Quan niem cua Chmmg trinh phat trien Lien hop quoc ve phat trien con ngirM Van de con ngudi va nhan to con ngudi Uong sy phdt Uidn kinh te - xa hdi dugc cpng dong thd gidi dat ra mpt cdc
Trang 1NHIJNG VAN DE CAN QUAN TAM
QUA CAC BAO CAO PHAT TRIEN CON NGU'dl CUA UNDP
TRINH THI NGHIA'
1 Quan niem cua Chmmg trinh phat trien Lien hop quoc ve phat trien con ngirM
Van de con ngudi va nhan to con ngudi Uong sy phdt Uidn kinh te - xa hdi dugc cpng
dong thd gidi dat ra mpt cdch thyc td hon tir ddu nhQng nam 80 cua the ky trudc Dac
bidt, tir khi Chuong trinh phdt trien Lidn hgp qudc (United Nations Development
Programme - UNDP) dua ra Bdo cao phat trien con ngudi todn cdu (HDR - Human
Development Report) dau tien vdo nam 1990 Trong Bdo cdo ndy, UNDP da ndu ro
tuydn ngdn day an tugng vd muc dich ciia su phdt trien: "Ciia cai dich thyc ctia mot
qudc gia la con ngudi ctia quoc gia dd Vd muc dich cua phdt tridn Id dd tao ra mpt mdi
trudng thugn lgi cho phep con ngudi dugc hudng cupc song ddi ldu, khoe mgnh vd sdng
tao Chan Iy gidn don nhung day sue manh nay rat hay bi ngudi ta qudn mat trong liic
theo dudi cua cdi vat chat va tdi chinh" (UNDP, 1990) Tu do ddn nay, Bdo cao phdt
tridn con ngudi dugc UNDP xuat ban thudng nidn Cung vdi Bdo cdo phat tridn con
ngudi todn cdu, dudi sy didu phdi cua UNDP, nhidu qude gia da cong bd Bdo cdo phat
tridn eon ngudi ciia ridng minh Thdng qua Bdo cdo phat tridn con ngudi (PTCN), cdc
nude danh gia muc dp thyc hidn cac muc tieu PTCN vd kip thdi dua ra nhQng chinh
sach de gidi quydt nhirng van dd thyc tidn ciia nudc minh
Khdi niem PTCN md UNDP dua ra tu nam 1990 ddn nay tuy khong cd su thay ddi ldn
vd tu tudng qua hai giai doan (tu 1990 - 2009 va tij 2010 ddn nay) nhung cd nhQng didu
chinh quan trpng vd phuong thuc do dgc, tinh todn PTCN ve co ban vdn dugc hidu id md
rgng su lua chgn vd tdng cudng khd ndng lua chgn ciia con ngudi, dd con ngudi cd thd
song lau, song khde va sdng tao Nam 2010, sau khi cdi tidn phuang phdp tinh toan vd cde
chi s6 PTCN, UNDP dinh nghTa lai: "PTCN Id vide md rpng quyen tu do ciia eon ngudi
dugc sdng ldu, sdng khde manh va sdng tao; tidn tdi dgt duge nhiing muc dich khdc nhau
trong cupc sdng ma hp ed ly do dd coi trpng; va tham gia tieh eye vdo viec hinh thdnh ndn
mpt su phat trien binh ddng va ben vQng tren mdt hanh tinh chung Con ngudi vira la ddi
tirgng hudng lgi vQa la tac nhdn thiic day PTCN, dii vdi tu each cd nhan hay tu each
nhdm ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Theo quan nidm nay, sy PTCN bao gdm cdc ydu td: sy
thinh vugng, trao quydn, tinh chu the vd cdng bang "Quan didm nay nhdn manh tdi vide
' ThS.; Trudng D?i hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Thfii Nguyen
Trang 2ldy con ngudi Idm tnmg tdm va sy ty do cua con ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Con ngudi khdng phdi Id ddi tugng thu dpng ma la nhung chii thd ciia chfnh qud trinh phdt tridn Phdt trien
con ngudi phdi bao gdm trao quydn cho con ngudi, de hp la tdc nhan cd trach nhipm va
ddi mdi chinh minh trong qua trinh phat trien "PTCN giiip con ngudi cd the ty giup dupc chinh hp" (UNDP, 1990) Con ngudi Id trung tdm cua su phdt Uidn kinh td - xa hdi, lay PTCN ldm muc tidu, lam tieu chi cho su phdt trien xa hpi md UNDP dua ra, dang trd thanh ydu cdu mang tinh nguydn tdc ddi vdi cdc chinh phu trong vide hogch dinh cdc chidn lupc phdt tridn kinh td, van hda, mdi trudng, xa hpi vd phdt tridn chinh con ngudi
2 Nhirng vdn dd can quan tam ve phat trien con ngudi qua cac bao cao phat trien con ngudi
Vipc ddnh gia nhimg thanh tuu ma cdc qudc gia va cpng dong the gidi da dgt dupc ludn gdn lien vdi viec~xac djnh nhung van de ciia sy phat tridn con ngudi Cac chu dd cua cac Bdo cdo PTCN mdi ndm da the hidn didu dd:
- HDR 1990: Khai niem vd thudc do phdt tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 1991: Tdi chinh cho phat trien con ngudi;
- HDR 1992: NhQng khia egnh todn cdu cho phdt tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 1993: Sytham gia ciia tat cd mpi ngudi;
- HDR 1994: Nhung thudc do mdi ciia an ninh con ngudi;
- HDR 1995: Gidi va su phdt tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 1996: Tang trudng kinh td vd sy phat tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 1997: Su phdt trien con ngudi vdi xda ddi gidm ngheo;
- HDR 1998: Tidu dimg cho su phat trien con ngudi;
- HDR 1999: Todn eau hda tren phuong dien con ngudi;
- HDR 2000: Quydn con ngudi vd phat tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 2001: ITng dung cdng nghd mdi cho phdt Uidn con ngudi;
- HDR 2002: Tdng cudng dan chii trong mot thd gidi bi phdn tach;
- HDR 2003: Cdc muc tidu thidn nien ky: thda thuan giua cac nudc nhdm xda bo tinh trang ngheo khd;
- HDR 2004: Ty do van hda trong thd gidi da dang ngay nay;
- HDR 2005: Giao didm hpp tdc qudc td vao thdi didm quydt djnh: Vidn trg, thuong mgi va an ninh trong mdt the gidi bdt binh ding;
- HDR 2006: Khdng chi Id su khan hidm: Quydn luc, ddi ngheo va cudc khiing khodng nudc sach todn cdu;
- HDR 2007/2008: Cupc chidn chdng bidn ddi khi hdu: dodn kdt nhan logi cho mpt the gidi phan each;
- HDR 2009: Nhiing trd ngai dang tdi: Di dan vd phat tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 2010: Ciia cai thyc su ctia cdc qudc gia: Dudng di tdi phat tridn con ngudi;
- HDR 2011: Bdn vung va cdng bdng: Mdt Wong lai tdt dep hon cho tdt cd mpi ngudi;
Trang 3- HDR 2013: Sy trdi day ciia cdc nudc Nam ban cau: Tien bd vd con ngudi trong
mOt the gidi da dgng;
- HDR 2014: Duy tri thdnh qua phat tridn con ngudi: Gidm thieu nguy co tdn thuong
va tdng cudng khd nang chdng chiu
Chil dd vd ndi dung md cac Bao cdo PTCN ciia UNDP dd cap qua cac ndm, nhu danh
gia ctia Vidn trudng Vien Nghien ciiu Con ngudi, khdng phai la sy lya chpn ngau nhidn,
ma "nd phan dnh thyc te nhung thach thiie ddi vdi PTCN trong timg giai doan phat
tridn" (UNDP, 1990) NhQng vdn dd ciia sy PTCN Id rdt phong phii vd da dang: tir tang
trudng kinh td, thu nhap den chdm sdc siic khde, tu gido due, dan chii ddn an ninh con
ngudi, tu binh ddng gidi, quyen lye xd hpi ddn xda ddi giam ngheo, bien ddi khi hgu,
phat tridn bdn viing, Ddu nam 2015, nhdn ky niem 25 ndm xudt ban Bdo cdo PTCN
dau tidn, UNDP da gidi thieu mot each tidp can mdi dd thiic day thinh vugng eiia con
ngudi Vdn phdng Bdo cao PTCN (Human Development Report Office - HDRO) da
mpt ldn niia trtnh bay quan didm vd PTCN (HDRO, 2015) Theo do, nhiing van de can
quan tdm vd PTCN md UNDP khuyen cdo'cdc Chinh phii gdm:
Mot la, MiAc lieu toi thug^ng cua suphdt trien Id con ngudi, chic khdng phdi Id sic gia
tdng dan thudn ve GDP hay cda cdi vdt chat Dicng bao gid ldng quen con ngudi Id
trung ldm cua suphdt frien
Khi tdc dp tang GDP mdt ddn "ngdi vj dpc tdn" dd ddnh gid sy phdt tridn, ngudi ta
hudng sy phdt tridn ssuig cdc van de ciia bdn than con ngudi vd Hdn quan ddn ddi sdng
con ngudi Do la "md rdng sy phong phii ciia ddi sdng eon ngudi, ehu khdng phdi chi
don gidn la sy phong phu ciia cac ndn kinh td md con ngudi dang sdng" (HDRO, 2015)
Con ngudi, chii khdng phdi GDP mdi la muc dich tdi thupng cua su phat trien TQ chd
la muc dich ciia sy phdt trien, tdng trudng kinh td gid day chi eon la phuang tien de con
ngudi phat tridn chinh minh Van dd Id d cho, vide sii dung nhihig thdnh qud ciia tang
trudng kinh td mdi chi la dieu kien vgt chdt dd tgo ra nhiing co hdi cho con ngudi Cach
tilp can nay chii y vide cdi thien ddi sdng cdng ddng hon Id ban thdn su tang trudng
kinh td Bdi vi, GDP tdng cung khdng ty ddng dan tdi sy phdt tridn ddi vdi tdt cd mpi
ngudi; rdt cd thd chi mpt bd phdn ndo do dugc hudng lgi Amartya Sen trong mpt bai
