Theo cac tae gia, tuy tiing boi canh xa hoi va mue dieh nghien ciiu, co the sii dung mot hay ket hdp nhieu each tie'p can khae nhau de ly giai cho tinh trang bao liic do'i vdi ngifdi cao
Trang 1N g h i e n cufu
G i a d i n h v a G i 6 i
So 5 - 2 0 1 4
Mot SO each tiep can trong nghien cihi
bao luc gia fflnii floi voi nguoi cao tuoi
Iran Thj Hong, Le Thj Hong Hai
Vien Nghi6n curu Gia dinh va Gidi
Tom tat: Qua tong quan tai lieu nghien ciiu trong va ngoai
nii6c, bai viet gi6i thieu va phan tich mot so' each tiep can va ly thuyet nghien ctfu ve bao liic doi v6i ngiidi cao tudi noi chung
va bao liic doi v6i ngiidi cao tudi trong gia dinh noi rieng Thong tin thu diidc cho thay co rS!t nhieu each tiep can khac nhau Mot so' each tie'p can xuat phat tii viec ly giai cho hanh vi cua ngiidi
gay bao liic Mot so^khac nhin nhan nguy cd bi bao liic txi sii phu
thuoc cua ngUcii cao tudi ve kinh te va sii cham soe So' con lai
ly giai van de b6i sii xung dot ve van hoa, ldi song, quyen liie va nguon liic gii3a ngiidi eao tudi v6i eae thanh vien khac hoae cac the he khae trong gia dinh Theo cac tae gia, tuy tiing boi canh
xa hoi va mue dieh nghien ciiu, co the sii dung mot hay ket hdp nhieu each tie'p can khae nhau de ly giai cho tinh trang bao liic do'i vdi ngifdi cao tudi trong gia dinh
Txi khoa: NgUdi eao tudi; Bao liic vdi ngiidi eao tudi; Bao liic
gia dinh
Dat van de
Bao luc va ngugc dai la va'n de ma ngudi cao tuoi (NCT) thuoc moi chung t6c, dan toc, t6n giao, a moi vi the kinh te - xa hoi co the gap phai trong xa hoi (Kosberg, 1988) Van de nay mang ti'nh toan cau va ton tai d
Trang 24 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13
ca cac nudc dang phat trien cung nhu cac nudc phat trien Bao luc ddi vdi NCT khdng phai la mot hien tugng mdi nhung dang ngay cang trd thanh
va'n 66 xa hdi dang quan tam d nhieu qud'c gia Cac nghien cuu vdi nhieu
each tiS'p can khac nhau da tim hieu chu de nay tren cac khia canh nhu dinh nghia, quan niem ve bao luc/lam dung NCT, cac hinh thirc cua bao luc dd'i vdi NCT, viec ly giai cho nhiing hanh vi bao luc/lam dung va bd b6 NCT trong gia dinh
Tai Viet Nam, sd lidu thdng k6 cua Bd Van hda, The thao va Du lich cho tha'y nguy ca bi bao luc gia dinh ciia NCT la kha cao va tinh trang bao luc vdi NCT trong gia dinh la cd thuc Tuy nhi6n, chii de bao luc ddi vdi NCT trong gia dinh cdn it dugc nghi6n ciiu sau mdt each rieng biet ma chu
yeu dugc de cap nhu mdt va'n di, khia canh trong cac nghien ciiu ve NCT,
quan he gia dinh va bao luc gia dinh ndi chung Cho den nay mdi chi cd mdt vai nghien ciiu ddc lap ve tinh trang bao luc ddi \'di NCT'" Dang luu
y, cac cude nghien ciiu nay deu dat trgng tam vao nghien ciiu tinh trang NCT bi bao luc bdi con chau Nghien ciiu ve bao luc giiia vg chdng NCT
it dugc de cap Viec thie'u nhiing nghien ciiu ve bao luc gia dinh vdi NCT khdng chi lam ngheo di ndi dung cua nghien ciiu bao luc gia dinh ma cdn
cd the khien xa hdi nhan thiic sai lech hoac khdng day du ve bao luc gia dinh do thieu thdng tin
