Oang ehd y Ifi Hfii Lifin hifip phy nd Vifil Nam dfi phat huy I I I vai trd eda minh eung efic t l chffe xa hdi dim bio an sinh xa hpi cho phu nff ndi ehung vfi phy nff nflng thfln rifln
Trang 1MOT so VAN DE VE GIAM NGHEO
DOI vbl PHU NUT NONG THON VIET NAM
Thuc trang giam ngheo vdl phu ni? nong
thon Viet Nam
' Chinh sich tin dting
Cdng nhu efic d l i tupng ngheo khfie, phu
nff nghflo nfing than nude ta da dupc hudng
nhifiu ehinh saeh hfi trp cda Ding vfi Nha
Hophuni/ngheo vay von qua cdc ngu6n
TRAN THI XUAN LAN*
nude Oang ehd y Ifi Hfii Lifin hifip phy nd Vifil Nam dfi phat huy I I I vai trd eda minh eung efic t l chffe xa hdi dim bio an sinh xa hpi cho phu nff ndi ehung vfi phy nff nflng thfln riflng, thye hifin I I I mflt Irong Ifim muc tifiu Thifin nifin kJ - gilm ngtifio
Him
2005
2006
2007
Ngan hdng
CSXH
43,8
46,6
46.8
Ngan hing NN
aPTNN
18.7
17,7
17.8
Ngan hang khic 1,5 1.7 1,4
To chilt tin dung 3,6 3,2 3,4
Td choc chinh tn xahol
8,6 8,8
8,5
NgUdI cho vay cd t h i
11,2 10,6 11,4
Ho hing/ banbd
30,1 28,6 28,6
(Ngudn Kith sdt mdc sdng hdgia dinh nSm20QS- T6ng ci/c thing li^ I
- Viflc fifip cfin d e t l chffe ttn dyng d a Nhfi nudc
NhQng nam qua, Ngfin hfing Chinh saeh xa
hpi vfi Ngan hfing Nflng nghifip vfi Phfit triln
nflng Ihfln da triln khai chinti sfieh tin dung eho
phu nff nghflo va ngffd nghfio nfing thfin qua eae
ehuang trinh, dy an, d c nhdm, t l phu nff ttit
kifim eda Trong ffong Hpi phy nff Viflt t^am D l
gidp dfl vfi tao dilu kifin eho phu nff phat triln
kinh tfi gia dnh, dim blo an sinh xa hfli, d c d p
Hpi Phu nff lai ro sd da tieh eye tin chip, nhfin dy
thfic Iff d c ngfin hang eho phy nff ngheo vay vln
phfit ttiln sin xuat xfla dfli giam nghflo Cae l l ,
nhflm dupe thanh lap vfi boat dpng dud sy bio
tip cda Hpi Phu nff dja phffong vd phong trfio
"Phunffgidpnhau phat ttiln kinh tfi gia dnh"
Mae dff chua ed s l lifiu khio sfit rifing dd vd
phy nff nghfio nfing thfln vay vfin, nhffng thye t l cho thay da s l ngud nghflo nfli ehung vfi phu nfl nghflo nfli riflng Ihudng sing d ndng thdn, vdng khd khan (Irfin 90% ngud nghfio vfi 94% ngudi nghfio eung eye sfing d nfing thfln)'" Do dd, cfl Ihl khang djnh s l IISu IrSn da eho thay phu nd nghfio nflng ttifln da phai huy dflng vln Iff rfit nhilu nguin khfie nhau Trong d e nguin vln ma phy nff nfing thfin khai thae ehd ylu hp lya ehpn vay qua Ngfin hang Chinh sfieh xfi hdi vd lai sull thap 0,5 - 0,6%/ Ihfing CDng d nhilu Irudng hop
do nhffng nguyfin nhfin khfie nhau, phu nff khdng Ihl ttIp ran vd d c nguin vay uu dfii bupc hg phli vay d c ngudn khfie
Theo khio sfit mffc sfing nam 2010, d sy khfic biflt gid frong filp cfin ngufin lue tin dung
• Tiin Sl, Hge viin Chinh tri Khu vUcI
62
1 - Tldd, tr 64
TAP C H i G I A O D g c LV L U A N - s 6 228 (4/2015)
Trang 2Tinh Irang ting so ngudn vay eda d c hp gia dnh,
d c ngufin vay nhd, IS d c chd hp ifi phy nff dffae
quan tfim nhilu hon eae ehd hp nam gid Niu