phdng vdn ndm 2013 da ndi: "Tdng trudng kinh te la rdt quan trpng bdi nd cd the gitip
con ngudi cd cudc sdng tdt ban, nhung coi bdn thdn su tang trudng Id mpt doi tugng dd
tdn thd va ngudng md lai la mdt phan ciia vdn dd" Ong cho rang, de danh gia mot
quoc gia dang hogt dpng nhu thd ndo, khdng the chi ndi vd thu nhap binh quan ddu
ngudi Ong lay vi du An Dp da tung gidu hon Bdng-la-det 50% vd GDP, vd gid dd gidu
hon 100% Tuy nhien, ddu nhung ndm 1990, ndu so sdnh nhung chi sd khac thi tudi thp
t ^
' Minh Trang (djch, 2013), "Amartya Sen' Sy phfit trifin bj giam hfim",
http://www.thepach.coni/vi/amar^-sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/
NghiSn eiiu Con ngadi sS3(78^2015 ^^
Trang 4trung binh ciia An Dp hon Bdng-la-det ba nam, nhung gid mt lai phia sau ba den bon
nam Tudi thp trung binh d An Dp la 65 hogc 66, cdn d Bdng-la-det la 69 Vh ti Ip tidm
chiing: An Dp Id 72%, Bang-la-det Id hon 95% Ti Id be gdi so vdi be trai dugc ddn trudng ciing tuong ti;^ Theo Sen, su phdt tridn va bao ve ndng lye con ngudi phdi la
U-png tam cua nhQng hoach djnh chinh sdch ciia cdc qudc gia Vdi tridt ly con ngudi Id
trung tdm, nghia la con ngudi vira la muc tidu, ddng lye va Id ngudn luc vd tgn cua su phsLt tridn, con ngudi ddng vai trd quydt djnh d ca "ddu vdo" vd "ddu ra" vd trong toan
bd qua trinh phat tridn " 6 ddu vao, nhan td quydt dinh sy phdt tridn la vdn con ngudi,
tiim ndng con ngudi 6 ddu ra, muc tieu ciia su phdt tridn la chdt iuang song, phdt trien con ngudi, hgnh phde con ngudf' (UNDP, 1990)
Khi con ngudi dugc ddt vao vi tri trung tam ciia su phdt tridn, thi su phat tridn cua
cdc ITnh vyc khdc phdi nhdm tao ra nhirng tidn dk vat chdt vd tinh than cho su phdt tridn
con ngudi Ndi cdch khdc, phdt fridn xa hdi xet ddn cimg la PTCN, tiinh dp PTCN la thude do tidn bp xa hdi
Hai Id, Quan niem mdi viphdt trien con ngudi cdn phdi duac the hien qua nhdng kit qud nghien cieu dinh lucmg vi suphdt trien con ngudi Chi so PTCN Id bo cong cu quan trgng vd cd y nghta, trong do, cdc chi s6 gido due, y te vd thu nhdp cua ngudi ddn cdn duac ddc biet chuy
TQ ndm 1990, khi cdng bd Bao cdo PTCN, UNDP da dua ra chi sd PTCN (HDI
-Human Development Index) "de do dgc nhimg khia canh ca bdn cua ndng luc con
ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Caeh tidp can ndy didn hinh cho tu duy gan Iy lugn vdi thue te
Nghien cQu khdng dimg lai d ly lugn ma phai minh chiing bdng nhiing con sd cu the Phdt triln con ngudi Id mdt vdn de rdng ldn, nhung miic dp PTCN phai dugc bidu hi$n qua nhihig thudc do djnh lugng Theo dd, HDI bao gdm ba chi sd co ban: ehi so kinh te
bieu hipn qua thu nhdp qudc ddn binh qudn/ngudi, chi sd ndy thd hidn chdt luang song; chi sd tudi thp trung binh phan dnh ndng luc sinh thi - cudc sdng trudng thp va khde
mgnh; chi sd giao due ti Id ngudi trudng thdnh biet chu va ti le nhap hpc hdng nam
-phan dnh ndng luc linh thdn (tri thirc, trinh dp) cua ngudi dan Tuy nhidn, vdi tinh khai
qudt vd phep quy gidn dd tim ra cdc dai lupng tuong ddi phan anh ddi sdng vat chat, nang luc sinh thd vd ndng lye tinh than ctia dan cu, bd cdng cu HDI cung khdng the phdn anh day dii nhQng vdn dd trong thyc tien xoay quanh ba ITnh vyc rdng ldn nay Thgm chi, nd cd the che giau nhung han chd trong phdt tridn kinh td, nhQng ydu kem trong phat trien gido due vd y td, chdm sdc siic khde ngudi dan, nhung tidu cyc trong bp may cong quydn, van hoa vd cac dich vu xa hdi khdc, Mdc ddu vgy, nhung nghien Cliu djnh lugng ndy la rdt quan trpng, nd phan dnh trinh dp PTCN cua mdi qudc gia va
^ Minh Trang (djch, 2013), "Amartya Sen: Sv phfit tri^n bj giam ham",
http://www.thepach.com/vi/amaitya-sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s63(78) 2015
Trang 5miic dp thyc hien cac muc tidu dd - dii cdn nhidu han chd Selim Jahan, Gidm ddc Vdn