Trong bdi canh dd, tim hieu ve nhiing each tiep can, Iy thuyet nghien Cliu ve bao luc ddi vdi NCT trong gia dinh la can thiet Dd se la tu lieu quan trgng cho viec xay dung co sd ly luan trong nghien ciiu tinh trang bao Iuc gia dinh ddi vdi NCT d Viet Nam
1 Kliai niem "bao lire doi vdi ngirdi cao tuoi"
Ra't khd de dinh nghia bao luc dd'i vdi NCT mdt each thich dang va thuc te'van chua cd mdt dinh nghia chu^n (Penhale, 2003) Viec xac dinh the nao la bao luc ddi vdi NCT phu thudc nhi^u vao mdi nen van hda, bdi canh
xa hdi, phu thudc vao ttoig nha nghien ciiu, tiing eudc nghien ciiu Cho den nay, cac nghien ciiu ve bao luc vdi NCT da su dung nhiing phuang phap khac nhau, cac dinh nghia khac nhau va trfin cac nhdm cu dan khac nhau
Va tii nhiing dinh nghia khac nhau ve bao luc dd'i vdi NCT dan den nhiing
ke't luan khac nhau w6 hau qua va nguyen nhan ciia bao luc ddi vdi NCT
(Kosberg va cdng su, 2003)
Hdi ddng nghien ciiu qud'c gia (My) da dinh nghia bao luc ddi vdi NCT
la hanh ddng cd y gay hai hoac tao ra mdt nguy ca gay hai nghiem trgng cho mdt NCT gay ra bdi ngudi cham sdc hoac ngudi khac cd md'i quan he tin tudng vdi NCT (Brandl, 2003) Ba thanh ph^n quan trong ciia dinh nghla nay la su gay hai, NCT va mdi quan he tin tudng Cac tai lieu nghien Cliu cho tha'y su gay hai dugc chia lam 5 nhdm: bao luc tinh thdn, bao luc
Trang 3Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai 5
kinh te', bao luc the cha't, bao luc tinh due va su bd rai NCT dugc xac dinh
theo dd tuoi cd su khac nhau d tiing qud'c gia Phan ldn d phuang Tay,
NCT dugc xac dinh la ngudi tii 65 tuoi trd len Md'i quan he tin tudng cd
thi bao gdm thanh vien gia dinh, ngudi quen va cac chuyen gia - nhirng
ngudi lam viec ciing hoac cd mdi quan he xa hdi vdi NCT (Bumight va
Mosqueda, 2011)
Su phan chia cac loai hinh hay cac nhdm hanh vi bao luc dd'i vdi NCT
(hay cdn ggi la loai hinh gay hai - theo dinh nghia cua Hdi ddng nghien
Cliu qud'c gia My) cd su khac nhau Ne'u nhu Bumight va cdng su (2011)
chia hinh thiic bao luc vdi NCT thanh 5 nhdm nhu da ndi d tren thi Hudson
(1991) gidi thieu y kie'n ciia 63 chuyen gia thudc cac nganh khac nhau
(luat, y, tam ly, y te'cdng cdng va cdng tac xa hdi) phan chia hinh thiic bao
luc dd'i vdi NCT thanh 4 nhdm: the chat, xa hdi, tam ly va tai ehi'nh*^'
Trong mdt so trudng hgp, bao luc tinh due dugc xep vao dang bao luc the
chat Tap chi Hiep hdi Y khoa Hoa Ky (1992) bd sung them mdt dang bao
luc nua ddi vdi NCT gdm cac hanh vi vi pham cac quyen ca nhan nhu
quyen rieng tu va quyen dugc tu dua ra cac quye't dinh ve ddi sd'ng ca nhan
hoac siic khde (trich lai tii Le Nggc Lan va cdng su, 2012) Ngoai ra, viec
phli nhan quyln cua NCT cung dugc mdt sd tac gia nhan dinh la mdt hinh
thiic lam dung ddi vdi NCT (Kosberg va Macneil, 2003)
Nhin chung, cac loai hinh bao luc cu the dd'i vdi NCT da dugc cac hge
gia nhan dien nhu sau:
Bao luc th^ chat gdm nhung hanh vi sir dung siic manh the chat gay
