Apartheid dugc phat am theo tieng Ha Lan, cdn phat am theo tieng Afrikaans la seperateness, deu cd cung mgt nghTa la su rieng biet, tach biet, dung de chi he thdng phan biet chiing tdc
Trang 1THAY DOI CHiNH SACH SO HtfU DAT DAI CUA NAM PHI
SAU CHE DO APARTHEID VA MOT SO TAC DQNG
Trdn Thi Lan Huffng*
TOM TAT
Doi v&i khu vuc chdu Phi, nai co toi 70% ddn so song bdng nghi nong, chinh sdch sa hieu ddt nong nghiep da dugc nhieu nu&c chdu Phi dp dung v&i nhiiu hinh thicc khdc nhau vd cho nhicng kit qud khdc nhau Nhicng bdng chiing nghiin cieu cu thi & Nam Phi cho thdy, cdi cdch ddt dai khong mang lgi ket qud cao md ngirgc lgi nd tgo ra nhieu hdu qud kinh te xd hgi Cho dii cdi cdch ddt dai sau che do Apartheid ndm 1994 gop phdn gidm bdt binh ddng vd ngheo kho giUa nguai
da trdng vd ngir&i da den nhimg nhicng hdu qud ve tham nhiing ddt dai phdt trien nong nghiep khong ben vung dang khien Nam Phi gap rdt nhieu thdch thiic trong phdt trien kinh te vd qudn ly
xd hgi
M&dau
Xet ve dieu kien ljch sir Nam Phi thoat
khdi che do thuc dan tuong ddi mudn (nam
1994), trong dd xa hdi thudc dia tdn tai mau
thuan khdng the giai quyet gifla ngudi da
trang va ngudi da den Sau khi gianh dpc lap
Nam Phi mudn nhanh chdng thay ddi quyin
sd hiiu dit dai theo hudng tap trung cho
ngudi dan ban dia Day la mpt muc dich diing
dan nham hudng tdi su cdng bang xa hdi va
phat trien kinh te dan chu Tuy nhien, cac
budc di ciia nudc nay vdi va va thieu nhat
quan Ke thfl'a mdt nen kinh te thdi thudc dia
tuong ddi phat ttien Nam Phi dugc tilp quan
cac the che kinh te - xa hdi va hinh thiic sd
him dugc tao ra bdi chl do da tring, trong dd
ngudi da trang cd nhiing ddng gdp rit tich
cue ddi vdi su phat trien kinh tl ciia cac nudc
Tien sT, Vi^n Nghien cihi Chau Phi va Trung Oong
nay Sir vdi va mudn trao quyen sd hflu dat dai cho ngudi da den trong khi chua xac djnh diing va du nang lire tiep quan dat dai, quan Iy dat dai, phuong thirc canh tac va nhieu k^ nang khac da diy Nam Phi vao tinh trang thit bai bdi ngudi da den khdng du nang luc tilp nhan su chuyen giao dat dai tir tay ngudi da trang, ddng thdi gay mau thuin sic tdc ngay cang trd nen sau sac
1 So hihi dat dai & Nam Phi trong che
do Apartheid
La thudc dia sdm nhat cua chau Au trong khu vuc chau Phi do cd vi tri dja chinh hi -kinh te quan trgng Nam Phi vdn sin cd mpt Iich sir rat khac biet vdi cac qudc gia chau Phi khac Sir dd hg ciia Ha Lan trong thi ky
XV va ngudi Anh trong thd ky XIX cung vdi lan sdng nhap cu cua cac nudc phuong Tay khac vi muc dich thuong mai vao Nam Phi
da bien Nam Phi trd thanh qudc gia da sic
Trang 2tdc va da ngdn ngii nhat d khu vuc mien
Nam chau Phi' Nen tang ljch sii va van hoa
do dan tdi nhirng xung dot sac tdc giiia thieu
sd ngudi da trang va da sd ngudi da den d
Nam Phi va hinh thanh che do Apartheid
Apartheid dugc phat am theo tieng Ha Lan,
cdn phat am theo tieng Afrikaans la
seperateness, deu cd cung mgt nghTa la su
rieng biet, tach biet, dung de chi he thdng
phan biet chiing tdc d Nam Phi giira thieu sd
ngudi da trang va phan ddng ngudi da den
trong cac ITnh vuc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi
Thuat ngfl: Apartheid lan dau tien dugc sir
dung tai Nam Phi vao nam 1917 trong mdt
bai dien van cua Jan Christiaan Smuts - mdt
trong nhiing lanh lu vT dai nhat ciia Nam Phi
trong thdi ky Nam Phi la nudc lu tri nam
trong khdi Lien hiep Anh Nhu vay, sir phan
biet chiing tde theo thuat ngii Apartheid d
Nam Phi thuc chat xuat hien tir thai ky thudc
dja va sau dd trd thanh chinh sach phat trien
chinh thiic cua chinh phu Nam Phi sau cudc
