Tac gia L'art de I'Ancien Empire Egyptien thi neu quan diem chung chung, khdng ro rang khi vi^t: Con dao Gebel el-Arak lam bSng nga va da lua^ Tuy nhien trong cac nghien cuu cua nhiSu h
Trang 1r.ChiAU PHI-TRUtslG e C N d ? -A
DAO G E B E L E L ARAK:
K I E T TAC CUA N G H E T H U A T DIEU K H A C PREDYNASTIC AI CAP
Biii Thf Anh Van*
TOM TAT
Du khdch den v&i phong trung bay cua bdo tdng Louvre (Phdp) thucmg di mot cdch nhanh chong den phong 20 - cdn phong danh de trung bdy cdc c6 vgt Ai Cap thuoc thdi hy Nagada Tgi day, con dao Gebel el Arak (ky hieu E 11.517) bdng cdch trang tri dgc biet cua no v&i nhiing hinh dnh mang tinh tuang trung, dd mang lgi cho khdch thdm quan cdm gidc thuc su nggc nhien
vd thu vi Ddy Id tdc phdm ldm tic ngd vd dd lira dgt den su hodn hdo tuy$t vai, ddnh ddu thai ky dinh cao cua viec ldm chii duac cdc ky thugt chgm khdc th&i Predynastio, Co thi noi, Gebel el Arak Id con dao bdng da lua th&i co xua v&i tay cdm ldm bdng ngd dep nhdt
1 Gidi thieu ve dao Gebel el Arak
Dao Gebel el Arak dugc mua lai 6 thj tran
Trung Ai Cap Gebel el Arak vao nam 1894
va sau do no thupc quyen sa huu cfla bao
tang Louvre boi nha Ai Cap hpc Georges
Aaron Benedite mua lai tii mpt dai ly do co
tu nhan M Nahman tai Cairo vao thang 2
nam 1914 Ngay lap tiic, Benedite nh^n ra
trang thai la thucmg mang day tinh thhn vat
ciing nhu tinh co xua ciia no Sau do, ngay
16 thang 3 nam 1914,* Benedite da vi^t thu
cho Charles Boreux - ngudi I3nh dao Cue
Co vat Ai Cap tai Louvre, trong do nhan
manh: "Mpt con dao bang dd lira thai co
xua v&i tay cdm ldm bang ngd dep nhdt ( )
Chiing ta se sa him mot trong nhicng tuang
ddi thai tien sic quan trgng nhdt, neu khong
nhieu hem Tom lgi, do Id vgt the him hinh vd
duac phuc hoi lgi hlnh trgng, noi dung chinh
ddu tien ciia ljch suAi Cap " '
* Ti4n Sl, Trudmg Dai hoc Npi v\i H4 N^i
Gebel el Arak la mpt con dao lam bang nga (can dao) va d^ liia (luSi dao) Chat Heu tao nen can dao dang con nhiSu y kien khac nhau Nhieu nha nghien cuu cho rang, nga cua can dao la tu rang nanh cua con ha ma
{canine d'hippopotame) Tac gia L'art de I'Ancien Empire Egyptien thi neu quan diem
chung chung, khdng ro rang khi vi^t: Con dao Gebel el-Arak lam bSng nga va da lua^ Tuy nhien trong cac nghien cuu cua nhiSu hpc gia nguoi Phap, nhu Elisabeth Delange, Winifred Needier va Francois Poplin^, thi khang dinh, can dao Gebel el Arak dupc lam
tu nga Clia con voi (the ivory of an elephant tusk) chu khong phai rang nanh cua con ha
ma Dieu nay gpi y cho mpt cupc hpi thao trong tuong lai ve chat lieu cua dao Gebel el Arak voi su tham gia cua nhieu chuyen gia, nhi^u nha khao co hoc quan t ^
Trong tac pham Le couteau de Gebel el-Arak, G Benedite cho biet: Vao thofi digm
Tgp chi nghiSn ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thing 6/2015
Trang 2Dao Gebel el Arak
con dao dugrc mua, luK dao va tay c ^ cua
no da duoc tach ra; va duong nhu la nguoi
ban da khong nhan ra rang ca hai gjn kk voi
nhau Sau do, nha nghien ciiu Ai Cap hoc
Charles Boreux da dua ik xuk, cin khoi phuc
de dao Gebel el Arak tro v6 nguyen dang cua
no bang viec gin kSt luoi dao va tay cjm lai
voi nhau NhOng thao tac nay da diln ra vao
thang 3 nam 1933 va dSn nam 1997, cac nha