ra bao luc hoac nhung hanh vi khdng cung ca'p su trg giiip hgp ly ve the
cha't cho NCT^ dan de'n viec bd roi NCT (Hudson, 1991)
Bao lire tinh than gdm nhirng hanh vi sir dung siic manh ngdn ngiiAdi
ndi lam ton thuang NCT hoac nhiing hanh vi khdng cung cap nhiing trg
giiip hgp ly/hgp phap ve tam ly/tinh cam cho NCT dan den viec bd rai
NCT (Hudson^ 1991)
Bao luc ve mat xa hdi gdm nhiing hanh vi/hanh ddng ngan can
nhiing nhu cSu xa hdi ca ban ciia NCT (Hudson, 1991) Bao luc xa hdi
cd the bao gdm viec tii chd'i cung cap cac dich vu nhan van va su cd lap
xa hdi (Glendenning, 1997; Kurrle, 2004 Din theo Dale Bagshaw va
cdng su, 2009)
- Bao luc ve mat tai chinh gdm hanh vi la'y cap hoac sir dung sai trai
tiln bac/tai san ciia NCT (Hudson, 1991)
- Bao luc y hge cd thi bao gdm viec su dung khdng phu hgp su cudng
ep va ngan can hoac su quan ly thie'u trach nhiem ve thudc (trich lai tit
Dale Bagshaw va cdng su, 2009)
Trang 46 Nghien cufu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13
Bd rai (chu ddng) la su tii chd'i hoac thie'u quan tam cham sdc theo quy dinh (tii chd'i khdng cung cSfp cho NCT nhiing thii cdn thie't cho cugc sdng hang ngay nhu thiic an, thud'c), bao ham viec cd tinh, cd chii dinh gay
cang thang, phien nao cho NCT vi tinh thdn cung nhu the' xac
- Bd roi (bi ddng/khach quan) la su tii chd'i hoac khdng thuc hien ddy dii nhiem vu cham sdc (khdng bao ham vide cd tinh, cd chii dinh gay cang thang, philn nao cho NCT vl tinh thdn cung nhu thi xac)
Cho dii dugc nhan didn theo nhilu chilu canh khac nhau, song tuu trung lai, bao luc ddi vdi NCT dugc xac dinh la hanh vi gay tdn hai cho NCT tren cac linh vuc thi cha't, tinh thdn, kinh te/tai san Dinh nghia
chung nha't vl bao luc ddi vai NCT la ba't ky hanh ddng cd y nao gay tdn
hai hoac cd nguy ca gay tdn hai din NCT do ngudi cham sdc hoac ngudi
cd mdi quan he tin cay dd'i vdi NCT gay ra (Cohen va cdng su, 2007) Theo Bridget Penhale (2003), bao luc va lam dung NCT diln ra d ba cap do khac nhau: vi md, trung md va vi md Cdp dd vi md la nhiing van
dl d cap do xa hdi nhu: chi dd trg cap chua thich dang; kha nang han che trong tie'p can cham sdc xa hdi va cham sdc siic khoe; gia ca didn, nudc, nhien lieu; va bao luc mang tmh the che O cap do trung md, bao luc va
bd rai NCT xem xet nhiing thai dd, hanh vi va chinh sach gay tdn thuang de'n NCT d cdp do cdng ddng Dd cd thi la nhung hanh ddng chd'ng ddi nhu su phan biet tudi tac hoac bd mac NCT ngoai ll xa hdi Cdp dd vi md, chinh la cdp do ca nhan, thudng xay ra trong khudn khd gia dinh, tiic la nha cua NCT hoac nha nhiing ngudi cd lien he (con cai, hg hang) vdi NCT
2 IVIot so' each tiep can
Bao luc ddi vdi NCT la chu dl nghien ciiu dan xen giiia pham vi nghien Cliu vl bao luc gia dinh, NCT va gia dinh Vi the', tiep cto nghien ciiu vl chu dl nay cd thi sii dung cac each tiep can, ly thuylt vl bao luc gia dinh, hoac each tiep can ly thuyet nghien ciiu vl NCT
