye, vdn hpc cua Nho giao
va Nho gido Vi^t Nam, Khia cgnh chua
dugc ban nhifiu la tdc dyng thyc tien cua
Nho giao ddi vdi vdn hda Viet Nam, tiic Id
Nho gido hi^n thyc va quan he tuong tac cfta nd ddi vdi van hda Viet Nam M$t vin dfi van hda thyc tien nhu vdy cd thfi dugc xem xet tft gdc nhin Vdn hda hpe Dfi tifip cgn van dl ndy, chftng tfii vgn dyng I;^ thuylt vl he thing van hda Theo
do, chung tfii xem van hda tfic ngudi Id mot
he thfing bao gdm ba ylu td la ehu till vdn hda, hogt dgng van hda vd ddc trung vSn hda Trong ba yfiu td dd, ddng vai ttd hnng tam cua toan he thfing la chft thl vdn hda, tftc bdn than tdc ngudi Cdn hogt dgng van hda, bao gdm cdc lihh vyc hogt d§ng tiiyc
'*' Tiln SI, Tru6ng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xS h$i vi nhan van, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Tp Hi Chf Mmh DT: 0909530214, mail: lytunghieu@gmail.com
Trang 2tien khac nhau cua chu thfi vdn hda dugc
quy thufic vdo hai nhdm: vdn hda vat thfi
(cung ggi la van hda vat chit), va van hda
phi vgt thl (cung gpi Id vdn hda tmh thin)
Hp thong van hda iy tfin tai trong mdt mdi
trudng vdn hda hgp thdnh tft hai nhan td:
khdng gian vdn hda va giao luu tifip biln
vdn hda Trong h§ thdng vdn hda iy, Nho
giao la mdt bp phgn cd tu each luong pfaan:
vira la bd phdn cfta vdn hda tinh thdn va cd
quan he tuong tdc mdt thifit vdi cdc hogt
dfing vdn hda tinh thdn, vfta Id bp phgn hgp
thanh chft thfi van hda vd cd quan hp tuong
tdc mat thilt vdi cac thupc ti'nh cua chft thfi
vdn hda
Vgy, ban ve Nho gido hifin thyc va quan
hp tuong tdc cua nd dfii vdi van hda Viet
Nam, trudc hfit phdi xem xet tac dpng qua
Iai gifla Nho giao vdi cac hogt dfing vdn hda
tinh thin va vdi cdc thudc tinh cfta chu the
vdn hda Vi^t Nam
2 NhCrng tdc dfing tich cue chu yeu
ciia Nho gido doi vdi van hda Vi|t Nam
Tinh tft khi bit diu du nhgp cho din lftc
suy vong, Nho giao da cd ljch sft 1900 ndm
truyfin ba d Viet Nam Thdi Bdc thufic,
frong nhflng thl ky diu cdng nguyfin, cdc
quan cai ttj ngudi Han nhu Tich Quang (1
5), Nhdm Difin (29 33), ST Nhilp (187
-226), Do Tu? Do (ddu thl ky V) da ra sftc
tmyln ba Nho gido d Giao Chau Cimg
trong thdi ky nay, cac dodn ngudi Han di
thyc va tj ngn ndi tifip nhau keo xudng Giao
Chdu, mang theo vdn hda Han Tuy nhifin,
day Id thdi ky ma vdn hda Vipt - Mudng da
dat tdi nhiing thdnh tyu dinh cao, cd sftc
manh vdn hda ndi t^, va cd khd nang chgn
lgc, chuyfin hda nhflng yfiu tfi vdn hda mdi
du nfagp dk bfii bo cfao sftc manh vdn hda
npi tai cua minh Trong khi do, Nho giao la
cdng cy cung c6 till chfi nha nudc cfta qudn
xdm lugc Vi vdy, ttai qua cd nghin nam, Nho gido vdn khdng tham nhgp dugc vao vdn hda Vipt Mudng Cu ddn Viet -Mudng van bdo tdn dugc van hda tpc ngudi, y thftc tdc ngudi, y chi quat cudng
va nhu edu ddu ttanh vi dpc lap tu do Phdi den thdi k^' ty chft, tft thl k^ XI trd
di, Nho gido mdi dugc Nhd nudc phong kifin chft ttgng de cao Dfi xdy dyng, hodn thifin thfi chfi nhd nudc, giai cap phong kifin
da tim thdy d Nho giao nhirng Ipi khi ma Phdt gido va Dgo giao duong thdi khdng cd:
sy thin bi hda vuong quyfin, sy thifing lifing hda quan he quan than, nhflng chuan myc
va ngi dimg ddo tao quan lgi tiiich hgp dfi ndi dai canh tay quyen Iyc cua nha vua Dfin thdi Hdu Lfi, Nho gido vuon lfin chifim dia vj dpc ton ttong van hda cung dinh, day Phdt giao vd Dgo giao xudng hang tdn gido dan gian Nhung Nho gido cd vi tri hdng
"Qudc giao" thalt sy d trifiu Nguyfin, mgt triiu dgi tgp quyln tuyfit dfii va trifit dl khai thdc dao ly tam cuong, ngu ludn cua Nho
giao dk bdo v$ tfin ti quan than va quyln
thdng trj vTnh vien cua tdng tpc nhd vua Tren dinh cao quyfin luc, Nho gido da phat tac tfii da sftc manh kim fadm cfta nd, ttd thdnh nguyfin nhdn sau xa cua tinh trgng logn lac va tri trfi keo ddi sufit the ky XIX cho din khi mat nudc vfi tay Phap Tft diu thfi ky" XX, cung vdi sy suy tan' ciia nhd nudc phong kifin va giai cdp phong kifin, Nho giao da khfing cdn la y tiiuc h? chinh thSng va ciing khdng cdn ddng vai ttd mfit tfin giao chinh th6ng dieu chinh hanh vi va dao dftc nhu trudc nfla Sy dot khdi ciia phong trao Duy Tdn Ddng Du (1905 -1908) dd ddng cdy dmh cufii cftng vdo ndp quan tdi cfta Nho giao d Vipt Nam Difim so qua nhu vgy, cd thl thiy ring, giai c ^ phong kiln Viet Nam thugng tdn