phu nff chd hp dupe vay tff quy lifi Irp vific lflm Ifi
1,9%, quy gilm ngheo la 8,4%, efic t l chffc chinh
trj xfi hpi la 9,0% thi nam chd hfl chi dffpe vay
vd ty lfi tffOng ffng Ifi: 1,4%; 4,1% vfi 7,8% T h i
nhung, kholn von vay Idn, quan trpng lai Ngfin
hfing Chi'nh sfieh xa hfli Ihi eae ehd hp nam gid
(84,1%) lai dupe "uu tien" hon efic ehd hp ifi phy
nff (77%)'^' d khia canh khfic, nhin dffdi gdc dp
hffdng Ipi Iff dy an, chinh saeh cda Nhfi nudc
dfinh eho ngud nghfio thi rac nam ehd hfl dupc
uu dfii Iln dyng (nam 2010: 10,7%, nam 2011:
8,0%; nfim 2012: 9,7%;) nhiSu hon cfie nff ehd
hfl (nam 2010: 7,6%; nam 2011: 6,0%; nam
2012: 7,4%)"'
Mat sfi nguyfin nhfin khifin eho phy nff ndng
thfin khd filp can vd tin dyng d l xda ddi gilm
nghflo Ifi:
Thit nhit, khdng phai tat c i phu nff ndng thfin
dfiu Ifi hpi vifin cda Hpi Phu nff dfi dupe tfn ehap
vay vfin va khPng phli tat d hpi vifln phy nff
nghfio diu dfip ffng dd dilu kifln dffpe vay vln
Thd hai, khi filp can vd cac t l chffc tfn dung
khfie thi phu nff nflng Ihdn khfing cd Ifii sin gifi In
dffpe dffng tfin d l I h l chip Trfin thye IS, ty IS d
vp vfi ching dffng ten giay ehffng nhan quyfin sff
dyng dat d va dat ranh tae d nude ta cdn qufi
ttiap, dae biel la nflng thfln Chd yfiu dal d vfi dal
ranh tfie dffng Ifin nam gid vd ty lfi tuong ffng Ifi
88,6% vfi 87,2%, phy nff chi ro 7,3% dffng Ifin
trong dit d va 8% trong flat ranh lac''"
- Tfn dung cda l l chffe khfie
Mpt hinh thffe tfn dyng phfit huy tfnh tieh eye,
ehd ddng cda phy nff ndng thfin ly thoat nghfio,
dim blo an sinh xfi hfii ifi "Tl phy nff ty nguyfin
2 • Tdng cue Thdng ki (2010) - Kit qud khdo sdt mUc
sd'ng ddn cu
3 • Tdng cue Thdng kl (2012) -Ketqua khdo sdt miic
sdng ddn cU
4 - Tdng cue thdng kl (2006), Bieu tra qudc gia vi
gig dinh Vilt Nam
till kifim" Day ia mpt t l chffc ly nguyfin eda phy nff d d c chi hfii CO sd vung nflng Ihfln dupe thfinh lfip vd quy chl hoat dflng chat chS Cfie thfinh vifin tham gia hfing thang dflng gdp mflt khoin fifin nhat djnh d l tao thfinh vfin eda t l d l gidp dd eae thanh vifin khfie Thflng qua nhdm, vfin dupc ehuyin dfin chj em ro nhu clu dfi phat triln kinh
t l gia dnh Dfiy ifi hinh thffc chd flflng khai thfic ngufin vln nhfin rfli lai chfi Irong phy nff d l gidp nhau gili quyll khd khan kjp thd
Ngoai vific huy dpng vln qua l l ehffc Hfii Phu
nO, phy nff nflng Ihdn mfit s l dja phuong edn ttiam gia vao rac hoal ddng huy dpng vln ty phfit khae nhu: chd hp, phudng Ihde/gao, phudng gaeh Kinh tfi ngay eang kham khfi hon, ngud
la bat diu nghi din t l chffe mdl hinh thffe phffdng, hpi khae eo gifi In kinh Ifi ban Ihde/gao
dd ifi phffdng tifin, phudng vfing Nhifiu dja phuong phudng lifin phfit triln vfi hoat dfing khfi manh Hlnh thffe ll/phffdng vfing ehua phi biln ilm, nhung ro rang nd da xufit hifin d efing ding nflng Ihdn Irong Ihd gian gin dfiy
Md dfiy, Quy h i trp Phu nff nfing thdn Vifit Nam dupe thfinh ifip nham hP trp nhffng phu nff lfi
