Ir 18-19 vd 24-26 Nhan thiic dupc tdm quan trpng ciia chinh sach an sinh y^ hOi trong thdi didm hidn tgi nen trong dy Ihao chien lupc phdt uien kinh d xd hdi 2011-2020, Chinh phu vdn t
Trang 1AN SINH XA HQI CHO LAO DONG DI DAN
N6NG TH6N-THANH THI
nUij ( l l Dd Hong Qudn'
TOM TAT
Trong xd hgi hiin dgi, vi$c ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi cho nguai lao dgng trong do cd lao dgng di ddn Id mgt trong nhOng nhdn id ddnh gid su tiin bg cua mgt quoc gia Trong
ba ndm qua, khimg hodng kinh ti mgt Idn nira ldm clio tinh hinh ddi song cua lao dgng
di ddn cdng khd khdn han Bdi viit ndy cd muc dich nhdn mgnh din quyin dugc huang
an sinh xd hgi nhu Id mgt quyin ca bdn cda con nguai dd dugc Liin Hiep Quoc thong qua vd dugc hiin phdp Vi^t Nam bdo hg Mgt khdc bdi viit cung nhdn mgnh din nhieng nguyen nhdn ldm dgng luc cua diddn ndng thdn-thdnh thi, nhung bdt binh ddng doi vai lao dgng di ddn tgi cdc dd thi, cOng nhu nhirng dnh hirdrng cua viic ddm bdo thu hudng
an sinh xd hgi cua lao dgng di ddn doi vdi phdt triin kinh te vd xd hgi
ABSTRACT
In the modern society, the ensuring social security for workers, including migrant workers is the one of factors ihat represents the progress of a nation For three last years, the economic crisis made the migrant workers'life conditions more difficult one again This article aims to emphasize the right to social security as a fundamental human right has been through the United Nations and the Vietnam constitutional protection
On the other hand, this article also is intended the motivations behind this rural-urban migration, social unequalities that migrant workers have suffered in urban areas It also engages in the effects of ensuring social security that migrant labourers have benefited
to the development of economy and society
1 Ddt vin de thi ddn nam 2007, con so dd da Idn Idi 8,2
Ke tir sau Ddi Mdi, kinh td Viet Nam ^^^ nguoi, tdng 2,6 lan so vdi nam 1996
Iuon tdng qua cdc ndm vd kdo dieo dd Id chiem 67% ddi tupng tbudc dien tham gia nhihig thay ddi vd mat xd hpi Cdc chi sd bao hiem xa hpi bat budc (Nguydn HDn
vd phdt tridn con ngudi (HDI) "nhu (y Id Dung 2008, tr.4) Tuy vgy, ciing cd nhi/ng
ngudi dan bidt chir, idnjg tudi thp trung
binh ciia ngudi dan, nhieu chinh sdch vd
phuc Ipi dd den dupc vdi ngudi dan ngheo,
nhdt Id nhthlg dan ldc thidu sd da dua
Vidt Nam trd thdnh mdt trong nhung qude
gia phat tridn didn hlnb va sii dpng cd hieu
qua ngudn vdn tai trp ciia chuang trinh
phat trien Lidn Hidp Qude" (Trdn Hai
cdnh bdo khac vd kdt qua tang trudng cUa Vipt Nam Uong nhftng ndm qua, mdt trong nhftng van ban sau cung ciia cd tbii tudng
Vo Van Kiel len ticng vd "'ngudi Iao dpng
- nhiJng hd thu nhdp thdp, nhftng ngudi phai chay an tiing bOa - trdn thyc te chi dupc thu hudng rat it cac kdt qua tdng trudng" Ndi ddn nhftng vien chirc qude Id Hgc, 2008) Ve kdt qud thy hudng an sinh ddnh gia cao thanh qud ciia Viet Nam, dng
xd hpi.^ nhidu bao cao cho thdy rdng "'Ddn nhde nhd "nhihig ddnh gid dy chu ydu dya nay dp bao phii cua he thdng an sinh xa Iren cac bao cdo trong nudc, vd chung ta h0i ngay cdng md rpng, chdt lupng cung hidu khodng each giua thyc td va bdo cao cap djch vp an sinh xd bpi ngay mpt t3t cdn ddng kd" (Vd Vdn Kiet, 2008) Mac ban Ndu nhu ndm 1996 mdi cd 3,2 tridu du cd nhiing thanh tuu vd phat tridn kinh ngudi diam gia bdo hidm xd hdi bdt budc, Id Viet Nam van dang phai ddi mdt vdi
'aiaitg rieii Khoa XHH A CTXH, Tnrmg Dw hoc Ma TP Hi «
Trang 2nhirng nguy co vd sy phdn hda xa hpi ty keo theo dd la bdt binh dang vd mat thu
Id bat binh ddng vd mdt kinh Id vdn Idn va hudng ve an sinh xa hpi (xem bang 1) Bang 1: Phdn phoi thu nhap va an sinh xa hpi 6- Vi|t Nam 2004
