182, M l i quan he tren ed tfnh t i t y l u bdi la mOt tOe ngudi sinh sing tai ILPU vyc sdng CLPU L9 Minh Tram, Trudng Phi thOng Trung hpc chuydn Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Sdc Trang, Long,
Trang 1TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(160)-2011 49
•
QUA DAN C A NGHI Lt O A M CU'OI
LY MINH TRAM
TOM T A T
Din ca nghi le dim cwdi ciia ngwdi Khmer
Nam Bd li nhQng bii hit phpc vu cho sinh
hoat theo phong tuc cua ngwdi din Song,
gii th ciia nhiing bii ca di vwat qua chirc
ning thdng thwang ciia nd de hwdng din
nhiiu chuc ning khic trong dd cd chirc
ning nhin thirc, phin inh Vi vpy, din ca
nghi le dim cwdi li mpt trong nhiing ITnh
vuc tich tu vi phin inh bin sic vin hda
ciia ngwdi Khmer Nam Bd rd net nhit Cu
thi li nin vin hda ndng nghiep gin bd
mat thiit vdi tw nhien vi mang dim diu in
Phit giio Song song dd, chiing ta cdn ed
thi bit gap bin sac vin hda cdng ddng
khi rd qua Idi ca vi ci trong qui trinh dien
xwdng ciia nd
1, N^N VAN HOA NONG NGHIEP G A N
GOI V O I TU NHIEN
Vilt v l dan ea nghi l l cua ngudi Khmer,
Huynh Ngoc Trang nhan djnh "Trong moi
le tiit diu cd dien xwdng nhirng bii din ca
nghi le Dd li thinh phin hiru ca cua nghi
le vi cung li nhung tw lipu ngdn tir biiu
hipn mdi quan hp giu'a con ngwdi vdi tw
nhien" (Trudng Luu, 1993, tr 182), M l i
quan he tren ed tfnh t i t y l u bdi la mOt tOe
ngudi sinh sing tai ILPU vyc sdng CLPU
L9 Minh Tram, Trudng Phi thOng Trung hpc
chuydn Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Sdc Trang,
Long, ngay tCp thdi xa xua ddi sing eua ngudi Khmer da gan liin vdi hogt ddng ndng nghiep, vdi dong ruOng, sdng ngdi, kenh rgeh Chinh diiu kien song da hinh thanh nen nhu-ng gia tri van hda dac sic, tieu bilu cho cu dan nai day Van hda dd
cd t h l k l d i n nhu van hda cua sy thich nghi vdi moi trudng sing; van h6a cua sy
d i i phd trudc nhQ-ng biln ddng cua ty nhien; van hda cua sy khai thac va SLP dgng cae diiu kien ty nhidn,,, Trong ddi sing sinh hoat, d i u I n cua nin van hda nay t h l hidn qua tinh ydu thien nhien; qua hoat dOng kinh t l ; phong tuc, tap quan va
ca trong hoat dOng van hda nghd thuat Rieng vdi lan dieu dan ca, Idng ydu m i n
va gdn bd vdi ty nhien t h l hien hlu nhu trong toan bO logi hinh cua nd (tCp dan ca lao dOng d i n dan ca trQ- tinh sinh hogt r l i dan ca nghi Id), Sy anh hudng tren Idn
d i n mCpc ngay trong cac bai hat dam eudi cQng xult hidn nhu'ng hinh anh v l canh vgt, v l each sinh hoat rlt ddi ty nhidn va dan da eua eon ngudi "midt vudn"
Con sao ai con sao/An qua dom boong/Ml
mo dua nhau/Canh nang digu mua/Migng
lam digu nhge/Ml md dua vu\/0 tren eanh
cay {Chim sio)^'^
CuOe sing mang dam mdu sac ndng
nghidp cdn dwpfc t h l hidn qua nhCpng Id vat
eudi xin, 6ng ba chf bao/Phong tue tap quan/Trai cay du logi/Ol cung t l tidn/Trai tham
Trang 250 LY MINH T R A M - BAN SAC V A N H O A C O A N G U ' O I KHMER
mdng cgt/Sdm bd, s l u ridng, xodi, chuli,
du du,, {Hii trii ciy - sip trii ciy)
(y ddy, tiing hdt nghi l l cua eon ngudi hda
Iln vdi tiing hdt eua ty nhidn t h l hidn m l i