phdng Bao cao PTCN vidt: "Ndu ldy mpt each ndi dn du, tinh todn sy PTCN la mdt ngdi
nhd va chi sd HDI Id canh cua di vdo nha ngudi ta khdng ndn nhdm ldn canh ctia vdi ngdi
nhd vd ngudi ta khdng nen dimg lai d cua, thay vi nen di vdo nha" (Selim Jahan, 2015)
Vi vay, ddi vdi cdc nhd hoach djnh chinh sach cdn thay tinh hai mat cua van dd ndy, de
trong qua trinh xdy dyng chidn lugc PTCN qudc gia phai tinh ddn tat ca cac ydu td tdc
ddng dd; dd nhung giai phdp dua ra cd thd khdc phuc duge nhiing yeu kem, tidu cyc trong
xd hdi ma HDI cd thd Iam che khudt, hudng PTCN mpt each todn didn vd ben viing
Cho den nay, sd lugng cdc chi sd dugc UNDP bd sung hang nam thdng qua cac Bao
cao PTCN nhu: chi sd ngheo khd tdng hgp (HPI - Human poverty Index), chi sd phdt
tridn gidi GDI (Gender - related development Index), chi so do ludng sy trao quydn gidi
(GEM - Gender Empower Measure), chi sd bdt binh ddng gidi (GII - Gender Inequality
Index), chi sd ngheo da chidu (MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index - tu ndm 2010),
da lam rd han nhidu khia canh xd hdi ciia sy PTCN nhiing khia canh, sdc thdi khdc
nhau ciia ba chi sd eo ban Nam 2000, UNDP dua ra cdc Mue tidu phat tridn Thidn nien
ky (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs) cac muc tieu nay nhim hudng tdi PTCN
mpt each ben virng Didu dd thd hien sy nd Iyc ciia UNDP trong viec phan anh ddy du,
bao quat hon nQa ve trinh dp PTCN Dieu ndy cd gia trj thyc tidn to ldn trong vide danh
gid muc dp PTCN ciia mdi qudc gia vd no Iyc ciia cdc chinh phu trong viec thuc hidn
cac muc tidu cdi thien chat lupng sdng cho ngudi dan
Phat tridn con ngudi la qud trinh tdng cudng cdc khd nang (hogc cdc co hpi) cho sy
lua chpn eiia con ngudi Theo van phdng Bao cao PTCN thi, PTCN la lam cho mpi
ngudi dugc lu do vd c6 ca hgi dd song cugc song co gid tri Con ngudi dugc phdt tridn
cdc khd ndng cua minh vd tao cho hp ca hgi dd su dung chiing (HDRO, 2015) Ndu mpt
ngudi dugc dao tao cac ky ndng nhung lai khdng dugc su dung trong cdng vide (hodc
cdng vide ngudi dd dam nhgn khdng cdn den hodc nd bj tu chdi do ngudi quan ly ciia
hp) thi nghTa la hp chua cd ca hoi dd phat tridn ndng luc ciia mlnh Phdt trien con ngudi,
vd CO ban Id mang lgi cho hp cac ca hpi tu do Iya chpn Cd the trinh dp ciia mdi ngudi
khdc nhau, vide su dung co hpi cua mdi ngudi vd hidu qua mang lai khdc nhau, nhung
trude hdt con ngudi can dugc tao didu kidn dd binh dang vd co hpi Iya chpn, duge tu do
lua chpn vd cd nhidu co hdi de Iya chpn Mdt ngudi ndo dd lua chpn vide khdng dn
udng, dd bdn than ddi (vi ly do tdn giao) khdc vdi mdt ngudi dang ddi vi hp khdng dii
tidn dd mua thuc an Tuc tu do luon gdn lien vdi nhimg dieu kien nhdt dinh mdi tgo ra
su phdt triin Edouard A.Wattez ly gidi, ngudi ngheo thudng cd it co hpi lua chpn vi
nhihig ly do kinh td - xd hdi, vdn hda, chinh trj; vi the tinh trgng ngheo ddi se con tidp
tyc keo dai Dieu quan trpng Id "viec tang thdm kha ndng tidp can cua dan ngheo ndng
thdn vdi tri thuc va thdng tin bd ich cung nhu vide tham gia ciia hp trong van dd chi tidu
Trang 6cdng cpng va qud trinh ra quydt djnh d dia phuong ro rang la ydu td c a bdn dd nang cao nhan thuc vd cac co hdi hien cd giup hp thoat khdi tinh trgng ngheo ddi vd xdy dyng ndng lye thyc hidn nhimg sy lya chpn do" (UNDP, 1990) "Hy vpng, sd ddn luc tu do se trd tiianh tai san chung, tai sdn dich thuc cua tdt ed mpi ngudi Nhung trudc hdt mpi ngudi trdn thd gidi nay ddu phdi dupe binh ding vd co hpi vuon tdi" (UNDP, 1990)
Amartya Sen trong bdi phdng vdn eiia minh^ da ldy vi du d Nhat Bdn dk ndi ve vdn de
nay CJ Nhat Ban, ngay sau thdi ky cai cdch Minh Tri, Chinh phu xac djnh cdi hp tut hau
so vdi phuang Tay chinh la d gido due Sau dd hp md rdng gido due phd thdng mpt cdch