Trang 3Nho giao khdng chi do nhu cdu xdy dyng
qudc gia, ma cdn vi vd chft yfiu la vi Nho
gido cd ich ddi vdi vific cai trj nhan dan Vi
vdy, tuy cd luc thang luc trim, nhung bao
gid Nho giao ciing la chiec phao chfing dam
cfta cac trifiu dai phong kifin Viet Nam, kfi
tu khi vua Ly Thdnh Tdng dyng Van Mifiu
d Thang Long nam 1070, cho dfin khi trifiu
dinh Hufi ky Hda udc Quy Mfti (nam 1883)
giao chu quyen qudc gia cho Phdp
Do sy truyen ba chft dpng va kifin tri cfta
giai cap phong kifin, trong thdi trung dai,
Nho gido da tham thdu vao mpt mdt bfi
phdn cfta chu the van hda Viet Nam Id giai
cdp quy tfic, quan lai va tang ldp nho si,
quan vifin Nho giao cung ben re vao mpt
bp phan van hda tinh thin cfta xa hpi, Idm
hinh thdnh ddng vdn hda quan phuong
chinh thdng bfin cgnh cde hogt dfing van
hda tinh thin cfta dan gian Bdng cdch do,
vdn hda tinh than cfta Vipt Nam da bj Han
hda mpt phdn Ciing bdng cdch dd, Nho
giao da dugc Vipt hda mpt phan ttong qud
trinh thdm nhap vdo vdn hda Viet Nam
Do tdc dpng tft Nho giao nen sy phan
hda xd hdi d Vipt Nam thfim sdu sac, chft
the vdn hda Vipt Nam bj chia ddi; hinfa
thdnh ting ldp nho sT, giai cip quy tpc,
quan lgi theo hinh mau Nho gido, tfin tai
bfin cgnh cdc giai cdp, tdng ldp sin cd cfta
xd hpi Vipt Nam xua (nfing ddn, thg thft
cdng, thuang nhan) Tang Idp nho si va
quan Iai dy cd ttdch nhipm kinh bang tfi thfi,
tri qudc an dan, va tuy theo thdi thfi ma
chgn lua each ftng xft, xuit va xft, hdnh va
tdng Cdn cdc giai cip, tang ldp lao ddng thi
cd trdch nhipm bdo dam nhu ciu vat chit
cho cdc giai cip, ting ldp ben tten vd cho
ban thdn minh
Ljch sft Vipt Nam cd rit nhilu nhd nho
cd phim hgnh, khi tilt cao cd, nhu Mgc Dmh
Chi, Chu Vdn An, Nguyin Trdi, Nguyin Binh Khiem, Vo Trudng Todn, Ngfi Tung Chau, Trjnh Hodi Dftc, Le Quang Djnh, Ngfi Nhdn Tirih, Nguyen Cfing Trft, Phan Thanh Gidn, Trdn Tifin Thanh, Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nguyen Khuyen, Nguyfin Huy Dftc, Nguyen Thftc Ty, Khifiu Nang Tuih, Trdn Dinh Phong, Luong Van Can, Phan Bgi Chdu, Dang Nguyfin Can, Ngfi Dftc Kl, Phan Chdu Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khdng, Trin Quy Cdp, Nhirng nha nho nay, du Iiic binh thdi hay khi van nudc gian nan, van td
rd khi tilt va pham hgnh, ddng thdi cd thai d0 vd hdnh dfing vi nudc, vi dan Trong cdc hoat dgng van hda, Nho giao tdc dpng chft yfiu vao cdc hoat dpng vdn hda
tinh thin Trong vdn hoa to chuc cgng
ddng, a cap do gia dinh, Nho giao phfii hgp
vdi vdn hda Han lam hinh thdnh che dp gia dinh phy hfi di doi vdi nam quyln cyc doan, tfin tgi song hanh vdi truyfin thfing ttpng nam di dfii vdi ttgng nfi cua vdn hda dSn gian Trong gia dinh, gia tdc, qu6c gia, Nho gido tryc tiep lam hinh thanh chfi dp tfing phdp, ttao quyfin thiia kfi, thfta ty cho con ttai trudng chinfa ddng, song hanh vdi tap qudn ttao quyfin thira kfi, thira ty cho con trai ut cfta ddn gian Trfin binh dipn quic gia, Nho gido Id ca sd lam hinh thdnh to chftc nhd nudc cua Dai Vifit, bao gdm h? thdng hdnh chinh, td ichuc quan sy, quan chl, luong bong md phdng Trung Hoa, tdn tai song hanh vdi td chftc cpng dong cap lang qufi ra ddi tii thdi Van Lang - Au Lgc
Vi tin nguang, nhd nho Vipt Nam coi
Nho gido nhu la tdn giao; gat bd, bdi xich cac ton gido khac ngoai trft nhirng npi dung dugc Nho giao cfaip nhan va khuyin khich, nhu ldng tm vao thifin mpnh, vific tfi Ie, vi?c thd cftng tfi tifin Vi vgy, ttong Nho gido Id tfin gido cfta dan ong ngudi Vipt, bfin cgnh
Trang 4cac tdn gido ddnh cho cac bd cae cfi nhu
dgo Phat, dao Mau
Ve phong tuc, su tac dpng cua Nho gido
va van hda Han da lam Han hda mdt phdn
cdc phong tyc vdng ddi, ddc bifit la phong
tuc hfin nhan, phong tuc tang ma Trong
thdi trung dai, cdc phong tyc ndy diu liy
hinh mau cfta Nho gido vd van hda Hdn ldm
chudn myc Chinh vi vay ma cho dfin ngdy
nay, van cdn nhieu ngudi vifit sach md ta
cdc phong tuc va nghi thftc- iy frong vdn
hda Viet Nam hipn dgi nhu thl chung Id ban
sao cua phong tuc Trung Hoa trung dai!
