VLgn iCH KINH TE CUA TRI THlTC DAN GIAN NGlTCfl DAO TRONG PHAT T R I E N KINH TE HO GIA DINH VA XOA DOI GIAJVI NGHEO TRAN HONG THU' S d d ^ u Tri thuc ddn gian cdn dugc ggi Id tri thi
Trang 1VLgn iCH KINH TE CUA TRI THlTC DAN GIAN NGlTCfl DAO TRONG PHAT T R I E N KINH TE HO GIA DINH
VA XOA DOI GIAJVI NGHEO
TRAN HONG THU'
S d d ^ u
Tri thuc ddn gian (cdn dugc ggi Id tri
thijc dia phuang, tri thuc tdc ngudi, tri thuc
bdn dia) Id cdc kiln thirc vl sdn xudt vd sinh
hoat CLia cdc cdng ddng tdc ngudi, cd tinh
thich ijrng cao vdi dieu kien mdi trudng tu
nhien, kinh tl, xd h^i vd vdn hda ciia dia
phuong vd tirng tdc ngudi Cdc kiln thirc
ndy dugc hinh thdnh, tich luy vd hodn thien
tir qud trinh lao dgng sdn xuat ciia toan cgng
ddng vd dugc truyln tir thi he nay qua the he
khac (Hoang Xuan Ty vd cdng sir, 1998;
Trdn Hong Hanh, 2005) Mdt sd nghien cdu
chi ra ring, mde dii cdn mdt sd han che nhu
tinh dia phuong cao, khd phd cap rdng rai,
hoac mdt sd tri thirc da khdng cdn phii hgp
vdi hodn cdnh xd hdi va dieu kien mdi
trudng hien dai, nhung cdc tri thuc dan gian
cd gid tri cao trong viec xay dung cdc md
hinh phdt trien ndng thdn bin viing do cd
hieu qua cao, phii hgp vdi dja phuang va
phu hgp vdi vdn hda tdc ngudi (Hoang Xuan
Ty vacdngsu, 1998)
Cung nhu nhilu t0c ngudi sinh sdng
d viing cao mi§n niii, dan tdc Dao tich luy
dugc nhieu kinh nghiem trong san xuat phii hgp vdi dilu kien khac nghiet ciia viing vd nhiing kinh nghiem nay da cd nhieu ddng gdp vao viec phdt trien kinh te hg gia dinh, dam bdo an ninh luong thuc vd xda ddi giam ngheo (Trin Hdng Hanh, 2006, 2009) Tuy nhien, do dilu kien ddc thu ciia vung cao la dja hinh phdc tap, khi hau khac nghiet, giao thdng di lai khd khdn nen kinh te hd gia dinh cua ngudi Dao van cdn gap nhieu khd khan,
ty le ddi ngheo eon cao Mac dii da cd nhilu chuang trinh phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi dugc
dp dung trong viing, nhung do chua cd su chu
y den su dung cac tri thirc ddn gian ciia ngudi Dao trong cac chuong trinh nay nen cdc chuang trinh ndy vdn chua dat dugc kit qua nhu mong mudn (Tran Hdng Hanh,
2006, 2009) Nghien ciru nay dugc thuc hien tai cac nhdm Dao Dd, Dao Tien, Dao Thanh Y
d cac tinh Tuyen Quang, Bdc Kan, Cao Bdng va Quang Ninh^ nham nghien cuu
' Nghien ciJru n&y du^c t^I trg bai QuJ Phat trien khoa
h^c va cong ngh? quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong de tai
" Dja diem nghien ciiu cu the nhu sau:
- Xa Phuc Scm, huyen Chiem Hoa, linh Tuyen Quang: nhom Dao Do
- Xa Ha Hieu, huyen Ba Be, tinh Bac Kan: nhom Dao Tien
- X3 Hoa Tham, huyen Nguyen Binh, tinh Cao Bing: nhom Dao Tien
- Xa Thai Hoc huyen Nguyen Binh, tinh Cao Bing: nhom Dao Do
- Xa Bang Ca, huyen Hoanh Bo, tinh Quang Ninh:
Trang 2nhung Igi ich ciia tri thirc ddn gian cua cdc
