Qua phta tich mgt so ket qua Tong dieu tra dan sfl va nha d Viet Nam va Kit qua khao sat miic song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ve giao due, bai vilt nay chi ro tir nam 1986 dta nay, ca bgi giao
Trang 1B A T BJNH D A N G X A HOI TRONG GlAO DUC dVIET NAM
LE NGQC HUNG
Tdm tdt: Doi mdi eta bta, tota dien giao due ddi hdi phai ddi mdi tu duy
lanh dao, quta ly ve giao due trta ca sd cac btag chimg khoa hpc Qua phta tich mgt so ket qua Tong dieu tra dan sfl va nha d Viet Nam va Kit qua khao sat miic song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ve giao due, bai vilt nay chi ro tir nam
1986 dta nay, ca bgi giao due d tat ca cac cap, bac giao due deu dugc md rgng
va ttag len, tuy nhita tinh trang bat binh dang xa hgi trong giao due vin cdn d muc cao, nhat la d trung hpc phd thdng va giao due dai hgc Nta nhu khdng the vua nang cao chat lugng vua md rtag ca hpi giao due tbi lua chgn tot nhat
la uru tien md rgng co hgi dta trudng, de ai ciing dugc hgc Do vay, can phai tiep tuc cung cd thtah qua pho cap tieu hgc, phd cap trung hpc ca sd, tien tdi phd cap giao due mtai non va phd cap trung hpc phd thdng, phd cap giao due dai hgc Dita nay dang trd nen cap thiet de gitai sy bat binh dtag xa hgi trong giao due, phat trita ngufln nhan luc chat lugng cao
Tir khda: Giao due; binh dtag xa hgi; phta tang xa hpi; cdng btag xa hgi
1 Md dau
Thdi gian qua, van de dfli mdi giao
due d Viet Nam da thu hflt sy quan tam
cfla nhieu nha khoa hgc, nha lanh dgo,
quan ly Tuy nhien, cac y kien thao
luan mdi chi xuit phat ttt tinh hinh ndi
tgi cua giao due va bd hep trong phgm vi
cia he thflng giao due, ban mflt each
dinh tinh v l cac van de giao due hgc
Nhirng vin dl xa hgi cap thiet cia giao
due hien nay thi ehua dugc xem xet
nhu: phan ting xa hgi, bit binh ding xa
hgi Bai viet nghita curu van de bat binh
ding xa hpi trong giao due cfla Viet
Nam tren co sd phan tich mpt sfl ket qua
Tflng dilu tra dta sfl va nha d Viet Nam
va Kit qua khao sat muc song hg gia
dinh Viet Nam
2 Binh dang xa hdi trong giao due Binh dang xa hfli trong giao due duge hilu la binh dtag ve ca hdi giao due, co hfli hpc tap ma cy the nhat d day la binh dang ve Cd hdi den trucmg cfla cac nhdm
xa hgi Vi du, tre em dan tgc thita sfl cflng cd ca hgi dta truong tita hge ngang bang vdi co hdi den trudng cia tre em dan tdc Kinh; tre em xuat than gia dinh ngheo cflng cd ca hfli dta trudng dung dp tudi ngang bing vdi co hpi dta trudng dung do tufli cfla tre em xuit thta ttt gia dinh giau
Binh dang xa hdi trong giao due khdng cd nghia la tat ca hpc sinh deu dat
'** Giao su, tien sT, Vipn Xa hpi hpc, Hpc vien Chinh trj qudc gia Hp Chi Minh
Trang 2ket qua hgc tap nhu nhau hay dta tot
nghiep vdi ket qua hgc tap gidng nhau
Ket qua hge tap cua hgc sinh phu thudc
vao nhieu yta td nhu nang lyc va muc