hp nghfio, can ngheo, tai nghfio, phu nff Ifim ehd hfi gia dinh d thu nhfip Ihfip, kho khan v l kinh IS tai ndng thdn vung ddng bing, trong du, miln nui, vdng sfiu, vung xa, vung dac bifit khd khan
trfin d nude Thdng qua d o boat dpng h i trp, Ifii
trer v l vln, hudng din, tu van v l kiin Ihffc, ky Ihuat ky nang sin xuat kinh doanh, da dang hda
d e boat dfing lao thu nhfip, nfing eao khi nang nim bat thdng fin, tifip ean thi trudng, day nghfi, hudng nghifip Quy khuyin khieh phu nff nfing thfin vyi;il khfl vuon ifln thoat nghfio, ell thifln, nfing eao difiu kifin, chfit lupng sing, gilm Ihilu rtii ro, phat trien bin vffng kinh t l hfi gia dnh, gdp phln Ihffc day hifiu qui chinh sach an sinh xa hfii, xda ddi gilm nghfio eda Oing vfi Nhfi nffde; dap ffng yfiu d u CNH,HDH va hpi nhfip quie t l
* Chinh sich day nghe vi giii quyit viec lim cho iao dong, dac bifil d vdng ndng thfin vfi phy
nff nfing Ihdn Dfiy ehinh Ifi nhffng bifin phfip d l
TAP CHl GIAO Dgc i t LUAN - S<5 228 (4/2015)
Trang 3NBHIEH cdu emaiTm-XiHdl
aim blo an sinh vfi gidp ngffd dfin Ihoat nghdo
bSn vOng
Cae dy an day nghS eho ngud ngheo va phy
nff nghflo dupc triln khai khap rae dja phuong
trong ra nude Trong 3 nam (2007 - 2009) dfi eo
100.000 lao dpng nghfio dupc day nghfi miSn
pht trong do d Iren 30% la lao dpng nff vfi trfin
60% da tim dupc vifie lam, ty lao vific Ifim, gdp
phan tang thu nhap de giam nghdo Dy an day
nghS cho iao dfing ngheo dupc d c da phuang
dinh gia rao, roi do la hudng d l Ihyc hien mye
fifiu giim nghSo bfin vffng, nhat la vd nhffng
phu nff ndng Ihdn nghfio Hpi Lifln hiep Phu nff
da ed vai Ird quan trpng trong vific triln khai
thye hifin dfi an "Hi trp phy nff hpc nghfi, lao
viSe Ifim giai doan 2010 - 2015" tren pham vi
tofin qufie Gial doan 2006 - 2010 Hdi Hdi Lifin
hiSp Phu nff (LHPNVN) va Ting eye Day nghfi
(TCDN, Bfi LDTBXH) dfi hpp tac day nghe eho
hon 260 ngfin lao dpng nO; hon 80% trong s l
dd ed vifie Ifim, day nghfi cho 390 lao dpng nff
khuyfit tat tai 13 tinh, thfinh'=' Hfi thfing co sd
day nghfi vfi gidi thieu viee lam eua Hpi Phy nff
dffpe quy hoaeh ehung trong tong t h i eda e l
nude vfi dupe edng e l phat triln Day nghi eho
lao dfing nff nflng thfln dffpe tap trung triln khai
khflng chi tai cfie eo sd day nghfi cda Hpi Phu
nff mfi ePn dud hinh Ihffc phli hpp, lifin kfit, md
Idp Iffu ddng Hoal dpng day nghfi dffpc to chffe
linh boat, gin kit chat che hon vd hfl trp viee
Ifim thfing qua h i Irp von vfi md rpng hpp lae
vd eae dli tfie d l tao viec lam lai chfi cho lao
dpng nff
BSn canh ehinh saeh tin dung va day nghe,
hfing nam d e ngfin hfing vfi ban quin ly rae dy
fin eda Hfii LHPNVN, Bp NPng nghiSp vfi Phat
triln nfing ttiPn vfi Hpi Nfing dfin Vifil Nam da
phli hpp t l chffe nhilu Idp ehuyin giao khoa hpc
- ky Ihual lai chfi, tap huan kiln ttiffe nuoi trlng
vfi phPng chfing djeh bfinh, blo vfi cfiy frfing, vat
