Ddi song tdn giao tin ngudng mot so toe ngudi thieu so Tay B^c trong subien doi La vOng dat c6 nhieu tiem nang kinh ih, dong thcri la vung dat chi6n luoc lien quan den van de an ninh, q
Trang 1t O N GIAO TIN NGUONG^ cua cac tpc^ngiroi thieu so Tay Bac trong doi song duong dai
NGUYEN THJ YEN
1 Ddi song tdn giao tin ngudng mot so
toe ngudi thieu so Tay B^c trong subien doi
La vOng dat c6 nhieu tiem nang kinh ih,
dong thcri la vung dat chi6n luoc lien quan den
van de an ninh, quoc phong, Tay B5c da va
dang nhan duoc sii quan tam ho tra nhiSu mat
cija chinh phu ma cung voi do la sir tac dOng
manh me cua cac y6u to moi vao dcri song van
hoa nguoi dan Ton giao tin nguang la mpt
khia c ^ h quan trong trong doi sdng tinh than
cua cac toe nguoi thie'u s6 noi chung Thong
qua cac hinh thuc sinh ho^t van hoa tin nguang,
cac gia tri vh van hoa tam linh, van hoa nghe
thuSt, thuSn phong mT tuc mang tinh truyen
thdng ciia moi toe nguai co ca hpi ducrc bao
t6n Vi vay, su bien do! doi song ton giao tin
nguong cua ho se co lac dong sau sic den su
bien doi ban sac vSn hoa ciia moi tgc nguoi
Xuat phat tu ket qua khao sat thiJc te, bai viet
nay se t^p tmng phan tich su bien doi va du
doan nhung xu huong hihn d6i trong doi song
ton giao tin nguong cua mpt so toe ngudi thieu
so Of Tay B3c hi?n nay
1.1 Bien ddi ddi sSng ton gido tin ngudng
cdc tqc ngudi thiiu so Tdy BSc tu gdc nhin
cua nhifng ngudi trong cudc
Truac HBt, can thSy rSng cac xu huong bien
do'i trong dcri sdng ton giao tin nguong 6 cac
tpc ngucri thieu s6 Tay B^c hien nay la mot su
tit y6u, the' hien quy lu^t van dpng phii hpp
voi cupc s6ng hien t^i Duong nhien ben c ^ h
nhung mat tich cue nhu gop phan luac bo
nhimg l|Lp tuc l^c h^u (cac lu|t tuc ha khac,
so truong hap lai co nhimg bieu hien thai qua,
de di den xoa nhoa ban sac, hoac co truong hpp dan den choi bo van hoa tpc ngiroi minh
De lam ro dieu nay, duai day chung toi se lien hanh khao sat y kien ciia ngiroi dan vai
tu each la nhiing nguoi trong cupc doi voi nhijng doi thay trong ddi song ton giao tm nguong ciia hp
Ddi vdi viic logi bd cdc tap tuc lgc hdu:
Nhin chung, tam li phd bi8n d mpi liia tuoi la ung hp viec loai bo cac hii tuc ma chinh quyen cho la lac hau Dieu do m$l phan la do tac dpng cua su tuyen truyen, pho' bien cac chinh sach cua nha nuoc, mpt mat do hp tu y thiic duoc Vi du, hau het cac tpc ngudi cr day hien nay ddu ung hp chii truong khong de ngudi chet lau ngay trong nha Trudc day, hp c6 the
de ngudi chet trong nha hang luan ihi nay Ihudng chl de trong vong ba ngay Vdi ngudi H'mong va ngudi Dao thi ben canh viec bao luu mpt each co chpn lpc cac nghi le va phong tuc hon nhan co truyen thi mpt diem dang chii
y la hp cE dkn thay do'i dupc quan niem hon nhan nang ve mua ban Nam 1992, Ihuc hien sir van dpng ciia nha nudc, ngudi Dao Do d xa Ban Phiing (huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai) da hpp nhau lai thong nhat giam bdt mpt niia so bac trSng thach cudi tu 50 dong xuong con 25 dong Nhd su thay doi nay ma cac thii tuc nghi
le cung bot nang ne, ganh nang no nan do cudi xin cung duoc giam bdt nhieu so vdi trudc day
Ddi vdi viic duy tri hodc pht^c hdi cdc nghi
li cdu cung trong gia dinh: Xual phat tir quan
niem coi viec thiJC hanh cac nghi le nhu la mpt