tdng tuyln cir nam 1948 sau khi Dang Qudc
gia (NP) danh do chinh quyen cua Jan C
Smuts Dang Qudc gla sau nam 1948 da
chinh thiic sii dung chinh sach Apartheid de
md rdng chinh sach phan biel chung tdc va
dl cao vai trd lanh dao cua ngudi da tring d
Nam Phi Thdi ky diu, luat Apartheid sap
xep ngudi dan theo 3 nhdm sac tdc chinh:
ngudi da trang, ngudi Bantu (hay cdn gpi la
ngudi chau Phi da den) va ngudi da mau
(hay edn ggi la ngudi ed ngudn gdc lai) Sau
nay, ngudi chau A, ngudi An Dp va ngudi
Pakistan dupc bd sung them thanh nhdm sac
tdc thli 4 d Nam Phi He thdng luat
Apartheid xac dinh quyin ban, nghe nghiep
va nln giao due ma mdi nhdm dugc hudng
Trong chl do Apartheid, dat dai Nam Phi da
hi phan chia Vao nam 1913, chinh phii
thdng qua Luat dat dai, Irong dd dat dai Nam Phi dupc phan chia cho ngudi da den va ngudi da tring, Irong do ngudi da den chi dugc chia 7,5% dit dai theo luat Ngudi da den eiing bi cam di Iai d nhiing vimg dat khdng thudc vl minh Nam 1936, Luat dat dai dugc siia ddi va ngudi da den dugc quan
Iy khoang 10% dit dai Nam Phi Nam 1949, Luat cam hdn nhan hdn hgp (Prohibition of Mixed Marriages) ra ddi ngan cam su ket hdn cua ngudi dan giu:a cac nhdm sac tdc khac nhau Nam 1950, Luat cim vd luan (Immorality Act) ra ddi, cam ngudi dan cd quan he nam nii lan ldn giu'a cac chiing tdc va coi day la hanh vi pham tdi Nam 1950, Luat dang ky nhan khiu (Population Registration Act) dugc ban hanh da phan chia dan sd Iheo nhdm sic tgc cu the Ciing trong nam 1950, Luat phan chia vimg theo nhdm sic tgc (Group Areas Act) da chia dat dai ra timg viing dia ly cu the theo nhdm sic tdc khac nhau Nam I95I, Luat chinh quyen Bantu (Bantu Authorities Act) da tao ra mdt co eau chinh quyen rieng biet cho ngudi da den va day duge coi nhu la nen tang dau tien tao ra sir phan biet chung tdc trong he Ihdng chinh tri cua Nam Phi Cac Luat sd 52 (1951), Luat
sd 49 (1953), Luat sd 6 (1959) diu nhim lang eudng quyen kiem soat ciia nha nudc ddl vdl dat dai, dudi ngudi da den ra khdi cac viing dit do ngudi da tring quan ly
Vao nam 1961, ngudi Nam Phi da trang
da bieu quyet ddi ddc lap, tach Nam Phi ra khdi khdi Lien hiep Anh Nam 1961 ciing chiing kien chinh quyen cua Dang Qudc gia thit chat chinh sach Apartheid trong mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng cua Nam Phi Y dd ciia chinh phli Nam Phi luc bay gid la mudn dua ngudi
da den ve cac khu dinh cu (homeland), thanh lgc ngudi da den sdng trong nhung vimg ciia
Trang 3ngudi da tring Nam 1961 chiing kien mdt
loat cac dao luat phan biet chiing tdc ra ddi d
Nam Phi nhu Luat cac gidi ban chung danh
cho ngudi da mau (Coloured Persons
Communal Reserves), Luat duy tri cac vung
dinh cu rieng cua ngudi da mau
(Preservation of Coloured Areas) va Luat
cac hgi ddng thanh phd ciia ngudi Bantu
(Urban Bantu Councils) Cac luat nay phan
bi?t rat rd quyen lgi ciia ngudi da tring va
ngudi da den Homeland (dat d, khu dinh cu)
dugc Thu tudng Nam Phi liic do la Hendrik
Verwoerd thuc hien nham danh rieng mgt sd
manh dat d xa cac khu dd thi cua ngudi da
tring de Iam noi d cho cac bd lac da den
Luat sd 26 (Luat dinh cu cho ngudi da den)
va Luat sd 21 (Luat hien phap djnh cu cho
ngudi da den) ban hanh nam 1970-1971 da
chia cat dat dai Nam Phi theo nhdm sac tdc,
thanh lap cac khu dinh cu (homeland) cho
ngudi da den, cuong biic ngudi da den phai
rdi bd nha ciia va budc hg den sdng trong
cac Homeland nay Trong thap ky I960 va
1970, chinh phu Nam Phi da cd ging tao
Apartheid trd thanh mdt chinh sach "tach
biet s\r phat trien" Ngudi da den bi dua din