nhdm Dao ddi vdi kinh t l hd gia dinh, gdp
phin xda ddi giam ngheo, tir dd dua ra
nhirng kiln nghj, giai phap vl su dung vdn
tri thuc dan gian nay vdo phdt trien kinh te
-xa hdi d cac nhdm Dao nay ndi rieng, cua
viing ndi chung
1 Thuc trang doi ngheo d ngudi Dao
Kit qua khdo sdt giiia ndm 2014 d cac
viing Dao dugc lira chgn nghien cuu cho
thdy, ty 18 hd ddi ngheo trong cdng ddng Dao
cdn rit cao Trong tdng sd 599 hd ngudi Dao
dugc dieu tra, cd den 46,1% h0 gia dinh cd
giiy chirng nhan hd ngheo; trong dd, ty 1^ hd
ngheo cao xuat hiSn d nhdm Dao Tien vd
nhdm Dao Dd (ty IS tuong irng vdi hai nhdm
ndy la 58,3% vd 57,8%) vd ty le ndy kha
thip d nhdm Dao Thanh Y (ehi chiem
8,8%) Nguyen nhdn khiln t^' le ddi ngheo d
nhdm Dao Thanh Y thap hon so vdi cdc
nhdm Dao khde la do ngudi Dao Thanh Y cd
ngudn thu nhap phu tir ldm cdng nhdn cho
md than tai dia phuong hode mdt than trSn
bdi thdi ciia md Neu so sdnh vdi ty 16 ddi
ngheo chung cua viing, x</ le ddi ngheo ciia
ngudi Dao cao hem nhilu'' Tuy nhien, do
mdi chi Id ty le hd dugc nhdn giiy chdng
Theo ket qua dieu tra ra soat ho ngheo, ho can ngheo n5m
2013 ban hanh theo Quyet djnh s6 529/ QD-LDTBXH
ngay 6 Ihang 5 n5m 2014 ciia Bg Lao d^ng - Thucmg binh
va Xa hgi, ty le doi ngheo ciia linh Tuyen Quang ia
17.93%; Cao Bang - 24,2%; B§c Kan - 18.55%; Quang
Ninh - 2,42%; so sanh voi ly le doi nghto ciia ngucri Dao
diroc dieu Ira t^ Tuyen Quang la 66,4%; Cao B k g
-49,4%; B3c Kan - 58,6% va Quang Ninh - 8,8%
(http://ubdLgov.vn/wps'wcm/uploads/DuthaoVBPIJquyet_
dinh529_bldtbxh.pdf)
nhan hd ngheo dugc binh xet tai cdc dia phucmg dugc nghien ciru Tren thuc te, ty le ddi ngheo theo su tu danh gid ctia chinh ngudi dan cdn cao hon nhilu so vdi ty IS dugc binh xet (xem So dd 1)
Kit qud So dd 1 cho thdy, ty le tu ddnh gid ngheo cao nhat d nhdm Dao Tien (76,4%) va thap nhdt d nhdm Dao Thanh Y (20,4%) Dac biet, vdn cdn mgt ty le hd gia dinh ddi, cao nhit la d nhdm Dao Dd Ty le
hd gia dinh thilu luoiig thuc trong nam 2014
la 50,9%; trong dd, nhdm Dao Dd cd ty le thilu luong thuc cao nhat (60,4%), tilp den
la nhdm Dao Tiln (55,8%) vd thip nhit Id d nhdm Dao Thanh Y (27,6%) Sd thang thilu luong thuc cua cac nhdm Dao dao ddng tir 1 den 11 thdng/ndm, nhung pho biln Id thilu luong thuc khoang 3 thdng
Mdt sd nguyen nhdn,chinh dan din tinh tr^ng ddi ngheo cua cac nhdm Dao dugc nghien ciru cd the kl din nhu sau:
- Su khdng thuan lgi cua dieu kiSn dia hinh: Nhdm Dao Dd va Dao Tiln eu trii d viing thung lung hep thugc khu vuc nui cao, dia hinh ddc, khdng cd nhilu dieu ki^n thuan Igi dl phdt trien rugng nude Hg chii ySu canh tdc rugng bdc thang vd nuong ray, do
dd ndng suit trong trgt khdng cao 0 nhdm Dao Thanh Y, mde du dja hinh bing phdng hon va cd dilu kien dl ldm rugng nude, nhung hg cung mdi chi chuyen ddi tir phuong thdc canh tac nuong ray truyen thdng sang canh tdc rugng nude khodng hon
