Tir tong - tich hop cdc ly thuyet ve phan tang xa hpi den vifc dira ra nhirng kien giai mdi ve "phan tang xa hpi hprp thirc" va "khong hprp thirc" Trong lich sir xa hpi hpc da timg tfin
Trang 1PHAN TANG XA HOI HOP THU'C TlT SU TONG TICH HOP CAC LY THUYET XA HOI HOC PHU'ONG TAY VA
MOT SO GOI MO VE CONG BANG XA HOI
NGUYEN DINH TAN*
1 Tir tong - tich hop cdc ly thuyet ve phan tang xa hpi den vifc dira ra nhirng kien giai mdi ve "phan tang xa hpi hprp thirc" va "khong hprp thirc"
Trong lich sir xa hpi hpc da timg tfin tai 3 each kiln giai khae nhau vl phan ting x3 hpi (PTXH): edeh kien giai cua nhimg ngudi theo thuylt chiic nang, nhung ngudi theo thuyet xung dpt va nhihig ngudi theo thuylt dung hoa
Nhthig ngudi theo thuylt ehiie nang eho ring phan tang xa hOi vd bit binh ding xd
hpi la nhihig hipn tupng phd bien, tat yeu khong the trdnh khfii trong xa hpi loai ngudi
Hien tupng nay tfin tgi trong qud khir va se eon tiep tuc tfin tai nhu mpt net nfii bat trong
xa hpi hipn dgi trong tuong lai Theo hp, phan tang xd hpi va bat binh ding xa hpi thyc hien mpt chiic nang can thiet va tich cue trong xd hpi Hai dai bieu ciia thuylt chirc nSng
la Davis vd Moore cho rdng "sy bat binh dang xd hpi la mfit di san ma nhd vdo do xa h^i bdo dam nhiing dja vi quan trpng nhat phai do nhihig ngudi cd tdi ndng nhdt dam nhi?m mpt cdch cd y thiic Tir dd moi mfit xa hfii bdt ke dan gidn hay phirc tap, phai khiln cho eon ngufii khae biet nhau ve mdt uy tin va tin nhipm, do dd ma phai cd mpt sfi bat binh dang dupe thiet ehe hda" Vdi tu cdch la mfit co che van dflng, mpt xS hfii nhu the ndo dd phdi phan efing nhung thdnh vien eiia minh vao ede dia vi xd hpi va khien hp thyc hi?n nhung bfin phdn d cde dia vi do Vgy thi mpt cdch khflng trdnh khfii, mpt xd hfii phai cd each ndo do de phan phfli nhung phan thudng khae nhau tiiy theo dia vi Nhiing phin thuong va sy phdn phfii chung trd thanh mpt bp phdn ciia trat ty xd hpi va nhu vgy ldm nfii len sy phan tang" (Bilton va cdc cpng su, 1993)
Theo quan niem nay, phan ting xa hpi va bit binh dang xa hpi cd tinh chiic nang,
nd la tich eye vd khfing trdnh khdi trong eac ehe dfi xa hpi loai ngudi Cd thi tdm tit nhiing y tuong ehinh eua cdc kien gidi nay nhu sau:
Trong xa hpi cd mpt sfi dia vj xet ve mat chirc nang la quan trpng hon nhiing dja
vi khde Dd la nhiing dja vi then ehfit trong xa hpi va de ddm nhiem nhirng nhiem vy do phai ed nhihig ngudi cd nhiing tai nang va ky ndng dae biet phii hpp
Khfing phdi bat cir ai trong xa hfii ciing diu cd tai ndng hay ky nang dae bi?t dl ddm nhipm nhihig vj thi, vai tro nhat dinh trong xd hpi
Trang 2DS CO nhung ky nang dac biet do, ngucri ta phai trai qua nhihig khoi h<jc t^p,
hujn luyen di co du trinh do diing vao nhung dia vi cao mpt khi nguM ta se nhan dugc
nhung loi ich xung dang gan voi dia vi ma ho se d ^ n h ^ khi thanh dat
Do v4y cSn thijt phai thijt chl hoa chi do phan phoi Igd ich bat binh ding mgt
each phu hgp voi nhiing thang bac trong xa hgi
Nhimg nguoi theo thuylt ximg dpt cho rang, do su khan hiem cac nguon l\rc, s\r
phan eong lao dgng xa hpi va bit binh dJng trong phan b6 ngu6n lire, quyln \\fc nen giiia
cdc ca nhan, cac nhom xa hgi luon nam trong tinh trang xung dpt, canh tranh lpi ich Theo Ralf Dahrendorf, chinh su phan chia quyen luc trong xa hgi theo nguyen tic "ke co nguiri khong" da lam cho xa hgi phan chia thanh cac giai cap Ong cho rang, phan tang xa hgi bat nguin tir s\r phan chia quyln luc, true tiep la vi tri xa hgi
Marx duoc cac nha xa hgi hpc phuang Tay xIp vao mgt trong nhiing ngucri djt nin tang kinh diln cho ly thuylt xung dot (Gunter Endruweit, 1999) Ong "da tao ra dupe truyen thing theo ly thuylt ximg dot trong ly thuyet xa h6i nha khai ni?m dau tranh giai
cap va mau thuan xa hpi"' Ong cho rang, sa hiiu tu nhan ve tu li?u san xuat vk phSn cong
lao dpng xa hpi la nhimg nguon goc chinh cua phan tang xa hpi (K.Mdc va F.Engels, 1995) Phan tdng xa hgi lien quan true tiep den su bat binh dang giai cap, tire la lien quan
tdi dja vi cua hg trong kinh te, ma c6t loi la chl dg sd hiiu tu nhan vl tu li?u s ^ xuat