Trang 2cac nghi le lien quan den vong ddi ngudi, dae
biet la cudi xin, tang ma hau nhu van duoc
duy tri theo tmySn thdng d cac tpc ngudi vdi
miic dp gian lupc khac nhau Neu d ngudi Thai
va ngudi Dao, viec to chuc tang ma da dan di
vao on dinh thi d ngudi H'mong vln con la
van de Iran trd trong viec xu li van de hai hoa
giira viec bao luu truyen thong vdi nhu cau
bien doi cho phii hgrp vdi cupc song duong
d&i Trong npi bp ngudi Dao Do van tiep tuc
CO nhiing cupc van dpng di din thong nhat
gian lupc cac thu luc nghi le rudm ra, chSng
han nhu cac nghi le trong hon nhan
Mpt xu hudng pho bien ciia viec duy tri
nghi le cung chira b?nh d hau het cac tpc ngudi
la xuit phat tu quan niem "Thuoc tra ma c5u"
Dieu do dan den viec trong cupc song ciia hp
van t6n tai nhiing phucmg thiic chira benh bSng
each ciing "duoi ma" (tuy cac loai ma iheo
phan xet cua thiiy) hoac ciing bieu le cho ma
ngudi chet theo nhimg nghi thiic c6 truy&n
Tuy nhien, viec ciing le ngay nay dupc ngudi
ta giai thich la chu yeu de "yen tam ve mat
tinh than"
Ddi vdi viic bdo luu hogc Ihay doi ton gido
tin ngudng: Tuc thd cung to' lien la tin ngudng
pho bien ciing nhan dupc nhimg su lua chpn
khac nhau d moi tpc ngudi Neu d ngudi Dao,
ngudi Tay, Thai, Mudng da co sir bao luu kha
on dinh cac nghi le c6 truyen thi d ngudi Kho
Mu va ngudi H'mong tai co nhCrng bieu hien
choi ho vdi nhiing giai thich theo nhirng li Ie
rieng ciia hp Chang han ngudi H'mong d ban
Miii Ba (Yen Son, Bao Yen, Lao Cai) khi bo
thd l6 lien di theo dao Tin lanh thi giai thich
rang do la hp bd thii vay mupn de trd ve vdi
Chiia nhu la trd ve vdi su nguyen sa ban dSu
ciia minh Su nhan thuc ciia hp khi theo dao d
day qua y kiin cua co be Giang Thi Tr (16
lu6i, hpc het ldp 5) la: "Tin Chua thi di benh
vien chtra benh chii khong cung ma chCra
benh", "Tin Chiia ihi dang Chiia, khong tin
Chiia thi dang ma!" va "Ai khong tin Chiia thi
khing dinh: "Bac Ho co th^t nen tin, Chiia cung CO that nen lin!" Tuy nhien y kien cua
CO lai day len den miic cue doan khi cho rSng: 'Tin Chiia nen khong thich hat dan ca H'mong niia" Dieu nay cho thay su phan biet deluj chpn giua thd ma to' tien vdi dang thieng lieng
la Chiia nhu la su bi&u hien cho nhan thiic v6 cai lac hau vdi cai tiSn bp cua ldp Ihanh nien
d day
6 ngudi Kho Mii ban Huoi Vang (Mucmg Muon, Mudng Cha, Dien Bien) thi tu lau, h@
da lan lupt bo tuc thd to tien d bep cQa tgc ngudi minh de thd /100/15"* iheo kieu ciia nguoi
Thai Hien tjti nhieu gia dinh l^i bo hodng de lap ban thd theo kiiu ngudi Kinh nhung chl
thd Cling ngudi chet mpt each chieu le, dae biet hp coi trpng viec thd anh Bac H6 htm Qua day co the nh|in thay nhiing bieu hien chua
ro rang trong viec lua chpn each thiic tho cfing
to tien cua ngudi Kho Mii d day
Cling nhu d ngudi Viet, nhilu y&u 16 moi ciing da tham gia mpt each lu giac vao dien
thd cua cac tpc ngudi thiSu s6 Tay Bic, ch^ng
han nhu thd Chu tich Ho Chi Minh trong gia dinh va cong sd ciia ngudi Thai d xa Nghla
An, thi xa Mudng Lo, tinh Yen Bai Ngudi Dao
d xa Yen San (Bao Yen, Lao Cai) con treo anh
Chu tich H6 Chi Minh trong Id cip sic
Ddi vdi cdc li hoi hodc phong tuc coiruyhi
cd nguy co bi biin mdt hodc khdng con phu hop vdi cudc sd'ng hiin tgi: Trong lung truong