nhflng vung mdi xay dung va nhflng lang
que ngheo ddi, trd thanh cdng dan hang hai
cua dit nudc Trong sudt thap ky 1980, he
thdng luat phap d Nam Phi tap trung vao su
phan chia dai dai giiia ngudi da tring va
ngudi da den, phan chia dat dai theo vung va
theo cac khu vuc thanh thj va ndng thdn
Chinh quyen Apartheid chia cac vung dit
sau la vung ndng thdn cd cac khu homeland
dgc lap, do la vung Transkei, Venda, Ciskei
va Bophuthaswana Luat thdi ky dd cung
chia cac vung dat sau thanh cac khu
homeland khdng ddc lap, phai chiu su quan
Iy ciia nha nudc, dd la KaNdebele, Lebowa,
KaNgwane, KwaZuIu, Gazankulu va Qwaqwa^, va chia sd him ciia ngudi da den thanh cac nhdm: sd hfl:u dit dai cd thdi ban, dit dai cho ngudi da den thue, dit dai thudc
sd hiiu liy thae ngoai vung homeland CJ cac khu dd thj, dat dai dugc chia thanh 2 Ioai: dat dd thi gianh cho ngudi da tring va dit do thi gianh cho ngudi da den Den cudi nhung nam 1980, cac khu homeland ehi chilm khoang 13,7% dien ti'ch dat dai ciia Nam Phi nhung Iai cd tdi tren mdt niia dan sd Nam Phi sdng chen chiic d day Cac khu homeland nay cd dieu kien y te, ve sinh va
he thdng giao due rat tdi tan, lac hau Trong Ihdi ky Apartheid, miic sdng cua ngudi da Irang rat cao so vdi ngudi da den
Hg d trong nhung ngdi nha sang trpng, xa hoa, cd thu nhap dau ngudi sanh ngang cac nudc phuong Tay, nam giii vi tri cao nhat trong cac ITnh vuc chinh quyen va dan su, kiem soat boat ddng cua nen kinh te Ngudi
da tring dugc quydn quan Iy hon 80% lanh thd Luat phap quy dinh ngudi da den khdng dugc quyen di vao vung dat ciia ngudi da trang, ngudi da den chi duoc quyen lam viec trong nhiing nganh nghe nang nhgc, hen ha, thu nhap thap Cac phuong tien giao thdng, ben do xe, he thdng benh vien, thilt bj chiia benh, he thdng giao due dao tao, sinh hoat van hoa cflng bi phan biet Ngoai ra, ngudi
da den mudn di vao khu vuc ciia ngudi da trang thi phai cd giiy phep thdng hanh va ngudi da den khdng cd quyin xam pham hay bat bd ngudi da tring Khip noi tren dit nudc Nam Phi diu gin nhiing biln cao thi chi ro "noi chi danh cho ngudi da tring" hoac "noi ehi danh cho ngudi da den" Toan
bp ddi sdng kinh tl - xa hdi d Nam Phi diu dua tren su phan biet nay
Trang 42 Thay ddi chinh sach sd hiru d i t dai
sau thdi ky Apartheid
2.L Nhitng thay doi ban ddu
Sau khi chl dp Apartheid sup dd va
Nelson Mandela lam Tdng thdng Nam Phi
nam 1994, cd tdi 87% dit dai cua dit nudc
thudc sd hiiu cua ngudi da irang mac dii
nhdm ngudi nay chi chilm dudi 10% dan sd
ca nudc Cai each ndng nghiep d Nam Phi
sau nam 1994 chii ylu la nhim xda bd su bit
binh ding va nhiing tan du ciia nan phan biet
chiing tdc, cu the la viec phan phdi Iai dat dai
tir ngudi da tring sang tay ngudi da den Cai
each rudng dat la nhiem vu dau tien chinh
phu Nam Phi phai lam sau nam 1994, va
chuong trinh cai each nay dugc lien hanh
dudi ba hinh thiic: bdi thudng dat dai, quyen
sd huu dit dai, tai phan phdi dat dai
- Bdi thudng dat dai: Chuong trinh tai
thiet va phat trien kinh te (RDP) ban hanh
nam 1995 dupe danh gia la chien luge cai
each kinh te toan dien dau tien cua chinh
quyen Nelson Mandela Muc tieu co ban ciia
RDP la nham xoa bd sir bat binh dang sac
tdc trong ca cau kinh le - xa hdi d Nam Phi
Day la mdt chuang trinh cai each tap trung
vao 4 van de chu yeu: a) Dap ung nhu cau
thiet yeu cua ngudi dan nhu co sd ha tang,
nha d, dien nudc, trudng hgc, nudc sach,
cham sdc siic khoe, dat dai cho ngudi ngheo;
b) Phat trien ngudn nhan lire; c) Xay dung
mdt nln kinh tl mdi; d) Dan chii hoa nha
nudc va xa hdi Chuong trinh nay vdi muc