Theo ong, quan h$ so hiiu tu nhan ve tu li?u san xuat la dau hi?u ca ban nhat cua PTXH
vk dau tranh giai cap nham xoa bo nhiing mau thuan, xung dot trong nhting quan h? sd
hiiu, tir do tao dieu kien cho luc lupng san xuat phat trien chinh la nguin glc, dgng l\rc thiic day sy: phat trien cua lich sir trong xa hgi cd giai d p (Endruweit va Trommdorff, 1999:891)
Nhting nguai theo thuylt xung dot da phe phan mpt each gay git thuylt ehiic nSng
ve phan tang xa hgi Theo hp, lap luan eua nhiing ngudi theo thuyet chiic nang cho ring
phan ting xa hgi la mgt hien tugng tich cue, mang tinh chuc nang va can thilt cho s<f ton t?i cua xa hgi, th\fc chit la su "phan ehiic nang" (Dysfunctional)
Tunin - mpt dai bieu cua thuylt xung dot cho ring, "chinh tu than h^ thing phSn tang da han che su phat trien cae thanh vien cd tai nang tilm tang 6 nhiing ting dudi" (Bilton va cac epng su, 1993: 62)
Su phan phoi khdng dong diu cua eai trong xa hpi phan ting da khiln cho nhiing k6
cd ciia, cd djc quyen dupe hudng nhiing lpi ich dl dai trong giao due dl phat triln tai nang, trong khi ciing liic dd lai lam cho nhiing nguai dudi day bi bit lgi Sv thilt chl hoi che dp bat binh dang da duy tri trat tu cd lgi cho nguai giau va chong lai nhiing ngudi ngheo Nhu vay, xa hpi phan ting da khong sii dimg hit nguon tai nSng m^t each cd hi?u qua, day du Nd lam han chl tu do cua ting ldp ben dudi va lam tich ty them, gay gjt them nhiing xung dot va bit binh xa hpi
Gunter Endruweit (chu bien) 1999 Cac ly Ihuyet xa hQi hoc Men dat Nxb ThS giii H i NOi Chii giSi
*'!"; T™"* ""'^^' """8 ilpt CO rat nhiiu d?i bieu khae nhau, Marx chi 14 m{t trong c4c dji bleu v4i mOt
Trang 3Hon niia, trong xd hpi phdn tdng, mpt sfi ngudi nhan dupe nhiing lpi ich khfing phdi tryc tiep do tdi nang hay tam quan trpng trong chiic nang, ma lai chu yeu do ddng doi O day, su thua ke tdi sdn cua ddng doi de lai nhimg lpi the ve mat vat ehdt vd xd hpi la mfit trong nhOng nhdn tfi efit iSi de duy tri sy bit binh ding
Ly thuyet chiic ndng ciing sai sdt khi "dat" sy phdn tang ed tinh tieu ehudn va vdn hod trong mpt cai khung bat binh dang vat chit cu thi Hp da khfing tinh tdi sy Ip thupc phfl bien eua yeu tfi quyen lyc Uy tin dd chi cfi the cd dupe thong qua nhflng ldp ddo tao
ma chi d nhiing ngudi "cd ciia" mdi eo du tiln bac dl chi phi vd ITnh hfii
Lenski, mpt dgi bieu cua thuyet dimg hfia, cho rang, trong xa hpi lufin ed nhirng d0ng CO thfii thuc ngudi ta chiem giii cdc vi tri xd hpi, dfing thdi eiing diln ra cdc qud trinh mau thuan, xung dot vd tranh gianh quyln thfing tri
Max Weber dua ra nguyen tie nghien ciiu "ba chilu" vl phan ting xd hfii Ong dd tach mpt lugn diem ve giai cap thanh ba phan rieng biet, song cd quan he tac dpng mat thiet qua lgi vdi nhau Dd la dia vi kinh te hay tdi sdn; dia vi chinh tri hay quyln luc, dia
vi xa hpi hay uy tin Ong khfing thira nhan quan niem cho ring chi co quan hp kinh te Id yeu tfi duy nhat gidi thieh edu tnie xa hfii va la dpng luc ddu tien eiia mpi su thay dfii trong xa hpi Ong cho rdng, nhiing tu tudng tfln giao cd anh hudng dpc lap ve mat lich sir
vd Unh vyc chinh tri thuong Id luc luong kiem soat efit yeu nhung thay dfii eiia xd hfii Trong tieu luan "Giai edp, dia vi, ddng phdi", dng eho rang, bat binh dang trong xa hfli cd the khflng dua tren ca sd ciia nhiing quan he kinh te md tren uy tin hode quyln luc chinh tri dupe huy dfing thfing qua mfit ddng Ong ldy vi du, ddng cap la mpt hp thong phdn tdng
xd hpi phdn dnh mpt xd hfii bat binh dang khfing phdi true tiep dya tren ca sd kinh tl md tren nhung khde biet ddc biet ve dia vi eiia nhung nen tang va nghi thiic ton giao
Max Weber nhdn manh, quyen luc kinh te cd the Id ket qua tir su sd huu quyen lue tren cac nen tdng khde Dia vi xd hfii hay uy tin cd the xuat phdt tir quyen lyc kinh te, nhung ddy khfing phai la trudng hpp tat yeu Ong ddn ra trudng hpp nhd kinh doanh mdi giau len, song chua cd duac sy gido dye va van hoa can thiet de ndm dupe nhimg dia vi cao Tuong