10 ndm trd lai ddy nen chua tich luy dugc nhilu kinh nghiem canh tdc, khiln cho thu nhap tir trdng trgt chua cao Niii da vdi, dia hinh cd do ddc cao Id diSu kien khdng thuan lgi trong viec giii nude, dat va do mau ciia dit Lugng nude mua nhieu vao miia hd da
Trang 3Sa dd 7 Thuc trang kinh t l hd gia dinh theo su tu danh gid ciia ngudi Dao
80.00%
70 00%
60.00%
50 00%
40.00%
30 00%
20.00%
10 00%
0.00%
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Dao Do Dao Ten Dao Thanh Y Chung
• 06i • Ngheo n Trung binh D Kha
Ngudn: Kit qua dieu tra thuc dia nam 2013-2014
rira trdi ting dit mdt, dnh hudng den do mau
md ciia dit vd lugng dit bl mdt Tuy nhien,
lugng nude mua ndy lai it dugc giii lai d be
mat hoac ting nude ngdm, ddn den tinh
trang khd han vdo miia ddng lam anh hudng
den ngudn nude sinh hoat vd san xuit ciia
ngudi Dao Tinh trang khan hiem nude sdn
xuit ciing Id nguyen nhdn chinh cua viec
phin Idn dien tich liia nude ciia ngudi Dao
chi la loai rudng chu ddng thiiy lgi dugc mdt
vu hode rugng cho mua mgt vu
Dieu kien khi hau, thdi tilt khac
nghiet: Trir bO phan ngudi Dao Thanh Y d
khu virc cd dilu kien tuong ddi gidng ddng
bdng, cac nhdm Dao cdn lai chii ylu d viing
niii cao, noi cd miia ddng rat lanh, suong
mudi va mdt sd hien tugng thdi tilt cue doan
nhu mua dd, seit Id ddt thudng xdy ra ldm
dnh hudng den ndng suit cdy trdng Them
vao dd, khac vdi cac viing Dao khac trong
dja bdn nghiSn ciru, viing ngudi Dao Ti^n d huyen Ba Bl, tinh Bdc Kan cdn chju dnh hudng ciia lu lut
- Dit sdn xuat thieu vd manh mim: Mdt
hd gia dinh ngudi Dao cd dien tich rugng nude trung binh dat 893m^, rugng bac thang
- 348m^ va dit nuong ray - 1.762m^ Nhu vay, tdng dien tich ddt sdn xuat cua mdt hd gia dinh chi dat 3.003m^, tuong duong vdi 8,3 sdo Bic Bd, qua thip ddi vdi hg gia dinh
d viing mien niii Trong dd, dien tich dat sdn xuit trung binh ciia hd ngudi Dao Tiln la thip nhit - 2.667m^, d ngudi Dao Dd la 2.969m^, vd d ngudi Dao Thanh Y la 3.100m^ 63% hd gia dinh ngudi Dao dugc hdi cho biet la hg thilu dit sdn xuat; trong
dd, ty le hd gia dinh ngudi Dao Tien thieu dit sdn xuat Id cao nhdt Ngoai ra, ddt sdn xuit ciia ngudi Dao cung rit manh mun, phan bd rdi rac d nhieu dia hinh khac nhau
Trang 4- Thilu von diu tu: Canh tac ndng
nghiep d viing ngudi Dao ddi hdi vdn dau tu
cao, thudng chi cho cac hang muc sau:
gidng, cdng lam dit, phan bdn, thudc trir
sdu Cac gia dinh neo don, it lao dgng khdng
thi ddi cdng vdi anh em, lang xdm cdn phai
mit them chi phi thue ngudi eiy vd gat hai
Mdt vu gieo trdng, trung binh ngudi Dao
phdi chi phi khodng 3 - 4 trieu ddng, mgt
khodn tien khdng nhd so vdi thu nhdp ciia
hg Nhieu hd gia dinh gap khd khan trong