nudi gdp phan nfing rao ky nang, cap nhal kiln thffc, tang hiflu qua sin xuat kinh doanh, tang Ihu nhfip, gilm nghfio vfi phfit triln kinh t l Hfing nam, ro nhifiu hp nghfio do phy nff Ifim ehd dypc lham gia rae Idp khuyin ndng, d e md hinh Irinh diSn, chuyin giao cflng nghS, ky thuat vS ttlng trpt chan nufli Tff ap dyng kiin thffe md, rli nhilu phu nff khPng ehi bilt deh Ifim an d hiflu qui, xfla ddi gilm nghflo ttifinh d n g mfi dn vuon ifin thfinh nhOng guong d i n hinh Ifim kinh tigidi vd thu nhap hfing trfim trifiu dfing/nam Cho dff edn cd nhffng dilm bfit clip, ban chl, nhffng ro the khang dinh chinh saeh an sinh xa hfii da cd lfic dpng tieh eye din dd sing eda ngffd dfin nflng ttifln nfli ehung vfi phu nff nflng thfln ndi riflng OS ed 24% ehd hp Ifi phu nff ty dfinh gia eupe song eda gia dinh minh nam 2010
so vd nam 2006 ro d i thifln hon nhilu vfi 52% eho rang ell thifin hon mpt it CP 15,5% nff ehd
hp danh gifi eude sfing gia dinh minh khflng Ihay ail gi va ehi 8,4% eho rang gilm sdt hon"' Rfl rang, d n phli lilp luc dli md, hofin thifin cfie ehfnh sach an sinh xa hfli d l cflc hfl nghfio vfi cfin nghfio thofit nghfio bfin vffng
Khuyen nghj glil phap de gop phan hoin thien hOn cac chfnh sach an sinh xa hoi cho phu ni; nong than
- Can phai Sfip luc tuyfin troyfin, nfing rao nhan thffe vS vfin dS gid vfi binh dang gid eho
d n bp Ifinh dao ding vfi ehinh quyfin d e dp Mpi ehlnh saeh, mpi quySl djnh lifin quan dfin Ipi ieh eda nam gid vfi phu nff d n phli dupe nhin nhan, d n nhle trfln co sd gid
- Tang eudng vai trfl lanh dao eda d c d p dy ding vfi sy gan kfit chat che giffa ehinh quyfin vdi cae l l ehffc chinh ttj xfi hfii, dae bifil ifi Hfii Phu nff nhim dfing vifln, khich lfl lao dflng nff nflng thfln phfit huy mpi lifim nang vfi t h i manh cda minh trong phfit ttiln kinh t l , giim nghflo vfi xfly
dyng nflng thfln md (xem liSp trang 68)
5 http:/
llaodong.com.vnlViec-lamlHop-tac-ho-tro-phu-nu-hoc-nghefll282.bld
6 - Tdng cue Thdng ki (2010), Ket qud khdo sdt mdc sdng ddn cU
Trang 4nfio dat ran cff quan sy frfin lanh tho Viet Nam;
Viet Nam khdng lifin minh vd nude nfiy d l chfing
lai nudc khfie
Dilm nli bat cda hpp tae quie te vfi quic
phdng nam 2014 Ifi da sat dnh cdng nhifiu lye
lupng tao ttifinh sffe manh ling hpp, trong dfi dau
franh ngoai giao da dupe dalIfin hang diu gdp
phln bio vS ehd quyfin, loan ven lanh tho eda T l
quie frudc viSc Trang Qufic dua trai phep gian
khoan Hii Duong - 981 vfio vdng dae quyfin kinh
t l vfi thfim luc dja eda Viet Nam
Hpp tae quie IS vS quie phdng, an ninh ifi
mat bp phfin quan trpng trong cfing tac dli ngoai
cda Ding, Nhfi nudc vfi Nhfin dfin, Ifi sy phli hpp chat che giffa d e lye lupng nhim hofin thfinh efie nhiem vu dli ngoai va nhifim vy qufic phdng, an ninh eda dit nudc Trong bli d n h dit nudc budc vfio thd ky day manh hdi nhap quic tfi, chdng ta d n fifip Iyc md rpng quan hS hpp lac quoe IS trong linh vye quic phfing, an ninh theo tinh than Oai hpi XI eda Ding nham tang eudng sffe manh quie phOng, an ninh eda Viflt Nam, duy tri mai Irudng hda binh In djnh dl phfit trien, bio ve vffng ehle dpc lap, ehd quyin, thing nhat, tofin ven ifinh Ihl, gdp phln quan trpng vfio sy nghifip CNH.HDH dit nudcH