Thu n h i p /ngiroj/nam (ngan
dong)
So vai thu nh9p binh quan quoc
gia (%)
r h u nhap tir an sinh xa hpi/
nguoi/n&m (ngan d6ng>
So vai tong tn? cap an sinh xa
h?i(%)
Trq cap bao hiem xa hfli cho
ngutri di jam (%)
Tra c§p bao hiem xa hpi cho
nguai nghi hiru (%)
Trgr cap phiic lpi xa hpi (%)
Trg cap giao due (%>
Trp cap y ti (%)
Nhom 20% ngheo
n h i t
2000
3 3 %
70
6,6%
1%
2%
15%
15%
7%
Nhom
2 0 % Ihu hai
3400
56%
140
11,2%
2%
S%
2 1 %
12%
11%
Nhom
2 0 % thir
ba
4900
8 1 %
210
16,1%
4 %
14%
24%
16%
15%
Nh6m
2 0 % tfair tir
7300
120%
370
27%
24%
29%
2 3 %
22%
2 1 %
15800
259%
660
39,1%
68%
47%
18%
35%
45%
Nguon: (Chuang lrinh phdt trien Lien hi^p qude 2008 Ir 18-19 vd 24-26)
Nhan thiic dupc tdm quan trpng ciia
chinh sach an sinh y^ hOi trong thdi didm
hidn tgi nen trong dy Ihao chien lupc phdt
uien kinh (d xd hdi 2011-2020, Chinh phu
vdn tidp tuc khdng dinh chii truang dd xuat
hien tir dai hpi ldn thii IX ciia Dang: "Tdng
trudng kinh id di lien vdi phdt trien van
hda, timg budc cdi thidn ddi sdng vdt chat
vd tinb than cda nhan ddn, thyc hien tidn
b0 va cdng bdng xd hpi, bdo ve va cdi thidn
mdi trudng " "Xay dung hp thdng an sinh
xa hpi da dang, tidn Idi bao hiem y td toan
dan" "Tirng budc md rdng va cdi thidn he
thong an sinh xd hpi dd dap iing ngdy cdng
tdt ban ydu cau da dgng ctia mpi tdng Idp nhdn ddn trong xd hpi nhdt la nhdm doi tupng chinh sdch, ddi tupng ngheo"
Di ciing vdi qud trinh phdt tridn kinh
td Id vdn de dd thi hda dang ngay cdng gia tang Qua trinh dd thi bda dang dien ra nhanh chdng nhu hipn nay da va dang ddt
ra mdt logt nhung ydu cau ve vide dam bdo
an sinh xd hdi cho lao ddng di cu, nhat la Iao ddng nghdo Tren thyc td, "Iao dpng di
cu dang cd nhung ddng gop dang kd vao cdng cupc phat trien kinh td va dn dinh ddt nudc, song trong bdi canh hipn nay
Trang 3bao trp tgi dja phuang noi hp kiem sdng vd
lam vide" (Tong cue thdng kd, 2005) Mpt
nghidn ciiu mdi day dd cho thdy "didu kidn
sdng va bao trp xd hpi la mdt trong nhftng
van dd buc xuc nhat ciia lao dpng di cu tai
cdc khu vyc dd thi, cac khu cdng nghiep
nudc ta" (Ddng Nguydn Anh, 2006) Mpt
nghidn ciru khdc ciia ngan hang thd gidi
vd ngudi di dan ciing cho rdng "ngudi di
cu dgc bidt bi ngheo hon do viec cung cap
dich vu kem hon so vdi ngudi dan thanh
pho" Bdo cao ndy cho rdng chinh viec
dang ky cu tni dd dnh hudng ddn miic dp
va chat luang dich vu an sinh xa hpi ma lao
dpng di dan hudng dung chu khdng phai la
dieu kien kinh td xd hpi Nhftng rao can
ndy dd lam cho Iao ddng di dan khdng tidp
can dupc ddn cdc djch vu xa hdi co ban,
cpng thdm nhCmg khd khdn khac chinh Id
nguydn nhan day ngudi di ddn vao tinh
trang bj lam dung, bj bdc lot (ActionAid,
Ngdn hang thd gidi, 2005)
Vdi mdi quan tdm ve mat chinh sach
va mdi quan he gifta vi^c thu hudng an
sinh xd hdi vdi nhftng ddng gdp vd mat
kinh te ciia ngudi Iao ddng di dan ndng
thdn - thdnh thi Bai vidt ndy cd muc lieu
ldm rd bdn vdn dd sau day: (1) nhflmg dinh
nghia khac nhau vd khdi niem an sinh xd
hpi, (2) nhftng dpng Iuc ciia di dan ndng
thdn - thanh thi (3) bdt binh ddng trong
viec thu hudng an sinh xd hpi ciia lao dpng
di ddn va (4) nhung lpi ich ddi vdi phat
trien kinh te tir vide ddm bdo an sinh xd hdi
cho lao dpng di ddn
2 Nhirng dinh nghia khac nhau ve
khai ni^m an sinh x3 hpi
Vd mat khdi niem chiing toi nhan
thdy tgi Viet Nam hidn nay dang su dung
khd phd bidn ba khai niem chinh yeu sau
day cd lidn quan den vide dam bao vd mgt
quydn Iai cung nhu cudc sdng cho ngudi
dan bao gdm: phuc lpi xa hdi (social
welfare), an sinh xa hpi (social security)
va chinh sach xd hdi (social policy) Xdt
ve mat tir vyng trong cudn Tir dicn Tiing
Viet (Hoang Phd chii bidn) chua cd cum
tir "phuc toi xa hdi"\ cung chua cd tir "an sinh" hay "an sinh xa hdi" ma chi cd tir