khoa hpc Phap tiep tuc cong viec nay mgt \hn
nOa de hoan chinh lai con dao
Nam 1914, khi ban dao Gebel el Arak cho
dai dien Bao tang Louvre, nguai buon d6 c6
Ai Cap khang dinh ring con dao da dugc tim
thdy tai dia diem Gebel el Arak fevJ
l(-)£j^) (mgt vung cao nguyen gan ngoi
lang Nag Hammadi, each 25 - 40 km ve phia
nam Abydos) Trong noi dimg biic thu gijri
cho nguoi diing diu Bao tang Louvre, G
Benedite co viet: "Nguai bdn khong nghi
nga rang nhimg vien dd lira [ludi dao] thuoc
ve v&i tay cdm vd tang no cho toi nhu mQt
nhdn chung trong nhiing phdt hien a gdn
Abydos" Tuy nhien, hoan toan khong co
phat hien khao c6 tCr Gebel el Arak Tren
thuc t^, truoc do tai Abydos, nhimg cugc
khai quat khao co hgc voi cucmg do cao do
Emile Amelineau, Flinders Petrie, Edouard
Naville va Thomas Eric Peet tien hanh da
dugc diln ra tai Umm el Qaab - mo dia cua
cac vua thuoc cac trieu dai Predynastic dau
tien (hoac lien quan den mgt giai doan truoc
khi cac trilu dai nay ra doi, tuc la khoang
3000 truoc CN) 6 Abydos Tren tinh thin
do, cac nha nghien curu hi?n nay cho rang,
CO nhilu kha nang la con dao Gebel el Arak
da dugc tim thiy tai Abydos tai Thugng Ai
C?p {Abydos en Haute-Egypte) Gin day,
Elisabeth Delange vvta xuit ban cu6n sach Le
poignard Egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak va
cho ring, con dao Gebel el Arak la "Mot vdt thi CO thi din til Abydos"^- Vay, co phai no
thuc su la mgt con dao din tit Abydos? Cac cuoc khai quat cua Allemand Dreyer tai Umm
el Qaab truoc day da tilt 16 vl mgt s6 manh v& ciJa cac con dao tuong tu Tuy nhien, day chi la nhiing cir lieu mang tinh chat ggi y va chua thi coi day la ca so de khing dinh dia diem xuit phat cua dao Gebel el Arak Xac dinh thoi gian ra dai cua con dao da lira ciing la mgt van de kha nan giai, boi nien dai rit kho xac dinh Hiu hit cac nghien ciu cho rang, no duac che tao vao giua thien niSn ky IV truac CN, khoang nam 3400
-3450 truac CN Ben canh do, mpt so lai co quan diem khac khi khing dinh, Gebel el Arak ra dpi khoang cu6i thien nien ky IV trudc CN (khoang 3300 - 3200 truoc CN)
Th^m chi, tac gia cua bai viet Le poignard Egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak, l^i manh 6sa
dua ra nhan dinh, con dao da liia nay dugc che tap truoc khi co sir xuat hien cua chii viSt a Ai Cap^ The nhung, xet o giac do thupc tinh Clia dao Gebel el Arak, cac nha khoa hgc lai thfing nhit quan dilm khi dua ra
n h ^ dinh, con dao da lira Ai C^p thuoc giai
doan dugc gpi la Nagada 2 {periods predynastique ou periode de Nagada)' Do
do, pham vi 3300 - 3100 trudc CN nhin chung dupc chip nhan Mac dii vay, cac thanh tuu cua nhtrng kham pha mdi nhit cimg nhilu cai tiln khoa hpc hien dai h§ trg clio cong tac khao cfi hgc, dang huong cac nha Ai Cap hgc tim hilu vl dao Gebel el Arak quay tro Iai vdi thoi ky Nagada 2, khoang thiri gian
3400 - 3450 truac CN, ho?c tai mgt then dilm khi cac tang lap bit diu phat triln, dang cin tap hgp xung quanh mgt nha lanh d?o -nguoi dat nln mong cho chl dp vuong quyen sau Pharaonic keo dai sau nay
Trang 32 Ky thuat tgo hinh cua Gebel el Arak
Dao Gebel el Arak dai 25,50 cm va bao
gfim hai phSn: luoi cat blng da luta (tdng
chieu dai la: 18,8 cm, trong do: luoi dao 6
ngoai can: 16 cm; phan chieu dai cua luoi