hpp cu the, de duy tri nhihig gia tri truyen thong
CO nguy CO bi mai mot, d mpt s6 nai, ngutn dan da lu tim ra each img xu hai hoa, phii hop vdi dieu kien, hoan canh mdi Le xen ban 0 ban Ten A, xa Thanh Xuong, huyen Dien Bien (tinh Dien Bien) la mpt vi du Ve npi dung xen
ban la cau an, tien hanh vao ngay mu hdi theo
ljch Thai trong thang 4 am lich la nhimg qujf dinh khong thay doi Tuy nhien ve mat to chfie
CO nhimg thay d6i nhu: Trudc, le nay do truong ban va th^y mo chu tri, nay, them cac ban nganh trong ban (phu nir, thanh nien, phu
Trang 3^uy cua ban; xua, nha xen ban d tren rirng
:am, nay, chuyen v6 nha van hoa trung tam
ban, Dae biet, khi ciing thi mdi thin (h6n)
tinh, huyen, ban, gio, may, rong, v.v con khi
in thl mdi cac lanh dao ducmg chiic tinh uy,
iiy ban huyen, xa, v.v den an uong Ve ca
ban, ph§n nghi thiic, nghi le van theo c6 tniyen
nhung nhiing kieng ki co giam bdt Vi du, ban
Ten A tnrdc day co quy djnh Iruoc ngay xen
ban, dan lang khong dupc ra ngoai ban, hoac
3a ra thi khdng dupc vao, dae biet cam ngudi
tigoai vao ban, nay quy dinh tu 6 - 7 gid toi
mdi cSm ngudi ra vao, d^c biet chi cim ngudi
gdng ganh vao ban C6 mpt di6m khac la trong
Icri khan, ldi ciing, nguori ta da thay doi ten gpi
va chirc danh cac vi quan chiic trong dia hat
cho "hpp thdi" Co the coi day la mdt le xen
ban cd tniyen md rdng
Ddi vdi ldn gido tfn ngudng cua ciia ddng
bdo trong diin di ddn thuy diin San La: De
xay dimg cong trinh thuy dien Scm La (2005
-2012), thdi gian qua, hang chuc ngan hd dan
d khu vuc cac tinh Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau
da phai di ddi khoi long ho thiiy dien den noi
d mdi Su thay ddi mdi irudng sdng da bupc
hp phai thay ddi cac phong luc tap quan de
thich nghi didu kien sdng d noi d mdi ChSng
ban, da sd cac ban ngudi Thai di ddi tir huyen
Quynh Nhai ve khu vuc thanh phd Son La da
phai thay le hpi gpi dliu chung ca ban tren ddng
sdng Da vao chilu 30 ihi bSng hinh thirc mang
nudc ddn gOi dSu tai nha van hoa ho^c tu gdi
diu tai nha rieng theo tieng trong hieu lenh
cua trudng ban Day la ll hpi g^n vdi luc thd
Nang Han - mpt nu tudng huyen thoai cua
ngudi Thai TrSng Rieng d huyen Quynh Nhai,
sau khi di ddi ddn do thi mdi Phieng Lanh, vdi
muc dich bao tdn 16 hpi, chinh quydn huydn
da diing ra Id chiic le hpi theo xu hudng "kich
ban hoa", din ddn si; Ihay ddi ve ndi dung va
hinh thlic Id hdi so vdi cd truydn Nhin chung
tiinh thuc nay dupc ngudi dan hudng irng theo
phong trao la chinh Mat khac, vdi viec thd
;ac vj than linh va Nang Han d ngdi den mdi
huyen moi 3 km) lai cho thdy su thay ddi hoan loan ca ve each thiic quan li lan vide thuc hanh nghi le Theo do, lu mpt ngdi den vang ve d que cii, nay chuydn ra xay dung d dia diem
mdi, ngdi ddn da cd Ban Quan li gom 5 ngudi,
ca ngudi Kinh va ngudi Thai, thu hiit su chiem bai cua kha dong ngudi Kinh irong khu vuc Dae biet, ngudi Thai TrSng ciing hpc theo ngudi Kinh di Id bai vao ngay rSm mdng mpt, khac vdi khi d qud cu, hp chi ddn den vao cac dip Id tet<^'
1.2 Dudodn mot so xu hixdng biin ddi trong ddi song tdn gido tin ngudng cdc tqc ngudi thieu so Tay Bdc
Ton giao tin ngudng va cac thuc hanh nghi