do nfl lyc cia bta than hpc sinh Vl dilu
nay, cac hpc sinh khflng giflng nhau bdi
vi mdi ngudi la mgt ca nhta vdi tit ca
nhftng pham chat, nang lyc dgc dta, dac
sac, khac nhau
Giao due vdi eac co hfli va cae dilu
kien cia nd cflng thuflc ve tai san va
nguon vfln co ban cfla xa hfli Dp vgy,
can phai phta chia binh ding cac ca hfli
giao due cho mpi ngudi va cac nhdm xa
hdi, dac biet la ca hdi dta tructng bdi
day la yeu cau chtte nang co ban eua xa
hdi dat ra dfli vdi mdi mgt thtah vien
cia xa hgi hien dgi Tinh trgng bit binh
dang xa hgi trong giao dye lam giam
hieu qua va lgi ich ma giao dye cd thi
dem den cho cufle sflng cia con ngudi
va xa hdi
Ddi vdi ca nhan, viec bj tudc bd co
hgi di hge gay ra hgu qua xiu tryc tilp
ttudc mat va Ita dai dfli vdi cuge sflng
cia hg Mgt dua tte bj tudc mit co hgi
din trudng tilu hgc khflng nhOng bj
thiet thdi d tudi tre em ma cdn trd thanh
mdt ke bj tat nguyen trong suflt eugc
ddi Bdi vi, trong xa hpi ngay nay, mpt
ngudi khflng cd co hfli phat triin nhttng
ntog Iuc ca ban nhu bilt dpc, bilt vilt,
biet tinh toan la ngudi khuylt tat
Dfli vdi cgng ddng xa hgi, sy bit
binh ding xa hpi trong giao dye la
nguyta nhta cua nhftng bit fln djnh
mau thuin, xung dot, ngheo nan, tut hta, chdm phat triin va phat ttien thieu ben vftng
3 Thuc trang bat binh dSng xa hoi trong giao due d- Viet Nam
Cac ket qua dieu tra gan day cho thay, CO hgi den ttudng da dugc md rdng, nhung ehua dugc phta bd binli dtag cho cac nhdm trong dp tudi din trudng ttt tieu hgc din trung hge ph6 thdng va nhit la cao ding, dgi hpc Co
sd phap luat cfla viec md rgng ca hgi di hge dflng tufli tilu hgc la lugt Phfl cap giao due tieu hgc dugc Quflc hdi thflng qua nam 1991; trong dd quy djnh ro, Nha nude thuc hien chinh sach phfl cSp giao due tilu hpc bit buflc ttt ldp 1 din het Idp 5 doi vdi tit ca tre em Viet Nam ttong dp tufli tu 6 din 14 tufli Nhd thyc hien luat va chinh sach phfl cap giao due tilu hpc nen din nam 2010, Viet Nam
da hota thanh phfl cap giao dye tilu hpc, vdi cae muc do khac nhau gitta cac dja phuang
Theo Kit qua Tdng Dilu tra dta sfl
va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho thiy,
d cae tinh nhu Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Son La ti le di hpc dung tufli tilu hpc cia nft dgt ttt 80 - 83%; ttong khi
cd nhttng tinh nhu Hai Ducmg, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Da Ning, Bic Ninh ti
le nay dgt trta 98% Ben canh dd, tren
ca nude da dgt dugc binh ding gidi v l ti
le di hgc dung tuoi cfla nam va nu Nhung ti lg di hge dung tudi giam din ttt tieu hgc gan 96% xuflng cdn gin 10% d
62
Trang 3bac dai hgc'" Dita nay chimg td co hdi
vao dai hgc khdng nhieu neu khflng
mufln ndi la it va chua dyng nguy ea bat
binh dang gitta cac nhdm xa hfli Sy bat
binh dtag gitta thanh thj va ndng thdn,
gifta cac dan tflc va nhat la gifta eae