dao ben frong tay cam 2,8 cm) va can dao
lam bang nga (dai 9,5 cm) Con dao cho thiy
khong CO dau hieu ciia syr hao mon Day la
CO s6 hinh thanh losii y kiSn cho ring, dao
Gebel el Arak da khSng bao gio dupc svt
dung
2.1 Phil dieu tren cdn dao Gebel el Arak
Can dao dup'c khac dpc theo true cua
chiec nga, bang chiing la mpt diem den nam
phia fren chiec num cua thanh tay cam va
dupc xac dinh la dau 6 mut cua nga Khi
duoc triet xuat tir chiec nga, can dao da duoc danh bong 6 hai ben va lam rong de tiep nhan luoi dao Dp day cua thanh tay cam bao quanh ludi dao la 2 - 3 mm (0,12' in), dilu nay giai thich la nga voi bj nurt o do, voi mpt
so phan bi mdt Ci dudi cung cua can dao, cac canh da dupc cat vat va co the con duoc gia CO them kim loai quy duoc uon quan, tao nen mpt td hop giiJa can va lu&i dao Tai thoi diem mua, Benedite cho biet, ong ta co the
nhin thay ddu vh ciia mieng vang la mau vang a phan duoi cung ciia can ma bay gio
da bi gay Cung vai sir qua ngan cua tang lu5i, dp day ciia can dao (qua mong va chua dat chuan cho cho dao thuong dung), da khien cac nha nghien cuu cung co gia thuyet ring dao Gebel el Arak khdng co chiic nang
Ngudn: - The Gebel el Arak knife, htlp://ww reshaftm org, il/ad/e^pt
- Le Couteau du Dj'ebel el Arak - Musee du Louvre, http://www.kriblogs.com/caro line/2008/11/29
•M Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 -Ts
Trang 4Ca hai mat ciia can dao Gebel el Arak co
nhung hinh anh cham noi nho len {images in
raised relief) Do la cac nhan vat dupfc thuc
thi tinh xao va dupc cau tgo tai s6 nam ghi
theo chieu ngang Cac trang tri tren gan sat
ca hai ben can dao voi mpt canh chiSn dau
dupc thay 6 mat truoc va su phat trien ciia
cac chu de truyen thuyet 6 mat sau Nghien
cuu cua Barbara Watterson cho biet, nhung
hinh cham khic da duoc thirc hien tren be
mat dugc danh bong ciia chiec nga la bang
microburin SILEX t\i tren xuong dudi
Nhihig nghe nhan dau tien cham khac cac
nhan vat chinh va sau do cham khac nhiing
cho ma nhan vat hpi ngp, chlng han nhu
canh tay cua cac chien binh Dp sau ciia
nhung hinh khac khong vupt qua 2 mm
(0,079 in)* Day la phong each bieu dat cua
phin ldn cac tac pham nghe thuat Ai Cap
duong thdi, nhung hinh anh tren can dao
Gebel el Arak duoc danh gia la n6i bat va
tinh tl hon D6ng thai, day cung chinh la
nhiing hinh anh ma cac sir gia quan tam den
ke tir khi con dao dugrc phat hien
* Mgt trdi ciia cdn dao
Mat trai cua can dao dupc xac djnh la ben
phin CO chiec niim nga nho len vdi cac hinh
anh trong truyen thuyet Phia tren dinh can
dao la mpt nhan vat cd rau dang doi mat vdi
hai con su tii Do la ngudi dan ong trong
trang phuc ciia dan tpc Sumer Priest, dupc
mieu ta dang nam giu hai con su tii ben
canh Trong quan ni&m cua cac dan tdc khu
vuc Can Ddng, con su tu thudng bieu tuong
cho mOt vi vua Do dd, theo mdt s6 nha
nghien ciiu, canh nay cd the dai difn cho
mdt vua Sumer dang cd hanh ddng nhu mpt
trung gian hda giai giQa hai vuong qudc
tham chien An y dd dugc khac hpa qua cac
net phu dieu cho thay, cac nghe nhan duong thdi hln phai cd dupc su am hilu nao dd tren mpt sd khia canh ciia van hda chau A Ddng thdi, khi tim hieu ve nghe thuat Ai Cap va vung Can Ddng, hinh anh nay cilng rat gan
vdi kilu mhx ma ngudi ta thudng gap trong
