M^d^u mdt frong nhimg cdn cii dupe dimg dd Bo Y la tpc ngudi thidu sd thudc xdc djnh ngudi ddng tpc ciia hp Id dm nhdm ngii he Tay - Thai, di cu tii Quy nhgc dan gian.. Nhdm ngudi Bd Y
Trang 1VAI TRO CUA AM NHAC DAN GIAN
TRONG VIEC TIM NGlTCH DONG TOC CUA NGU'dl BO Y
d TINH HA GIANG
TRANQU6CVIET'
TOM T A T
Khi nghiin cuu xdc dinh thdnh phdn ddn tgc, cdc nhd nghiin cuu thudng it quan tdm den dm nhgc ddn gian vi cho rdng dm nhgc ddn gian khdng cd vai trd gi ddi vdi vdn di ndy Tuy nhien, dm nhgc ddn gian vd cupc tim ngudi ddng tgc cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d linh
Hd Giang da phdt lg tdc d\ing hd trg cua dm nhgc ddn gian tr,ong viec ddnh gid nhihig tuang ddng ve que qudn, ngdn ngit cd vd mot sd ddc trung vdn hda khdc Dieu dd cho thdy vai tro tich cue cua dm nhgc ddn gian trong viec xdc dinh cdc thdnh phdn dan tpc
Tir khda: Bd Y, dm nhac ddn gian, thdnh phan dan tpc
ABSTRACT
The role of folk music in the search for people of the same family
by the Bo Y ethnic group in Ha Giang province
Researching to identify ethnic compositions, researchers are less interested in folk music because they think that folk music do not play any role in this matter However, folk music and the search for people of the same family by the Bo Y ethnic group in Ha Giang province have revealed the effects of folk music in assessing the similarities of hometown, ancient language and some other cultural characteristics This suggests some positive roles of folk music in determining the ethnic compositions
Keywords: Bo Y, folk music, ethnic compositions
1 M^d^u mdt frong nhimg cdn cii dupe dimg dd
Bo Y la tpc ngudi thidu sd thudc xdc djnh ngudi ddng tpc ciia hp Id dm nhdm ngii he Tay - Thai, di cu tii Quy nhgc dan gian Didu dd cho thdy am nhgc Chdu, Trung Qudc ddn Viet Nam vdo dan gian cd mpt vai trd nhat dinh trong khodng giiia thd ki XIX [2], [5] Trong vide xac dinh thdnh phan ddn tde
qud trinh di eu, mgt sd ngudi Bd Y dd bi Ddi vdi cdc nha nghien eiiu, nhihig that Igc nhau Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd cdn cii dugc diing dd xdc djnh cdc thdnh Giang cho rdng ed thd nhiing ngudi ddng phdn mdt tgc nguai bao gdm: ngdn ngii, tpc thdt lac eiia hp hidn dang sdng ddu do dac trung vdn hda vd y thiie tu gidc dan tgi nhiing tinh Ididc d Viet Nam vd mang tdc [5] Vdi ngudi Bd Y, cdc dng Ngii nhiing tpc danh khdng phdi la Bd Y Vi Khdi Phugng, La Tidn Tai, La Xudn vgy, cdc nghe nhdn vd thay ciing ngudi Thdng (cimg la ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang),
Bo Y da td chiic mpt cupc tim ngudi cho bidt khi tim ngudi ddng tdc, ngodi ddng tgc d^Vidt Nam Dieu dang chii y Id ngdn ngii va dde trung van hda, hg cdn
'NCS, V\$n Hdn lam Khoa hpc Xa hOi Vi^t Nam, Email, puytran@yahoo.com vn
Trang 2can cii vao qud huang bdn qudn ciia tdc
ngudi khi xua d Trung Qudc Tuy nhien,
trong ngdn ngir vd dac trung van hda, hp
chi quan tdm tdi ngdn ngii cd dupe luu giii
trong edc bdi dan ca, hdt ciing cd truyen,
bai hdt ciing vd cdc nghi tuc rieng frong le
Cling ma Nhu vay, edc cdn cii dd tim
ngudi dong tpc ciia ngudi Bd Y cd phan
gidn don, cu thd hon so vdi cac can cii xdc
djnh cdc thdnh phan ddn tdc cua cdc nha
nghidn ciiu
Tuy nhidn, trong qud trinh giao lim
van hda lau ddi vdi cac tpc khac, nhung
can cii dimg dd xde dinh cdc thanh phdn
dan tdc ndu frdn ed thd bj phai md hodc
thay ddi tdi miic khd nhgn ra Qud trinh
nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang sii dyng am
nhgc dan gian dd tim nhiing can cii dd
dupe trinh bdy sau day
2 Xac dinh tirong ddng ve que
hiro^g ban quan
Qua Idi ca frong mpt sd bdi hdt ciing
vd giao duydn, ngudi Bd Y cd thd xdc djnh
que huong bdn qudn cua hp
Theo nha nghidn ciiu Chu Thai Son:
"Ngdy nay, bidu hien frong van hda tinh
than eiia ngudi Bd Y, chiing ta chi cdn
thay mdt vai chi tidt d ndi dung bdi ciing
qua viec dua am hdn ngudi ehdt vd ddt
Quy Chdu, vd tan thdn ban cu tni xua ciia
hp"[5,fr.328]
That vay, frong Id eiing ma eiia
nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cd bdi hat
cung chi dudng cho hdn ngudi qud cd ve
qud cii Trong bdi ciing ndy cd doan khdng
ehi ndi rd dia danh qud cu ma cdn midu td
ddc diem dja hinh, mdi trudng sinh thdi
noi dd ra sao Chdng ban, tai ddm ma eua
mpt gia dmh hg La, ngudi Bd Y d xd
Quydt Tidn (thudc huyen Qudn Ba, tinh
Ha Giang) ma chiing tdi da tham du, bdi cung chi dudng cd dogn ndu rd tdn qud cu
la Quy Chdu, ddng thdi midu td noi xua kia td tidn cua tang gia sinh sdng la mpt Idng cd nhidu ruong cdy lua nude; rimg noi ddy nhidu cay to va ldng cu ndy ndm lidn canh mpt con sdng ldn Doan hdt nay
ngudi Bd Y ggi la san vie, do dng La Xuan
Thang - thdy ciing ngudi Bd Y djch nhu sau:
Mdy tim vi Quy Chdu Ldng mdy cd 12 cdnh ddng lua Ldng mdy cd nhiiu rimg cdy to Ldng mdy cgnh con sdng nhiiu nude
Ngodi ra, frong mgt bai hat giao
duydn mang tdn Gdi hiin trai hay tiim
(dan ea Bd Y, do dng Ngii Khdi Phugng dich) cd nhiing chi tidt frong ca tir cho phep xdc djnh ro hon vd qud qudn cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang tgi Quy Chdu Chdng han trong bai ed hai cdu hdt dudi ddy:
Ndng a giira phd hay giira ldng Nhd trdng bdng hay nhd dit vdi?
Qua hai cdu hdt frdn cd thd thdy, xua kia tgi Quy Chdu, ngudi Bd Y sdng cd d vimg thanh thi cung nhu vimg ven dd; hp
cd nghd frong bdng vd ddt vai [1]
Nhu vdy, ndu dan ca vd hdt ciing cua mgt nhdm ngudi khac d Viet Nam ciing co nhiing chi tidt vd qud huong bdn quan thi vide so sanh de xdc dinh xem hp cd cimg qud huong ban qudn vdi nhdm ngudi Bo Y
d Hd Giang hay khdng la viec cd thd lam Trong thyc td, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang da thuc hidn vide so sdnh ddn ca vd hdt Cling cua hp vdi ddn ca vd hat ciing eua
Trang 3nhdm ngudi Pii Nd d Lai Chdu Chiing tdi
se ndu thdm mdt sd khia canh lidn quan tdi
vide ndy trong phdn 3
3 Xac dinh tiroiig dong ve ngon ngir
CO
Ngdn ngO: me de ciia mdt nhdm
ngudi cd thd bj mai mgt hodn todn va
dugc thay thd bdng mdt ngdn ngii khac
Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang tuy cdn
giu dugc tidng me de nhung ciing qudn
khd nhidu tir va ed nhiing tir bj pha tgp
vdi ngdn ngii cdc tdc ngudi ldn can Do
dd, ndu so sdnh ngdn ngii ndi thudng
ngdy frong ddi song hidn nay dd xde dinh
miic do tuong ddng khdc bidt se cho ket
qua idiong chinh xae Vi vay, vide tim
ngdn ngu cd dd so sdnh Id can thidt May
mdn la ngdn ngu Bd Y ed van cdn dugc
luu giii frong cdc bdi ddn ca (ddc biet
frong cdc bdi hdt ciing) Nhdn thiic dugc
didu ndy, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang
da dimg ldi ca ciia cdc bdi ddn ea vd hat
Cling nhu mpt cdn cii dt so sdnh ngdn
ngii frong cupc tim kiem ngudi ddng tpc
Nhdm ngudi dupe hp so sanh ngdn ngu
Id nhdm ngudi Pii Na d tinh Lai Chdu:
Qua tim hidu, chiing tdi dupe nghd