That ra, bfin canh cac phong tyc hdn nhdn,
phong tyc tang ma theo hinh mau eiia Nho
gido vd van hda Han trudc day, ngudi Vipt
d cdc viing mifin khac nhau va cac tfin gido
d Viet Nam dfiu cd cdch thftc rieng dfi thyc
hi^n cdc phong tyc ay
Trong gido due, Nho gido Id co sd hinh
thdnh he thdng giao due chinh thdng cfta
Vipt Nam trung dgi d bdn cap kinh dd
-tinh/dgo - phft - huypn/chdu, vd chfi dp thi
tuyfin gfim bfin cap khao hgch thi Huong
-till Hdi - thi Dinh, de dao tgo ra quan lai
nhd nudc, quan vifin lang xa Hp thong gido
dye ciu'nh thdng nay tdn tai song hanh vdi
mgng ludi giao due dan gian frong gja dinh,
ldng xdm, ldng nghfi, nhdm giao dye cdch
ftng xft vdi gia dinh, cha me, dng ba, td
tifin, hg hang, ldng xdm, thin lmh Trong
Ijch sft 844 ndm khoa cft Han hpc d Vi?t
Nam (1075 - 1919), nfin giao dye Nho giao
dd tao ra hdng nghin dng Nghe, dng Cft,
fing Tft ma trong so do nhifiu ngudi da ndi
lfin thdnh nha vdn hda hay nha khoa hgc,
nfau nfaa sft hgc Lfi Vdn Huu, danh nhan vdn
hda thl gidi Nguyen Trai, nha sft hgc Ngd
ST Lifin, Trgng Ludng Luong Thl Vinh,
Trang Trinh Nguyfin Binh Khifim, Trang
Bung Phftng Khdc Khoan, nha bdc hgc Lfi
Quy Don, thi hao Nguyfin Du, nhd bdc hpc
Phan Huy Chu
Ve vdn hoc vd nghe thugt, Nho gido da
gdp phdn Iam hinh thdnh cdc thfi vdn khoa
cu (kinh nghTa, chifiu, bilu, luan, vdn sach, tho, phft ), cdc thfi logi van hgc md phdng Trung Hoa (tho Dudng ludt, phft, tft, ddi ), cac dien tich van hpc, cdc sacfa giao khoa truyfin thy Nho gido, cac tac phdm vdn hgc
vd nghfi thugt ehiu dnh hudng eiia Nho gjdo Nhung san phim ay Idm thanh ddng vdn hpc nghfi thudt quan phuang chinh thdng, tdn tai song hdnh vdi ddng vdn hgc dan gian, nghfi thuat dan gian
Ve ngdn ngft vd vdn tg, qua trinh tifip
bien vdn hda Hdn ndi chung, Nho gido ndi rifii^ da de lai ddu dn sdu dam ttong ngdn ngft va chfi viet d Vipt Nam Ve ngu dm, tifing Viet, tifing Mudng da bifin dfii cdc phy
am cudi, hmh thanh tfaanfa dieu va roi run^ cac dm tifit phy cfta thdi Mdn - Khome; rieng tifing Viet hien dgi cdn roi rung cdc to hgp phy am diu, Vl ngG ph£^, tifing Vipt, tiing Mudng da roi rung cdc phy tfi tgo tft cua thdi Mfin - Khome; rifing tifing Vipt faifin dai cdn hinh thanh cac phy to tao tft gdc Han - Viet, va mugn nhifiu cdch difin dat cfta tifing Han Ve tft vyng, ttong tifing Viet, tifing Mudng dfiu cd nhifiu yfiu td gdc Han; rifing tifing Viet cd dfin 70% tft gdc Hdn Hien nay, tifing Viet dang sft dung mdt
bp phdn tft vung gfic Han cd sd lugng vd tin suit su dyng rit ldn, bao gdm Han -Viet cfi, Han - -Viet trung dgi, Han - -Viet cgn dgi (khdu ngG ciia ngudi Hoa Nam bfi),
tu ngG cd yfiu td Hdn - Viet Trong vfin tu tifing Vipt, ddc bipt la Idp tft vyng van hda, sfi lugng cdc yfiu td gdc Hdn chifim mfit ty
lp dp ddo, ca d ba cap do: tft, ngft, phu td
Bp phgn tft vyng gfic Hdn nay bao gom hiu hit cdc binh difin vdn fada ma cu dan Vipt
Trang 5cfaju dnh hudng cua van hda Han, ttong dd
dnh hu&ng ro r$t nhdt la cdc hogt dgng vdn
hda tinh thdn: each thftc td chiic xa hpi cd
truyfin (con ngudi, hg tfin, quan he than tdc,
th chftc hanh chinfa, td cfaftc qudn sy, bp
may quan lai ); tin nguong, phong tyc, le
hfii (tin ngudng, tfin gido, gido dye, khoa
cft, phong tyc vdng ddi, lfi hdl ); van hpc,
nghp tfaudt (thudt ngfl, cac thfi van hanh
chinh va kfaoa cft, cdc thfi logi van hpc bac
hgc, mgt so Iogi hinh sdn khdu ); ngdn ngfl