quan hd b i n chdt, mdt tinh cam sdu ddm
thiit tha glQ-a ehu t h l eon ngudi vdi khdeh
t h l ty nhidn, Canh vdt, l l i sinh hogt rlt d i i
g i n gui, binh dj l y nhu cai n i n eho tinh
ydu ddi ICpa ddm chii, nay nd Od Id mot
diiu ky Ig, thu vj trong khdng it bdi ca ddm
cudi Khmer Vd ed Id vi t h l ma nhQ-ng edu
hat mang mau s i c nghi Id l y khdng h i mit
di ve tru- tinh, lang mgn v l n ed cua t h l logi
ddn gian nay
2 N^N VAN H 6 A D A M MAU SAC PHAT
GlAO
Oa s l ding bao Khmer Nam BO la tin d l
eua Phat giao Nam tdng, Mdi thanh vidn
trong cdng ding ngay tCp thud nhd da
duge giao dgc va ren luyen l l i sing, each
lam vige theo eon dudng ma du-c Phgt ehf
ddn tu-c tfch IQy phuc dCpc d l 6w(?c sieu
thoat v l cdi Niit ban, Hg quan nigm rlt
dan gian di ehua lam phudc cQng nhu lam
ruOng, lam nhilu duge phudc nhilu va
ngugc Igi, Sy da dgng, phong phu cua ddi
sing tam linh vdi nilm tin vd hg thing gido
ly ran dgy eon ngudi dn ngay, d thing 6k
6wpfc sidu thoat trd thanh thuin phong my
tge eua ea dan tge, NhQ-ng phlm chit, du-c
tfnh quy bau do ed t h l tim thiy b i t eu- dau
trong ddi sing sinh hogt xa hOi cua ngudi
Khmer,
Rieng g ITnh vyc van hge dan gian ma eg
t h l vdi t h l logi dan ea, v l n la tiing ndi
phat ra tu- trai tim eua nhu-ng con ngudi
ludn hudng d i n dgo, nOi dung t i t y l u cua
nd cung hudng d i n nhO'ng diiu ma du-c
Phgt chl dgy Bang ehCpng la vige d l eao
ea nggi Idng bilt an dng ba, cha mg Cdng cha nhu nui Thai San/Nudi dudng
cd mg Iln con/Khdng nggi gian khd/Vi con
md hy sinh , {Cit hoa cau)
Khdng nhQ-ng t h l , d i u I n Phdt gido d cac bdi ddn ea nghi l l cdn t h l hign rd qua y nidm v l duydn s l cOng nhu kilp ludn hii Anh d XCP xa/Rit nhd d i n em/Duydn tinh kilp trude/Trdi da djnh sIn/Trdi sinh ra
em/ o l anh thuang nhd,,, {Dwa sinh le)
Vdi sy hign dign cua nhQ-ng t u tudng, tri^t
ly Phdt giao trong eac bai ea nghi l l ddm eudi chung ta ed t h l thiy ring trong mOt chCpng myc nao dd Phgt giao Nam tdng da gdp phin bao t i n va phat huy truyin thing van hda eua dan tdc Khmer Dgc bigt, Phat giao cdn cd vai trd quan trqng trong vide giao due, hinh thanh nhan each, dao du-c cua ngudi Khmer Rieng vdi logi hinh nghe thugt dan gian nhu dan ca nghi li dam eudi, nhu-ng d i u I n Phgt giao luu lai trdn mdi Idi ca da lam eho logi hinh ndy mang mOt net ve rieng, r l t linh thieng, trang trgng, khdng kem phin thu vj so vdi cac logi hinh dan ea dam cudi eua cac dan tOe khae
3 NET V A N H 6 A CONG D O N G Ngudi Khmer cd ban s i c van hda cpng ding tren tinh t h i n tinh lang nghTa xom binh ding, dan chu, Tinh cgng ding thi hign trong cae m l i quan hg san xult, quan
hg xa hgi, quan hg gia dinh; trong sinh hogt van hda tdn giao tin ngugng dan gian cung nhu trong nghi le dam cudi, mpt trong nhu-ng nghi le quan trqng cua do-i ngudi, Tuy dam eudi duge t l ehCpc tgi mot gia dlnh eg t h l nhung khdng khf nhOn nhjp dudng nhu lan tda ea trong phum sdc Moi ngudi du duge mdi hay khdng diu ty
Trang 3LY M I N H T R A M - BAN SAC VAN HOA COA NG\J(y\ KHMER,,, 51
nguygn d i n nha ed dam 6k giup 6d, ca hat