nghe thuat d vung Mesopotamie (Ludtig Ha) Cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngh§ thuat khu vuc nay cho biet, chii de thudng gap d viing Luang Ha vao thdi diem dd nhung hilm gap d Ai Cap (thdi Nagada) Vi vay, cd the khlng dinh ring, si^ hien dien m0t canh ddi thudng cua ngudi Sumer - mdt ngudi dan dng diing giua hai con su tii tren can dao Gebel el Arak rd rang la mot trong nhihig minh chiing cho anh hudng vSn hda Clia Sumer din Ai Cap vao thdi tiln sii Xet
d gdc dp truyen thuyet, Robert du Mesnil du
Buisson - tac gia cudn Le decor Asiatique du couteau de Gebel el Arak neu y kien, ngudi
dan dng chinh la vi than ciia xii Ludng Ha
-than El (ngudi "ldm cuoc hdnh trinh tren bien vd troi dgt vao viing ba a mien niii" //
"journeyed upon the sea and came ashore at the mountains'''); Hai con su tii diing dung
thing tren hai chan sau la tupng trung cho Sao Mai va Sao Hdm' Cdn J P Allen trong tac phim cua minh lai cho ring, cu gi^ dd la ngudi da tao ra than El hoac mpt vi than chau A tuong tu vdi con de ciia minh la hai chii su tOr ben canh Khai thac truyen thuyet Ludng Ha, hpc gia nay khlng djnh, hai con
su tli chinh la dai dien cdc hanh tinh d vd ngoai Clia sao Kim (Venus), dd la: Sao Mai
{Morning Star = Ashtar, Egyptian Shu) va Sao Hdm {Evening Star = Ashtar, Egyptian Tefnut)^^
Nhimg y kiln ciia cac hpc gia tren gpi cho chiing ta lien tudng den nhimg cau chuyen
Trang 5trong truyen thuyet Ai Cap Theo do, than
Atem khi xay dung nha, da dat ddi su tii len
nen mdng tai noi cu tni ciia minh nhu nhihig
ngudi b^o ve Ddng thdi, motif hai con su tu
da xuat hien trong nhiing truyen thuyet khac
d Ai Cap dudi cac hinh thiic cua Aker - vi
than bao ve Trai dat d chan trdi phia Ddng
va phia Tay, cac ldi vao the gidi ben kia (dia
nguc) Sau nay, trong thdi dai Kim Tu Thap,
hinh tugng Spinx (Nhan su) la rat phd bien d
ldi di vao cac lang mp Pharaon Bdn canh do,
ciing cd nhieu hpc gia da tranh ne dS cap den
lai lich Clia ngudi dan dng trong phii dieu
nay Theo hg, day la mdt nhan vat rat mo hd
cho mpi sir suy doan va nhieu ngudi da ggi
dd la mpt chien binh
("wornor")"-Ben dudi ddng phu dieu dau tien la mpt
"chiec niim" {"knob") Day la he thdng chia
ra va dupc due Id ma cd the da dugc hd trg cho can dao, hoac ciing cd the dugc sii dung cho mpt sgi day treo nd nhu de trang tri Hai ben Clia niia phia tren mim dao la canh tugng
hai con chd deo vdng cd {wearing collars)
ddi mat vdi nhau Hinh anh nay da ggi y rSng, chiing la dai dien cho cac chdm sao
Dai c l u {Big Dog) va Tilu Clu {Little Dog)
ma sao Kim cd the tiep can hoac xuyen qua
{Venus approaches or passes through) Cling
nhu ddi vdi ludi dao, qua viec phan tich su hiiu dung ciia chile niim chiing minh rang nd
da chua bao gid dugc dung
Hai ddng cudi la rai rac nhiing ddng vat khac nhau vdi dang dieu dac biet bieu cam, can ddi va chinh xac Phan trang tri d niira dudi Clia chiec niim dugc cho la md ta cac chu ky hang ngay ciia sao Kim:
I
2
3
4
5
Nhung con linh ducmg dai dien cho sir
tUCTi mat Clia d8m
M0t ngurdi dan ong tre tuoi, dirdng nhu
Shu - than cua Sao Mai, biy linh ducmg
luc binh minh de gilt chit no
Thin Shu duoi theo con bo dgrc trong
ngay nong vdl con cho cua minh
Con su tOr - Than Sao Horn nuot chimg