"phiic Ipi" Phiic Ipi trong cudn tir didn nay duoc djnh nghTa nhu sau: "Lpi ich
md mpi ngudi duoc hudng khdng phdi trd tien hogc chi phai tra mdt phan Thi du; Nang cao phuc lpi cua nhdn ddn Cac cdng trinh phuc lpi (nhu nha tre Idp mdu giao, v.v.) Quy phiic lpi ciia xi nghidp" (Hoang Phd, 2000, tr 790) Xet vd mdt
y nghia thi dinh nghia nay mdi chi nhdn manh ldi khia canh midn phi hay giam phi
md chua de cgp tdi nhung ndi hdm ciia tir nay, va chi ndi mpt each chung chung Id
"lpi ich" Mdt khac theo Trdn Hftu Quang (2009) thi "thyc td Irong cac tai lieu tidng Anh thi ddi liic ngudi ta sir dung hodn chuydn nhau gifta thuat ngu phiic Ipi xd
hpi (social welfare) vdi thuat ngu an sinh
xa hpi (social security) Tuy nhidn, thugt ngft an sinh xd hpi (socialsecurity) thuimg
dupc hidu theo nghTa hep ban thudt ngft
phiic lpi xd hdi (social welfare), vd chi
bao gdm he thdng bao hidm xd hdi, bao hidm y td va cdc chinh sach trp giOp xd hdi va Cliu trp xd hdi"
Vdo ndm 1948 Lien Hidp Qude da ghi ro trong bdn Tuydn ngdn nhdn quydn
vd quyen duac hudng an sinh xd hdi nhu sau: "Mpi ngudi vdi tu each Id thanh vien ciia xd hdi, deu cd quydn hudng an sinh xd
hpi va dupc (juyen thuc hien, thdng qua
nd lyc cua qude gia va sy hop tdc quoc Id
vd phil hpp vdi each thiic td chuc vd cac ngudn lyc ciia mdi qude gia, cac cjuyen kinh td xd hdi va vdn hda cdn thiel cho pham gia ciia minh Va cho su phat tridn tu
do cua nhan each ciia
minh." Dieii khiian 22 cua han Tuyin ngiin nhcm qiiy4n (Vniwnsal Dedaivlion iiflhiman Hizlitsl ni
£-'i^r,-one,mammhcr(^.':iK,fly-basihfright,OMKiiihL-,wit}-<mdi^i'mM^^
crt-uperaiionandm accordance mill the ai-aoniMmn anil ivwmen of mch Siaic, afilif eiiiy
in, IV4S aia l^gii llie/i Qiiot naiuMKil elfini whtinii-n mimntil
wu soi Illl iinti ciilliinil n^l.\
Trang 4Tdc gia Tqnh Duy Luan cho rang
cd kha nhidu cac dinh nghTa vd an sinh xa
hpi Hten nay dinh nghta ctia td chuc lao
ddng quoc td (ILO) van duac sii dung khd
nhieu "An sinh xa hdi la mot hinh thirc bao
trp ma xd hdi danh cho cac tbanh vien cua
minh thdng qua nhidu bidn phap dupc dp
dyng rpng rai de duong ddu vdi nhung khd
khdn cdc cu sdc ve kinh td - xa hdi lam
suy gidm nghiem trpng nguon thu nhgp da
dm dau thai san thuong tdt do lao ddng
ma! siic Iao ddng hay ttr vong; cham sdc
y te; trp giiip cho nhiing gia dinh cd con
nhd" (1984) (Trinh Duy Luan 2006, tr.4)
Cdng udc 102 ciia To chiic Lao ddng
Qude td (ILO) thi cho rang "an sinh xd hpi
la sy bdo ve ma xa hpi cung cdp cho cdc
thdnh vidn cua minh thdng qua mdt logt
cac bidn phdp cdng cpng de chdng lai tinh
canh khdn khd ve kinh te va xa hpi gay ra
bdi tinh trang b( ngung bode giam siit ddng
ke vd thu nhdp" Nhu vdy ILO quan niem
ddi tupng cua an sinh xd hdi la nhdm doi
lupng cd thu nhap khdng dii trang trai cho
nhirng didu kidn tdi thidu va xa hpi cdn tien
hanh ddng bd cdc bicn phap cdng cdng
khac nhau nham phdn phdi lai thu nhdp,
dich vu xahpi
Td chiic nay ciing xac dinh bd phdn
cdu thdnh an sinh xd hpi bao gdm chin
ndi dung: (1) Hd thdng cham sdc y td: (2)
He thdng trp cap dm dau; (3) Trp cap thai
nghidp: (4) He thdng trp cap tudi gia; (5)
Trp cap tai nan lao ddng hoac benh nghd
nghiep: (6) Tra cap gia dinh; (7) Tra cap
thai san; (8) He thdng trp cdp cho linh trang
khdng tu cham sdc duoc ban than (Iro cap
tan tgt); (9) Trp cap lidn tudt Dong thdi,
ILO cung khuyen nghj cdc nudc thanh
vien phdi thuc hi?n it nhdt ba trong chin
npi dung ndi trdn trong ba chd dp thi il
nhdt cd mpt chd dp Id: Trp cap that nghiep
(3) Trp cap tudi gid (4) Trp cap lai ngn Iao
dpng bdnh nghe nghiep (5J Trp cap tan
tat (8) vd Irp cdp tidn tudt (9)