Nhung each tiep can nay cung cdp nhirng md ta khac nhau vl ke gay bao luc, VI du, mdt ngudi cham sdc qua tai (each tilp can ngudi cham sdc
bi trdm cam), mdt ngudi bi xao trdn vl tinh thdn/tinh cam (benh tam thdn) hoac mdt ngudi da trai qua mdt tudi tha bi lam dung va bd be (each tilp can hge hdi xa hdi) Ben canh dd cdn cd nhiing giai thich khac tir khia canh van hda - xa hdi hay he thd'ng edu true nhu thuyet quyln luc - kilm soat, each tiep can kinh t l - chinh tri, kiln tao xa hdi Cd thi md hinh hda mdt sd each tiep can ly giai vl tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT nhu sau: 2.1 Cach tiep can ve ngirdi cham soe bi tram cam
Mdt trong nhiing each tilp can dugc sur dung rdng rai hidn nay trong nghien ciiu vl tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT trong'gia dinh d nhilu qud'c
Trang 5Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai
Hinh I Mo hinh each tiep can nghien curu ve bao luc doi vdi NCT
gia la each tilp can "Gia thuyet vl ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam" Cach tie'p can nay thiia nhan tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT xay ra khi thanh vien gia dinh - ngudi chiu trach nhiem cham sdc cho NCT khdng the kiem soat dugc trach nhiem cham sdc cua minh
Cach tie'p can nay cho rdng ngudi gay ra bao luc ddi vdi NCT thudng
la nhiing thanh vien chiu trach nhidm cham sdc NCT trong gia dinh Vide cham sdc NCT khid'n hg thdy cang thang, ddn tdi mdt kiem soat va gay bao lire cho NCT
Nguydn nhan ddn dd'n su cang thang va mdt kiem soat ciia ngudi cham sdc la bdi hg phai lam vide qua tai va khdng thi'ch hgp dd'i vdi vide cham sdc NCT nhimg lai chiu trach nhidm chinh trong cdng vide nay (Quadagno, 2004) Mat khac, vdi nhiing ngudi con trudng thanh d do tudi trung nidn dang cham sdc cha me gia, su cang thang vi trach nhidm cham sdc cha me cd the cdn xuat phat tur nhiing cang thang trong vide cham sdc con cai hg (Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Bdn canh dd, su suy yd'u vl siic khde cua NCT khid'n cho vide cham sdc hg trd ndn tdn kem vl kinh te dd'i vdi ngudi cham sdc Theo Eckely va Vilakazi (1995), su phu thudc kinh td'/tai chinh ciia NCT ddng vai trd quan trgng trong each ddi xii ciia cac thanh vidn khac vdi hg Thu nhap la mdt yd'u td dac bidt then chdt khi khdng cd chuang trinh trg giiip cua chinh phu ddi vdi NCT O nhilu nudc, vi the kinh te - xa hdi thap la mdt yd'u td nguy ca cue ldn ddn dd'n bao luc dd'i vdi NCT (Eckely va Vilakazi, 1995 Ddn theo Barnett va edng su, 2005) Nhu vay, ap luc ciia cdng vide cham sdc NCT hang ngay ciing vdi ap lire vl kinh te va cac ap luc khac trong ddi sd'ng chinh la nguydn nhan khid'n cho nhung thanh vidn gia dinh la ngudi cham sdc NCT bi mat kiem
Trang 68 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13
Hinh 2 Mo hinh each tiep can ngiroi cham soe b| tram cam
Kho khan ciia
viec cham soe
Trach nhifim
cham soe
Ganh nang duoc nhin thaJy
XX
SIX cang thing ciia ngururi cham soe va
bao luc vdi NCT