tu nhu vgy, dia vj cao trong kinh te ed the dupe tao nen tren eo sd eua quyen luc ehinh tri
Ly thuyet tong quat ctia Marx ve phan ting xa hpi
Theo Tony Bilton vd eac dfing sy, Marx da cung cap cho xd hfii hpc va chinh tri hpc hipn dai mpt trong nhiing tiep can ly thuyet bao quat va manh me nhit dilu chdc ehdn la bat cir ly thuyet phan tang nao deu vay mupn ciia Marx each ly gidi vl giai cip ngay dii nhd xd hfii hpc dd ket thiic bdng each bdi bdc Marx Ly do Id d ehfi, hpc thuyet eua Marx
vl xd hpi chii yeu dya tren sy nghien eiiu cdc mfii quan he kinh te va cae quan he kinh tl nay Igi tao thanh nen tdng ciia giai cap Vdi Marx, mfii quan he giai cap la ehia khod ciia mpi mdt cua xa hpi Mpi xa hpi khfing cpng san deu Id xa hfli cd giai cap Mfii lpi kinh te, quyln lyc chinh trj va uy tin xa hfii, tat thdy diu bdt ngufin tir ciu tnic giai cip, eac giai cip do vupt qua ede nhdm thu nhdp, ehiing dupe tao ra theo eung caeh ma nin san xuat
Trang 4van minh, theo Marx la lich su ciia nhimg hinh thiic khae nhau ve su boc lot va thong tri giai eip Chinh hinh thiic thing tri giai cip quylt dinh tinh chit chung eiia toan bg cau true xa hgi" (Tony Bilton va cac cgng su, 1993: 56-57) Theo Marx, moi xa hgi deu bao ham su bdc lgt giai cip tren co sd nhiing quan he san xuit, ehinh cai nay ma Marx gpi 14 phuong thilc san xuit Chia khoa dl tim hilu mot xa hpi nhat dinh la kham pha ra trong
dd phirong thitc san xuit nao chilm mi thi Tilp do chiing ta bilt dugc md hinh ca ban ciia nhimg mil quan he xa hpi va chinh tri va co thi danh gia nhflng su xung dpt va nhiing tilm nang thay doi nao da dugc gin bd vai xa hgi
Ciing gidng nhu Weber, Marx danh gia nhiing net kinh te chu yeu cua he thdng phan ting xa hgi trong chii nghia tu ban la quyen sd hiiu tu nhan tu ban chu nghia (TBCN) vl tu lieu san xuit va nhihig thi trudng cho hang hoa va lao dgng Song su khae biet cdt ylu giua Marx va Weber la d chd: Marx nhan manh yeu td thii nhat va hudng su nghien eiiu vao con dudng xoa bo sd huu TBCN ve tu lieu xa hpi Cdn Weber l^i hudng trpng tam vao yeu td thi trudng va cho rang nguyen nhan dau tien eiia su bat binh ding trong chii nghTa tu ban la kha nang thi trudng, tire la nhirng ky nang ma ngudi iam thue mang ra tiii trudng lao dpng de trao ddi (mua va ban) Weber eiing ndi den ca may ddi sdng tuc la nhiing lgi the ma ngudi ta cd the cd dupe do thi trudng mang lai Nhiing ca may nay bao gdm thu nhap, phu cap, bao hiem va ed the thay dugc d cac giai cap khae nhau ciing nhu d chinh trong npi tai ciia moi giai cap
Nhiing su phan tich tren cua Weber tren thuc tl khdng cd gi ddi lap vdi quan niem ciia Marx ve giai cip Tuy nhien, su phan tich nay chua nhan m^uih mgt each thieh dang din ylu td sd huu tu nhan TBCN vl tu lieu san xuit Ro rang ring niu phan tich din cimg thi yeu td sd hiiu ve tu lieu san xuat ehinh la nhan tl cdt loi nhit ciia vin dl tai san ciia dja vi trong kinh te eua mdt giai cip nhit dinh
Song mat khae ciing phai thiy ring, su phan tich cua Max Weber cd tinh mim deo, nhieu chieu, uyin chuyin va tren thuc tl do la quan niem cd thi bd simg cho ly luan ciia Marx ve giai cap va phan tang xa hpi
Tony Bilton dimg khi dng ndi ring cd thi phdi hgp quan niem ciia Weber vdi quan ni$m cua Marx trong viec xem xet md hinh phan ting ba giai cip trong xa hdi TBCN hien nay (Bilton va eae cpng su, 1993: 56-57) Giai cip ldp tren gdm nhung chii sd hiiu cua cae phucmg tien san xuit rit lpi thi nhd cd cua; giai eip trung luu gdm nhiing ngudi
khdng lam chu tu lieu san xuit, ed co may ddi sdng nhd kha nang thi trudng tir cac kf
nang khdng phai chan tay; giai cip cdng nhan, khong sd hSu tu lieu san xuit, co may ddi sdng bat lgi do kha nang thi trudng tir cac ky nang chan tay; ting ldp ngheo, hit siic bit lpi trong CO may ddi sdng do dia vj ylu kem hay ben ll trong thi trudng lao dgng
Tren day la nhiing kien giai co ban cua eac nha xa hgi hgc trong lieh sii vl phin tSng xa hgi Chiing ta ed the thiy ring, cae each kiln giai do tuu trung diu xoay quanh vi$c d?t ra va tra ldi 3 cau hdi ldn: Mpt la, cau hdi vl ngudn gdc cua phan ting xa hgi?