Ngan hang The gidi (WB) thi cho rang "an sinh xa hdi Id nhirng bidn phdp cdng cdng nhdm giiip cho cdc ca nhan hp gia dinh vd cpng ddng duong ddu vd kidm che dupc nguy co tdc dpng ddn Ihu nhap nhdm giam tinh dd bi tdn thuang vd nhChig bap bdnh thu nhdp Trdn co sd do dd cho
hp gia dinh vd cdng dong dd bi ton thuong
cd the hgn chd vd iam giam cac tac ddng lieu cue bdng nhidu bidn phap cdng cpng khac nhau"
Hidp hdi An sinh Xa hpi Quoc td (ISSA) thi dua ra mdt dinh nghTa tuong ddi han hep hon vd an sinh xd hpi ISSA quan nidm ring day khdng chi la phdn vi?c cua nha nudc ma thuc ra dd la "nhftng chuang trinh bao hp xa hdi do nha nudc thidl lap, hogc nhimg td chiic dupc tiy nhidm khac, (cd chiic ndng) cung ung cho cac ca nhan mdt miic dp an todn ve thu nhdp vd ddi sdng khi hp phdi ddi dipn vdi nhimg hoan canh bat trdc do tudi gia do mat kha ndng do tan tat, thdt nghiep hoac do pbai nudi dgy con cai Nd cung cd the cung iing quydn dupc hudng sy cham sdc y td - chfta trj hay phdng ngua bdnh Cgt" Theo ISSA an sinb xa hdi bao gdm: cac chuong trinh bdo hidm xd hpi, cac chuong trinh trp giiip xa hdi cac chuong trinh phd qudl (universal programmes), cac chuang trinh hiong trp (mutual benefit schemes), cac quy dy phdng quoc gia (natiwial provident funds), vd nhftng chuang trinh khac trong do ke ca nhihig chuang trinh mang tinh thuang mal Ngan hdng Phat trien chau A (ADB) quan nidm rang "an sinh xd hpi Id mdt he thdng chfnh sach cdng nhdm gidm nhe tac dpng bat lpi cua nhftng bidn ddng ddi vdi cdc hp gia dinh va cd nhan" Chimg tdi nhgn thdy rdng dinh nghia nay nhdn manh den tinh-de bi ton diuang cua con ngudi ndu khdng cd an sinh xd hdi Day la each dinh nghia khac vd an sinh xd hpi cd ndi hdm ddng ihugn vdi dinh nghTa cua Ngan hang The gidi nhu chiing ldi da neu d trdn
Trang 5Tli ndi hdm cua nhiing quan nidm
khac nhau ve an sinh xd hdi nbu da ndu d
trdn chiing tdi nhdn thdy cd mdt sd diem
chung ciia nhthig djnb ngbia trdn Id: ddu cd
dd cap den vai trd ciia nhd nudc cung nhu
nhirng ca quan ngodi nha nudc trong vipc
thuc hien nhipm vu bdo dam dap ling dupc
nhung nhu cau co ban nhat cua ngudi dan
(khdng cd su pban bidt vd ddi tupng dan
cu) vdi mye tidu Id lam sao cho mpi ngudi
dan cd dupc mpt cudc sdng dang hoang, tii
te, xung ddng vdi phdm gia con ngudi He
thdng ndy bao gdm cdc ITnh vuc nhu: giao
due y te viec lam nhd d, bao hidm xa hdi
bao hiem y te cac chinh sdch trp giup xd
hpi (ho trp nhiing tdng ldp ngheo vd khd
khdn ) vd cac chinh sach cuu tro xd hpi
(ciiu trp thidn tai, dich bdnh ) Cung trong
phgm vi bai vidt nay vdi khdch the la Iao
dpng di dan cd sy da dang vd phong phii
ndn chiing tdi chi gidi hgn bdi phdn tich
cua minh vdo nhdm ddi tuong cdng nhan
di ddnhien dang Idm vide tgi nhung khu
cdng nghidp - khu che xuat
3 Di dSn nong thon-thanb thi vua
la d$ng luc thiic day, vira la ket qua ciia
sy phat tridn kinh te - xii hdi
Kd tCr khi budc vao cdng cupc ddi
mdi (1986), Viet Nam da chiing kidn
nhiing ludng sdng di ddn ndng thdn-thdnh
thj vdi nhieu nhung muc dich khdc nhau
Qua trinh doi mdi chinh Id chdt xiic ldc
cho ddng di cu trong nudc gia tang, nguai
dan dupc tu do di chuydn khdt noi d cda
minh Theo bdo cao ciia Tdng cpe thdng
kd (2001) tjii di dan dd tang mdt phdn ba
trong giai doan tundm 1989 ddn ndm 1999
Didu tra dan sd va nha d ndm 1999 cho
thdy gdn 4,5 trieu ngudi (khodng 6,5 ddn
sd) trong dan sd trdn ndm tudi da thay ddi
noi cu tru trong thdi gian tir ndm 1994 ddn
ndm 1999 Xu hudmg di dan ra thanh thi
chidm den 53% trong tdng sd cac cupc di
cu chu ydu Id di cu ddn Ha Npi vd Thdnh
phd Hd Chi Minh (Tdng cue thdng kd va
UNDP, 2001) Ben cgnh do, chinh viec
phdt tridn khdng ddng ddu giua cdc vimg midn cung nhu su chenh Idch vd didu kipn song cung la dpng lyc khidn ngudi dan di