Khoang thcri gian cham soe
Nguon: Sir dung lai hinh ve cua Kerry Burnight va Laura Mosqueda (2011)
soat va cd nhiing hanh vi bao luc dd'i vdi NCT
Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu cho rdng vide van dung each tid'p can ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam vao nghidn ciiu cdn than trgng trong vide ly giai vdn
dl va dl xudt cac bidn phap can thiep Bdi vi each tid'p can nay ly giai hanh
vi bao lue ddi vdi NCT xudt phat tii vide ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam do phai thuc hidn qua nhilu vai trd ciing luc trong dilu kidn thid'u thdn vl ngudn luc Nhiing ly giai nay dd ddn din thai dd thdng cam vdi ngudi gay bao luc va nhiing dl xudt cung cdp dich vu trg giiip cho ngudi gay bao luc,
bd qua su an toan ciia nan nhan la NCT
2.2 Cach tiep can ve sir phu thugc
Cach tid'p can vl su phu thude dua ra mdt each ly giai khac vl hidn tugng bao luc ddi vdi NCT Cach tilp can nay cho rdng hidn tugng bao luc xay ra khi nan nhan khdng cd kha nang ehd'ng dd vl mat tam ly va thi chat, dd bi tdn thuang va phu thudc vao ngudi cham sdc Su phu thudc nay
cd thd la vl kinh te, thi chat, xa hdi hoac tinh cam va cd thi gdn liln vdi cdc thuang tat
Cach tid'p can nay bat ngudn tii each tilp can trao ddi vd'n nhin nhan rdng cac md'i quan he dugc xay dung tren su tuang tac lgi va thiet giua con ngudi va con ngudi ludn cd xu hudng td'i da hod lgi ich va td'i thilu hoa thiet hai (Ansello, 1996 Ddn theo Barnett va cgng su, 2005) Ggi y cho viec van dung each tilp can nay vao trudng hgp bao luc dd'i vdi NCT thi NCT ed rat it cai Igi/cai dugc/ngudn luc de trao ddi va trong qua trinh tuang tac/trao ddi vdi hg thi rdt td'n kem/thidt hai va hiem khi duac din
Trang 7Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai 9
dap Vide cham sdc NCT cd the lam mdt qua nhilu thdi gian va gay khd
chiu trong khi lai nhan dugc rdt it lgi ich Chi phi cao cho trach nhidm
cham sdc NCT cung vdi lgi ldc chang dang ke ed the la nguydn nhan ddn
tdi bao luc Theo thuye't nay, NCT (cha me, vg/chdng) cdn su cham sdc
ngay eang nhilu va kha nang din dap lai ngudi cham sdc eho hg thi ngay
cang it di Su mdt can bang nay ham y rdng eham sde cho NCT la khdng
dugc tra cdng, chinh vi vay ma ngudi cham sdc cd xu hudng se bd rai/bd
bd NCT (Barnett va cdng su, 2005)
Ap dung each tid'p can vl su phu thudc vao trong nghien ciiu, cd the
thdy, nhiing NCT bi bao hanh hdu hit la nhirng ngudi da bi phu thudc vao
con chau hg d mdt mat nao dd nhu vl kinh te, vl su cham sdc 6 Viet
Nam, phdn ldn NCT sd'ng d ndng thdn va lam ndng nghidp Khi khdng cdn
dii siic khde dl lao ddng, nhilu ngudi trong sd hg hoan toan phu thude vao
su cham sdc va nudi dudng ciia con cai Theo each tid'p can nay, kha nang
bj bao hanh ciia nhdm ngudi nay la rat cao
2.3 Cach tiep can xung dot
Cach tie'p can xung dot khdng coi gia dinh la nhan td ddng gdp cho su
dn dinh ciia xa hdi ma la tdm guang phan chilu su bdt binh ddng vl ciia