le vdn dupc hinh thanh va bidn ddi lau dai trong ddi sdng cua mdi tdc ngudi Vi thupc ve van hoa phi vat the, co gdc re tii trong tam thirc cua nhieu the he nen no it chiu su chi phdi va lac ddng cua cac ydu td ben ngoai han so vdi van hoa vat the Sir bien ddi ciia n6 ndu co thi ciing la su chuyen hoa de lai cau true cho phu hpp vdi cudc sdng duong dai Vi vay, theo chiing tdi, xu hudng bidn ddi tiep theo trong ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngudng cac tpc ngudi midn niii Tay BSc se la:
a) Cac nghi le lich tidt dae biel la cac Id hdi lidn quan den lin ngudng ndng nghiep se tiep tuc lupc bdt d nhieu tpc ngirdi Thay vao
do c6 thd' la su tai cau triic cac Id hdi cd truyen dudi su tuvan ciia cac chuyen gia theo phuong thlic kdt hpp nha nudc, nhan dan cung thuc hien
b) Cac nghi Id vong ddi ngudi, dae biet la tang Id theo nghi thiic cd truyen d cac tdc ngudi
se tidp tuc dupc duy tri theo hudng gianjupc hon vd thu luc Tir trudng hpp mo trong dam tang cua ngudi Mudng cho thay su bien doi cua mo chi la sunit gpn ve Ihdi lupng nghi Id c) Tuc le cudi xin se co su kel hap giiia tniyen thdng vdi hien dai Truyen thdng dd viia long cac bac cha me va td tidn; hien dai de
Trang 4dam cudi nhu v^y vdn da thudng xuyen dupc
td chiic d nhidu dia phucmg, dae biet la d nhom
cac lpc ngudi viing th§p nhu Tay, Thai, Mudng
Tuy nhien se vln khdng co su phoi hpp hai
hoa giiia hai yeu td cd truyen vdi hien dai neu
nhu dd no tdn tai mpt each tuphat Ddi vdi ngudi
Mudng thi ngoai san rap van hat ka-ra-d4ce va
trong nha vSn danh bai chieng ciing liic Doi
vdi ngudi Tay, Thai, Mudng, ben canh trang
phuc tan thdi lpng lay cua cd dau bdn canh
dan nh?c hien dai cd the' vln tdn tai cac nghi
thuc cd truydn (chSng ban nhu tuc hat Quan
lang d ngudi Tay) Iheo hudng gian lupc so
vdi truydn thdng Didu nay hudng tdi sg: can
thidt phai co mpt hinh mau kdt hap mdt each
hai hoa giua truyen thdng vdi hidn dai theo
sv chu dpng li/a chpn, sang tao cua chinh
ngudi dan
d) Tdn giao lin ngudng ciia mdt sd tpc ngudi
CO thd' van tidp tuc bidn ddi tren co sd liep thu
cac ydu td du nhap (nhu trudng hop theo dao
Cdng giao va Tin lanh d ngudi H'mong) Su
bidn ddi nay se dan dinh hinh nen mpt khudn
mau mdi co sy giao luu tidp bien giiia cac ydu
td ban dia vdi yeu to du nhgp Co the nh^n
thay dieu nay qua vide su dung tidng H'mong
dd' hat cac bai thanh ca d ngudi H'mong, vide
dua dan cdng chidng vao sinh hoat dao Tin
lanh d cac tpc ngudi ban dja Tay Nguyen
2 Nhihig vin de dat ra doi vdi sif bi^n doi
ddi s^ng ton giao tin ngiimig cua cac tpc
nguoi thieu so TSy Bac
Nhu vay, xuat phat lii nhidu nguyen nhan
ma hien nay, tdn giao lin ngudng cua cac tpc
ngudi thieu sd Tay B I C da co nhung bidn ddi
Trong do co nguyen nhan la lir chinh ngudi
dan vdi tu each la chu thd van hda, cd nguyen
nhan la tii chinh sach kinh id, van hoa, xa hpi
cua Dang va Nha nudc, cd nguydn nhan la tii
tac ddng ciia xu the hien dai hoa, loan cau hda
Vi vgy, khdng the' khdng dat ra cau hoi: Lam
thd nao de tdn giao tin ngudng cac tpc ngudi
thieu sd bidn ddi mdt each phia hpp de cac tdc
bd ciia van minh nhan logi lai vua khdng danh
mii cpi rd cua minh? Noi each khac do chinh
la vSn dd lien quan den si^ biin ddi ddi sdng
tdn gido ifn ngudng cua cdc lqc ngudi ihiiu sdndi chung trong cu^c sdng duang dgi Duoi
day la mpt sd y kidn thao luan chinh