dn tugng, rdi cdi thien y td phd cap Hp nhdn thay rang ddn sd khde manh va co giao due phuc vu rdt hidu qud cho muc tieu tang trudng kinh td, tii dd thu nhgp eho ngudi dan tdng ldn vd didu kidn sdng ngdy cang dugc dam bao Bai hpc ndy sau do dugc dp dung
tgi Hdn Qudc, Xingapo, Hdng Kdng, Ddi Loan Nhicng ihdnh tuu md hg dgt duac tren tdt
cd cdc lmh vice bdt ngudn khong phdi tic ldng truang kinh fi md bdi ddu tic suphdt Irien ndng luc con ngudi ca vd tiid chdt va tri tud eung nhu muc sdng cua ddn cu A.Sen cho
ring, "sy phdt tridn ndng lye con ngudi cdn Id mdt cdch tiep can cd dien ciia chau A nhdm dgt dupc tdng trudng kinh td bdn vung"^ Ba Pratibha Mehta- Didu phdi vidn Thudng tni Lidn hop qudc va Dgi didn Thudng tni UNDP tgi Viet Nam - cho rdng: "Ndu khdng ddu
tu vdo con ngudi va cdi thien gido due - ddo tgo, Igi ich thu dugc tu todn cau hda va cac thj trudng toan cau hay dau tu tryc tidp nudc ngodi se van bj hgn che"'
Ba Id UNDP ddc biet khuyen cdo cdc chinh phu cdn phai hudng den con ngudi a pham vi pho qudi vd rong ldn - con ngudi cgng dong, nhdt Id cdc cong dong il nhdn duac ca hgi phdl trien, de bi tdn thuang
Trong edc Bao edo PTCN, con ngudi dugc nhin nhdn "khdng chi la thanh vidn ciia mdt cpng ddng dan tpc cu the ma hp dugc nhin nhdn mdt cdch btnh ddng vdi tu each la mot cdng dan the gidi - Id thdnh vidn ciia nhan loai tidn bp" (UNDP, 1990) Vi vgy, vdn de PTCN dugc ddt ra Id khdng gidi hgn ddi vdi mdt nhdm ngudi hay mot nhdm qudc gia ma PTCN phai mang tinh pho qudt cho todn cdu Con ngudi, khdng phdn biet qudc tjch, dan tpc, mau da, tdn gido, van hda, deu binh dang, ddu duoc tdng cudng md rpng cac co hpi
va nang cao ndng luc lya chpn Tu quan nidm den chidn lugc hdnh ddng, tir Iy Iuan ddn cac chi sd do dgc, tinh toan lugng hda sy PTCN, UNDP ddu phdi hudng ddn xay dung cdng ddng cd cupc sdng vdt chat day dii, cd hpc vdn, khde mgnh vd trudng thp UNDP
^ Minh Trang (djch 2013), "Amartya Sen: Su phfit trifin bi giam hfim", http://www.thepach.com/vi/amar^-sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/,
^ Minh Trang (djch 2013), "Amartya Sen: Su phfit triSn bi giam ham" http://www,thepach.com/vi/amar^a-sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/
' Piatibha Mehta, Bfii phat bifiu tai Hfii nghj cdp cao vfi D6i ngo^i Da phuong trong The ky 21 - Khuydn nghj cho Viet Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/20l4/08/I2/speech-by-ms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-res idem-representative-vietnam-at-high-level-conference-on-multilateral-diplomacy-in-the-2lst-century-recommendations-for-viel-nam.html
Trang 7cung chi ra cdc rdo can trong qua trinh PTCN d moi qudc gia cung nhu ly giai nhiing nguyen nhan cua bat binh ddng Uong vide tidp can co hpi phdt Uidn vd ndng luc lua chpn cua con ngudi giira cac nudc vdi nhau Cd thd ndi each tiep can ndy trong nghidn ciiu PTCN la hdt siic nhan vdn, nd vira dd eao con ngudi cd nhdn vdi tu each la mdt chii thd nhan thiic, vua khdng djnh su phdt tridn ciia edc cd nhdn ludn gin lidn vdi su phdt tiidn ciia cpng ddng Gac chi sd do ludng md UNDP xay dung frong cdc Bdo cao PTCN ludn gan lidn vdi dan cu ciia mdt qudc gia hoac khu vuc Tuc Id khi ndi ddn trinh dp PTCN thi ludn la sy phdt tridn eua cdng ddng ngudi Id van dd cd tinh xa hdi, tinh nhan loai Trong cdc Bdo cdo ciia minh, UNDP ludn nhdn manh cdn phai quan tdm ddn nhiing cdng ddng de bj tdn thuong, hgn che vd cdc eo hdi lua chpn phdt tridn, nhu: phu nQ, tre
em, ngudi lao dpng di tni, nhdm ngudi dan tdc thidu sd, Trong dd, "nhQng ngudi phdi sdng frong ngheo ddi vd thidu thdn cimg cue thupc nhdm ddi tugng de bj tdn thuong nhdt" (UNDP, 1990) Tinh trgng de bj tdn thuang Id mdt logt ede didu kidn tde ddng bdt Igi dnh hudng ddn khd ndng ciia mdt ca nhdn, hd gia dinh hodc mdt cpng ddng dan tdi nhung tdn thdt vd thidt hai ma hp cd thd gap phdi
Ai de bi ton thirong, ton thuong do cai gi, va tai sao?