MOT SO VAN DE VE GIAM NGHEO
- Cae rap hpi d n tich cye tuyfin troyfin, nfing
rao nhan thffe cho chj em v l muc aicli, y nghia
cda chffong trinh xfiy dyng nbng than md vd van
d l gilm nghfio, rai ttiifin chat lupng eupe sing
ngud dfin T l chffe sinh boat phi biln 19 tifiu ehi
xfiy dyng ndng Ihdn md din eae hpi vifin, lya chpn
d c SSu chl phu hpp d l dua vao chuang trinh,
hanh dOng cda Hpi, dpng viSn hpi vifln chd ddng,
Bch cyc gdp dng, gdp sffe tham gia Van dpng
Snh than chia se, h i trp, gidp dd phu nff nghflo
(Up trang 64)
gid ttilfiu vfi cung dng vifie Ifim Bfin eanh dd, hi
tia tao vifie Ifim sau dfio lao nghi nhu: h i trp cflc
eo sd day nghi ttiam gia ngfiy tu van vfi tuyin dung tn/c filp, hpi ehp viflc Ifim; chd dfing tilp efin
d e dy fin phfit friln dfio tao nghi eho phu nff nghfio, phu nff vung thu hfii dfit gili quylt viflc ifim eho lao dpng dff Ihffa
- Cln dpng vifln, tap huan nfing eao nang Iyc, lao dflu kifln d l rac l l ehffc xfi hdi phfii kfit hpp v(S chinh quyin dja phuong edng tham gia xfiy dyng phat triln kinh l l d l lang thu nhfip d i thifln cupc mfl hinh gilm nghflo, gan k l l tu van nufii - trlng sing va thofit nghfio
- Khai ttifie trifit d l d e nguin lin dung; cdng d ,
nfing rao ehat lupng d c mfi hinh fill kifim phd hpp
vd dae dem d a vung, miln, dja phuong Chinh
sfieh Iln dung d n dupe ttiye hifin hifiu qui hon
chuyin giao khoa hpe ky thufit, gill quylt vific ifim
va fiSu thy sin pham d l dim blo an sinh xa hfli cho phu nff nfing ttidn tai d c vdng khfl khan, dac bifil Ifi vdng dfing bfio dfin tpe Ihilu s l Can ehd y din dd tffpng phu nff ttong d e chuong Irinh lip gilm bdt d e Ihd lue philn hfi gidp nhilu phu nff huan khuyin nfing, khuyfin Ifim d l eham dfft tinh nghflo Slp can dupc dupc ngufin von ttang ngud Ifim Oli khflng dupc hpc, d n nguS
- Xfiy dyng d e ehuong fiinh, dy an ttiu hut lao dupc hpe ttii ehua ban dfi lfim nghfi.H
dpng, dfio tao nghi, gili quyll vific lam eho lao Tdi lieu tham khdo:
dpng nff nflng thfln d i khie phuc finh ttang hpc i-Bdo cdo ddnh gid phong trio phu nd va nghfi chd yfiu mang S'nh ttr phat khong dya frfin kit qua hogt dong da Hgi LHPN Viit Nam khi nang d a bin ttifin va nhu d u Ihyc t l cua dja nhilm ky 2007 • 2012 vd Phuang hudng nhilm
phuong din din lang phf nguon nhfin lue da duoe * * ^"^^ '/"•"'•
dfio lao Chd ttong phfit friln d c hinh thffe day ^ ' ^ " " ^ "^ ' ^ " * fr?lV'' ^ "^ ^
U i , , , , • <s , , , , ^, •/ tra lao dong va Vtee lam Viet Nam
nghi vfi dao tao ngan ban phu hpp, nhat la Hen kll 3 j.>^ , ^ j ^ - ^ ^ 'f^oos), Khio sdt mitc
vd d c doanh nghiSp d l gan ehat day nghi vd sdng kg gia dinh
TAP CHl GlAO Dgc LY LgAN - s 6 228 (4/2016)