2.1 Biin doi ddi song ton gido tin ngumg cdn phdi cd qud trinh
Trudc hdt, co thd' ily tdn giao tin nguong ciia ngudi Tay dd lam cii lieu so sanh xem xet qua trinh bidn ddi ton giao tin ngudng ciia cac tdc ngudi thie'u sd Ndu nhu trong qua khu khdng cd cac su kidn ngudi Nung (gdc Choang)
tu Trung Qudc di cu sang rdi hidn lupng nguoi Kinh tii mien xuoi ao at keo len vung nguoi Tay Vi?t Bac (didn hinh la Cao B~ang) irong cac thdi ki binh bidn thi chic h§n ton giao tin ngudng cua hp se khong the' cd dien mao nhu ngay nay Ro rang la trong qua khii da co mgt
su chuydn ddi quan trpng dan den su tai cau true lai ddi sdng tdn giao lin ngudng ciia ngucri Tay T^i sao van hda ngudi Tay khdng nhiing khong bi hoa tan ma con phat trien, hinh thanh nen nhiing gia tri van hoa truydn thdng mang dam ban s3c tdc ngudi ma then Tay la mpt vi du? Co the phan tich hidn tupng nay nhu sau: Mpt la, xet vd ngudn gdc lich sii thi trong qua khii, ngudi Tay Ddng BSc ciing nhu nguoi Choang Trung Qudc va ngudi Kinh mien xuoi ddu thupc nhdm cu dan Bach Vi?l, co xu5t phat diem ton giao tin ngudng ban dja nhu nhau Vd sau nay, trong nhiing giai doan Ijch sil nhat dinh, ngudi Tay da chiu anh huong van hda Han ddn tii ngudi Kinh mien xuoi hoac tii ngudi Niing (Choang Trung Qudc) Dieu
do cho thiy van hda Han ma cu thd la D^o giao vao cac nhom Kinh mien xudi va Choang Trung Qudc trudc rdi sau do mdi vao ngudi Tay, qua nhieu lan khuc xa ma hoa nhap vao tdn giao tin ngudng ban dia dd tao neh cac hinh thiic mang dae trung ridng cua ngudi Tay nhu then, put Nhu vgy, su tuong ddng ve van hoa gdc (van hoa me) c6 le la mot trong nhiing
Trang 5dia cua ngudi Tay dd dang tidp thu mpt each
tu nhien cac ydu td du nhap Didu nay khac
vdi hien tupng dao Cdng giao hay dao Tin
lanh vdi it nhidu su khac bidt cua van hda
phuong Tay khi xam nhgp vao cac cdng ddng
dan cu thirdng gay ndn nhihig mau thuan, chia
re ndi bp
Hai la, trong qua khu, cac cupc di cu ciia
ngudi Kinh Idn mien nui thudng cd nguydn
nhan tucac cudc ndi chien - didn hinh la cupc
chien tranh Le - Mac d thd Id XVII vdi vide
hang ngan binh linh nha Mgc da keo ldn cat
cii vung Cao Bang Do chay loan, chu trucmg
sdng lan vao dan dd ton tgi va sau nay la mai
danh in tich trdn tranh su truy lung ciia trieu
dinh Ld Trinh ndn ban than ngudi Kinh va van
hoa cua hp da tu nguydn hoa tan vao van hoa
Tay Dd la mdt dae die'm khac vdi chinh sach
dira ngudi Kinh len midn ngupc phat tridn "kinh
td moi" dd "dua midn ngupc tien kip voi mien
xudi" ciia nha nudc ta d niia sau thd ki XX
Ba la, tuong truydn nha Mac sau khi ldn
Cao Bkng cung cho md khoa thi, cho truydn
ba chu Han, thanh lap cac dpi miia hat cimg
dinh la tidn de cho viec sang lao ndn logi hinh
then nghi Id mdi ma su phu ciia nganh ciing
nay la cac dng thiy phii thuy c6 gdc gac tu
mien xudi Kdt qua la van hda Tay da co dupc
nhiing gia tri nhit dinh ghi dau an mdi ihdi ve
su giao luu tidp bidn vdi van hda bac hpc cua
ngudi Kinh, do la su ra ddi chir Ndm Tay, dd
la he thdng cac bai hat dan ca, tu dan ca nghi
le (nhu then), hat quan lang, hat thp, hat thiy
phudng trong dam tang den dan ca sinh hogt
nhu hat vi, hat luan, Dgc die'm nay phln nao
tuong ddng vdi su phd cap chii Ndm Dao d
ngudi Dao chir Thai cd d cac nhdm ngudi Thai