con bo
Su trd ve ciia con Unh duong dem
^ ^ 3
Ngudn: The Gebel el Arak knife, http://ww reshaftm org, il
* Mat phdi cua cdn dao
Phia ben kia ciia can dao thudng dupc cac
bai vilt, cac nghien ciiu nhic den la mat phai
cua Gebel el Arak CJ ben mat nay khdng
xult hien chiec mim gidng mat trai ciia nd
Mat phai cua can dao dugc cham khic tinh
te hon, mieu ta mdt canh chien trudng vdi hai d p dp: mpt tran chiln tren dlt lien, mot tran thiiy chien tren bien Cupc chien diu phan chia theo ba giai doan, mdi giai doan
Trang 6Dao Gebel el Arak
bd cyc thanh mdt ldp ngudi trong dang hinh
rat sinh ddng Tim hieu ve lich sii van minh
Ai Cap cho thay, canh chien tranh va san ban
thudng la chii dS chinh trong nhieu tac pham
nghe thueit ciia hp va ddng thdi la mdt phong
each dugc cdng nhan Vdi chu de nay, cac
nghe nhan Ai Cap dS tao an tugng vd hieu
ling ddng rat manh liet ddi vdi ngudi chiem
ngudng tac pham ciia hg
Ba ddng diu mieu ta quang canh mot tran
chien dau tren hai day thuyen ciia nhiing
ngudi dan dng tdc dai va nhiing ngudi diu
trpc Ca hai nhdm dan dng minh tran, "tdt cd
ho deu dong kho" {"wear loincloths or penile
sheaths") va di chan dat Nhiing ngudi dan
dng dau trgc tan cdng tir ben trai dugc trang
bi vdi day cdn, chuy va cung ngan, trong khi
nhdm tdc dai dudng nhu khdng mang vii khi
NhGng hinh anh nay cho ta thay day la mpt
cuOc tin cdng het siic cd xua Rat khd dien
giai cho mpi su suy doan ve ndi dung ma
hinh anh ciia cac phii dieu nay mang lai Da
cd y kien cho rang, dd la each the hien ve su
xung dot giiia cac sac tdc tai Ai Cap, ho^c cd
tac gia da neu quan diem: *Tac phdm ddc td
st^ ddu tranh doi tu do cua con nguai, hinh
dnh mang tinh tuang trung ve cupc son^''^^
CCing cd y kien cho ring, dd la su thdng nhat
Clia BIC va Nam Ai Cap diln ra vao cudi
thien nien ky IV, vdi chien thing cua
Thupng Ai Cgp ddi vdi Ha Ai Cap Tuy
nhien, khdng cd blng chiing dl xac nhan
tinh diing din cua nhiing luSn diem ndi tren
Thyc tl cho thiy, nhimg y kiln tren chi
mang tinh chit vo doan, suy diln va hoan
toan khdng cd dii luan cii thuylt phyc dl
chiing minh cho nhfing kit luan dugc neu ra
Thuc tl la, khdng cd co sd dl xay dung nilm
tin ring mot sd chien binh diu trpc va
nhimg ngudi khac trong biic phii dieu la dai di?n cho mdt nhdm sic tdc Rd rang, day la van de dang gSy nhieu tranh cai giiia cac nha nghien cihi Tuy nhien, can cii vao hinh anh Clia hai ddng dau, tac gia bai vilt nay cho ring, do cd thi la mot cudc d^t kich (ciia nhihig ngudi diu trgc) vao dan thudng (nhdm ngudi tdc dai) - nhung ngudi khdng
cd bat Cli vii khi nao trong tay
Hinh anh mieu ta tren hai ddng thii 3 va thir 5 la hai loai thuyen khac nhau Y dd ciia nghe nhan cd la trinh bay mdt tran hai chien Clia hai luc lugng ddi chpi
Thuyln d hang thii 3, chile di diu cd mdt budng lai, mdt ky hieu chien thang md, nhiing bieu tupng ciia cay cung va dudi
thuyln Chiing cd mdt kilu cay cung '-'•goc canh" {anguleux), dudi thuyen thang diing
va rlt cao Hiln thj d phin mat ben trdi nhiing con thuyen la ngudi dan dng trpc dau dang cam mpt sgi day thimg trong tay, keo chile thuyln ldn bd Hai chile thuyln, ma cd
le day la be mang lam tir cay say papyrus
{Papyrus-Flofief^, day cd le duy nhlt la hinh