Tinh
trang de
bj ton
thuorng
Ai?
Ngudi ngheo, lao dpng trong khu
vuc khdng chinh thtic bj cd lap ve
mdt xd hdi
Phu nQ, ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi
nhap cu, cde nhdm ngudi thidu sd,
tre em, ngudi gid, thanh nidn
Todn bd edng ddng, mpi viing mien
Ton thuong
do cai gi?
Cdc Cli sdc vd kinh te, y te Thdm hpa thidn nhidn, bidn ddi khi hdu, riii ro cdng nghiep Xung dot, bat
dn xa hpi
Tsii sao? Ndng luc han chd
Vj tri dia ly, dia vj trong xa hpi, cdc giai doan nhgy cam frong vdng ddi Gdn kdt xa hpi ldng leo, thd che chgm chap, qudn trj ydu kem
Nguon: UNDP, Tom tdl Bdg cdophdl trien con ngudi 2014
Nhidu ndm qua, UNDP da bd sung them cac chi bao dd do ludng vd ddnh gia cdc nhdm ddc thil nay, djnh hudng cho cdc qudc gia can cu vao dd de cd nhiing chinh sach tm tidn phil hgp, tdng cudng vj thd, gidm thidu nhung nguy co tdn thuong va tang cudng kha nang chdng chju, cd nhidu co hpi dd lua chpn vd day manh viec nang cao nang luc cho cac cdng ddng, cdc nhom nay Cd thd ke den cac chi sd cd lidn quan true tidp ddn nhdm thidu sd ddc thli, nhu: chi sd ngheo da chidu (MPI), chi sd ngheo ddi ciing cyc (Expreme Poverty),
i ^ e o ddi da chieu d tre em (Child Multidimensional Poverty), ti Id tre em suy dinh
NgMSn ctiU Con ngudi s63(78) 2015
Trang 8dudng, tre em dugc tidm chiing, ti Id ba me tu vong khi sinh, ti Id dan cu dugc su dung nudc sach, chi sd phdt tridn gidi (GDI), chi sd binh dang gidi (GEI, 2004), chi sd bdt
binh ding gidi (GII, 2010); Nhiing chi sd ndy khd phii hgp vdi tinh than Ludl qudc le
vi quyin cua cdc nhdm ngudi de bi ton thuang^ UNDP khdng dinh: "Phdt trien con
ngudi ddi hdi phai xda bd cdc rdo can dang ngdn can con ngudi dugc ty do hanh dpng
Dd Id vide tao didu kidn cho nhiing ngudi bj thidt thdi vd bj cd lap khdi xd hpi dugc thyc hien cac quydn ciia hp, dupc chia se nhiing mdi quan tam ciia hp mpt cdch cdi md, dupc ling nghe va dugc chii ddng quydt djnh sd phdn ciia chinh hp" (UNDP, 1990) Va dd lam duoc didu dd, theo cdc chuydn gia ciia UNDP "didu quan trpng Id phai gidm thidu tinh trang bdt binh ddng trdn mpi khia egnh ciia PTCN" (UNDP, 1990), thuc hidn su trao quydn cho nhung nhdm ngudi dd bi tdn thuang dd Trdn ca sd nay, con ngudi dupc
tu do sdng cudc sdng ma minh mong udc va dugc ty do giai quyet nhQng van de ciia
bdn thdn mdt cdch phu hgp Hanh phiic ciia con ngudi phy thudc rat nhidu vao miic dp
tu do ciia mdi trudng sdng cung nhu khd ndng ddi phd vd hdi phuc cua con ngudi trudc cdc tinh hudng bat lpi - tu tu nhien hodc do chinh con ngudi gay ra Vi vdy dd duy tri va bdo ddm cho sy PTCN thi chinh phii cac nudc ndi ridng va nd lye cua toan cau ndi chung, mdt mat, phdi cd nhiing chinh sdch ngan chdn nhiing mdi de dpa, iing phd nhiing nguy co tdn thuang ddn con ngudi; mat khac, can hinh thdnh cho con ngudi - dac bidt Id nhdm ngudi de bj tdn thuang - khd nang chdng chju va phuc hdi nhanh chdng Cd thd ndi ddy la
tu tudng the hien gid trj nhdn van sau sic nhdt ciia UNDP trong tridt ly PTCN Nd lam nen siic hdp ddn d ly thuydt PTCN cung nhu nhanh chdng nhan dugc sy ddng thudn cua cdng ddng thd gidi trong phuang phap tidp can cd Ie la vi vgy
Bon Id, phdl trien con ngudi ben vicng
Trong hon hai thdp ky qua, nhQng lo nggi cho PTCN bdn viing iudn dugc nhdn manh trong cdc Bdo cdo PTCN ciia UNDP Bao cdo ndm 1994 da ndu rd nguyen tdc ca ban vd PTCN ben vung la: Muc tieu cua phat tridn la tao ra mpt mdi trudng trong do tdt cd mpi ngudi ddu cd thd ndng cao ndng Iyc ciia minh va lao ra dugc thdm nhieu co hpi cho ca thd he hien tgi va tuong lai Trong Bdo cao PTCN 1995, UNDP xdc djnh bdn thanh td
ciia sy PTCN ben vung la: ldng cuang ndng lice vd sice khoe (ndng cao thd chdt, nang