nhdm hd gia dinh giau va nhdm gia dinh
ngheo ttog Ita mgnh ttt trung hpc ca sd
len dgi hpe
Ket qua dita tra ve muc sflng hp gia
dinh nam 2012 cho biet: ti le di hgc dflng
tuoi tilu hgc tang ttt 89,3% nam 2006 len
92,4% vao nam 2012, nhtmg vin cdn
7,8% tre em khdng din trudng dflng dfl
mfli tilu hpc"' Nam 2010, tit ca eae
tinh, thanh phfl deu dugc ghi nhan la dat
phfl cap giao dye trung hpc co sd, nhtmg
vdi ti le di hpc dflng tudi trung hpc co sd
la 81,3% Din nam 2012, ti le nay tang
cham va chi dgt 81,4% Ben egnh dd, ti le
di hpc dflng ttifli trung hge phfl thflng
ttog ttt 53,9% nam 2006 len 59,4% nam
2012, ti le di hgc dung tufli cao ding, dai
hpc chua din 20% Sau hai nam (2010
-2012) vin cdn gin 19% tre em chua din
trucmg ttTtng hgc co sd dflng do tufli va
gin 40% khdng din trudng dung do tufli
trung hgc phfl thflng va 80% khflng hgc
cao ding, dai hgc Nhu vay, khdng cd su
bit binh ding dtag kl gitta thanh thj va
ndng thon v l ti le di hgc dung tufli tita
hgc Nhung sy bit binh ding gitta thanh
thi va nflng thdn ttog len d do tuoi den
trudng trung hpe ca sd va the hien dgc
biet ro d dp tufli trung hpe phfl thflng:
nam 2012 ti le di hgc dung tufli trung
hgc phfl thflng d thtah thi la ban 70% trong khi d nflng thfln la hon 55% Mtte
do bat binh ding ve ca hpi din trudng trung hpe phd thdng giam rat eham tu 16% nam 2006 xudng cdn 14,6% vao nam 2012
Ddi vdi cac dan tflc, ca hpi giao dye deu da dugc md rflng, ti le di hgc ding tufli cae cap bgc giao due cia cac nhdm
xa hgi deu tang Sy bat binh dang gifta cac dan tgc ve ea hfli den trudng trung hpe CO sd va nhat la trung hpc phfl thflng da giam ro ret Dita nay thi hien dac biet ro d mtte ehenh lech gitta eac dan tge ve ti le di hge ding tufli trung hpc phfl thflng Ba dan tge la Kinh, Tay
va Hoa ed ti le di hge dflng tufli trung hgc phfl liiong dat tren 60%, d eac dan tdc khac ty le dd diu dudi 50%, trong
''' Cho den nay Bp Giao dye va Dao tao chua cung c4p so li?u thing ke hang nam ve tinh hinh nhap hpc dung tuoi cac cap, bac giao due tir mam non din dai hpc, ve so luong hpc sinh tot nghi?p, ma chi cung c5p sp lieu thing ke ve sp hpc sinh Dieu nay gay kho khan cho viec danh gia vin dl phan tang xa hoi, bat binh dang xa hpi trong giao due Viet Nam Tuy nhien, co the udc tinh, moi nam co hon 900 nghin hpc sinh tot nehipp trung hpc pho thong, trong so do chi co gan mpt phan ba (33%) hpc sinh vao dai hpc Dii khong bilt chinh xac s6 lupng hpc sinh tpt nghiep trung hpc pho thong nay chi8m bao nhieu phan tram trong tong so thanh nien eiing dp tudi tit nghipp trung hpc pho thong Nhung ro rang ti
Ip nhap hpc dai hpc cua Vipt Nam hipn nay la rit thap, chua dat tdi nguong de c6 the tao ra sir thay doi ve chat trong dao tao dai hpc
'^' Tdng cue Thing ke (2014), Kit qud diiu ira mirc song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2012, Ha