Trang 5eho con ngudi? nfi Id "tfit" hay la "xiu"? nd cfi mflt ehiie ndng "tieh cue" hay "tieu eye"?
Ba la, chiing ta ein ed thai dp nhu thi nao doi vdi phan ting xd hpi? Chiing ta thira nhgn nfi, can thiet phai thilt chl hda nfi hay tim cdch xda bfi, md rpng hay thu hpp khodng edeh ciing nhu phgm vi tac dpng cua nd? Binh ludn ve dieu ndy, trudc het chiing ta het sire tran trpng vd ghi nhgn nhung no lyc to ldn eiia cdc nhd khoa hpc bdi hp da tich eye tim kiSm, lao dfing sang tgo, mang lai cho chung ta nhiing kien gidi quy gid de hfim nay chiing ta hpc hdi, nghien eiiu, phe phdn, ke thira Neu khfing efi ehiing, ehiing ta se khfing efi chat lieu de phan tich, "nhdo ndn" ra nhftng tri thiie moi
Tuy nhien, nhung kien gidi ndi tren cdn cd nhung hgn che nhat djnh Giite chiing eon ed nhieu sy khde biet, tham chi cd cho cdn cd su dfii Igp, mdu thuan nhau NhOng kien gidi ndy chua thyc sy thuyet phue ehiing ta, nd lam eho ehiing ta cdn nhung phan vdn, efi phan ngd vue vd dd nhieu thap ky qua eau hdi ve ban chat thyc su ciia phan tang
xa hfii van dupe dat ra nhu mpt "cau dfi lich sir", mfit "mon np" ve mat nhan thiic ly luan dfli vdi gidi khoa hpc ndi ehung, dfli vdi cac nhd xd hfii hpe noi rieng Van de ddt ra Id, vi sao nhiing hpe gid uyen bde dd dd ehua mang lgi cho chiing ta mpt cau trd ldi tudng minh, dli siie thuyet phue Theo suy nghT eiia chung tfii, cd nhieu Iy do song mpt trong cdc 1^ do
ve mgt logic ma ehiing ta ed the ehi ra dupe la boi vi cdc nha khoa hpc ndy da tra Idi true tiep eau hdi va da trd ldi m$t each "vo trdn" eau hdi ve phan tang xa hpi De khic phuc hay hda giai dieu nay ehiing ta can phai tra ldi mpt each gian tiep bdng cdch la tdch cdu hdi Idn ndi tren thanh cae cau hdi nhd va lan lupt tra ldi timg eau hdi (nhu tdc gid dd de cap d tren); hai Id, chiing ta phdi tien hdnh mot thao tde hda ve mat khdi niem, "taeh" khdi niem phan tang xa hfii ndi ehung thdnh 2 khdi niem bp phdn: "phan tdng xd hpi hpp thiie"
va "phan ting xa hpi khfing hpp thirc" (Nguyen Dinh Tdn, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2010) Hilu phdn ting xd hpi trong hien thyc khfing phdi "mpt ehieu", "don tuyen", ma Id "phiie tgp",
"dan kit" d trong nd cd 2 mdt "tfit" vd "xdu", "tich cyc" va "tieu cue" tiiy thupc d nguon gfic hinh thdnh va tac dpng cua ehiing den xa hfii Vdi sy phdn tich nhu vgy, phdn tdng xd hpi cd the dupe hinh thanh theo mpt logic ty nhien, tir sy khde nhau mfit edeh tu nhien ve ndng lue (the chat, tri tu?), tdi ndng, dire dp giiia cac ca nhan eiing nhu sy eflng hien, ddng gdp mpt edeh thyc te ciia moi ca nhdn, tfi chiic cho xa hpi; Ngudi nao cd ndng lye (the chit, tri tue), tdi ndng, due dp cao sS cd eo hpi duac sip xep vao nhiing vj tri xd hpi eao; dupe nhan ve minh nhiing thii lao (tien luong, tien thudng eao, dupe tin nhipm cao, tfin vinh eao; Nhiing ngudi cd ndng lyc (the chat, tri tue), tai ndng, diic dp trung binh se cd ca hpi dup^ sip xep vao nhiing vi tri xd hpi tnmg binh; dupe nhdn ve minh nhtrng thii lao (tiln lucmg, tien thudng) trung binh, dupe xd hfii tin nhiem va danh gid d miic trung binh Nhiing ngudi ndng lye (the ehat, tri tue thap), tdi ndng, diie dp thdp se duac sip xep vao nhung vj tri xd hpi thdp, dupe nhgn ve minh nhtmg thii lao (tien luang, tien thudng) thdp dupe xd hpi ddnh gid mfit cdch tuang ximg Phan tang xd hfli dang dupe ndi den, dupe gid dinh Id chua bi bien dgng, ehua cd sy can thiep bdi mpt "the lyc hie am" nao vao qua trinh hinh thanh nd; phan tang nhu vay dugc gpi la "phan ting xa hpi hpp thiie" Hieu theo nghia la mpt cau tnic tang bac dupe hinh thanh phu hpp vdi chudn muc phdp lugt