dich chuyen 30% dat dai ndng nghiep lir tay
ngudi da tring sang tay ngudi da den Irong
vdng 20 nam (den nam 2014) Luat bdi
thudng quyen lgi dat dai nam 1994
(Restitution of land rights Act 1994) la luat
dau tien cua Nam Phi thdi ky hau Apartheid
da dugc thdng qua ngay lap tiic sau khi che
do dan chu dugc thiel lap d Nam Phi, da sua ddi Phan 25 (dieu 7) ciia Hien phap nam
1913 ve sd hflu dat dai, de cap cu the den cac dieu khoan ve quyen lgi dat dai, va cac hinh thiic dit dai thay the hoac bdi thudng Ciing vdi dd, Luat cai each dat dai nam 1996 da tien hanh hoan ira Iai dai dai cho cac la dien
va nhung ngudi phai thue mudn dat Dat dai
da dugc hoan tra cho mdt sd cdng ddng dan
cu nhd bi tudc quyen sd hiiu dat dai trudc
dd Do nhieu van de nay sinh Irong qua trinh thuc hien, nen vao nam 1998, chinh phu
Nam Phi de ra Chuang trinh boi thuang ddt dai (Land Restitution Programme) nhim lay
lai dat dai da bi mat hoac bi chiem doat tir giai doan thuc hien Luat dat dai nam 1913 Chuong Irinh bdi thudng dai dai nam 1998 vdi muc dich se giai quyet 80.000 trudng hgp ddi bdi thudng dat dai, bdi thudng 812.315 ha dat ndng nghiep cho ngudi da den Chuang Irinh bdi thudng dai dai ndng nghiep dien ra kha phiic tap bdi vi keo theo nhieu ngudi lien quan, vl vay tien trinh nay dien ra cham chap, phu thudc rat nhieu vao ngudn quy bdi Ihudng cua chinh phu Ngudn quy bdi Ihudng dat dai cua chinh phii chi la 3,5 ty Rand cho giai doan 3 nam 2004-2007 Trong vdng 3 nam dau, RPD va Chuong trinh bdi Ihudng dat dai mdi chi giai quyet dugc rat il trudng hop yeu cau ddi hoan tra dat dai va vao giO'a thap nien 2000, cd khoang 3.917 yeu cau dugc giai quyet bing cac bien phap hoan tra, bdi thudng hoac cung cap dat dai thay the''
- Quyen sd hiru dat dai: Cai each che do
sd hflu dat dai dupc thuc hien d Nam Phi tir nam 1997 thdng qua viec ban hanh ehuong trinh Md rdng an ninh cho Luat sd hiiu dil dai (Extension of Security of Tenure Act
Trang 5-ESTA) ESTA nhim muc dich bao ve ndng
dan va nhiing ngudi dan thue dat khdng bi
dudi ra khdi cac vimg dit hg dang sinh sdng
- Tai phan phdi dil dai: Ngay sau khi
gianh ddc lap tir che dp Apartheid, chinh
quyin mdi cua Nam Phi da thanh lap Ban
quan he dil dai (Department of Land Affairs
- DLA) nhim giai quyel nhflng bai binh
ding vl sd hiru dat dai d Nam Phi.Thang
2/1994, Uy ban dit dai qudc gia (National
Land Committee - NLC) da Ihuc hien
chuong trinh Dac quyen dat dai (Land
Charter), yeu cau nha nudc phai thu hdi lai
dat dai cua ngudi da tring va phan phdi lai
cho cac cdng ddng dan cu bi chiem doat dat
trudc do RDP da thyc hien cac du an cai
each dat dai muc tieu, mdi tinh se dugc phan
bd 35 trieu Rand, thuc hien viec chuyen giao
dat dai theo dang ky cho ngudi dan d cac
tinh Knazulu Natal, Ddng Cape va
Mpumalamga Du an nay sau dd bi pha san
bdi ngudi dan cac tinh phia Bac va phia Tay
Cape phan ddi va do sd tien de thuc hien
phan bd dat dai qua nhd nen khdng thi giai
quyet hieu qua
Vao thang 12 nam 2004, da cd 171.554 ha
dat dai dugc chuyen giao hinh thiic sd hiiu
thdng qua chuong trinh nay Nhu vay, tinh
den cudi nam 2004 da cd khoang 3,5 trieu ha
rudng dat d Nam Phi dugc phan phoi lai
thdng qua ba hinh thiic cai each co ban tren
Theo dting muc tieu RDP dat ra thi chinh
phu can phai tiep tuc tai phan bd them 20,6
trieu ha dat ndng nghiep niia mdi du muc
tieu de ra la chuyen 30% dat ndng nghiep tir
tay ngudi da trang sang tay ngudi da den,
trung binh la 1,^7 trieu ha/nam Cdn theo
nhu tdc do cai each nhu hien nay, ihi mdi
nam Nam Phi chi cd the cai each duoc