Npi, tr.78
Trang 4dd, ti le thap thuflc nhiing dan tgc nhu
H'Mflng, Dao, Khome Bit binh ding
vl ti le di hpc dflng tufli da giam tu nam
2009 din nam 2012, nhung van cdn thi
hien rd bdi vi ti le di hgc dflng tudi trung
hgc phd thdng cia ngudi Kinh la 65%,
nhieu gip gin 5 Ian sp vdi ti le 12,7% d
ngudi H'Mflng'"
Bat binh dang ve ti le di hpc dung
tufli dai hpc gitta nhdm 20% giau nhat
va nhdm 20% ngheo nhat len tdi 88 lin:
ti le nhap hgc ding mdi eua nhdm giau
la 26,3% so vdi ti le nhap hpc dtag tudi
cia nhdm nghta la 0,3% Dieu nay cd
nghia la ctt 1 ngudi xuit thta ttt nhdm
20% ngheo nhat ed co hgi dta trucmg dai
hgc thi cd 87 - 88 ngudi dta trudng dgi
hgc xuat than tu nhdm 20% gita nhit
4 Hau qua ciia bat binh dang xa
hoi trong giao due
Thir nhdt Id, "thieu thdy, thiiu thg"
Theo Ket qua Tdng Dieu tra dta sd
va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho bilt, ti
le dan sfl tu 15 tuoi trd Ita cd trinh do
giao dye bgc cao cua Viet Nam la 5,4%,
(ti le do cfla Malaysia la 8,4%, Philippines
la 8,4%, Hta Quflc la 23,4%, Nhat Bta
la 30%, Hoa Ky 36,2%) Cflng theo Kit
qua Dieu tra mtte sflng hd gia dinh Viet
Nam nam 2012 cho bilt, ti Ifl dan sd
Viet Nam ttt 15 tudi trd Ita cd trinh dp
tu "ehua bao gid din trudng" din "tot
nghiep hoing hpc ca sd" la gin 70%, ti
le cd trinh dp dao tao ttt "so cip nghi"
din "tren dai hgc" la 16,2%., edn lai hon
14% cd trinh do "tflt nghiep trung hge
phfl thflng"''*'
Nhu vgy, sfl ngudi ed trinh do "dai hgc", "cao ding" va "tren dai hgc" chiem mgt ti ttgng la 7,4%), sfl ngudi co trinh do ky thuat nghe dugc dao tgo la 8,8% va sfl cdn Iai 83,2% chua dugc dao tgo nghe Ttte la, ti trpng trinh do nhan lue cua Viet Nam nam 2012 la: 7,4% "thay", 8,8% thg dugc dao tao nghe va 83,2% thg chua dugc dao tao nghe Ttt cac con sfl nay quy ra 1 thay
ed 1,2 ky thuat vien va 11,2 thg Ciu tnic trinh do chuyen mfln ky thugt nay
la dgc trung cho Iuc lupng lao dflng cdn rat thip kem cia mdt nen kinh te dang chuyen sang kinh te thj trudng, dang cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda trong thdi dai tota cau hda vdi su canh tranh gay gat ve hang hda va ngudn nhan luc trong xa hdi ngay nay Dilu dd chttng
td Viflt Nam dang thilu ca thay, thilu
ca thg va thua lao dgng chua dugc dao tao (chtt khflng phai "thtta thay, thilu thg" nhu rit nhilu ngudi, k l ca khflng
it cac nha nghien cuu vin hay binh lugn, danh gia vl giao dye Viet Nam),
v i n dl thilu thay, thilu thg la hgu qua cfla ti le nhap hgc trung hgc phfl thflng, nhap hpe dai hpc cdn thip Cflng vdi do
la sy bat binh ding xa hgi v l giao dye d eac cip bgc hgc cdn nhilu bit cap d nude ta trong thdi gian qua
Tong cue Thong ke (2014), Kit qud diiu tra mirc sdng hg gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2012 Ha
Npi,tr.77
'•" Ting cue Thing ke (2014), Kit qud diiu Ira