cai va quyln luc ciia mdt xa hdi rdng ldn han Cach tiep can xung dot xa
hdi tap trung vao khia canh xiic cam, hanh vi ciia quan he gia dinh va cho
rdng nhirng bidu hidn xiic cam va hanh vi tidu cue trong quan he gia dinh
xay ra trong qua trinh cac thanh vidn phai duang ddu vdi nhiing khac bidt
va bat ddng giiia cae thanh vidn Bao luc gia dinh la mdt dang bieu hidn
xung dot tidu cue nhat, dac bidt anh hudng dd'n nhtrng ca nhan d vi tri yd'u
the trong md'i quan he tuang tac (ngudi gia, phu nii, tre em)
Van dung each tid'p can nay vao phan tich hanh vi bao luc ddi vdi NCT
giiip ly giai rd han vl cac hanh vi bao luc nay sinh trdn ca sd khac bidt the
hd vl ldi sd'ng, vl iing xii trong gia dinh eung nhu su xung dot vl lgi ich
kinh tl, vat chat (dat dai, tai san, ) giiia eac thanh vidn trong gia dinh
2.4 Thuyet hoc hdi xa hgi
Menh di ve hge hdi xa hdi dugc nha tam ly hge ngudi Canada Albert
Bandura phat triln va dua thanh each tid'p can tii nam 1962 Tiln dl chinh
cua each tilp can hge hdi xa hdi cua Albert Bandura la con ngudi cd the
hge hdi bdng each quan sat, bat chudc va md hinh hda
Cach tie'p can hge hdi xa hdi dugc van dung trong nghien ciiu bao luc
dd'i vdi NCT bang nhilu tdn ggi khac nhau nhu each tilp can vdng trdn
bao luc, each tiep can chuyen giao bao luc giira cac the he
Van dung trong nghien ciiu bao lire dd'i vdi ngudi cao tudi NCT, quan
diem chinh ciia each tiep can nay cho rdng tre em timg chiing kiln bao lire,
Trang 8»e>|\j™
10 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13
khi ldn len cd kha nang chdp nhan chuan muc bao luc va dilu nay kiln tao nen hanh vi bao lue ciia chiing dd'i vdi cha me va dng ba chiing (Fulmer & O'Malley, 1987 Ddn theo Ola Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu khac chi ra md'i lien he cua su kit ndi hge hdi nhu la su dap tra (tra milng/tra diia) hanh vi bao luc trong qua khii: Anh da danh tdi nen gid tdi se danh anh (Phillips, 1996 Ddn theo Ola Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Kosberg (1998) ggi y rdng, trong nhilu trudng hgp, ddng lue tra thil hay dap tra nhiing hanh vi bao luc trudc day cd the xuat hien vdi md hinh: ngudi phu nir hoac nhiing ngudi con da timg chiu bao luc tu" mdt ngudi dan dng d thdi diem trudc trong eudc sdng gia dinh sau nay se cd hanh vi bao luc nhu mdt each d l tra thu khi ngudi dan dng vl gia Dilu nay dugc minh chiing trong cac nghien ciiu d Thuy Dien
Van dung each tilp can nay vao nghien eiiu bao lire dd'i vdi NCT, Quinn
va Tomita (1997) khang dinh rdng "thay vi tap trung vao su dd'i xir khi tha
du ciia ke bao hanh, each tilp can nay cd the mang lai lgi ich cho eac nghien ciiu trong tuang lai khi tap trung vao each ma cha me ciia diia tre
bj bao luc ddi xu vdi dng ba va tiln sir quan sat bao lire cua cha me vdi dng ba trong thdi tha du va vi thanh nien" (Trich ddn theo Kosberg va Macneil, 2003)
2.5 Cach tiep can quyen lire va kiem soat