lye tinh thdn - thdng qua vide gido due, ndng cao trinh dp, ky ndng Chi khi cd ndng luc, con ngudi mdi cd khd nang tan dung cac co hdi va su dung hidu qud cdc co hdi dd
UNDP coi day Id ydu td quan frpng nhdt bdo dam cho PTCN bdn vQng); chia se cdng
bdng nguon Iai (tao su edng bdng trong tidp can co hdi cho tdt cd mpi ngudi, dgc biet la
nhdm ngudi ydu thd trong xd hdi); m phdt iriin cua hien lgi khdng gdy tdc dgng lieu
cue den thi he tuang lai (xet ca vd mdi trudng ly'nhidn, xd hdi, van hda, ngudn lye tu
Khoa Luat, Dai hpc QIJ6C gia Hfi Npi (2011), Da djch sang Tifing Vi?t Ludi quoc ti vi quyin cua cAc
nhom nguoi de bi ton ihuong Nxb Lao dong - xfi hpi
Trang 9nhien, ); ca hgi tham gia vdo suphdt trien (mpi ngudi ddu cd ca hdi iham gia vao cac
hoat ddng kinh td chinh trj, xa hdi va su tham gia cua hp cd sy tac ddng tich cue ddi vdi
sy chuydn bidn cdc boat ddng dd) Ddn Bdo cdo PTCN 2011, UNDP dua ra khdi nidm
"Phdt trien eon ngudi mdt each bdn vung Id vide md rpng cde quyen ty do hidn cd ciia con ngudi ngay hdm nay, ddng thdi nd Iyc mdt cdch hgp Iy dd trdnh phai thda hidp nghidm trpng quyen tu do ciia cdc thd he tuong lai" (UNDP 1990) Trong mdi diln dan cap cao tai Hdi nghi Lien hgp qudc vd phdt tridn bdn viing didn ra ngay 20/6/2012 tgi Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), UNDP da dua ra khdi nidm ndn tang cho mdt tuong lai mdi
-"Chi sd Phdt tridn con ngudi bdn vung" Chi sd ndy se ghi nhgn chi phi PTCN vdi cdc thd he tuong lai Tdng gidm ddc cua UNDP - bd Helen Clark cho ring, "cdng bing, phdm gid, hanh phiic vd bdn vung la rdt quan trpng trong cudc sdng ciia chiing ta song lai chua thay cd mat trong GDP Do dd.'chi sd ve phat tridn bdn vQng ciia con ngudi cdn phai dugc dinh nghTa va do ludng mpt cdch thau ddo hon trong qua trinh phat tridn chung cua xa hdi"^ Trong bai Irinh bdy trudc didn dan Rio, dng Khalid Malik - Giam ddc Van phdng Bdo cao PTCN todn cdu - da xem xel Iai cdc Igi the cung nhu thdch thiic khi ddnh gid muc do bdn vQng trdn quan didm PTCN vd dya vdo HDI Didu nay phan
dnh nhgn thiie vd PTCN la cdng bdng giQa cdc the he vdi nguyen tdc lua chgn hom nay
khdng duac hgn che lua chgn cho ihe he mai sau Cac chuydn gia cua UNDP ndu ra hai
nhan td ca bdn nhat dnh hudng den PTCN bdn virng dd Id vdn dd mdi Irudng hiin ddi
khi hgu vd vdn de hdi binh ddng irong xd hdi
Phuong phdp ddnh gia muc dp bdn vung dya vao HDI lay con ngudi Idm trung tam cung dua vdo y tudng gidi hgn cua hanh tinh, cho thdy miic dp bidn ddi khi hdu ndi rieng da gay ra nhQng nguy co nghidm trpng ldu ddi cho PTCN vd cao nhdi Id d cac qudc gia ngheo va cac cdng ddng ngheo, Trong mdi bai phat bidu khdc, ba Helen Clark cung nhan manh den didu nay Ndu each thirc phdt trien ma ca nudc giau va nudc ngheo deu lam Id pha hoai cdc he sinh thai ma su sdng tren hdnh tinh ndy phu thudc, thi nhQng bat lgi se roi vdo nhung ngudi ngheo nhdt vd de bi tdn thuang nhat, nhiing ngudi song phu thudc nhieu nhat vdo ty nhidn trong viec muu sinh (Helen Clark, 2012) Lien minh Bao tdn thd gidi (lUCN) cho rdng, "tinh trang dd bi ldn thuong la mdt loat cdc dieu kien lac dpng bdt Igi anh hudng den kha nang ciia mdt cd nhan, hd gia dinh hodc mdt cdng ddng trong vide phdng ngua va img phd vdi mdt hidm hpa, va nhQng anh hudng ciia bidn ddi khi hgu dan ddn nhung tdn thdl vd thiet hai md hp cd thd gap phdi"** Nhiing dp lye mdi trudng edn Idm cho vide gidm ddi ngheo vd xda bat binh ddng trong qua trinh
' L I N D P "Ngoai GDP, UNDP d i xufit bien phfip phat trien con nguoi ben viJng",
http://www.vn,undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenterarticles/20l 2/06/20/going-beyond-gdp-undp-proposes-human-development-measure-of-susta inability