Tay B I C
Thuc td, linh ddn thdi did'm hidn nay thi
nguori Tay da co ba cupc lidp xuc van hda Idn
vdi ngudi Kinh: Thdi Ld -Mgc (thd ki XVII),
Ihdi ngudi Kinh len khai hoang xay dung kinh
td mdi (nhimg nam sau muoi the ki XX) va
bien ddi dd nhan thay vd kidn true nha cua va trang phuc ra thi van hda Tay - dgc biet la van hda tin ngudng lgi cd phan d'n dinh va it cd sii mai mdt hem so vdi cac viing khac Dd la su phuc hoi cac phong tuc tap quan va cac nghi
Id truydn thdng mpt each uyen chuyen khien cho van hda Tay vln dam da ban s^c Irong khi bp trang phuc va kidn tnic nha cua ciia hp (^ CO su bien ddi, tham chi da "Kinh hda" hoan loan
Nhu vay, vao nhung thdi didm khac nhau thi van hda Tay hay van hoa Thai, van hoa Dao deu tiing co mpt qua trinh giao luu va chuydn ddi dd dinh hinh nhu ngay nay Chae ban trong qua trinh giao luu d6 da co nhieu ydu td dupc sang lpc, tiep thu, dao thai dd giiip cho SII tai tgo cau triic lgi van hoa cua hp Chinh su dn dinh dupc thii thach qua thdi gian
da giiip cho van hda cua hp bidn dd'i mdt each bdn vung hom so vdri nhihig tpc ngudi sdng bi?t lap va it co su giao luu van hda, chang hgn nhu ngudi H'mong Chinh vi vay ma trong
xu hudng hidn dgi hda, loan cau hda vdi su giao luu mgnh me giiia midn ngupc vdi midn xudi nhu hidn nay, van hda ciia cac nhom Tay, Niing, Thai, Dao vln giii dupc dp dn dinh nhat dinh, nhieu gia tri van hda cd truydn khdng nhiing khong mil di ma vln tidp tuc bidn dot
de phii hpp vdi hidn tai Day cung la mpt trong nhiing co sd dd' li giai tai sao hidn tupng d^o Vang Chli- mdt bidn thai cua dao Tin lanh de dang tham nhap vao bd phan ngudi H'mong hon so vdi cac cu dan khac trong ciing khu vuc nhu Tay, Thai, Dao
Ro rang la rit can cd thdi gian de' cac ydu
td mdi, nhat la cac yeu Id van hoa phuong Tay hien dai tham thiu va bien ddi dan trong ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngudng ciia cac lpc ngudi thidu sd noi chung, trong dd cd cac tdc ngudi thieu sd d Tay B I C ndi rieng
2.2 Bien ddi ddi song tdn gido tin ngudng cdn cd chinh sdch phu hop
Thuc te cho thay sau ban 20 nam thuc hidn
Trang 6nhidu chinh sach vd kinh te, giao due, y te,
van hda huu hidu gdp phln lam thay ddi didn
mao ndng thdn midn niii Diem qua ve chinh
sach van hda cho thiy da cd cac chuang trinh
cu thd nhir de an dua thdng tin ve co sd, bao
tdn van hda cac tpc ngudi thidu sd, chuong
trinh phu sdng phat thanh, truyen hinh cho
viing ddng bao midn niii, bidn gidi, hai dao ,
cac hoat ddng nghidn ciiu, suu tim, bao tdn
van hoa lang, ban, budn, thdn, xuat ban sach
va cac an pham van hoa tieng ban tdc Nhieu
le hpi cua cac tpc ngudi tii Bac vao Nam, ngay
hdi van hda cac tpc ngudi Tay B§c, Ddng Blc,
Tay Nguyen, ddng bang sdng Cuu Long da
dupc td chiic vdi cac hinh thuc va npi dung
phong phii Thdng qua cac boat ddng nay, viec
bao ton, phat huy van hda, cac npi dung phd
bien khoa hpc - kT thuat, hudng din each lam
an, ke hoach hoa gia dinh, xoa bd hu tuc lac
hau da phat huy dupc tac dung Ngoai ra,
viec d p hang chuc logi bao thidt yeu khdng
thu tidn theo Quydt dinh sd 975/2006/QD-TTg
cua Thu tudng chinh phu ddn cac xa ngheo da
CO tac dung chuydn lai thdng tin ddn vdi ddng
bao d vung sau, vung xa Dae bidt la chuong