cu Di cu trong nudc cting da gdp phan ldn vao sy phat tridn kinb te xd bdi thdng qua qua trinh djcb chu\ dn Iao dpng nhdm dap ling nhu cdu lao dpng Irong cac khu cdng nghi?p - khu cbd xuat vd dac biet Id trong nhung khu vyc cd von ddu tu tryc tidp tii nudc ngoai Ben canh do di cu cung la mdt trong nhiing phuang each nhdm gia tdng vd thu nhap, muc song cung nhu gdp phdn ho trp cho vi^c phdt tridn kinh td tgi nhimg vung ndng thdn cdn nhidu khd khdn Theo Le Bach Duong vd Khudt Thu Hdng (2008) thi nhCbig dpng lyc ciia di ddn ndng thdn - thdnh thi chu yeu thdng qua ba ca cdu quan trpng sau day;
" -Thii nhdt: sy giai the cua hdu hdt cdc hop lac xa ndng nghiep thay thd bang ca chd khodn h0 da giai phdng ngudi ndng dan khdi Id thupe vao ddt dai ddng thdi nhung thay ddi nay lai cang lam cho vdn
de du thira lao dpng tai ndng thdn ngdy
cang trd ndn udm trpng han ' Thir hai: vide gd bd nhftng rdo can ddi vdi khu vyc kinh td tu nhdn dd tgo ra dpng lyc cho vide tgp trung vdn, ldm gia tang sy khdc biet gifta cac vimg midn trong tang trudng kinh te vd nhu cdu vd lao dpng tgi ddy ciing tdng theo ' Thii ba: vide xdi bd he thdng bao cdp
da lam gidm dang kd chiic ndng vd tdm quan trpng ciia he thdng hd khdu v6n la cong cu chu ydu nha nudc diing dd quan
ly di cu
4 Nhong dong gdp ve phat tridn kinh te cua lao dpng cong nhSn luon ty
le ngh|ch vdi an sinh sa bpi ma bp du^c tfau hirdng
Lao ddng di dan ndng thdn - thanh till trdn thyc td da cd nhftng ddng gdp rat quan trpng cho sy phat tridn vd mat kinh
te Nhidu nhdm di ddn ndng thon - thanh thi vdi nhidu nhdm trinh dp cung nhu tay nghd khdc nhau Iudn Id ddng Iuc cho vipc
Trang 6thuc ddy phdt tridn kinh Id tai cdc do thi
Ciing chinh nhiing nhdm di dan nay la
ngudn bd sung vd lyc lupng lao draig vd
ddy cung chinh la Ipi thd cgnh tranh n h ^
thu hut vdn ddu tu ciia nhftrng quoc gia dang
phat tridn nhu \^et Nam Bao (ao "Mdi
trudng khu cdr^ nghiep Viet Nam" (2006)
cho thay rdng " ^ i cac khu cdng nghiep hien
nay cd ddn 70% lao ddng nhap cu trong do
cd hon 60% la Iao ddng nft Trong 18 ndm
qua cdc khu cdng nghidp (KCN) ddng vai
trd quan Irpng trong hinh thanh lyc Iupng
cdng nghidp manh cho phdt tridn kinh td
ddt nudc Nam 2008, tdng gia di san xudt
cdng nghiep ciia cac KCN dgt 33.2 ty dd
la My (USD) (chidm 38% tdng sdn phdm
ndi dja (GDP) ca nudc)" (Bd Tai r^uyen
va Mdi trudng, 2009, tr.l3) Tai thanh phd
Hd Chi Minh, tft ddu thdp nidn 1990 ddn
nay, ngudi di dan ty do chinh la ngudn cung
iing lao dOng quan trpng cho nhu cau cdp
bach ciia cac xl nghidp vd cdc cdng trinh
xay dung md ra ngdy cang nhieu va do dd
hdn nhidn hp ddng gdp khdng nhd vao GDP
cua thanh phd Theo Sd Lao ddng, Thuang
binh vd Xa hpi thi hang ndm thi Irudng Iao
dpng TPHCM cdn cd thdm khoang 200,000
ngudi, Irong khi sd ngudi lao dpng ciia
thdnh phd chi dat khoang 160,000 ngudi,
chd thidu hut ndy la do lyc lupng dl ddn ty
do dap img (Theo Sdi Gdn Gidi Phdng thu
bay ngay 26-6-2004, tr.5) Trong luih vyc
cdng nghidp, theo bdo cao ciia Sd Lao dpng,
Thuong binh va Xa hdi thanh pho Hd Chi
Minh (sd lieu thang 8-2006) cho thdy rdng
tdng sd iao dpng cdng nhan dang lam vi|c
trong cac doanh nghidp Id 1.345.343 nguoL
Trdn thyc te cdng nhan vd cdng nghi?p cua
thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ddng gdp khoang
gdn 60% GDP ciia thanh phd Gdn 1.3 tri?u
lao d^ng cdng nghiep va dich vu cdng
nghidp dang tgo ra gia tri tuong ducmg vdi
gid tri md khoang ndm tridu ddn cu cdn lai
tgo ra nhung lgi cd den 70% cdng nhdn phdi
sdng dudi muc binb thudng cua ddn cu tai
day (Nguydn An Ninh, 2007, tr 124,125)
Tuy cd nhiing ddng gdp rat Idn cho vide phdt trien kinh te tgi cac trung tdm do thi Idn ciia ca nudc nbung lao dpng di ddn lai nhan dupc rdt it nhting uu dai vd mgt an sinh xa hpi Ndm 2003, Uy ban an todn vd