Trang 6dao diic xa hgi (vira phu hgp voi phap ly viia phii hgp vdi dao ly) ma nhan to cot 161 cua
nd la quy luat "lam theo nang luc hudng theo lao dgng" - quy lujt da dugc Marx phat hi$n ra va coi nd la nguyen tic phan phdi phd biln ap dyng trong giai doan diu cua ehu nghTa cpng san theo ly thuylt cua dng Hgp thiie dupe hilu theo nghia, nd vira phii hgp vdi quy tic, chuin m\rc trong ddi sdng hien tai vira phii hop vdi quy luat, xu hudng di len va khat vpng eiia con ngudi trong tuong lai Song hanh vdi eau trtic "phan ting xS hpi hpp thire" la mpt ciu tnic hoan toan doi lip vdi nd - ciu true "phan ting xa hgi khdng hpp thiic" Ciu tnic nay khdng dupe hinh thanh do sir khae biet mgt cdch t\r nhien ve nang luc (the chat, tri tu^), ve tai nang, dire dg giiia cac ca nhan, su cdng hien, ddng gdp ciia moi ca nhan, td chire cho xa hgi ma lai dua vao su ba dd, ninh ngt, s\l lien minh "ma quy" theo "lgi ich nhdm", nhiing quy tic chuan muc xa hgi hi bdp meo, bj thao tung, nhiing chinh sach phap luat thieu diing dan, thieu khoa hge, lae h^u, so hd, cham ddi mdi, nhiing hanh vi tham nhung, lam dn phi phdp (trdn thue, lau thui, lam hang gia, hang nhdi ), su thao tiing hay tha hda quyen luc Phan tang dugc hinh thanh tren nhiing co sd nay ggi la "phan tang xa hgi bit hpp thiic"
Vdi su phan tich nhu vay, rd rang ring, phdn ting xa hpi khdng dan gian chi dugc quy ve cdi "tdt", eai "tieh cue" nhu ldp luan eua nhiing ngudi theo thuylt chirc ning; nd eiing khdng chi dupe quy gidn mpt chieu ve edi "xau", eai "tieu cue" nhu y kiln ciia nhiing ngudi theo thuylt xung dot Tren thuc tl, phdn ting xa hgi cd ca rnjt tdt, mat xiu, mjt tich cue, mjt tieu cue Theo dd thi tiiy d timg "Ioai" phan ting ma chiing ta se
cd nhiing thai do va hanh vi img xii mgt each tuong ling Ddi vdi bit ky mdt ngudi binh thudng, lanh manh nao thi rd rdng rang, vdi phan ting xa hgi hgp thuc, chiing ta cin thira nhan no, ung hp su tdn tai cua nd; hon thi nfla, cin phdi thilt chl hda nd, cin phdi lam eho nd trd thanh phd biln, cin phai xay dung mpt xd hoi tren co sd cua phdn ting
xa hOi hpp thiic Cdn dli vdi phan ting xa hpi khdng hpp thtic, tdc la mpt trdt t\f xa hgi
bat cdng bang, bat hgp ly, dua tren nhiing co sd tieu cue xa hgi, tham nhiing, trgm cip, lang phi, lam an phi phdp, chiing ta cin phu nh$n nd, diu tranh loai bd nd nd ra khdi ddi sdng xd hgi
Trd ldi mgt each ranh mach cau hdi nay s8 cho phep chung ta khdng don gidn quy phan tang xa hgi vdo "tit" hay "xiu", "tich cue" hay "tieu cue", tir dd dua ra cdc dl xuit
ve eac giai phap ung hg, thilt chl hda hay ngan chSn, thu hep, xda bd nhu nhiing ngudi theo thuylt chiic nang hay xung dpt eiing nhu nhimg kiln gidi va dl xuit "chiit trang" cua nhung ngudi theo thuylt dung hda Rd rang ring phan ting xd hgi cd ea mdt "tit" va mjt "xau", cd m^t "tich eve" va "tieu eire" Va d ddy chiing ta cd thi kl thira, ting tich -hpp mpt each cd phe phan nhihig hat nhan -hpp ly d moi ly thuylt vd dua ra each kiln giai mdi cua ehung ta Vdi sir phan tich tren, thi hiln nhien ring, khdng phdi phan ting xd hpi
ndi chung (Jiilu mpt edeh "vo trdn") la tdt, la tich c\fc nhu nhiing ngudi theo thuylt ehiic
ndng ndi den ma ehi cd phan ting xa hpi hpp thiic mdi la "tdt", ed chirc ndng tich eve -chiic nang tao ra trat tu xS hpi, cdng bing xa hpi, tao ra ding thu|n xa hpi, dodn kit xa