Theo each tilp can quyln luc va kiem soat, nhilu ngudi cham sdc va thanh vien gia dinh lam tdn thuang NCT de the hien quyln lire va su kiem soat eiia minh Hg cd hanh vi bao lire ddi vdi NCT de dat dugc nhiing nhu cdu ca nhan
Bonnie Brandl (2000) cho biet mdt sd nghien ciiu da chi ra rdng rdt nhilu nan nhan bi kiem soat va han che quyln luc khdng phai la ngudi phu Hinh 3 Mo hinh each tiep can hoc hoi xa hoi trong nghien ciiu bao lire vdi NCT
Bao lire tre em
Bao luc NCT Hoc hoi qua
quan sat
Bao lire wa ehong
Bao luc vdi ngudi khuyet tat
^
Nguon: Kerry Bumight & Laura Mosqueda, 2011
Trang 9Tran Thi H o n g & Le Thi H o n g Hai 11
thudc ma thuc ra ngudi gay bao luc lai la ngudi phu thude vao nan nhan
Rdt nhilu ngudi gay bao lue la eon cai trudng thanh sd'ng trong nha va dua
vao ngudn luc ciia NCT Rdt nhilu nan nhan khdng phai la ngudi pliu
thudc hay ngudi cd van dl vl nhan thirc Hg la NCT dang trai qua tinh
trang bao lue tuang tu nhu nhiing tinh hud'ng ma hg da trai qua khi cdn tre
Tac gia nay da liet ke cac hinh thire bao lue de duy tri quyln luc theo md
ta ciia nhiing ngudi phu nii cao tudi, gdm:
(1) De dga: de dga rdi di/ly hdn/tir tu; danh dap hoac gilt ehlt vat nudi/gia sue cd gia trj; pha hiiy tai san; de dga bdng vQ klii
^ (2) Lam dung su phu thude, bd rai: lay khung tap di, xe lan, kinh, rang gia; tii chdi cung cap hoac keo dai thdi gian chd dgi de cd thiic an, dd sudi
am, su eham sdc hoac thudc; khdng thdng bao nhiing van dl vl y tl; hieu
nhung khdng theo nhiing khuyen nghj vl y te, dilu trj va su an toan; lam
cho NCT bd Id cae cude hen y tl
(3) Nhao bang cac gia trj: tii chdi viec NCT tilp can vdi nha thd; nhao
bang nhirng gia trj ca nhan eiia NCT; tang Id hoac che gilu tdn giao va
nhirng gia trj van hda truyin thdng
(4) Lam dung tinh cam: lam nhue, ehi gilu; hit, nhuc ma, ggi ten;
lam mat the dien/thanh danh, dd ldi; chdi tii tinh cam; khuyen khich cac
hanh vi "dien loan"; sir dung su im lang hoac su bang bd
(5) Cd lap: kiem soat vide NCT lam, ngudi ma NCT gap gd, nai hg
dd'n; han che thdi gian gap gd gia dinh, ban be; khdng cho truy cap didn
thoai, email
(6) Lam dung quyln lgi: ddi xu vdi NCT nhu ngudi hdu; tu quyd't djnh
tdt ca cac vide quan trgng
(7) Bao luc tai chinh: ldy cdp tiln hoac tai san; tidu xai tiln cua NCT
khi khdng dugc phep; su dung tai ehinh/tai san cua NCT cho lgi ich ca
nhan, kilm soat quy chi tidu cua gia dinh
3 Ket luan
Qua nhiing luan chiing cua cac each tid'p can nghidn ciiu vl bao luc gia
dinh dd'i vdi NCT, cd thi thay rdng bao lire dd'i vdi NCT trong gia dinh la
mdt hidn tugng phiic tap chju sir tac ddng cua nhilu yd'u td khac nhau tir
mdi trudng xa hdi, mdi trudng gia dinh, mdi quan he giiia NCT va cac
thanh vidn gia dinh cung nhu vdn dl tam ly, tinh each cua cac ca nhan
Mdt sd ly thuyd't, each tid'p can cua nghien ciiu bao luc gia dinh nhu
each tid'p can hge hdi, each tid'p can xung dot, v.v cd the dugc su dung
trong nghidn ciiu vl bao luc dd'i vdi NCT trong gia dinh Ngoai ra, eae
each tid'p can xem xet su phu thude va su mdt quyln luc cho phep cung