An ninh con ngudi da dua ra nhiing canh bao vd nhimg tdn thuong xa hdi dang ngdy cang tdng tu nhiing riii ro ciia di cu Uy ban ciing luu y rang tai Viet Nam vd tat ca cdc nudc trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A, khi bao trp x3 hpi va mgng ludi xd hdi an toan xudng thap thi nhimg nhdm di cu chinh la nhimg ngudi hi chju thidt tbdi nhidu nhat (Uy ban an ninh con ngudi, 2003 dan Igi theo Khudt Thu Hdng 2008, tr.36) Ben canh vipc cd co hpi vide lam vd thu nhap cao ban so vdi khu vyc ndng thdn Iao dpng cdng nhan di cu ra thdnh thi phai ddi mdt vdi nhidu nii ro, thach thiic vd thuang tdn Ngudi di ddn phdi ty minh trang trai todn bd nhftng chi phi lien quan d»i hogt dpng di cu, tat cd chi dya vao duy nhdt Id ddng luong ma hp kiem dupc tai thanh phd Ciing do luong thap vd cdng vide bdp bdnh ndn nhidu lao dpng di ddn khdng thd trang trai bet cac chi phi, ban chd ve thu hudng cac dich vu ca ban ciia cudc song, khdng dupc khdm sue khde, nhihig riii ro
vd vide mdt vipc lam, thu nhgp thap, khong
cd chd d on dinh hay didu kidn dn d khdng tdt chfnh la nhung riii ro tidm tdng ddi vdi ngudi di ddn Mac dii la nhung tac nhdn cbinh tao ra ddng lyc cho phat tridn kinh
td, lam lpi cho doanh nghi?p nhung lao ddng di dan lai nhdn rat it nhftng phiic Ipi
do chinh doanh nghidp mang Igi Nhidu cdng trinh nghien ciiu da danh ddng den vide doanh nghidp thieu trach nhidm ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng nhu khdng ky hop ddng lao dpng, khdng ddng bdo bion that nghidp, bao hiem tai ngn cho ngudi lao ddng (Actioii Aid 2005) Mat khac, mai thu hiit ddu tu, khdng it cdp chinh quydn khdng chii trpng thda dang den quyen lpi cua ngudi Iao ddng Mudn bdo vd quyen loi ngudi lao dpng nhung khdng mudn
Trang 7anh hudng den chinh sdch thu hut dau tu
Khdng it cac doanh nghiep vi pham B6
ludt Lao dpng chua bi xu ly Theo Bd Lao
ddng - Thuang binh va Xd hdi tai Binh
Duong, 19% so lao ddng chua dupc ky
hpp ddng lao dpng bdng vdn ban; con sd
nay d Bac Ninh Id 65.97% (Tgp chi cdng
san, 27/11/2009) Vide Ihieu vdng nhung
khudn khd phdp Iy qui dinh ro rdng trach
nhiem xa hpi ciia doanh nghiep vdi ngudi
lao ddng ciing nhu xii ly nhftng vi pham da
gay ndn he qua la hdu nhu doanh nghi?p
deu dung ngoai trong vide cham lo ve phiic
lpi cho ngudi lao ddng Vdi nha nudc bdo
cdo cua Lien Hidp Qude vdi tdn gpi "£>/
cu trong nudc-vd phdt triin kinh te xd hdi
a Viet Nam: keu ggi hdnh ddng'' (2010)
dd phdn lich nhftng nguyen nhan gay cdn
ird cho vide tidp can vdi cac dich vu xd
hpi ciia lao dpng di dan Theo bao cao ndy
chinh he thong ddng ky hp khdu la nguyen
nhan gdy ndn tinh trgng trdn Bdo cao ndy
kdt ludn rdng "Hp th6ng ddng ky hd klidu d
Viet Nam da bpe Id nhu mdi rao can \d the
che, ddng thdi da va dang hgn che su tidp
can cua ngudi di cu ldi cdc dpch vu ca ban
va cac dich vu hd trp ddc biet ciia Chinh
phii di ngupc tgi vdi cdc quydn quy dinh
Irong Hidn phap Vidl Nam cho hp va cho
tat cd cac cdng ddn khdc Thdng thudng
nbung ngudi ddn di cu ddc bidt cdn cac
djch vu xa bpi lgi thirdng Id nhung ngudi
bi bd qua, do cac dgc didm yeu the ve xd
hpi vd kinh td lidn quan tdi tinh Irang di cu
ciia hp" (Lien Hidp Qude 2010, tr.7.8)
Trong bdi canh duoc thu hudng rdi
it nhiing phuc Ipi bi nha nudc va doanh
ngbiep vgy cdng nban di dan dua vao
nhftng thidt chd nao de ldn tgi vd sinh sdng
lai cac trung tam dd thi Nhidu cdng trinh
nghidn cuu da chi ra rdng chinh mgng ludi
xa hpi vd he thdng than tdc la ngudn hd
irp Idn nhat ve mat phiic lpi cho hp Xet
ve mat cdu true, mgng ludi xd hpi ciia lao
ddng cdng nhdn thudng cd cdu tnic khep
kin va ciing chi bao gom nhftng ngudi cd