muc sdng hg gia dinh Viit Nam ndm 2012 Ha
Noi, U.69
Trang 5Thie hai Id, thdt nghiep
Theo Ket qua Dita tra lao dgng viec
Itai cfla Tflng cue Thflng ke cho biet,
nam 2012, Viet Nam ed 925,6 nghin
ngudi that nghiep, trong sd dd nhftng
ngudi "tflt nghiep trung hgc co sd"
chilm ti trgng ldn nhat la 24,2%, nhilu
hem gap ddi so vdi 10,1% nhttng ngudi
cd btag "dgi hge trd len""'
Ttt nam 2010 din nam 2012, ti trpng
thit nghi?p cfla nhihig ngudi cd bang
cip tit "trung hgc phfl thflng" trd xudng
dta giam, ttong khi ti ttgng that nghiep
cua nhttng ngudi cd bang cap nghe
nghiep dta tang, dac biet ti trgng that
nghiep cfla ngudi cd trinh dg "cao ding"
tang gip ddi ttt 2,7% Ita 5,4%o Ti trgng
thit nghigp cua ngudi tflt nghidp dai hgc
ttog ttt 6,1% (ttong tdng sfl 1,3 trieu
ngudi thit nghifp) Ita 10,1% (trong
tong sfl 925,6 nghin ngudi thit nghiep),
ttte la tang ttt 79,3 nghin ngudi len 93,5
nghin ngudi trong nam 2010 2012
Day la sfl lugng ldn, nhung cung ehi
bing gin mgt ntta sd ngudi that nghiep
mdi tflt nghiep tilu hgc hojc tflt nghiep
trung hge phfl thong
Mgt nghien ettu gin day v l sy thieu
hyt lao dgng d Viet Nam cho thiy, cac
doanh nghi?p phat ttiln khd tuyin dugc
lao ddng cd ttinh dp ehuyta mfln ky
thuat bac cao, tile la sy thilu hyt lao
dgng chu ylu la lao dgng chit lugng cao
dl tang ntag suit, chit lugng va hieu
qu4 lao dgng
Thii ba Id, phdn tdng xa hgi vi Irinh
do chuyen mon ky thugt vd ve Ihu nhap
Cac nha khoa hge dugc giai thudng Nobel vl khoa hpc kinh te nhu Gary Becker, Amartya Sen va cac nha xa hpi hpc nfli titag nhu Collins, Coleman, Bourdieu dta nhan mgnh tam quan ttpng cfla viec dau tu vao giao due va dao tao de phat trien cac loai vdn vd hinh nhu vdn con ngudi, van hda, xa hpi dang ngay ctag chiem ti trgng Idn trong cfla eai cfla ca nhan, cdng ddng va qudc gia Ti ttgng ngufln vfln vfl hinh nay la 45% trong tflng cfla cai binh quan dau ngudi Viet Nam nam 2005 va d cac nude phat ttiln OECD la 81% Theo Ket qua Dilu tra ve lao dgng viec lam tu nam 2010 din 2012'" cho biet, thu nhap binh quan htag thtag cfla ngudi lao ddng Itai cflng an luong cd trinh dp dai hpe trd len lufln cao hdn gap rudi so vdi mtte thu nhgp trung binh cua ngudi lao dgng lam cdng to lucmg d ttinh do ehuyta mfln ky thuSt Dieu dtag chu y la, ttong khi muc thu nhap cfla ngudi lao dpng thuflc nhdm trinh dfl chuyen mdn ky thuat khac deu giam thi mtte thu nhgp cfla nhdm "trung cap ehuyta nghiep" va "dai hpe ttd Ita" vin ttog Mue thu nhap cao va dieu kien lam
'" Tong cue Thing ke (2011), Kit qua diiu tra lao dgng viic idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha
Npi, tr.45; Tong eye Thing ke (2013), Kit qud
diiu tra lao dgng viic ldm ndm 2012, Nxb
Thing ke Ha Npi, tr.40
'" Tong ciic Thong ke (2011), Kit qud diiu tra
lao dgng viic idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha
Npi, h-.40; Tong cyc Thong ke (2013), Kit qua
dieu tra lag dgng viic ldm ndm 2012, Nxb Thong
ke Ha Npi, tr.34
Trang 6viec tdt ddi vdi ngudi lao dflng ed trinh
do "dgi hgc trd len" la dgng co bta vflng
thic day sy diu tu cfla cac gia dinh va
ca nhan vao con dudng giao dye dgi
hpc, bat chap cac nfl lyc phan ban, phSn
luflng va djnh hudng du luta xa hfli vao
hpc nghd ttt sau trung hpc co sd hoac
sau trung hgc phd thdng
5 Ket lugn
Tu nam 1986 den nay, ca hdi giao
dye d tat ea cae cip, bac giao dye dta
dugc md rflng va ttog len, tuy nhita tinh
trgng bat binh ding xa hfli trong giao
due vin edn d muc cao, nhat la d trung
hpc pho thdng va giao dye dai hgc Do
vgy, can phai tilp tuc eflng ed thanh qua
phd cgp tieu hge, phfl cap trung hge ca
sd, tien tdi phd cap gita due mam non
va phd cap trung hgc phd thdng, phd cap
giao due dgi hpe Dieu nay dang trd nta
cap thilt dl giam sy bit binh ding xa
hfli trong giao due, dl phat ttiln ngufln
nhan lyc chat lugng cao
Dfli mdi can bta, toan dien giao due
ddi hdi phai dfli mdi tu duy lanh dao,
quan ly ve giao dye Cin md rgng cd hdi
den trudng tu mam non den dgi hgc
c i n nhta thttc ring, giao due khdng chi
nham hinh thanh ky ntag "xin viec
Itai", ma phat trita d ngudi hpc nang
lyc stag tgp, ntog lyc "tgo vi?e lam",
"khdi nghigp", "lap nghiep" gdp phin
ddi mdi kinh tl - xa hdi va phat ttiln
bin virng dit nude Nlu nhu khflng thi
vtta ntag cao chat lugng vtta md rgng
CO hdi giad due thi lya chgn tot nhit la
uu tita md rgng co hgi din trudng, de ai eung duge hge
Tdi li^u tham khdo
1 Amartya Sen (2002), "Dd« chu vd cong
bdng xd hgi\ trong Farrukh Iqbal vi Jong - II
You, Ddn chd, kinh ti thi trudng vd phdt trien:
tir goc nhin Chdu A, Ngan hang The gidi, Nxb
Thi gidi Ha Npi
2 Amartya Sen (2002), Phdt triin la quyin
tudo, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi
3 Ansel M Sharp, Charles A Register, Paul
W Grimes (2005), Kinh ti hgc trgng cdc vdn
di xd hgi, Nxb l^o dpng, Hii N^i
4 Bp Ke hoach va Diu tu - Tong cyc Thing
ke, (2011), Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd d Viit
Nam 2009: Gida due d Viit Nam: Phdn tich cdc chisdchuyiu Ha Npi
5 (2012), Ludt Gido due dgi hgc
6 Hd Chi Minh (2000), Todn tgp, t.4, Nxb
Chinh trj qudc gia Ha Npi
7 (2006), Lugt Giag dgc vd edc vdn bdn
hudng ddn thi hdnh, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi
8 NgSn hang Thi gidi (2011), Su thay ddi
Irong ca cdu cita cdi cita cdc qudc gia: Bo ludng phdt triin bin vimg trong thiin niin ky mdi, Washington
9 Tdng c(ic Thing ke (2011), Kit qud diiu
Ira Igo dgng viic Idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke
Ha Npi
10 Tdng cue Thing ke (2013), Kit qud diiu
Ira lao dgng viic Idm ndm 2012, Nxb Thing ke,
Ha Npi
11 Trin Thao NguySn (2006), Triil hgc
kinh ti Irong "Ly thuyit vi cdng ly" ctia nhd triit hgc John Rawls, Nxb The gidi Ha Noi
66