trinh bao tdn van hda dupc lien hanh d khap
cac dja phuong mien nui trong ca nudc ma kdt
qua ciia nd ta su ra ddi cac cdng trinh suu tim
nghien cihi van hoa van nghd dan gian vdi
cac loai xuat ban pham, bang tidng, bang hinh,
cac dd an phyc hdi di san van hda Dieu dd da
gdp phan khcri dgy nidm tir hao ve van hda
ciia cac tpc ngudi va phyc hdi lai mdt sd di san
van hda tudng chiing da di vao qudn lang
Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh thuc hidn khdng
khdi hoc lp nhung khidm khuyet din den hidu
qua chua dupc nhu y mudn Vln cdn hi?n
tupng phyc hdi van hda truyen thdng d mdt so
dia phuong hoac d mdt vai loai hinh van hda
truydn thdng dudng nhu chua gin vai nhu clu
ty than ciia ngudi dan ma cdn ngng vd chu
truong chinh sach, ird thanh ap luc tii bdn
ngoai Chlng han, hidn nay, hlu nhu d dia
tai dung lai cac le hdi truydn thdng dd qua do tdn vinh ban sic van hda tdc ngudi Tuy nhien, cac Id hdi nay deu la do nha nudc bo kinh phi, thgm chi bo ca kinh phi dd "thud" nghe nhan trinh dien nghd thuat dan gian Chinh vi vay
ma d nhidu noi, nam nao nha nudc khong
d p kinh phi thi nam d6 Id hpi khdng duoc thuc hien
Nhu vgy, cd chil truong chinh sach chua
du ma trong cdng lac chi dgo can cd su gin kdt giua tu y thuc va nhu cau lu than ve viec bao ldn van hoa cd truyen cua ngudi dan thi chu truong chinh sach mdi phat huy dupc tac dyng Didu dd cd nghla rang trong xu hudng chung hidn nay, su tham gia cua nha nudc de djnh hudng su phat trien van hda ciia cac toe ngudi la d n thidt nhung mudn thoal khoi cai gpi la "van hda nha nudc" thi chiing ta phai
coi van hoa la mdt hogt ddng tif thdn cua nh&n
ddn, nhan dan la chu the thyc hien va hudng
thy cac gia tri van hoa dudi su djnh hudng ciia nha nudc
3 Ket lu^n Tir y nghla tren, de van hda ndi chung va tdn giao tin ngudng cac tdc ngudi thie'u sd noi ridng bien ddi dupc mdt each ben viing trong cupc sdng duong dgi thi rit d n cd su tham gia phdi hpp cua cac thanh phan khac nhau trong
xa hpi, tu ngudi dan cho ddn nha khoa hpc
va nha quan li Dudi day la mpt sd y kidn de xult:
Trudc het, ngudi dan vdi tu each la chu the van hda can dupc coi la ddi tupng chinh tham gia vao qua trinh tai cau triic lai cac gia tri van hda ciia hp Hp cd quydn dupc hoi y kien duoc
tu van, dupc dd xuat y kidn va tham chi dupc phan bidn tmdc mdi chuong trinh, du an lien quan ddn van hda truyen thdng cua hp Co nhu vgy mdi giup hp y thiic dupc vai tro cua minh trong vide giii gin van hda cua tdc nguoi minh ddng thdi tranh dupc sy ap dat mang linh hinh thiic cua nha nudc Liy hpi Ldng long
Trang 7Nguydn lam vi dy Trudc day nd la dgng le
hOi cSu miia tu phat ciia mdi lang ban, dupc
ddng gdp td chiic theo nghi thiic cung dinh
lang, cdn ngay nay, nd da dupc phuc dung
theo md hinh ngay hpi van hda do huy?n td
chiic vdi chli de "Ld hdi Ldng tdng an loan
khu Dinh Hda" Nhu vay Id hdi nay khong
con la Jd hdi tur than;cua ngudi dan nhu nd
vdn cd niia Cd le se hi?u qua hon ndu cac
dgng Id hdi noi tren duac giao cho ngudi dan
phyc hdi gin vdi nghi Id truydn thdng ciia
dia phuong? Dd cd the la phuong thuc nhan
dan lu lam hoac kdt hpp nha nudc - nhan dan
cung lam theo dinh hudng ciia cac d p chinh
quydn, qua dd cd thd phat huy dupc su chu
ddng, sang tao ciing tinh than tu tdn trong