khoang 0,38 trieu ha/nam, mdt tdc dg qua cham dl hoan thanh muc tieu RDP dl ra
2.2 Nhirng cdi cdch gdn day
Chinh sach sd hiiu dit dai d Nam Phi trong thdi gian gin day vin tilp tuc tap trung vao viec tai phan phdi dit dai va bdi thudng dat dai cho ngudi da den
Vi hinh thuc boi thu&ng ddt dai: Cac
chuong trinh bdi thudng dat dai tiep tuc dugc thuc hien theo Luat bdi Ihudng quyin lgi dat dai nam 1994 ma chua cd su sua doi
gi ve luat mac du da cd mdt vai thdi diem Nam Phi cd chuin bi cho sir sua ddi nay Chien luge tang trudng, viec Iam va tai phan phdi thu nhap (GEAR) duge coi la chien luge kinh te vT md ciia Nam Phi GEAR ra ddi vao ngay 14 thang 6 nam 1996 trong boi canh Nam Phi dang thuc hien RDP Trong thdi gian nay, tien trinh thuc hien RDP cua chinh phu Nam Phi gap phai mdt sd van de nghiem trpng, dac biet la van de thieu hut ngudn vdn de thuc hien cac muc tieu day tham vpng d mdt dat nudc mdi vira thoat khoi nan phan biet chiing tdc Can phai ndi them rang ngudn ngan quy de thuc hien RDP chu yeu lay tir ngan sach chinh phu, vien trp nudc ngoai va su huy dgng vdn tir khu vuc lu nhan, Trong hai nam 1995 va 1996, tang huong GDP cua Nam Phi chi dat 3%, thip hon chi tieu RDP dat ra Miie tang trudng nay khdng dli dl tao ra 100.000 viec Iam mdi moi nam Hon nua, vao nam 1996, ty le lam phat ciia Nam Phi la 8,5%, phan phdi thu nhap, tai phan phdi dat dai tiep tuc bit binh ding
Vi hinh thirc tdi phan phdi dat dai: Sau
cac chuang trinh tai phan phdi dit dai sau nhflng thit bai ban diu da dugc sua ddi nam
2001 thdng qua Chuong trinh tai phan bd dit dai cho phat trien ndng nghiep (Land
Trang 6redistribution for agricultural development
-LRAD) LRAD la mdt he thdng tt-g c i p d i t
dai nhung vdi sd lugng Idn ban nhieu so vdi
chuong trinh Hda giai va thu mua dat dai
(Settlement and land acquisition
Grant-SLAG) nam 1994 LRAD ciing hudng tdi
cac muc lieu phan bd lai dat dai cho mdi ca
nhan LRAD sii dung ket hgp h ^ bien phap:
trg cap tir phia nha nudc va tai chinh di vay de
phat tt^ln ndng nghiep Khoang 19.736 hd
ndng dan da den dugc hudng Ipi tir ehuong
trinh nay vao nam 2001 Vao thang 12 nam
2004, chuong trinh nay da phan bd Iai 1,7 trieu
ha dat ndng nghiep, ddng thdi ciing cd tdi
772.660 ha dat dai thudc sd hiiu nha nudc (chii
I ylu la dat dai phuc vu muc dich phat trien
I ndng nghiep) dupc phan bd Iai theo chuong
ttiinh nay
' Vao nam 2005, do ldc dp cai each d i t dai
d Nam Phi dien ra bet siic cham chap, nen
^ chinh phu da tilp tuc thuc hien Hgi nghi cap
' cao v l dit dai qudc gia theo chinh sach thu
mua dit dai dap iing nhu c i u ciia ngudi dan,
^ trong dd d l ra 2 giai doan phan phdi Iai dat
!• dai: Giai doan 1 thuc hien chien luge thu
f mua d i t dai nang ddng (Pro-active land
!' acquisition strategy - PLAS) va giai doan
ii hai thuc hien Chuong trinh cai each dat dai
: va rudng ndng nghiep (Land and Agrian
M reform programme - LARP) Muc tieu cua
ii LARP la chuyin 5 trieu ha thudc sd hflu dai
h dai cua ngudi da tring cho 10.000 hd san
^ xuat ndng nghiep mdi thudc ngudi da den
li Cac ehuong trinh nay v i n tilp tuc thyc hien
I cho din nay va thu dugc mdt sd ket qua
khiem tdn
(^ S& huu dat dai trin dat nong trgi: Cac
ij; chinh sach cai each dat dai deu nham muc
,[i tieu dam bao an ninh trong tiep can dil dai
(i cdng cgng va cac ndng trai thuong mai
Trong van de nay, Nam Phi da thyc hien mdt
sd luat nhu Luat md rdng an sinh ban dien (Extension of security of Tenure Act ESTA) nam 1997; Luat cai each d i t dai (Land Reform Act -LRA) nam 1996, Luat quyen lgi dat dai cdng cdng (Communal Land Rights act - ClaRA) nam 2004 ESTA nham dao bao an ninh ve sd hiru dat dai ddi vdi ngudi dan dang sdng tren cac vung dat ndng Irai, dac biel la bao ve tang ldp ta dien Iren cac manh dat ndng nghiep dd LRA nam