Trang 7hieu nguoi, thdu hieu lan nhau, tir dd ed thai dp dung dan ciing nhu sy hpp tac ty gidc va hipu qua vdi nhau Ciing tren ca sd nhdn thiic ve mpt cau tnic phdn tang nhu vdy chiing ta hoan todn ed ca sd khoa hpc va niem tin xac tin ben trong de irng hfi vd de xuat kien nghi len cac ca quan chirc ndng ciia Ddng vd Nha nude sdm cd nhung nghien ciiu mpt each nghiem tiic, thau ddo vdn de nay, de cd thi timg bude thiet ehe hda mpt xd hpi tren ea sd cua phdn tdng xa hpi hpp thurc Tuong ty nhu vgy, chiing ta eiing khflng dfing tinh vdi nhiing ngudi theo thuyet xung dpt khi dd quy phan tang xa hpi ndt ehung vdo edi xau, cdi tieu cyc tCr dd phe phdn gay git va phu dinh sgch tron nhtrng lugn diem ciia nhiing ngudi theo thuyet chirc ndng dan den chu truang tim cdch xda bd phan tang xa hpi Nhu phan tich d tren, khfing phdi phan tang xa hpi ndi chung ma chi nhung phan tang nao Id bat hpp thiie mdi Id "xdu", Id "tiSu eye" thi mdi la cdi can ngdn chgn, kiem soat va timg bude day lui, xda bd Diem mdi, diem but phd tir sy tfing - tich hpp cdc ly thuyet ve phdn ting xd hpi chinh Id d ehS, ehiing ta khfing dan gidn ho^c Id quy phdn ting xd hpi ndi chimg ve
"cdi t6t" eai "tieh eye" nhu nhiing lap lugn ciia nhung ngudi theo thuyet chiic ndng hodc
Id quy phan ting xd h0i ndi chung ve eai "xau", cdi "tieu cyc" nhu Igp ludn cua nhiing ngudi theo thuyet xung dpt ma da thay dupe, "khdm pha" ra dupe ring phdn tang xd hfii
la mpt "thyc the" cd cau tnic "2 mgt" song hanh tfin tgi: "phan tang xd hpi hop thiie" va
"phan tang xd hfii khfing hpp thiie" Vd thai dp ciia chiing ta la khfing dan gidn ung hp hay phit nhdn phdn tdng xd hfii nfii chung ma ed mpt thai dp het sire rfi rdng, rdnh mach, chi ling hp sy tfin tgi eiia "phan ting xa hfii hpp thire" vd de xuat eac giai phap ngdn chdn, khong che, kiem soat, giam thieu tdc hgi ciing nhu thu hep pham vi tac dpng cua phdn ting xd hpi bat hpp thiic Day thyc sy Id nhiing biit pha vl mat ly lugn; nd cho phep trd ldi mpt cdch thuyet phyc "cau do" Ijch sir, "mdn np" ve mdt ly luan nhu da trinh bdy d trfin
2 M^t so g9i md ve cong bdng xa hpi
Thyc hien tiln bp xa hpi vd cong bdng xd hpi Id mpt trong eae mye rieu cao ca va djnh hudng xa hpi mgnh mg eua ehinh phu Vipt Nam sudt tir khi lap nudc den nay Tuy nhien, de di den mpt nhgn thiic diing dan ciing nhu dua ra cde giai phdp thyc hien mpt caeh sdt hop ve cflng bing xd hfii Id ed mfit qud trinh tim tdi vdi nhiing budc di quanh
CO, khiic khuyu ciia nd Dd cd mpt thdi ky ddi, khdi niem cfing bdng xd hpi chua dupe nhgn thiic va phan bipt mpt cdch rfi rang, rdnh mgeh vdi khai ni?m binh ddng xa hpi Hai khdi nipm ndy thudng di kem nhau va dupe dimg chung nghTa vdi nhau hogc thay nghia cho nhau (khdng thdy sy khde bipt ddng ke ndo trong nhdn thiie cung nhu trong cdc loi ling xir giiia ngudi vdi nhau); thudng thi, cfing bdng xa hpi dupe hilu nhu ngang bdng vd bdt binh ding xd hpi cd liie, ed ncri lgi dupe mfit sfi ngudi xem la bit cfing bdng
xd hpi Chinh nhihig nhdn thiic thieu ro rang va co phdn sai lech nay dd dan din viec du lugn xd hpi cung nhu cdc chinh sdch xa hpi co xu huong binh quan chit nghTa, thgm chi
ed nhthig noi nhihig liic, ngudi ta dd coi phuang thiic phdn phfli binh quan chii nghia nhu Id phuang thiic phan phfii loi ieh tdt nhdt, de dang nhit dl thyc hipn cong bdng xd
hgi H? lyy eua nd la dSi lam thii tieu dpng lye eiia cac ting ldp xa hpi va theo do la mot
Trang 8thdi ky xa hdi tri tre keo dai Dilu nay da dugc Ddng va Nhd nudc Vi?t Nam nghiSm tue thiia nhan trong cac vdn ki$n chinh thirc eiia minh De khie phuc nhiing vudng mac