nhan Ngii Khdi Phupng cho bidt: nhdm
ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cho rdng d Viet
Nam ed nhiing nhdm ngudi ddng tdc vdi
minh nhung khdng ro Id nhdm nao va'd
ddu; frong mdt cudc hpp, dng Ducmg Diic
Khoan, ngudi Bd Y d xa Quydt Tien,
huyen Qudn Ba, tinh Hd Giang tinh cd
g^p dng Ld Vdn Chidn, ngudi Pii Nd d
Tam Dudng, Lai Chau; hai ngudi thdy
ngdn ngir cd nhidu tuong ddng ndn ndy
sinh y djnh tim hidu xem lieu nhdm
ngudi Pii Nd d Lai Chdu vd nhdm ngudi
Bd Y d Hd Giang cd phai Id hai nhdm ngudi ddng tdc hay khdng
De so sdnh ngdn ngir, hp su dung cdc bai hdt nghi tyc trong ddm cudi ciia hai nhdm Ong Ld Vdn Chidn gui mdt cudn sach vd hdt ddm cudi ciia ngudi Pu
Na eho dng Duong Dire Khoan mang vd
Hd Giang dd cdc nghe nhan vd thdy cung
Bd Y d Hd Giang so sdnh vdi hat ddm eudi ciia tdc minh Sau khi so sanh ea tii ciia hdt nghi tuc ddm cudi Pii Na vdi hdt nghi tyc ddm cudi Bd Y, cdc dng Ngij Khdi Phupng, La Tien Tdi, Duong Diic Khoan, La Xudn Thang va Phan Ngpc Sinh cimg ehung mpt nhan xet: ldi ca hau hdt tuong ddng, chi cd mdt sd tir hoi khdc
vd each phdt dm so vdi tir Bd Y tuong ling Hp tidp tuc so sdnh cde bdi ea diing frong tang Id ciia hai nhdm Ong La Xudn Thdng eho bidt: "Ca tir trong edc bdi hdt dam cudi vd hdt ciing ma ciia nhdm Pii
Nd vd nhdm Bo Y gidng nhau tdi 80%" Chinh vi vay, dng ndy sinh y djnh ddi chieu cdc bdi ciing ciing loai cua hai nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang vd Pii Nd
d Lai Chau de tim nghTa nhiing tir md nhdm ndy da quen nhung nhdm kia vdn cdn nhd
Ngodi viec diing dm nhgc dan gian
dd so sdnh su tuong ddng trong ngdn ngti, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cdn dimg nd trong vide xdc dinh su tuong ddng d mpt sd khia cgnh van hda khac cua cdc nhdm ngudi
4 Xac djnh tironng ddng trong bai hat Cling va cac nghi t^c rieng Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang sii dung bdi hdt ciing ridng trong le ciing ma
dd xdc djnh ngudi ddng tdc Theo cde
Trang 4thdy Cling, chi Id ciing ma cua ngudi Bd
Y mdi cd bdi hat ciing ndỵ Vi vdy, neu
mdt nhdm ngudi ndo đ eiing sii dung bai
Cling do trong Id ciing ma thi ed thd hg la
ngudi Bd Ỵ Bdi ciing rieng md hp ndi tdi
chinh Id bai Td vinh (hie la Mdng yiu
tinh) frong sdch eiing mạ
Ndi dung bdi Td vinh ke ve sy tich
vi sao ngudi chdt phdi ldm ma [3], [4]
Ldi ca ciia Td vinh ke lgi sy thda thuan
xua kia giiia tang gia vd ydu tinh ve vide
thay thd xae ngudi ehdt bdng thjt trdu, bd
đ tra mdn "ng mieng" vol ydu tinh Cudi
bdi la nhiing ldi "mdng" đ xua dudi ydu
tinh sau khi da frd hdt ng cho nd Bai
ciing dugc didn xudng trudc khi thuc
hidn nghi Id giet trdu, bd vd Ipn Cdc thay
Cling cho bidt, vide mdi dan ldng dn thit
trau, bd vd Ipn cd y nghia trd mdn ng cu
cho ydu tinh\
Cach didn xudng bai Td vinh hoan
todn khac vdi each didn xudng nhiing bai
thdng thudng Trudc khi hdt bdi Td vinh,
bao gid thay ciing ciing phdi miia kiem va
hii het nhdm thd hidn uy lyc, frdn dp ydu
tinh Khi hdt ngi dung dogn đu cua bai
Cling vd vide nhiing ngudi con frai Idn
rimg chat cay vd đng quan tdi cho ngudi
me mdi chdt, thdy ciing hdt vdi am lugng
vira phdi, gigng hdt binh thudng nhu khi
hdt cdc bdi eiing khdc Ddc bidt, khi tdi
dogn gap, thda thudn vdi ydu tinh vd xua
dudi nd, thdy ciing hdt vdi am lugng to
han, đi gigng gay gat, nhdn diit khodt
vdo tidt tdu dao phdch d cudi cdc cdu hdt
Theo thdy cung La Tidn Tdi, hdt nhu vdy