1996 nhim dam bao an ninh dai dai cho cac Iao ddng Iam Ihue tren cac manh dat hp dang thue mudn va quyen lgi cua hp cung dugc dam bao gidng nhu ting Idp la dien theo luat ESTA Luat ClaRA nam 2004 nhim dam bao cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan dang d tren cac manh dat thudc sd hiiu cdng cgng bao gdm cac ca nhan, hd gia dinh Tuy nhien vao thang 5/2010 chinh phu Nam Phi da cdng bd CLaRA khdng cdn hieu Iuc thi hanh^
3 Mot so tac dong cua s u thay doi chinh sach sd huu dat dai doi vdi Nam Phi
3.1 Tdc dong tich cue
K I lir nam 1994, cai each d i t dai d Nam Phi dem lai mgt sd thanh tuu co ban, dac biet trong van de giai quyet cdng bang ve dai dai, xda ddi giam ngheo ndng thdn va tao co hdi viec lam, phat trien kinh te d cac viing ndng thdn Nam Phi NhQng tien bd dd cu the la nhu sau:
Thir nhat, trong vdn de boi thudng ddt dai Nam Phi, tinh tir nam 1994 den nam
1999, Nam Phi mdi chi giai quylt dugc 41 trudng hgp yeu cau ddi hoan tra dat dai va dilu nay da tao thach thiic rat ldn ddi vdi che
do dan chii mdi d Nam Phi sau nam 1994 Tuy nhien, sau khi siia ddi luat phap va thyc hien cac chinh sach cai each dat dai phii hgp
Trang 7hon, s6 tnrong hop ducrc giai quyet boi
thuang dit dai dS tang rat nhanh, a miic
3.917 trucmg hop nam 2001, 12.621 trucmg
hop nam 2002 va tang len 6 miic 71.645
trudng hop nam 2008, chiem toi 95% so
trucmg hgp doi giai quyet Trong giai doan
2008-2013, do anh huong ciia khung hoang
kinh te toan cau Nam Phi da phai c3t giam
tai chinh trong nuoc cho nhieu van de chi
tieu, trong do co cac van de boi thuong dat
dai Chinh vi vay, cac truong hop dugc giai quyet boi thucmg djt dai trong cac nam nay khong tang cao, chi dat 77.334 trucmg hgp vao nam 2013, chiem 97% s6 truong hgp doi
giai quySt B6i thucmg dk dai tinh d8n nam
2013 da giup Nam Phi chuySn d6i 1.443 trieu hecta dit sang tay 13.968 hg gia dinh nong dan bi mat dat trong thoi ky Apartheid Doi voi dat do thi, che do boi thuang dlt dai dugc giai quyet bSng tien mat'
Hinh 1: Nhirng tien bo trong giai quyet boi thucmg dat dai or Nam Phi
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
7lT3i • • • • •
• 59 3<5
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• 37 279
— •-39407
• 12 621
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2006 Nam
Nguon: Tembisa Pepeteica (201S), Reversing Ihe legacy ofthe 1913 natives land act: progress of land reform Parliament ofthe Republic of South Afi-ica, May
Thu hai, trong Unh vuc tai phan phdi dat
dai, nam 1994 chinh phu Nelson Mandela
cam ket se tai phan phoi 30% dit dai nong
nghiep thuoc so hOu ciia ngucri da tring sang
tay ngucri ngheo va nhung nguoi mit dit
trong vong 5 nam' Tuy nhien, do thiju kinh
phi ho?t dpng, SLAG da bi tam dimg vao
n5m 1999 KS tir nam 2001, Nam Phi da diy
manh tai phan phoi dat dai cho nguoi dan va
thu dugc mgt s6 ket qua nhit dinh: Xet trong
giai doan 1994-2007, di^n tich dit nong
nghiep trong dien tai phan ph6i tii tay nguoi
da tring sang tay ngucri da den da tang tir 0
ha (1994) len 144.000 ha (1996), 1,534 trieu
ha nam 2002, 2,299 trieu ha nam 2007*
Thie ba, cdi each dit tal da gop phan giam bat binh ddng va ngheo khd a Nam Phi
ki tir nam 1994 din nay VS khia canh xa hpi,
ngheo kh6 va bit binh ding o Nam Phi trong che do Apacthai la dang bao dgng ThS gioi danh gia chu nghia tu ban Apartheid la chu nghla tu ban dSc biet o Nam Phi Apartheid khong chi la san phim cua chu nghla chung tgc cuong tin, ma no con theo du6i muc dich bao ve cho ting lop trung luu va diy ngucri da den vao tinh canh mit dit dai va ngheo khi