chung vui cung gia dinh, Ndi ridng v l cac
bai ca nghi Id dam eudi, Idi ea vd hinh
thLPC didn xudng eua nd t h l hign dgc trung
van hda nay kha rd net
Vidu:
Xin kinh chdo t i t ca/Hg hang g i n ben
mg/Hg hang xa ben cha/Cd ca dng
Maha/Va ea ngudi ehu rl/Oi, gid lanh da
din/Hay chuIn bi mung mIn/Minh cung
dua vua di/Oi, vua di vua di/Vua di phai ed
nhgc, {Dwa sinh li)
Ldi bai hat da phin nao phan anh khdng
khi nhOn nhjp, ddng due eua ngdy d i u hdn
l l , Vd diiu nay dugc t h l hien rd net hgn,
sinh dOng han d qua trinh didn xudng cua
nd, Cg t h l , ngoai d i i tugng diln xudng
chinh la nghe nhan dan gian tryc tilp hat
cac bai ea cdn ed nghe nhdn mua minh
hga, dOi ngu nhu-ng ngudi chai nhgc eg c l
truyin va thdm ehi ca dam ddng ngudi
thudng thCpc vdi du thdnh phin, vai v l ,
Ngdy nay, tuy nhilu hinh thCpc sinh hogt
mang tinh dac trung van hda da biln mit
hoac khdng cdn giQ- nguyen dgng nhu
trudc nhung tinh eOng ding do khdng
hoan toan m i t di trong y thCpc ngudi dan,
Ly giai tfnh cOng dong trdn, cd t h l dya vao
tam thCpc cua chfnh ngudi dan nai day v l
vln d l hdn nhan, gia dinh, Thyc t l , dam
cudi e l truyin eua ngudi Khmer 6wpfc t l
chLPC vdi nhilu nghi thCpc phu-e tgp nhung
mdi nghi thCpc d i u tiim I n y nghTa t i t dgp,
ft nhlt la eho cudc hdn nhan Ngudi Khmer
rlt xem trgng Id cudi, va eoi l l eudi khdng
dan thuin la mot hinh thu-c thdng bao
"thdng tin" eho moi ngudi bilt sy kign hai
ngudi tCp nay la vg ching ehinh thu-c ma
cdn chu-a dyng nhQ-ng trilt ly sing, nhQ-ng
gia tri xa hOi, nhQ-ng nhdn t l dgo du-c vdi
mOt hinh thCpc diln xudng ting hgp Nd khdng la vige eua mOt ea nhan ai hoge eua rieng mOt gia dinh nao ma la uy tin, danh
dy, vj t h l cua hai gia dinh va cua ea ddng
hg, Khdng nhu-ng vgy, nd cdn lidn quan
d i n nhilu m l i quan hg xa hOi khae nhu quan hd sui gia, quan hg bing hQ-u, Bdi
t h l dCi giau hay nghdo, ngudi Khmer d i u mong muln va e l gIng lam eho dugc dam cudi trang trgng Hign nay, tuy thdi gian t l chCpc mOt dam cudi chf cd hai ngay nhung thyc t l mgi ngudi trong gia dinh, ho hang,
phum sdc da tgp trung 6k chuIn bj su-a
sogn nha cu-a, d l dac, dyng rgp, lam banh tu- rlt sdm, Khi dam cudi chinh thu-c bit d i u , moi ngudi trong khIp phum keo d i n dy tide vdi kha nhilu mgc dieh khac nhau, Chinh khdng khi l y da e l kit cae thanh vien trong eOng ding, lam eho
m l i quan he v l n ed nay them bin chgt theo thdi gian,
Tdm Igi, dan ca nghi Id dam cudi eua ngudi Khmer khdng chf la phuang tign phuc vg cho nghi thu-c hdn Id ma nd cdn phan anh nhilu m i l quan he, ca each thCpc u-ng XLP va hogt dpng tdn giao eua mOt eOng dong ngudi, TCPC phan anh mOt l l i van hda eua ding bao Khmer Oilu nay cQng that gilng nhu Idi nhgn djnh eua N,V
Gdgdn khi ndi v l dan ea Nga: "Din ca li
Ijch sir nhin din sinh dpng, sing Ipn, diy miu sac vi sw that " (Nguyin Bich Ha,
2008, tr 232) •
CHU THiCH
^^' Bdi hdt Chim sio dugc hdt trong nhilu l l
cudi cua ngudi Khmer, cg thl khi tiln hdnh
nghi le Cit tde (Cach sork)
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