(ddt dja danh, vay mugn vd sao phdng tft
ngfl, cdu tgo tu mdi tft cdc yfiu tfi gfic
Hdn ) Qud trinh tiep bien van hda Han vd
Nho gido ttong ngdn ngfl ay tdn tgi song
hdnh vdi qud trinh bdo tfin ngfl am, ngfl
phap, tft vyng gdc Mdn - Khome, vd tifip
biln cdc ngdn ngfl Tay, Chdm, Hoa, Khome,
Phdp ttong tiing Vi$t,
v l vdn tu, chfl Han Id van ty chinh thftc
cfta Vi^t Nam ttong sudt thdi phong kifin ty
chu, va vi Id phuang tipn chuyen dimg
chuyin tdi Nho gido, nfin chG Hdn thudng
dugc gpi Id chG Nho, chG Thdnh hiln Qud
ttinh tiep bifin vdn hda Han vd Nho giao
ttong chG vilt iy tdn tgi song hanh vdi qud
trinh Vi?t hda cac vdn ty ngoai lai Tft khi
ra ddi dudi thdi Tran, chfl Ndm, Ioai van ty
phai sinh tu chft Han, vira dugc dftng dl
chuyfin tdi vdn hda dan gian, viia dugc dung
de chuyfin tai vdn hda quan pfauong chinh
thong theo Nho giao Vd din diu thl ky
XX, vdi phong trdo Duy Tan - Dfing Du,
chft Qu6c ngfl, lunfa thdnh tft thl ky XVII,
dd phat triln thanfa vdn ty cua todn dan,
giup chuyin tai nhflng tu tudng, tri thftc
mdi, thoat ly Nho gido
Nhu v4y, ttong chgng dudng hon 2000
ndm tifip xftc vdn hda Han cfta Viet Nam,
Nho gido da that sy tdc dgng manh vdo xd
hpi Vipt Nam trong hai giai dogn: Hdu Lfi
(1428 - 1527) va Nguyen sa (1802 -1883) Hai ddi tupng chiu anfa faudng rd nfait cua Nho gido va vdn hda Han la chft thl vdn hda
vd van hda tinfa tfain Trong chft thl vdn hda, Nho giao da tac dgng chft ylu din cdc giai cap, ting Idp trfin ttong xa h$i, efaft kfafing an sau ben re vao cdc giai cip, ting Idp dudi Ddi vdi van hda tinfa tfain, Nho giao da gdp phin Iam hinh thanh ddng vdn hda quan phuang chinh thfing, chft khdng thay the dugc ddng van hda dan gian v6n cd mgt bfi day Ijch su gan vdi y thftc t^c ngudi, Iam nfin cfit loi cua van hda tpc ngudi Tftc
Id, Nho gido dd Idm tdeh ddi kiln tnic thugng tang ciia xa hgi Vipt Nam, Idm hinh thanh ddng van hda quan phucmg theo Nho gido, song hanh va ddi Igp vdi ddng vdn hda dan gian ban dja Hai ddng vdn hda ndy dung hgp lin nhau, dnh hudng lln nhau Nho gido d Vipt Nam dugc Vi$t hda m0t phin, khac vdi Nho gido d Trung Hoa Vdh hda dan gian Vi^t cung bj Nho gido hda mdt phin, nhilu phong tyc goc Han va goc Viet tfin tgi song song Cho nfin, sfi rit sai Iam neu quan nipm ho^c mfi td ydn hda Vi?t nhu mpt ban sao cfta vdn hda Hdn
Vd chang, anh hudng cfta Nho gido vd vdn hda Han dfii vdi vdn hda Vipt Nam" cflng chi keo dai din cudi thl k>' XIX Trong nin vdn hda Viet Nam duong dgi, Nho giao khfing cdn la tdn giao, y thftc h§ hay hpc tiiuylt chinh thdng, chi la tdn du ttong mgt sd phong tyc va nghi le
3 Nhirng tdc h^i chinh yeu cua Nho gido doi vdi vdn boa Vi^t Nam Bfin cgnh nhflng "ddng gdp" md tdc dyng chu yfiu la ldm cho vdn hda tinh thin cfta Viet Nam thdi trung dgi bj Han fada mpt phin ddng kl, Nho giao da tryc tilp vd gidn tilp gdy hgi cho nin vdn hda truyin thing cfta Vipt Nam Nhflng tac hgi nay khdng chi
Trang 6xdy ra trong lihh vyc van hda tinh thin, md
ca vdn hda vat chit cfta d i t nudc Viet Nam,
Trudc fafit Id nhirng tdc hgi trong Iinh
vuc gido due Trong thdi Mmh thudc (1407
- 1428), gidc Minh xda bd nfin dgc lap ciia
Dai Viet, huy diet triet de t i t ca cdc di san
vdn hda cfta cdc triiu dai Ly - Trin, dp ddt
nfin gido dye Tdng nho cho nho sinh, nho sT
Dai Vifit Ly do la vao d i u t h l ky XV, cac
nho gia ddi Minh chua xuat hifin, di sdn