vl mjt nhan thvrc ly ludn cung nhu nhiing bit cap trong thue tien vl viec thuc hi$n va ap dung nhung tieu chuin cua cdng bing xd hgi, chung tdi eho ring, chiing ta can thiet phdi ddng thdi cd nhflng nhan thdc dUng din vl ca phan ting xS hdi va cd cdng bdng xd hgi, phdi thiy rd moi quan h6 bdn chit giira phdn ting xd hdi hpp thilc vdi cdng bing xd hpi Khdng thi xdy dvng dugc mpt xd hpi phan ting hpp thirc niu vin tin tai phi biln nhflng tieu chuin va nhung phuang thtite ap dyng phi quy tie vl cdng bdng trong xa hpi Nguge lai, khdng thi cd cdng bing xa hpi neu chiing ta da ddng nhat phan tang xa hOi ndi chung vdi bit edng bing xa hdi Chi mpt khi nhan thiic dugc ring, trpng phan ting
xa hpi cd cd phdn ting xa h^i hpp thue va phdn ting xa hpi khdng hpp thurc, trong dd phan ting xa hpi hgp thiic la mpt edu tnic bat binh ddng song dupe xay dung tren nhung nguyen tic cua cdng bing nhu da phan tich d tren thi ehiing ta mdi cd ca sd khoa hge de vira xay dvng xa hdi phdn ting hpp thiie vira thuc hien dugc nhiing muc tieu cua cdng bang xa hpi Theo suy nghT eiia chiing tdi, de ed the nhan thiic cho dung va dua ra nhting giai phap eho dung nhdm hudng tdi muc tieu xdy dvng mdt xd hdi cdng bdng (thvc hien tien bg xd hgi, cdng bang xa hgi) ddi hdi chiing ta phdi phdt hien vd tim ra
mOt diem chung cua phan tdng xd hgi hgp thiic vd cdng bang xd hgi - do la su "phit
hap ", sv "luang ting"
Trudc het ddi vdi khdi niem cdng bdng xa hgi, ehiing tdi cho ring, edng bang
khdng phai la cdo bing, la sv ngang bing nhau m^t cdch vd dilu ki^n ma Id mol su
ngang bdng nhau trong mot moi quan he kit siic xdc dinh, vai mpt nguyen tdc hdt sue xdc dinh, do Id nguai la se duac ling xii ngang nhau, nhgn vi minh nhiing lai ich ngang nhau, hudng quyen lai ngang nhau, duQC sdp xep vdo nhting vi tri ngang nhau neu hQ CO tdi ndng, due do ngang nhau, cong hien, dong gop cho xa hqi ngang nhau, Ihuc hiin nhiing nghia vu ngang nhau Ngudi ta s5 duge iing xd khde nhau, nhan vl
minh nhihig quyln va lpi ich khae nhau, sip xIp vdo nhung vi tri khde nhau niu tai ndng, diic dp khae nhau, cdng hien, ddng gdp khde nhau, ddm nhan nhflng nghia vv khae nhau Cdng bdng d day dupe hilu dd la su phit hpp gifla nang Ivc thue tien ciia ngudi ta vdi dia vi xa hdi ma hp ddm nhiem, gifla nghTa vu va trach nhi?m, cing hiln
vd hudng thv, su hy sinh, ddng gdp vd sv din dap, cdng lao vd sv thira nhan, giira ldm
vd hudng, lao dpng vd su tra cdng, gifla tdi dc va sv trimg phsit (cd lam thi cd hudng, khdng lam thi khdng hudng) Theo each hilu nay, thi cdng bing khdng phdi la cdo bdng, cung khdng phai bit cii sv bing nhau nao Hai ngudi dugc ling xir ngang bing nhau, dai ngp ngang nhau nhung tdi ndng, diie dp khde nhau, cdng hiln ddng gdp khde nhau thi khdng dupe hieu Id cdng bdng md chinh nd Id bit cdng bing Tuang tv nhu vay, hai ngudi dugc ling xtl khde nhau, ddi ngp khae nhau tren ca sd cda sv khde nhau tuang irng vl tdi ndng, diic d§ va sv ddng gdp, eing hien cia hg cho xa hgi thi do
Trang 9eung ed nghTa ring, niu danh ddng khdi niem cfing bang xd hfii vdi khai niem binh ding xa hpi thi thdt Id mpt sai lam ddng tile, nd cd the dan den nhung he qua xd hfli tieu cyc Khflng phai bit ky mpt sy binh ding xa hpi ndo ciing la cflng bdng xa hpi ma chi cd nhihig binh ding xd hpi ndo dupe dgt trong mpt mfii quan he het sire xac dinh
nhu vira phan tich d tren thi mdi la cfing bdng xd hfii Hai la, blnh ddng xa hpi Id moi
s{e ngang nhau, song edng bdng xa hpi bao hdm ed su khde nhau (su cong hien, dong gdp eao thdp khde nhau sS nhgn duac nhiing quyen vd Ipri ich cao thdp khae nhau)