ciing thdn phgn hogc hoan canh nhu nhau Chiing tdi cho rdng chinb mang ludi xd hpi vd he thdng than tdc la mpi trong nhftng ddng luc din ddn hidn tupng di dan tu ndng thdn ra thdnh thj Mat khdc mdi quan he than ipc ciing chinh Id "chide phao" hd trp cho lao ddng cdng nhdn vd mat ddi sdng cung nliu ddi phd vdi nhftng nii ro tgi cac do thj irong bdi cdnh sy hd trp ctia nha nudc vd doanh nghiep cdn nhieu hgn chd
Chiing ldi cho rang, bat binh ddng ldn nhat ddi vdi lao ddng cdng nhdn chinh
la sir tuong phan gifta nhiing ddng gdp ciia hp ddi vdi phai trien kinh ic va nhftng phijc Ipi xd hdi ma hp duac nhdn Cu thd bdt binh ddng didn ra khi chinh nhftng ngudi tryc tidp thu hudng thanh qua lao ddng cua cong nhan di ddn lai dam nhgn rat il trach nhiem chdm lo vd phiic lpi Bdt binh ddng cung dien ra khi chinh nhftng dia phuang cd khu cdng nghidp ludn b; xung dot gifta muc tieu phai irldn kinh
te vdi chdm lo cho lao ddng di ddn Xa han nfta Id nhung chinh sach ve mat lu^t phdp lan khudn khd phap ly ctia nha nude vdn chua cd nhftng ddng thai cu thd nhdm ihay ddi thuc tgi xa hdi Vdi lao dpng di dan chide "phao" cuu sinh danh cho hp trong dieu kien hien nay chinb la he tbdng than tpc la mang ludi xa hot ciia nhiing ngudi Cling canh ngd nhu nhau
5 f)am bao quyen dupc huo'ng
an sinh xa hpi ciia lao ddng cong nhan
la dam bao cho qua trinh phat trien ben vung ctia chinh doanh nghiep, dja phtrong va dat nirdc
An sinh xa hdi cho chinh nhiing ngudi di cu la gdp phan vao vice nudi dirdng duy tri va pbai trien lyc lupng lao ddng "NhCrng bien.phap han che di dan bang each dd hp tra gia cao cho nhftng dich vu xd hpi dd danh vao gid trj kinh tc
va lpi ich ciia vi?c di cu md le ra hp phai dupc hudng" (Le Bgch Duong vd cdng
su 2005 tr 122) Ciing vdi Ide dd gia tdng
Trang 8ngudi nhdp cu vide tidp tuc loai tru nhung
ngudi Iao dpng di dan ra khdi nhirng dich
vu CO ban cd thd se la nguyen nhdn cua
nhirng vdn dd nghiem trpng d nhung dd
thi Idn Bdn canh dd ndu klidng cd nhiimg
chinh sach hd trp cho ngudi nhdp cu ihi
muc tidu di dan nham thodi ngheo cua
ngudi ndng dan se khd thdnh hien thuc khi
thyc te tgi nhimg dd thi ldn thi cudc sdng
cua hp ciing khdng khd ban may Cd kbi
nhung lao dpng ndy lgi bj day vdo dpi ngii
nhung ngudi "ngheo dd thi"
Nhu chiing tdi dd phan tich d trdn
vice dn dinh vc mal kinh te ciia mpt doanh
nghiep quoc gia chi dupc dam bao khi ddi
sdng ciia chinh nhftng ngudi lam ra nhftng
(hanh qua ay dupc bao vd Hidn lupng dinh
cdng' ciia cdng nhdn trong ihdi gian qua
lai nhidu khu cdng nghiep chinh la he qua
ciia vi?c nhftng quydn lpi co ban nhat ctia
cong nhdn di dan bi tude doat hoac khdng
duac bao vd Khi dinh cdng xay ra thict
hai vd mat kinh Id khdng chi ddi vdi ngudi
cdng nhdn ma cdn ddi vdi chinh doanh
nghidp ddt nudc Mat khac vice dam bao
cho ngudi lao ddng duoc hudng nhung Ipi
ich thidl thyc tir an sinh xa hdi st? tao nen
y thuc lam viec Idt hon ngudi lao ddng
se gan bd vdi doanh nghidp va tan tam
lao ddng vi lpi ich ciia doanh nghidp Chi
khi nao ngudi Iao dpng hoan loan ydn tam
ve nhirng gi hp dupc nhgn thdng qua cac
chinh sdch danh cho minh thi liic dd mdi
quan he gifta phat tridn kinh td vd an sinh
xa hpi mdi dupc thyc thi mdt each diing
nghia Mat khdc dam bdo an sinh xa hpi
cho lao ddng di ddn se mdi Ian nfta khang
dinh su tdn irpng vd nhung quyen ca ban
nhdt cua ngudi lao d^ng trong xa hpi van
minh hidn dai bdi vi xei mdi each sau xa
thi "muc tieu cua sir phdt irien khdng phai
Id lao Ihem nhieu "vdl phdm " hdng hda
dich vu md la ldm tdng ndng lire ciia con ngudi di sdng mgt cugc sdng ddy du vd hgnh phac " (Amartva Sen 1990)
Chiing tdi cho rang, nba nudc ddng vai tro quan trpng nhal trong vide thuc hidn chinh sach cung nhu huy ddng su tham gta ciia cac thidt chd khac trong viec chdm Io