dugc tdn siing nhit cfta Nho gido duang
thdi la Tong nho, vdi cac dai bifiu Idn nhu
Chu Dfin Di, Truong Tdi, Trinfa Hgo, Trinh
Di, Chu Hi.,, Sau khi Le Thai Td gidnh lgi
dgc lap, di sdn vdn hda Ly - Trdn chi cdn la
manh vyn, nfin vific gido due cua trieu Hau
Lfi ciing phdi diing tdi lifiu cfta Tdng nho
Nha Nguyfin lfin ngdi, tim thdy d Tdng nho
nhflng luan difim cd lpi cho minh, nfin ciing
dgc tfin Tdng nho trong giao dye, truyfin
dgy cho ngudi hgc cac sach cfta Tong nho
(nhu Tam Ty Kinh, Minh Dgo gia hudn Tu
Thu, Ngfl Kinh Ndi dung tdng qudt cfta
nfin gido dye dd la lay nhiing tri thftc xa fapi
va phuong cham xft thfi cfta hang ti-am, hang
nghin ndra trudc vd cua mpt nfin vdn hda
khac, dfi ldm khudn vgng thudc nggc cho tu
tudng va each hdnh xu cfta con ngudi Viet
Nam, bit k l nhfing khac bipt cua van hda tgc
ngudi va nhiii^ chuyfin bifin cfta thdi dai
Ngi dung giao dye nhu vay tham chi cdn
thua ca thdi Khdng Tft dao tgo hgc trd, vdi
nhung tri thftc cua lyc kinh (Thi, Thu, Le,
Nhac, Djch, Xudn Thu) va nhflng k^ ndng
cua lyc ngh? (Ie, nhge, ngu, xa, thu, sfi)
Phuong phdp hoc tap tiu tiieo ldi hudn ho
(giai nghTa kmh sach), t u chuang (sang tac
tho phft, t i m chuong trich cft) Dd la mdt
cai hgc vua gjao dilu, vira phu phiem, chft
y l u giup Iam dang tri tfaftc, cdn hdu nhu vd
dyng ddi vdi xa h^i nhan quan
Theo Trdn Trpng Kim: "Trong ddi nha
Ly va nhd Trdn, thi sy hpc cfta ta theo Idi huan - ho cfta Han - nho va Dudng - nho, rfii tu ddi nhd Le v l sau, thi theo Idi hgc cfta Tdng - nho, lay Trinh Chu ldm tifiu - chuan
Ta chi quanh qudn d trong cdi phgm - vi hai ISi fagc dy, chft khdng thodt - ly dugc ma sang - lap ra cai hpc - tfauyfit nao khdc";
"Tu ddi nhd Lfi vfi sau, trai qua nhd Mgc, nhd Hdu - Lfi trung - hung va nhd Nguyen,
sy nho - hpc d Viet - Nam tuy thgt la thjnh, nfaung hpc - gia trong nudc thudng cd cdi
sd dodn rdt ldn, Id phin nhifiu chi hpc loi khoa - cft, vu ldy van - chuang dfi cdu sy dd dgt, chft khfing cd may i^udi hpc dfin ch3 uyen - thdm cfta Nho - gido, de tim thiy cai dgo - ly cao - xa, hodc Id dfi - xudng lfin cdi fagc - thuyfit ndo thdt cd gid - trj nhu cdc nho - gid bfin Tdu Dd that la cho kem cfta hpc - gja nudc ta",
Theo Ddo Duy Anh: "Ludn v l sT phong ddi Le, Que Dudng (Le Qui Dfin) dgi khai ndi rang: "Quoe gia khdi phye thfta sau khi nhieu nhuong thi nha nho vang ve; dfin ddi Hfing Due md rdng khoa muc thi
ke sT xd vfi hu vdn; ddi Doan Khdnh trd di thi sT tap suy bal qud lam" Vua Minh Mpnh tiing ndi vfi vipc hgc cft nghidp rang: "Ldu nay khoa cft lam cho ngudi ta sai lam Vdn chuong vdn khdng cd quy cft nhat djnh, ma nay nhihig ngudi Idm vdn
cu nghipp chi cau np hft sao, khoe khoang ldn nhau, bifit Igp moi nhd mdt l6i, nhan pham cao hay thdp do t u dd Hpc nhu the thi ttdch nao nhan tdi chdng moi ngay mgt kem di" Nay ta cft xem may Idi ay ciing dft tudng tugng dugc tinh trgng suy ddn
cua nho d ddi Lfi, Nguyfin (} thdi dai nho
hpc ddc tfin ma nho hpc Igi d vdo cdnh huong h u hen nhu vgy, nguyfin nhan chft yfiu chi vi chfi dp khoa cu vd hgc thuylt
Trang 7Tdng nho lam cho nd mat hfit sinh khi ma
pfaai cdi lan"
Vific dao tgo con ngudi sai lam tu gdc
nhu vgy, nfin bd mdy quan lgi la san pham
cua hp tfadng giao due dd pfaan ldn deu Id
nhfing ke ban than bat togi Cac tan quan
dugc tuyfin bd qua khoa cft chang phdi ldm
gi khac ngoai vific ky duyfit cdc van ban