mdi ldm ydu tinh sp, khdng dam quay rdi
ngudi chdt va tang gia niiậ Bdi eiing chi
do mdt thdy ciing hat, khdng cd nhgc đm
vdi tu thd vira di vira hdt Vide diln xudng bai hat frdn gdn lidn vdi nhiing hdnh đng nghi Id nhdm xua dudi ydu tinh dupe thuc hidn trude, frong vd sau khi bdi hat kdt thiic:
Trudc khi hat, tang gia phdi ehuan
bi sdn mpt con frau vd mdt con bd cdn sdng, bupc giiia bai cd Thay ciing lam nghi le frdn dp ydii tinh bdng cdch d|im chdn, vung kiem vd hii het bdn phuong Khi hdt, thdy ciing viia hat vira vac kiem din dau doan cdc con chau eiia ngudi qua
cd di vdng quanh hai con vdt Ddn khi hdt xong, thay ciing lgi het to va vung kidm va nem Idem ve phia hai con vat va cd doan ngudi dimg lgị Nhiing ngudi dan dng nhanh nhen, khde mgnh, la ngudi than ciia ngudi qua cd, mang dao den cdt cd hai con vat Hg khdng dugc cdt diit Iiạ Ndu khdng may, hg cat qua tay, Iam đu hai con vat Iia khdi cd thi tang gia se rat tiic gian Bdi vi ngudi Bd Y cho rang, nhu vay cd nghia la ydu tinh khdng nhgn v$t te Id va nd se hai ngudi qua cd
Ld Cling ma cua nhdm ngucri Pii Na d Lai Chdu ciing cd mdt bdi hdt ciing cd ten
Td vinh Mae diu khdng ed nghi tyc giet
trau - bd hidn td cho ydu tinh kem theo vdi bdi Cling nay nhu d Id ciing ma cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang, nhung hdu het lm
ca va each fliiie hat nhu nhaụ
Tir cac khia cgnh tuang đng ndú
fren, hidn nay nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha
Giang vd nhdm ngudi Pii Na d Lai Chau tidp tyc giao luu ngdy cdng nhi^u hon đ tim hidu thdm nhiing mat tucmg đng khac
5 Kdt Iuan
Nhu vgy, tmdng hpp trdn eho thdy
Trang 5them mgt each thiic tim ngudi ddng tdc
kha ddc ddo ciia nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha
Giang Am nhac ddn gian dugc chinh
ngudi ddn coi nhu mgt trong nhihig ydu td
dd xdc dinh nhiing tuong ddng vd ngdn
ngii vd mdt vdi dac trung ndi bat ciia vdn
hda, cung nhu cd gia tri tich cue frong
vide tim ngudi ddng tdc Didu ndy ddng
thdi eung cho thdy d nhiing trudng hop
cy thd, dm nhac giii vai trd quan trpng
nhu the ndo frong vide so sanh vd tim ra nhiing tuong ddng d cdc khia canh ridng, ddc bidt trong ddi sdng van hda cua cdc nhdm ngudi Vi the, khi nghidn eiiu vd xdc dinh cac thdnh phdn ddn tdc, ngudi nghidn ciiu khdng ndn xem nhe hodc bd qua yeu td am nhgc dan gian md lam mat
di nhiing co hdi dang quy cd thd bd sung
vd ndng cao dp xac thyc cho cdc cdn cii khoa hoc ciia minh
' Phong van thay ciing La Tiin Tai ng^y 12-11-2010 tai l l ciing ma 6 thon Tan Tign (xS Quy^t Tien, huy?n Quan B?, tinh H4 Giang)
^ Phong v^n thay ciing La Tien Itx ngSy 14-11-2010 tai l l cung ma a thon Tan Ti^n (xa Quyit Tiin, huySn
Quan Ba, tinh H^ Giang)
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
1 Ngu Khdi Phugng (2005), Ddn ca Bd r(tai lieu vidt tay), Hd Giang
2 Ngii Khdi Phupng (2005), Vdn hda ddn tpc Pu Y d Viet Nam (tai lieu viet tay) Ha
Giang
3 La Tien Tdi (1960), Khdo xhdu dinh, sach mo (tdi lieu vidt tay) Ha Giang
4 La Tidn Tdi (I960), Khdo xhdu ho, sdch mo (tdi lieu vidt tay) Ha Giang
5 Vi?n Ddn tpc hpc (1975), Van di xdc dinh thdnh phdn cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd d mien
Bdc Vi^t Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hd Npi
(Ngdy Tda soan nh$n duxrc bdi 23-7-2014; ngdy phdn bi6n ddnh gid: 24-7-2014;
ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 17-4-2015)