anh khdng hoan chinh Nhung van cdn nhan
ra rang, ca hai thuyen xdp chdng ch6o len nhau Nhu vay, d ddng thii 3 la cac thuydn rat dac trung ciia Ai Cap thdi ky nay: trung tam la budng lai, mui va dudi tau rlt ldn Luu y sy hien dien ciia nhiing diu hieu: ngay cang gilng nhu mot bilu tugng mat trdi va hinh thiic khac tuong ty nhu thi, nhu phan tich cua Elisabeth Delange
Cudi cimg la ba tau khac di theo trong hang thli 5 Chiing khac vdi nhiing thuyln dugc md ta trong ddng thii 3 va d day dudng
nhu ket clu thuyln la blng gd {holzerne Konstruktioneny^ Nhiing con tau cd than
tau hinh trang ludi liim Mdt trong sd nhiing
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015
Trang 7thuyln d hang thii 5 chilm gin nhu toan bd
chieu rdng ciia tay cam Tren cac thuyen nay
cd nhirng chii tugng hinh cua Ai Cap gidng
nhu hinh anh tren nhiing chiec binh hoa ve
cac con thuyen d ca hai vimg sa mac phia
Ddng va cung nhu phia Tay; hoac tren cac
biic tranh da tuong tu ciia cac thi he d
Mesopotamian ma trudc dd da dupc phat hien
d sa mac phia Ddng Cac tau d ddng thii 5, cau tao dan gian vdi than thuyen udn cong Qua phan tich cau tnic thuyen cho thay, chiing khdng cd sy tuong ddng vdi nhiing dai dien dd hga khac trong cirng thdi ky d Ai Cap, nhung day khdng phai la loai ciia Ai Cap ma chiing tieu bieu cho nudc ngoai, la Syria hay d Ludng Ha (Mesopotamian)
Nguon:
hllp://www.marine-antique.net/le-couteau-Qua hinh anh khac hpa tren can dao ciing
nhieu cd vat Ai Cap va Ludng Ha cdn luu
giij Iai, cd the khang dinh rang, su tiep xiic
giiia Ai Cap va Ludng Ha vao nhihig nam
cudi thien nien ky thii 4 trudc CN khdng cdn
la dieu nghi ngd Tuy nhien, phii dieu tren
can dao lai cd mdt sd chi tiet khac phan minh
lai y kiln tren Nhiing bd quan ao ciia chien
binh cua mdt trong hai nhdm gidng vdi trang
phuc truyin thdng chau Phi ban vimg Can
Ddng Do do, de minh chimg rang, canh tran
chiln nay mieu ta mdt su xam lln ciia
Mesopotamian vao Ai C|.p, thyc sy la chua
cd CO sd viing chic
Giiia cac ddng phii dieu khac hga hai loai
thuyen, tu thi dang nam tren mat dat hoac
ndi tren mat nudc trong tu thi rdi rac Tran
chien dudng nhu da tdi t? di ddi vdi nhiing
ngudi khdng cd tdc, bdi tat ca nhiing xac
chet la ngudi trgc dau Canh nay da lam dly
•de'gebel-e}-Arak-14?langMe§
len nhieu each dien giai nhu la de xac djnh cac su kien dac trung Neu nhu cac nha khoa hgc thdng nhat quan diem Gebel el Arak dugc ra ddi khoang thdi gian 3400 - 3450
tnrdc CN - khi mk cdc tdng lap bat ddu phdt trien, dang cdn phdi tap hap xung quanh mot nhd lanh dgo, thi cd the khang dinh rang,
nhiing hinh anh the hien trdn cdn dao chinh
la bieu tugng cho su chien thang ddi vdi su hdn loan cua trat tu xa hpi
2.2 Lir&i cat
Ludi dao Gebel el Arak dugc lam tir thd
da lira nguyen chat mau vang nhat '^ Mdt trong hai mat ciia nd da dugc mai nhin, mat kia da dugc gia cdng tiep tuc vdi ranh chay song song Nd bj cong hoac bi udn cong d dau va dugc trang tri vdi Id dye tren mdt mat vdng xudng Cdng vi^c nay dugc thuc hi^n
de chii nhan ciia Gebel el Arak cd the huge
nd vao thit lung hoac vi tri nao dd
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015
Trang 8Trpng so cua luai dao
Trpng luQTig
Tdng chieu dai
Chieu dai cua luai dao ben trong tay
cam