Nhihig ngudi ed trinh dp, ndng lue khde nhau song lai duac iing xu gifing nhau, ngang bdng nhau thi dfi la cdo bdng Id bat cfing bang Binh dang xd hdi la sy ngang bdng nhau ve m^t khia eanh, mpt phuang dien ndo dd giiia ngudi ta vdi nhau md ehua xem xet den hay khflng ddi hdi phai gdn nd vdi mpt quan he het siic xac dinh vfln khflng ngang bing nhau ve mdt ndng lue (the ehat, tri tue), tdi ndng, efing hien, ddng gdp thyc te ciia moi ea nhan eho xd hpi Vi du: ehiing ta ndi rang, anh A va anh B binh ding vdi nhau de eiing dua tranh vdi nhau vao mpt vi tri giam dfle mpt nha may hay hipu trudng mpt trudng phfi thfing nao do, nhung chiing ta chua ndi gi den sy khde bipt gitta hp vl trinh dp chuyen mfin dupe dao tao, kinh nghiem, siic bin, su dilm dam
vd nhOng tiSu chuin cin thiet khde thi do mdi ehi thuin tuy ndi din su binh ddng vl
ca hpi giita hai ngudi va su khfing ngang bang nhau ve ndng lyc vgn dyng co hfii, md ehua ndi gi den efing bdng xd hpi Chiing ta chi ndi den cong bdng xd hfii mfit khi ket cyc thing lpi thupc ve ngudi ed nang lue (the chat tri tue) cao han, y chi, ban ITnh cao hon, cd von xd hpi nhieu han vdi mpt nang lye nam bat va van dung ca hpi tfit han Vi
dy khde: anh A vdi anh B binh ding vdi nhau ve tien luong, tien thudng (dupe hudng luang, thudng ngang nhau) song ndng suat, chat lupng, hieu qua vd nhiing ddng gfip thyc te ciia moi ngudi cho doanh nghiep lgi het siic khae nhau thi do lgi dupe coi Id bat cfing bing Vipc nhgn thiic chan xdc va phan dinh mflt each raeh rfii, ro rang giiia
2 khai nipm cfing bdng xd hfii vd binh ddng xd hfii Id het siie quan trpng Nd can phai trd thdnh nen tdng ciia dgo dire xd hpi, ca sd khoa hpc ciia mpi chinh sdch kinh te,
chinh tri, xd hpi, khoa hpe - efing nghe eho mpi qufic gia, ddn tpc Vai mpt edeh hieu
ve cong bdng xa hpi nhu vgy, ro rang rdng, no phdi Id tieu chudn nhdn loi de xdy dung xd hpi phdn tdng hap thiie Ciing vai no, phdn tdng xa hpi hcrp thire phdi la trgt lie Id phuang thue tot nhdt de thire hien eong bdng xa hpi
Tit nhien, tren ddy chi la nhiing nguyen tdc cot Ifii, quan trpng nhdt vl cdng bdng xd hpi Khi xem xet nhiing van de phong phii cua doi sfing thyc tien, cin phdi tinh todn mpt each thyc sy ddy dii cac yeu tfi cy the, da dgng va sinh dpng cua xa hpi hipn thyc vdi cde yeu to nhdn vdn, nhdn ban cd tir trong chieu sau cua dgo ly vd truyen thong tuang than, tuang di quy bau ciia dan tpc
Trang 10Tai lieu tham k h a o
Bilton, Tony, Kenvin Bonnett, Philip jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard vk Amdrew Webster 1993 Nhgp mon Xa hoi hgc Nxb Khoa hoc xS hpi Hk Npi
Gunter Endruweit (chii bien) 1999 Cdc ly thuyet xd hpi hgc hien dgi, Nxb Thi gidi Hi Npi KManc va F.Engels 1995 KMarx va F.Engels loan Igp Tjip 3, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia H4 N^i Endruweit, CvACTrommdorfT 2002 Tir dien Xa hgi hpc
Nguyen Dinh T ^ 2005 Cacdu xahgi vd phdn tangxd hgi.'NxhLy]ix9.a chinh tr\ HiN0i
Nguyen Dinh TSn 2010 Xu huang phdn ldng xa hgi trong qud trinh phdt inen kinh te thi trudng d Vi^i Nam hi4n nay Nxb Lao dOng Hk NOi
Nguyen Dinh TSn 2002 Gido trinh xa hoi hgc trong ldnh dgo qudn ly Nxb L}? lugn chinh trj Hk N^i Nguyen Dinh Tin 2005 "PhSn tang xS hpi tir sg phan tich ly lu$n cua Marx vk nhiJng ph4t triln mdi" Tpp
chi Nghien cihi con ngu&i, so 2
Nguyen Dinh Tin 2005 "Co cau xa hOi vk phan tSng xS h^i - nhOng d6ng gdp ly lu§n vk ung dyng th\rc tiln" Tgp chi Xd hpi hgc, s6 1
Nguyen Dinh TSn 2006 "Sg ktikc bia giOa quan ni^m cua Marx vk c4c nhk Xi hpi hpc phucmg TSy khic
vl Phan tSng xS hpi", Tgp chi Ly lugn chinh trj, s6 3
Nguyin Dinh Tan 2010 "Co ciu xa hOi vk phan tkng xk hpi - mpt chang dudng 20 nSm nghifin ciju vk (ing dyng", Tgp chi Xd hgi hgc, s6 3