* Tinh Chi (CORENARM lupc djch va tong hpp) "Tinh irang d l bi ton thuang cua cfie dan t6c ban dia v6i bien doi khi hfiu", htlp://www.corenarm.org.vn/?pid^93&id=579
Trang 10phdt tridn tao ndn khd khdn hon "Cac hien tugng tiidi tidt tan pha thudng xdy ra ciing nhQng tham hpa ty nhidn khdc dang keo liii tien bd phdt fridn"^ UNDP khdng dinh: "Sy xudng cdp cua mdi frudng ldm thui chdt ndng luc cua con ngudi theo nhidu each khac nhau, vugt xa khdi cdc khia canh tiiu nhdp, sinh kd va bao gdm cdc tdc ddng vdi y td, gido due va cac khia egnh khdc ciia ddi sdng" (UNDP, 1990)
Tgi Hdi nghi cdp cao vd Ddi ngogi Da phuang trong Thd ky 21 - Khuydn nghi cho Viet Nam (12/8/2014), ydu td bdt binh ding trong viec PTCN bdn vung cung da dugc dd cap sdu sic Theo dd, bdt binh ddng lan rdng cung la mdt quan nggi todn cdu Bdt binh ddng
vd thu nhap, tdi sdn nhu ddt dai, hay bdt binh ding trong tidp can vdi cac djch vu cdng nhu gido due, y td, tin dung vd bdo frg xa hdi xudt hidn khdng chi d ndi tai cde qudc gia
md cdn d quy-md vimg Vd "khdng mdy qudc gia cd thd trdnh dugc sy gia tang vd bdt binh ding - frd tiianh mdi de dpa that sy vdi sy PTCN va tidn bd cua cdc qudc gia" Bat binh ddng dnh hudng den tdt cd cdc muc tidu phdt fridn khac thdng qua vipc cdn frd tdng trudng, lam cham tdc dp giam ngheo vd gdp phan gia tang bgo luc cung nhu bdt dn
xd hpi, chinh trj "Thdi dai chiing ta dang chiing kidn nghich ly trong mdt thd gidi thira thdi, ngheo ddi cimg cyc kinh nidn vd bdt binh d i n g " " , bdn egnh do Id nan khiing bo, budn ngudi, bdnh tdt nhu H7N9, Ebola, Trong nhung vdn de bdt binh ddng, ed thd ndi bdt binh ddng vd kinh td vd bdt binh ding gidi la hai nguyen nhan co ban can ttd si; PTCN
Trudc nhQng tham hpa ciia mdi frudng hodc nhimg lac ddng lieu cue ciia ndn kinh te, thi nhQng ngudi ngheo, edc nhdm ngudi ydu thd bao gid cung phdi hiing ehiu nhQng tdn thuang nhieu nhdt va khd ndng phuc hdi ciia hp cung rat chdm Ve binh ddng gidi, Ngan hdng tiie gidi (Woridbank) cho rdng, nd quan frpng ddi vdi su phdt tridn, vi hai ly do;
"ThQ nhdt, binh ddng gidi bdn thdn nd da cd sdn y nghTa, vi vide phai sdng cudc ddi moi ngudi theo lya chpn ctia bdn thdn ma khdng phai chiu nhiing sy tudc dogt vd ly ehinh la mpt quydn con ngudi co ban vd giQa mpi ngudi phai cd sy binh ddng, cho dii la nam hay
nu ThQ hai, binh dang gidi cd y nghTa ve mat phuong tien, vi binh ddng gidi cdng cao tiii cdng tdng hieu qua kinh te vd dgt duoc nhiing muc tieu phat trien quan frpng khac nhidu
' Pratibha Mehta, Bfii phat bieu tai Hpi nghi cap cao ve D6i ngoai E>a phuong trong Thg ky 21 - Khuyin nghj cho
Vi?t Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/20I4/08/12/speech-by- ms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-representative-viemam-at-high-level-conference-on-multilaterai-diplomacy-in-the-2lst-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html '" Pratibha Mehta, Bfii phat bieu tsii Hpi nghj cfip cao v£ Dfii ngoai Da phuong trong The ky 21 - Khuyfin nghj cho Vi^ Nam, http //www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/2014/08/12/speech-by- ms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-representative-viemam-at-high-level-conference-on-multilateral-diplomacy-in-the-21st-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html '' Pratibha Mehta, Bai phat bifiu I^i Hpi nghi cfip cao vfi D6i ngoai Eta phuong trong The ky 21 - Khuyfin nghj cho Vi?t Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/conlent/viehiam/vi/home/presscenler/speeches/20l4/08/12/speech-by- ms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-represeniative-viemam-at-high-level-conference-on-mullilateral-diplomacy-in-the-21st-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html