Chieu rpng d giu'a phien
; Dp day a chinh giiia
! Dp rpng ludi dao ben trong tay elm
92,3 gram 18,8 cm 2,8 cm
5,7 cm 0,6 cm 3,7 cm
Hinh inh m^t gpn song ciia lu5i dao Gebel el Arak
wiilil^^^Sii^iifp^^^^i
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Nguon: Periode Predynastique "Le Couteau du Gebel el - Arak, http://www.immortelleegypte.com /articles, 18-06-2014
Ludi dao dupc cit vdi mdt ky thuat tinh
te, lien quan den viec tao cac dudng dai song
song, quanh co theo cac dai dupc gpi la "ggn
song" (ripple flake) Tim hieu ve cac ludi
dao cd Ai Cap, cac nha khoa hgc khlng dinh,
luoi dao Gebel el Arak cung nhu cac ludi
dao ggn sdng khac thuge ciing thdi ky dinh
cao cua cdng cu Iam bang ky thuat SILEX
Cac thp thii cdng Ai Cap thyc hien ky thuat
tinh te lau ddi nay de con dao khdng the
dugc su dung Can cii vao cau tao cua ludi
dao Gebel el Arak, cac chuyen gia da lap
luan ring chat lugng tir cac quy trinh cln
thilt cho viec tao ra ludi dao di vugt qua
pham vi can thiet cho mdt con dao chiic
nang Tren co sd do, hg da dua ra nhiing
kiln giai khac nhau ve tinh myc dich cua
viec chl tao ra nd Xet d gdc do nghe thuat
thdi ky Predynastic ciia Ai Cap, hpc gia
Beatrix Midant - Reynes khang dinh, muc
dich va gia tri ciia con dao thudc ve my
thuat, ludi dao la mdt minh chiing kha nang
vl ky thuat hudng tdi kit qua ciia ve d?p^^
Khi tim hilu lich su Ai Cap cd dai va nghien
ciiu nd dudi phuong dien tdn giao hpc ciing
viec phan tich luoi dao, nhieu nha khoa hpc
cho ring, dudng nhu nd khdng cd dang ve
phyc vy cho cudc sdng thudng nhat ciia con ngudi Nhiing chi tiet nay cimg nhiing dau hieu khac cua Gelbel el Arak cho thiy, do chinh la dau hieu cho thay con dao dugc t?o
ra de thyc hien mdt muc dich nghi Ie hoac bieu tupng Quan dilm nay dupc nhilu nha
Ai Cap hpc ilng hd Hien nay, ngudi ta dS tim thay tdng cgng 17 dao nghi ll tuong tu
cd trang tri tay cam
Theo nha nghien ciiu Peter Kelterbom, quy trinh san xuat ludi dao tir da gdc gdm nam budc sau'':
1 Sy gia cdng thd da gdc
2 Tao hinh cho ludi dao da
3 Su danh bdng ca hai mat ciia ludi dao Thao tac nay la can thilt trudc khi tao gpn sdng Mat ben trai ciia ludi dao da dupc danh bdng va khdng phai thao tac tilp, tir do hiln thi mdt be mat mm, cd thi md phdng rapt luoi kim loai
4 Tao ggn sdng d mdt ben cua ludi dao Dieu nay bao gdm viec thdng nhlt loai bo mieng da dai va manh da vdi dp lye ggn sdng tuong ddng, tao ra mdt khudn mlu phi bien cua chir S udn lugn tren bl mat cua da
Tgp chi nghiSn cuu CHAU PHi & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015
Trang 9Phan tich ve Ian sdng chan ddng tren be mat
ciia luoi dao cho thdy, chiing dugc san xudt
tir tren xudng dudi cimg cua ludi elt va tir
trai sang phai, d mot hinh dang ngugc chilu
kim ddng hd {in a counterclockwise
fashionf^
5 Dudng rdng cua dep d canh ciia ludi
elt ggn sdng nhd Budc nay tao dp sic net
cua ludi cit
Tim hilu vl dao Gebel el Arak, bit cii ai
cung phdi trim trd nhiing ldi than phyc vl sy
tinh xao ciia cac phii dieu tren can dao vdi
nhimg hinh dnh mang tinh tupng trung, k5*
thuat ggn sdng tren mdnh da liia mdng ciia
ludi dao Tat ca nhirng thao tac do cho thdy,
nd la san phdm ciia nghe thu cdng tinh te ma
khdng bao gid hit kinh ngac Xin trich ddn