Trang 8Vi vay, cac hinh thiic kiem soat xa hdi dugc
Apartheid ap dung rat triet de Ty le ngheo
khd chiem tdi 49,9% dan sd ca nudc, trong dd
ngheo khd d cac viing ndng thdn chiem
70,9% va d thanh thi chidm 25,8% Trong
nhdm ngudi da den, ngudi ngheo chiem tdi
60,7%, trong khi sd ngudi ngheo da trang
phai sdng trong dien ngheo khd chi chiem
1% Cac tinh cd ty Ie ngudi ngheo ddng nhat
nam 1995 la Northern Province ngudi ngheo
chidm 69,3%, Free State 64%, Eastern Cape
50% , cac tinh cd ty Ie ngudi ngheo it nhat
ca nudc la Western Cape 17,9%, North West
21,1%, cac linh cd ngudi ngheo dat miic
trung binh ca nudc la Guangten 41%,
Mpumulanga 45,1%, Kwazulu Natal 47,1%
va Northern Cape 48% Sau khi tien hanh cai
each dat dai, cudc sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan
da den Nam Phi da cd nhiing thay ddi dang
ke Ty le ngudi ngheo da giam tir 50% nam
1995 xudng cdn 43% nam 2006 Trong giai
doan 1991-1996, thu nhap cua ngudi da den
trong GDP da tang tu 29,9% len 35,7%, frong
59,1% xudng 51,9% Ty Ie thu nhap cua ngudi An Do va ngudi da mau tang len khiem tdn Vao nam 1970, chenh lech thu nhap giiia ngudi da trang va ngudi da den la 15 Ian, nam
1996 da giam xudng cdn 9 Ian va nam 2000 giam cdn 6 lan Tuy khdng cd sd lieu cu the nhung bao cao cua chinh phii nam 2008 ve cai each dat dai d Nam Phi cho rang su frao quyen dat dai va phan phdi lai dat dai vao tay ngudi dan da den da Iam cho ty le ngheo khd Clia ndng dan va ngudi da den Nam Phi giam tuong ddi do ngay cang cd nhieu ngudi da den dugc trao quyen sd hiiu rudng dat va cai thien tinh trang viec Iam
3.2 Tdc dgng tieu cue cda chinh sdch cdi cdch dat dai
Thic nhdt, hiiu qud cita cdc chinh sdch cdi cdch ddt dai a Nam Phi khong cao Trong
v4n dd bdi thudng dat dai, tuy Nam Phi thyc hien tuong ddi thanh cdng trong van de nay nhung do ngan sach ban che nen sd lugng cac vu boi thudng dit dai dugc giai quyet hidm khi dat 100%
khi ty le thu nhap ciia ngudi da trang giam tii
Hinh 2: Cac vu bdi thu-dug dSt dai tren thuc te so vdi muc tieu dl ra
giai doan 1994-2008
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"*" Ket qua dat dugc
56 9 ; S _
^ - - ' ^ ' ' ^ " 5 /
j , ^ ffyi 670
y 13 SJO
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?4 417 ^
n 9 1 7 ^ j - - ^ *
r ^ 59 345
4B711
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79 696
74 574
Nguon: Department of Land Affairs 2006/07 Annual Report to the Select Committee on Land & Environmental Affairs, 6 November 2007
Trang 9Dac biet d thdi diem trudc 2001, cac
trudng hgp dugc giai quyet chiem ty le rat
thdp so vdi muc tieu de ra Hau het cac
trudng hgp dugc giai quyet ddu dugc den
bii bang ti^n mat hon la bdi thudng bang
d4t dai, cho nen da khdng dem lai hieu
qua phat tridn kinh te lau dai cho ndng
dan Theo bao cao cua chinh phii Nam
Phi, cd tdi 69,7% cac trudng hgp dugc giai quydt la bang tidn m^t va chi cd 26,4% dugc giai quyet bang d4t va 23,9% dugc giai quyet bang cac bien phap khac' Khi ndng dan dugc bdi thudng bang tiSn mat va khdng cd dat de trdng trgt va canh tac, ngheo khd cd xu hudng tiep tuc tai diln oNam Phi
Hinh 3: Difn tich dat ndng nghifp dug-c chuyen giao cho ngudi da den trong chuong
trinh tai phan phdi dSt dai, 1994-2009
^ ^ Muc tieu '•"'*~' KSt qua dat dugc
2S0W
-l y M I9D6 -l ' » S 2 0 0 0 3002 2004 2005 2 0 0 6 2007 2 0 0 S 2 0 0 9