Trang 1012 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13
cap nhung ly giai phu hgp han tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT Mdi each tid'p can ndu ra d trdn dua ra mdt each giai thich ridng bidt Mac du khdng each tid'p can nao cd duge each giai thich toan didn v l nguydn nhan, ban chdt eua bao luc dd'i vdi NCT nhung rd rang mdi each tiep can diu cd nhimg diem manh rieng giiip nhin nhan tiing khia canh ciia bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi NCT Vide kd't hgp nhilu each tilp can de giai thich da td ra kha hidu qua vi nd giiip nha nghidn ciiu cd cai nhin sau sdc han vl vdn d l bao lire dd'i vdi NCT
6 Viet Nam cung nhu nhilu qudc gia khae, bao luc dd'i vdi NCT
thudng dugc eoi la mdt vdn di gidu mat Trudc tidn, do la vi nd tdn tai ben
trong gia dinh va nd duge coi la "chuyen gia dinh", hiem khi dugc chia se vdi ngudi ngoai Ddng thdi, su yeu thi eiia NCT can trd hg ra ngoai hay
ndi ra va'n di bi bao lue cua hg Trong khi dd, nguy ca rai vao tinh trang
bj phan biet ddi xir, bj bao luc bdi nhiing ngudi than trong gia dinh la khd trdnh khdi ddi vdi NCT bdi nhilu nhan td Thii nhdt, dd la su phu thude ve kinh t i c u a phdn ldn NCT Thii hai, su suy giam siic khde theo tudi tac la khdng the trdnh khdi dd'i vdi phdn ldn NCT Them vao dd, trong bdi canh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va nhdt la dudi tac ddng ciia toan cdu hda
va hdi nhap kinh t l qud'c tl, he gid trj gia dinh d Viet Nam dang cd su biln ddi rat ldn Ben canh nhiing gia trj truyin thd'ng nhu "kinh trdn nhudng dudi" thi nhtrng gia trj mdi nhu coi trgng "quyln ca nhan, quyln tu chu",
"binh dang gidi", "quyln tre em", eung ngay cang duge khdng djnh Su biln ddi nay, trong mdt ehCrng muc nhdt djnh, da lam cho mdi quan he dng
ba cha me eon chau khdng thuan chilu nhu trude day va lam tang nhiing mau thudn, xung dot t h i he trong gia dinh
Thuc trang dd cho thdy nghidn ciiu vl tinh trang va nguydn nhan ddn din hanh vi bao lire dd'i vdi NCT trong gia dinh d Viet Nam la cdn thilt va nhirng each tilp can nghien ciiu trdn eung cdp ea sd ly luan quan trgng giiip ly giai van d l nghidn ciru kha phiic tap nay.B
Chii thich
(1) Dien hinh la cuoc dilu tra ciia Hoi Ngudi cao tuoi Viet Nam nam 2006 tai
6 xa, phudng cua 3 tinh Ddc Ldc, Phii Yen va Quang Trj vdi 600 phieu khao s^t ddi vdi ngudi tCr 60 tu6i trd len va gan day la cuoc dilu tra ve Thuc trang bao luc gia dinh, de xuat giai phap nhdm ngan chan, lam giam sd vu bao luc gia dinh trong nam 2012 va giai doan 2012-2016 do Bo Van hoa, The thiao va Du lich phdi hop vdi Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi thuc hien nam 2012 Cuoc dilu tra da phong van 242 ngudi cao tuoi (tuoi tir 60 trd len, co sdng chung vdi con cai da xay dung gia dinh) ve tinh trang bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi ngudi cao tuoi
(2) Djnh nghla mang tinh ly thuyet ve ngugc dai va lam dung NCT ciia nhom Delphi (Delphi panel) nhii'ng chuyen gia ve ngugc dai NCT