faanh chinh do bd mdy thu Iai chuyfin
nghipp kifim soat va chuan bj Viec cac
quan dugc thdng chftc, hay gidng chftc,
each chuc, dieu chuyen, khdng anh hudng
gl dfin nfin hdnh chinh d cdc dja phuong vd
cac bfi, vi dd cd bd may thu Igi thudng tryc
chdm Io Cdn d trifiu dinh, viec trieu chinh
dd cd nhd vua vd cdc dai thdn Idm chu Dd
Id thyc chat va mgt ttai cfta cai gpi Id thanh
tich ddo tgo va tuyfin dyng quan lgi cfta Nho
gido ma nhflng ngudi sinh Nho thudng ndi
Trong ljch sft gido dye thdi phong kien d
Nghp TTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam Id ba
dja phuang nfii tifing vfi truyfin thfing hpc
hanh, do dgt Nghp Tlnh la mfit viing dat dja
linh nhan kipt va nfii tieng hifiu hpc, sdn
sinh nhieu anh hiing dan tfic vd ttong ljch
sft Id nei chuyfin cung cdp nhung "fing dfi
Nghp" cho cac vftng mifin khdc Quang
Binh ndi tifing vdi "Bdt danh huong" (Son
-Ha - Cdnh - Thd - Vdn - Vo - Cd - Kim), cd
nhifiu danh nhan hpc rgng do cao Qudng
Nam nfii tifing la vung dit "ngu phung tfi
phi", sdn sinh ra nhieu hifin tai cho ddt
nudc Tuy nhifin, "truyfin thfing hilu hpc"
dd la chi sdn xudt ra nhiing nho sT va quan
lgi gidi tft chuang tho phft, chdng cd icfa gi
cfao qudc kfi dan sinh Mgt so ngudi ttong
sd hp sd dl ldm dugc nhirng vific ich qudc
lgi quin (nhu Nguyfin Cdng Tru, ngudi Ha
TTnh, mpt nho tudng timg cam quan danh
nam dpp bic, lai chi huy cong cudc khai
hoang Idn bifin d Kim Son, Tifin Hai, ) la
nhd nhung duong chdt van hda ma nfin gido dye khoa cft, tu chuang khdng cung cip
Ve chinh trf, tu tudng trung quan ciia
Nho gido khifin cho nhifiu nho thin, nho si Dgi Viet dfiu dfic sue bdo vp ngai vang, khdi phye ngai vdng cho nhirng ddng vua, nhfing dng vua an hgi, bft nhin Thay vl Idm cho non sfing nhat thdng, hg Iai Iam eho chinh sy suy ddi, ddt nudc loan lgc, ddn chimg lim than Nha Mgc giet vua eudp ngdi, sau khi mdt nudc Igi ddy binh lam loan, van dugc nhifiu ngudi tfin phd de tdi Igp vuong tiilu d Cao Bdng Nguyin Kim lap Lfi Duy Ninh, mdt ga lang thang bdt tdi
vd tudng, Iam vua Le Trang Tfing dl tai lgp nhd Lfi, chi vi y la con chdu nhd Lfi Trjnh Timg vd con chdu gilt hgi cdc vua Le, nhung khfing chinh thftc cudp ngfii, khong phai vi sg cai uy tin dd tifiu mdn cfta cdc vua Le, ma vi tu tudng trung quan sau n$ng trong xa h0i Dang Ngodi Nguyen Gia Long thing nhit dit nudc, chim dftt chiln tranh, nhifiu ngftdi van nhan danh khfii phye nhd
Le dfi khdi binh ch6ng Iai, gay logn lgc k^o dai tten dat Bac Tp hai ban nfla, nhflng kfi ngu tnmg hoac lpi dyng chfl trung cdn vftt
bd ca lifim si, Idng ty hao dan tpc, dl Idm tay sai cho gi|c, mdi qufic ciu vinh Le Chifiu Thdng "cong rdn cdn gd nhd", van dugc cdc cyu than, hoang t^c ton phd Dfing Khanh, Khai Djnh, Bdo Dgi Id nhftng vua bft nhin, nfaung vin dugc triiu thin phd
ta, trung thanh, dau bifit ring trung qudn nhu vgy thyc chat la trung thdnh vdi Phdp Thdi trudc, nhflng chdm ngdn nhu: "Qudn
su thin tft, thin bit tft bit trung; phy sft tix
vong, tft bit vong bit hilu" la chdm ngdn cua mi^ng cfta nha nho, Bao nhieu dgo va due md bgc chinh nhan quan tft can phdi cd, chung quy lgi deu khdng qua dugc cdi dgo trung quan vd difiu kipn
Trang 8Ve kinh ti, sy dgc tdn Nho gido da kilm
ham^ kinh tfi Viet Nam, ldm suy yfiu cdc
ngudn nfii Iyc, Id mOt trong nhfing nguyfin
nhdn lam cho Viet Nam m i t nudc Do y