Nguon: Department of Land Affairs, 2006/07 Annual Report to the Select Committee on Land & Environmental Affairs, 6 November 2007
Ddi vdi van de tai phan phdi dat dai Nam
Phi dudng nhu khdng dat dugc muc tieu de
ra Cac cam ket ban dau ve viec chuyen ddi
30% dat ndng nghiep thudc sd hiiu ciia
ngudi da trang sang tay ngudi da den da hau
nhu bi pha san Dien tich dat dugc tai phan
phdi cho ngudi da den chiem ty le rat thap so
vdi muc lieu de ra Chang ban vao nam
2007, tdng dien tich ddt dai dugc tai phan
phdi la 2,299 trieu ha, trong khi muc lieu dd
ra la 19.728 trieu ha va tren thyc te Nam Phi
mdi thyc hien dugc 11% so vdi ke hoach dat
ra Vao nam 2012 da cd 7,95 trieu ha dat dai
ndng nghi?p da dugc tal phan phdi lai tir tay
ngudi da trang sang tay ngudi da den, chi
chiem chiem 7,5% tdng dat dai ndng nghiep
do ngudi da trang nam giu'"
Thu hai, ngdn sdch gidnh cho cdi cdch sd huu ddt dai a Nam Phi khong nhiiu, nen ddn den nhicng thdt bgi cua chinh sdch Xet ve tdng thd, ngan sach gianh cho cai each dk
dai cd xu hudng tang ke tu nam 1994, nhung khdng dang kd Didu nay ddn den nhidu dy
an phe chuin khdng dugc thyc hien, dac biet
la trong ITnh vyc tai phan phdi ddt dai Vi du
d hai tinh Ddng Cape va Tay Cape, tu nam
2003 chinh quydn khdng khuydn khich cac
du an tai phan phdi dat dai mdi bdi ngan sach han hep, vi vay hdu hdt cac Irudng hop
tai phan phdi dk dai da khdng dugc phe
Trang 10chuan trong giai doan kS tir nam 2003 Tai kS tir khi thoat khoi chS dp Apartheid, va chinh han hep khong du dS Nam Phi cai each diSu nay da din din nhiSu he luy trong phat dat dai theo diing tiSn do va cam kit dat ra triSn kinh tS - xa hoi ciia dit nuoc
Hinh 4: Phan bo ngan sach cho cai each flat dai & Nam Phi giai doan 1995-2009
6000
Cai cacli dat da
- • — Tii plian plioi d
—*— Tong
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Nam tai chinh
Ngudn: Edward Lahiff (2010) Land restribution ii
Thu ba, cdi cdch ddt dai thdt bgi a Nam
Phi dd ddn din tinh trgng ddt nuae ndy
khong gidi quyit duac nhicng hdu qud cua
chi do Apartheid de lai, dgc biet la trao
quyin sa huu ddt dai cua nguai da den Vao
nam 2008, cd tdi 70% nhiing ngudi dugc
hudng Igi tu chuong trinh bdi thudng dat dai
da khdng nhan dugc dat dai ma chi dugc
hudng cac khoan tai chinh rat nhd" Nam
Phi da sai lam Irong chinh sach phan phdi Iai
dat dai bdi cdn phai danh kinh phi cho cac
van de nan giai khac ciia dat nudc nhu dich
benh, siic khde va giao due Mdt bao cao
didu tra nam 2009 cho rang, 85% ngudi dan
da den dugc hdi cho rang hSu hdi ddt dai
Nam Phi van thudc sd hitu ciia ngudi da
trang va hg khdng cd quyen Igi gi trong sd
huoi dat dai Chi cd 8% ngudi da trang cho
rang dat dai thudc ve ngudi da den, va cd tdi
91% ngudi da tring dugc hdi khdng ddng y
South Africa: Progress to date The World Bank
vdi chinh sach phai trao quyen dat dai ve tay ngudi daden'^
Tinh den thdi diem nam 2011, cd tdi 35-40% dan sd Nam Phi sdng d ndng ihdn, can tiep can dat dai de sinh tdn va phat trien Nhung van de tiep can dat dai khd khan ciia ngudi da den do chinh sach thieu hieu qua cua chinh phii da day hg vao tinh trang ngheo ddi va bat binh dang ldn Ngudi ngheo da den yeu cau chinh phii phai trao dat cho hg canh lac, trao vdn tin dung va cdng nghe, CO sd ha tang va giao due de hg cd kha nang thoat ngheo Vao nam 2010, chinh phu Clia dng Zuma da cdng bd: cai each dat dai la mdt trong 5 muc lieu uu lien ciia chinh phii Nam 2011, trong mdt bai phat bieu eiia minh, dng Zuma cho rang: chung tdi cam ket
se xem xet cac van de dat dai cho ngudi dan mat dat trong che do Apartheid nham muc lieu xda ddi giam ngheo cho ngudi dan Tuy