ve an sinh xd hdi cho lao ddng cong nhdn
di dan Theo Bui Dinh Thanh thi : "Mgt dieu cdn nhdn mgnh Id bdn thdn kinh te thi trirdng khong tir dgng ddm hdo cho cdng bang xd hgi Phdi cd nhfrng diiu liet ciia
xd hdi thdng qua nhd mrdc de pban phdi lgi nhfrng kit qud hogt ddng kinh le theo hirdng bdo ddm cdng bdng xd hdi Khdng the ddng y vdi quan niim cho rdng neu coi trong cdng bdng xd hgi fhi khd long tap trung cdc ngudn lire bin trong vd ben ngodi di phdt trien kinh ti, Xet ve ngdn han thi cd the nhir vdy nhuiig niu xet theo Iriin vgng Idu ddi ihi quan niim ndy rdt co hgi Theo l\r dw kinh te mai, ddu tir cho cdc lmh vuc xd hoi cung Id tnrc tiep ddu tu cho kinh ti nhdt Id xet theo triin vgng ddi hgn"(Bill Dinh Ihanh 2004 tr.48)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 ActionAid Vidl Nam 2005 "Bdo cdo tdng hgp nghien cuu: Ngirdi lao dgng nhdp ctr a Viit Nam "
2 Amarlya Sen 1990 "Development
as Capability Expansion", trong
Keith Griffin va John Knight, ddng chu bidn Human Development and the International Development Strat-egy for the 1990s, London Macmil-lan
3 Bao cao phat trien Viet nam 2008
"Bdo tra xd hdi", Bdo cao chung cac
nha tai u p tgi hdi nghi nhom tu vdn cac nhd tdi trp cho Vidl nam Ha Npi ngay 6 va 7 thdng 12/2007
"Iheo Tliong ii ma fliJ Luo dfing - Thimng Hinh vatShoi lii ihanf 1-1995 dtn lining S-^OtHi i-a nin'rc i n m / / " / utk dinh c'rJ/i.e hinb qnan 9S t, npc nam (} llianh pliA Hii Clii Kfirth chi Inmg 2 nauv lir l3-2-2'lli6 den t^-2-2lllH> du \ar MI /i L iirk Jinh trin,? Tmnt! ntlm 2W, jmi ro 5Jt cu^ finh Cling tr 2-1 nnh thiinh xth licrn iSO (Hin lint! nginii ihani gia 1)1(1 f>hiirmg\,iy ui
„hicu nhcit lu Binh Ditong (216 tudcj- D6ng \ u , Il23i:i,6ci 1 lionh fihd H6 Ctii Minh (III) LIIOCJ vd 92unitui.di diu pliimng
Trang 94 Bp Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng
2009 '^Mdi trudng khu cdng nghidp
Viil l^om "
5 Bui Dinh Thanh, 2004, " Xa hdi hgc
vd chinh sdch xd hgi", Ha Npi NXB
Khoa hoc xa hpi
6 Nguydn Thanh Liem, Ddng Nguydn
Anh, 2006, "Mdy vdn di vi bdo trg
xd hgi tgi Viit Nam nhin duai gdc dg
nhdn khdu hgc " Tap chi xd hpi hpe
sd 1(93)
7 Hoang Phd, 1997, "7"(> diin tiing
Viet", Vipn ngdn ngft, trung tam tii
didn hpe Ha Npi
8 Le Bgch Duong, Khudt Thu Hdng,
2008 '*Di ddn vd bdo frg xd hgi a
Viit Nam trong th&i ^ - qud do sang
kinh te thi trudng", Nha xuat ban
thd gidi
9 Nguydn An Ninh, 2007 "Vi xu
hudng cdng nhdn hda a nudc ta hiin
nay", NXB chinh tri qude gia
10 Nguyen Hftu Dung 2008, ^'Phdt
frien kinh ti thi trudng dinh hirdng
xd hgi chu nghta vd thuc hien chinh
sdch an sinh xa hgi a nu&c ta " tap
chi Dang C^ng Sdn s6 11(155),
11 Tap chi Dang cpng san Viet Nam,
2009, ''Thdy gi qua cdc vu dinh cong
ciia cong nhdn frong nhirng ndm gdn
day", truy cgp ngay 27/11/2009
12 Tdng cue thdng kd vd L'NDP 2001,
"Bdo cdo ve di cu not dfa vd do thi hoa a Viet Nam ", NXB thdng ke
13 Trdn Hai Hac 2008 "Tdng truang
vi ngu&i ngheo' : World Bank vd 'cdu chuyen thdnh cdng' cua Viit Nam", Tap chi Thdi dai mdi sd 14
(wTvw.tapchithoidat.org)
14 Trdn Hftu Quang 2009 ''Phdc Igri
xd hdi trin the giai.quan niim vd phdn logi" Tap chi khoa hoc xa hpi
sd 4 ( 1 2 8 )
15 Trdn Hftu Quang, 2009 "Me thdng phuc lgi a ihdnh phd Hd Chi Minh vdi muc tieu tiin bg vd cdng bdng
xd hgi" Vien nghien ciiu phat tridn
thanh phd HCM than phuc trinh dd tdi nghien cuu)
16 Trjnh Duy Luan, 2006 ''Gdp phdn xdy dung hi thdng an sinh xd hgi long thi a mr&c ta hien nay\ Tgp chi
Xdhpi hpe, sd I, trang 3-13
17 Trung tam Khoa hoc Xd hdi vd Nhan
van quoc gia 1999 "Phdt triin cgn nguai- tu quan diem din chien luge hdnh dgng", NXB chinh tri quoc gia
18 Vd Van Kiet, 2008 'Dimg di nguai ngheo bi ggt ra ben le, Tudi
Tre, 12 Ihang 4