tfauc hp Nho gido, mgt sd n g h i nghifip ttong
xd hpi Viet Nam da bj coi khinh, mdc dft
can thiet, ed ieh cho cugc sdng cfta con
ngudi nhu nghe xudng ca, nghi thuong
mai Nhung ngudi theo n g b i xudng ca
chuyfin nghifip (tudng, cheo, ca trft, hat bfii)
thi bj khinh miet vdi cdu nggn ngfi "xudng
ca vd Iogi", cd nghTa la nghfi xudng ca
khdng thudc logi ndo ca, khdng cd cho
trong bdn logi "tu ddn" (sT ndng cong
-thuong), theo quan difim nha nho Nhflng
ngudi theo nghfi thuang raai chuyfin nghifip
ciing bj coi khinh, vi ttong "tft dan", thuang
nhdn Id mgt hang Vi thfi mdi cd cau chuypn
Dao Duy Tft, mpt nhd nho xuat thdn gia
dinh con hat nen bj c i m thi, phai vao Ddng
Trong tim dudng lap nghipp, ttdch chfta
Nguyen Io vific budn ban (vific cfta con
bufin) va khuyfin nhd chfta chi chuyfin lo
qudc sy cho xung vdi bac minh qudn thanh
chfta Tuy vgy, thdi Nam Bac pfaan tranh,
do nhu cdu ttanh thu cac ngudn lyc bfin
ngoai, cdc chinh quyen Dang Ngoai va
Dang Trong deu thi hanh chinh sdch md
cua giao thuong, hinh thanh cdng thj nhu
Phd Hifin, Hgi An, Ndng Ngi dai pho My
Tho dai phd, Sai Gdn, Hd Tifin Budc sang
thdi nhd Nguyfin, khi dat nudc thdng nhat, y
thftc h$ Nho giao hodn todn thdng the,
cfainh sdch "trpng ndng uc thuong", " b l
quan tda cdng" ttd thanh mpt thft quoc sach,
kim ham dit nudc trong vdng lgc hgu ddi
ngheo, la mdt ttong nfaimg nguyfin nhdn ddn
d i n m i t nudc vfi tay Phdp
vi xd hdi, quan difim bat binh ding cfta
Nho giao dd cha dap phy nft Vipt Nam
xu6ng d i t den "Dgo" md Nho gido ddnh
cho ngudi phy nfl la dao tam tdng: "Tgi gia
tdng phy, xudt gia tdng phu, phu tft tdng tft" "E)ftc" ma Nho gido dg.y cho phu nft Id tft due: "Cfing, dung, ngfin, hanh" Tdt cd Id
de cbo ngudi phy nft ldm ttdn chftc trach phye vy dan fing Da t h l , n i n gido dye va khoa cu theo Nho giao cilng chi danh cho nam gidi; g i n 100% phu nfl Viet Nam bj ggt ra ngoal, chi dugc thy hudng giao dye gia dinh, giao dye dan gian, rit hilm ngudi dugc hpc chfl, hgc hdi kiln thuc qua Nho gido Vi vdy ma frong sudt tfadi trung dai, todn bp viec ldng, vipc nudc Id vipc cfta ddn dng, Vific cfta phy nfi chi Id "tl gia, npi ttg", ed thfi kifim thfim vi^c chgy chg, ehay dfing, dau tat mdt tfii, nhung khdng vi thl
ma dja vj trong gia dinh, xd hpi cfta hp dugc ndng lfin
Vi ddi ngogi, y thftc h^ Nho gido dd bdp
meo nhan quan ngudi Vipt ddi vdi vdn hda Tnmg Hoa, van hda cac t^c ngudi ldn can Ddi vdi vdn hda Trung Hoa, nhd nho Viet Nam thudng cd cdi nhin tu ti, vong ban Ddi vdi cac nfin van hda ban dia, hg cd cdi nhin trinh thugng, ty tdn Tuy mpt bp phgn nha nho cflng cd y thuc ve c^i ngufin ddn tdc, y thuc vfi cai rifing cua vdn hda ddn tdc, nhung do dnh hudng cfta Nho gido, ttong mpt bd phdn nha nho dd hinh thanh y thuc ddng nhat epi ngudn dan tpc Viet vdi cfii ngufin dan tpc Han, dfing nhdt van hda Vipt
da trai qua "gido hda" vdi vdn hda Han Ddi vdi hg, "van hiln" d i n g nghia vdi vdn hda Trung Hoa Do quan difim sai Ipch dd, hg
da cdi bifin than thogi va truyen thuyfit ve epi ngudn tfic Vifit theo hudng gdn nd vdi epi ngufin Hdn tpc (truyfin thuyet ve hp Hfing Bang) Hg xem tifing Vipt, chfl Nfim, van Ndm Id "ndm na mach que" dfi thugng tfin chfl Han va tat ca nhflng gi dugc chuyfin tdi qua chfi Hdn (hiu hfit cac trifiu vua, trft nhd Hfi vd nhd Tdy Scm) Hg khinh mipt va chft truang xda bd nhfing phong tyc
Trang 9t ^ quan bdn dja dfi bdt chudc Trung Hoa