vide giii gin, phat huy cac gia tri van hda
truyen thdng cua hp
Thii hai, tieng ndi cua cac nha khoa hpc
cung cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec tu van
chinh sach dd cho ra ddi nhiing chii truong
phu hpp vdi nhu clu cua ngudi dan va su phat
trien cua dat nudc Mudn lam dupe dieu nay
ddi hoi phai cd mpt dpi ngii cac nha khoa hpc
chuydn nghien ciiu ve midn niii ma hidn lai
vln cdn nhidu thidu hut Mpt sd ydu cau dSt ra
ddi vdi hp la: phai cd mdt khoang Ihdi gian
nhit dinh tham nhgp thuc td, am hie'u phong
tuc tgp quan va sii dyng dupc ngon ngu cua
tdc ngudi la ddi lupng nghien ciiu cua hp; can
dupc dao tgo bai ban, bidt vgn dyng linh boat
cac phuong phap tidp can nghidn cihi sao cho
phii hpp, hieu qua, sang tgo; phai la nhiing
ngudi CO nhiet linh va tam huydt doi vdi vi|c
bao tdn van hda cac tpc ngudi Nhiing y kien
lu van ciia hp dua ra phai la kdt qua khao sat
gin vdi thuc id, dupc kie'm chiing trong cdng
ddng ngudi dan, tranh cac quan diem cyc doan
mpt chidu phu nhgn tit ca, to hdng tat ca hogc
chung chung hdi hpt, Cudi ciing, mudn cd dupc
nhiing y kidn tu vln tdt thi d n phai cd dupc
nhung cdng trinh nghidn ciiu tdt Lau nay, ddi
vdi van hda cac tpc ngudi thieu sd van con
thidu ving nhiing cdng trinh nghidn ciiu cd
Thir ba, ve phia cac nha quan li va hoach dinh chinh sach thi viec ling nghe y kien ngudi dan, tham khao va tranh thii y kidn ctia cac nha khoa hpc trudc khi dua ra cac chu truong hay chuong trinh cy thd la mpt vide lam hdl siic cSn thidt Liy trudng hpp bao tdn then ciia ngudi Tay vung Ddng Bac lam vi dy Trudc day (khoang nhirng nam tam muoi ciia the ki
XX trd ve trudc), do ne tranh yeu id tdn giao tin ngudng nen then ciia ngudi Tay chi dupc nghidn cihi dudi gdc dp la logi hinh nghe thuat didn xudng tdng hpp dd khai thac lan didu phyc
vy phong trao van nghd quan chiing Didu nghich li la cung trong thdi diem l y ihi d dudi
CO sd, cac nghd nhan then hi quy chyp la hanh nghd md tin di doan, nhidu ngudi bi gom dyng
cy hanh nghd va gpi di tgp trung cai tap Tii sau Dd'i mdi, cung vdi chinh sach tu do tdn giao tin ngudng va chu truong bao tdn van hda tdc ngudi, then da dupc tidp can nghien cihl dudi gdc dp la loai hinh van hda tin ngudng, dupc tu vln bao tdn ca trong khdng gian va mdi Inidng didn xudng nghi Id Didu dd da gdp phln thlic day su trd lai ciia loai hinh nghi
le nay trong ddi sdng ngudi Tay Vi vay, hien nay trong cac ngay hpi van hda vung Ddng
B I C hay trong cac cupc lien hoan hat then dan tinh, ngudi ta da thay xuat hien cac nghd nhan then hoac gia dinh then cd truyen mang ca huong khdi ldn san khiu trinh dien, dem lai mdt sac mau khac la cho phong trao van nghe quan chiing d viing Ddng Bac
Tdm lai, tii nhieu muc dp khac nhau, su bidn ddi ddi sdng ldn giao tin ngudng da gdp phan tao ra mpt dien mgo mdi cho van hda cac ldc ngudi thidu sd d midn niii Tay B I C nudc
ta hi?n nay Trong tuong lai, nhung xu hudng bidn doi chae han se van tidp lyc theo hudng chpn lpc, dao thai de di vao on dinh Dd tdn giao tin ngudng ciia cac tdc ngudi thieu sd bien ddi dupc mpt each bdn virng doi hoi nhan ihiic cung nhu su phdi hpp ddng gdp cdng siic cua nhidu thanh phan khac nhau trong xa hdi, trudc het la ciia ngudi dan vdi tu each la chu thd van