nhan xet ciia nha Ai Cap hpc Georges Aaron
Benedite - ngudi ddu tidn da phat hien ra gid
tri vihh ciiu ciia dao Gebel el Arak nhu mdt
ldi ket cho bai viet nay: "Mot con dao bdng
dd lira thai co xua vai tay cdm ldm bang ngd
d?p nhdt Ddy Id kiet tdc cua nghe thudt dieu
khdc Predynastic ( ) thuc hien v&i su kheo
leo VU0 trgi vd sang trgn^''
Chti thich:
' '^ Georges Aaron Benedite,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki, put on 27 4 2015
^ Gunter Dreyer (1999), L'art de I'Ancien
Empire Egyptien Actes du colloque organise au
Musee du Louvre par le Service culture! ies 3 et 4
avril 1998 Paris, S 200-202
' Xem: Elisabeth Delange (2009), Le poignard
egyptien dit "du Gebel el-Arak", Musee du Louvre
editions Collection SOLO, ISBN 9782757202524;
Winifred Needier (1984), Predynastic and Archaic
Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum, p 37 & 153, ISBN
0872730999; Francois Poplin (1992), Laboratoire
de Recherche des Musees de France, ISBN
978-2-9506212-0-7, pp 187-194
* Georges Benedite (1916), "Le couteau de
Gebel el-'Arak", Etude sur un nouvelle objet
prehistorique acquis par le musee du Louvre,
Fondation Eugene Piot, Monuments et memoires, XXn, p 1-34
^ Elisabeth Delange (2009), Le poignard
egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak, Somogy, 2009, p
25
Le poignard egyptien dit "du Gebel el-Arak" Collection SOLO N° 40 - Musee du Louvre,
http://www somogy fr/livre
Xem: Toutankhamon Magazine n°46 (2013),
"Gebel el-Arak : un chef d'oeuvre de l'art de la periode Nagada", mer, 10/07/2013; Samuel Mark
(2006), From Egypt to Mesopotamia: a Study of
Predynastic Trade Routes, Texas A & M
University Press, new edition, ISBN
978-1585445301; Le poignard egyptien dit "du Gebel
el-Arak" Collection SOLO iV* 40 - Musee du
Louvre, http://www.somogy.fr/livre
* Barbara Watterson (1997), The Egyptians,
Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21195-0, p 41
' Robert du Mesnil du Buisson (1969), Le decor
asiatique du couteau de Gebel el-Arak, dans le
BIFA0 68,p.63-83
J P Allen, T^e Ancient Egyptian Pyramid
Texts, Pyramid Texts No 447, p.55
'.' Nicolas Christophe Grimal (1992),^ History
of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN
0-631-19396-0, p 36
'^ Ngpc Lan pOH), Net ndi bgt trong ngh4
thugt Ai Cgp co va vung Trung Cgn - Dong,
http://tailieu.vn/doc, dSngtai: 13-06-2013
'^- '" Bjom Landstrom {1910), Ships of the
Pharaohs 4000 Years of Egyptian Shipbuilding
London, p 16-19; p.19-21 and p 5 4 - 5 9
" MOt loai da liia ngudi Ai Cgp gpi la da philn silic, pho bien rong rai d Ai Cap, nhung ludi dao bang da lii-a dung cho nghi Ie dupc Iam blng da phien silic mau, c6 16 vi mau nay kha giong vdi kim loai
'* Beatrix Midant-Reynes {\9%1), Contribution
a I'etude de la societe predynastique: le cas du couteau "Ripple-flake", SAK 14, p 197
" Peter Kelterbom (1984), Toward Replicating
Egyptian Predynastic Flint Knives, Joumal of Archeological Science, vol I I , London a.o.,
Elseviers, p 433 - 453
'* yi?c nay bit dau tir cuoi c l hpng ciia thanh tay cam bj cat ngupe chilu, cd mpt dai g l ghe d giira luai dao Dieu nay co the dup'c thuc hi?n vdi mpt myc dich la hoan toan trang tri
Tgp chi nghien ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015