(Minh Mang cdra pfau nfi Bdc Ha mac vay
ma phdi mdc qudn nhu ngudi Hdn) Hg xem
nhirng tfic i^ydi chua hi Han hda la "man
di mgi rg", va tifin hanh "gjao fada" ma thuc
tfi la ddng hda hp cho gidng Han (ro nhdt Id
dudi thdi Minh Mgng),
Chinh vi nhirng le ttfin, Nho giao cang
dat tdi tpt dinh quyfin uy tfai dit nudc Viet
Nam cang suy yfiu, van hda Viet Nam cdng
suy thoai Tfi hgi hon niia, la khi dung dp
vdi van minh vgt chat vugt ttdi cfta
Phuong Tay, nguy eo mat nudc dd gdn kfi,
nhihig dd dp trung tfadnh cfta cfta Khdng
san Trinh van cdn bam vao nhflng tu tudng
"sifiu vifit" ciia Nho giao dfi de biu bpn
"Tdy di", tft chdi cdc yeu cdu cdi cdch, duy
tdn Trudc nan vong qufic, Nho gido da bat
Iyc va tdn lyi Khi Viet Nam trd thanh
thupc dja va dat bdo hp cfta thyc dan, Nho
gido trd thdnh ddng rde cii, nhung vdn
dugc che dp thyc dan ban phong kifin luu
dyng dfi tifip tay cho chftng nfi djch nhdn
ddn Phdi dfin ddu thfi k>' XX, phong ttdo
Duy Tan - Dfing Du do cac tri tfaftc Nfao
fape va Tay hge khdi xudng mdi tfaat sy kfit
lieu sd phdn cua Nho gido, md ra cho ddt
nudc mgt ch^g dudng mdi trong qua trinfa
tiep bifin van hda Phuong Tay va hpi nhgp
van hda thfi gidi
4 Ket luan
Nho gido da Idm cho vdn hda tinh thdn
cfta Viet Nam thdi trung dgi bj Han hda mdt
phin dang kfi Nho gido dnh hudng cd trong
van hda tinh thdn lan vdn fada vat chit cfta
Vipt Nam Nho giao cd mdt trdi, gay hai
cho vdn hda Viet Nam Vdn fada Vifit Nam
trudc kia cd rat nhifiu luc, nhifiu noi khfing
can Nho giao Van fada Viet Nam ngay nay
cdng khdng can Nho gido D I hinh thanh
cac chudn myc dao dftc cho nhfing con
ngudi mdi d Vipt Nam, chiing ta cin nhflng
CO sd l;y thuyet va nhung gid tti tinfa tfain kit hgp truyfin thdng vd hipn dgi Trong nhirng gia tri tinh thin truyen thdng, can chft y tim hifiu, pfaat huy nfaiing gia tri truyfin tfadng ban dia Viet Nam, tfaay vi cd ddo xdi lai nam md Nho giao nhu mdt sfi ngudi vgng ngogi va hoai cd da Iam, Nhu y kifin cfta nfaa ngfaifin ciju Chuang Dgra: "Ndi tdm lai, dao l;^ Nho gido thudng xuyen kim ham xd hfii chung ta thud trudc d mpt trgng thdi thip kem, Trong khufin khi thien hg cfta dao Iy Nho gido khong cd con dudng nao tdt hon con dudng tim hudng quay ngugc ttd vl vdi Tay Chu, vdi Dudng, Ngu Trong khi dd, truyfin thdng Vipt Nam vi dfic lap cua Td qudc va vi quyfin song chinh dang ciia ca dan tdc van khfing ngimg the hipn mpt tinh hoa, mpt ban sdc khfing cd the Iyc ndo vui lap, xda bd dugc Che dp trj nudc trj dan ciia cac the luc Han tpc xam lugc vd cdc trifiu dai phong kifin Vi?t Nam, tdn sung Nho giao ludn ludn ngdn can su vuon Ien cua truyen thdng Vipt Nam Tmh hoa va khi phdch Viet Nam cimg lufin luon
td rd sftc sdng bdt diet cua minh ttong mpi hodn cdnh"
Tdi lifu tham khao
1 Cao Xuan Huy (1995), Tu tuang Phuang Ddng ggi nhiing diem nhin Iham chiiu, Nguyin Hu§
Chi soan, gidi thifiu, Nxb Vin hpc, Hi Npi
2 Dio Duy Anh (1998), Viit Nam vdn hda sit cuang, Nxb T6ng hpp Dfing Th^, Dfing Thip
3 Ly TCing Hifiu (2005), Luang Vdn Can va phong trdo Thty Tdn - Ddng Du, Nxb Van h6a Sii
G6n, Sii G6n
4 Ly Tdng Hifiu (2012), "Van h6a vi hfi th6ng
van hfia", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Vdn hda vd Du lieh, si 7
5 Quang D^m (1994), Nho gido xua vd nay,
Nxb van hfia, HdN0i
6 Triin Trpng Kim (1971), Nho gido, quyin hg,
Trung tSm Hpc Hfiu, Bd Giio d^ic, Sii Gfin