viec duy tri von dau tu vdo sdn xuit khiln
thu nhap tir ndng nghiep ciia hg phdn nao
khdng dn dinh
Ngodi ra, cdn phdi kl din mdt sd
nguyen nhan khac nhu thieu lao ddng, mdi
tdch hd gia dinh, benh tat, gia ca, neo don,
te nan xa hgi Tuy nhi8n, nhiing nguyen
nhdn nay khdng phd biSn trong cdng dong
ngudi Dao
De phdt triln kinh te hd gia dinh vd
gdp phin xda ddi giam ngheo, cdc nhdm
ngudi Dao khdng cdn cdch ndo khde Id phdi
dua vdo vdn tri thdc dan gian ciia tdc ngudi
minh de giam bdt cdc chi phi trong sdn
xuit, ndng cao ndng suit cay trdng vd dira
vdo ngudn thu nhap bd trg tir lam san vd
cay thudc
2 Ddng gdp ciia tri thuc dan gian
ngudi Dao trong san xuat ndng nghiep
Cung nhu nhilu dan tgc thilu sd
song d viing cao miln nui phia Bic, ngudi
Dao sdng dua chii ylu vdo sdn xuit ndng
nghi8p, dac biet Id trdng trgt Kit qua nghien
cim chi ra ring, ty If thu nhap ciia hg gia
dinh ngudi Dao tu trong trgt khd cao 50,2%
hd gia dinh ngudi Dao dugc hdi cho bilt thu
ban 90% tdng thu nhap cua hd gia dinh; 32,4% hd gia dinh cho bilt thu nhap tir trdng trgt chilm tir 30% din 50% tdng thu nhap ciia hd gia dinh vd chi cd 17,3% sd hd gia dinh cho bilt thu nhap tir trong trgt chilm ty
le dudi 30% tdng thu nhap ciia hd
D I gidm bdt cac chi phi trong sdn xuit ndng nghiep va tdng ndng suit cdy trdng, ngudi Dao d ca ba nhdm dia phuang dd su dung cac kien thu:c ciia tgc ngudi trong md rgng di8n tich canh tac, tdng chit mdu cho dit, lya chgn giong cdy trdng vd phuang thdc canh tdc phu hgp vdi ddc diem dia hinh
va chit dat ciia dia phuang Theo dd, tit ca cac nhdm Dao dugc nghien cdu deu md rdng dien tich dit canh tdc bdng each da dang hda dit canh tac O nhiing mdnh dit gin ngudn nude, ven sdng, sudi, hg cai tao dit dd thdnh nhiing manh rugng nude bdng phing; d nhung chan ddi thoai thodi vd c6 dilu kifn din nude, ngudi ta tao ra cac khu rugng bac thang chay dgc theo cac sudn ddi; vdi cdc dia hinh ddc hon, khdng cd dieu kien dan nude, ngudi dan canh tdc nuong ray theo kieu dao canh hda chiing Su dung nhieu hinh thuc canh tac nhu vay giiip cho ngudi Dao vira cd them difn tich canh tac, vira tdng nang suit cay trong, dam bao an ninh luong thuc cho hd gia dinh
Ben canh do, ngudi Dao cdn dp dung nhilu kien thirc trong phan loai va ddnh gia
dd mdu md cua dit thdng qua viec xem xet
vj tri cua mdnh dit (vi dy, dat trong rimg gid thi tdt hon ddt d tren doi), mdu dit (dit mdu den thi tdt hon dat mdu vdng vd mau tring),
do im cua dit (riit dao cim xuong dit roi rut len, nlu dat bam d dao thi dit dd cd do im cao, tdt cho trdng trgt), sg sinh trudng cua
Trang 5ddt cd nhilu giun la dit t6t; trir nhdm Dao
Dd d Phuc Son lai quan niem giun se dn het
chat mau cua ddt) Viec xdc dinh dugc do
mau md ciia dat giiip ngudi Dao lira chgn,
trdng nhOng gidng cay va ap dung k^ thuat
canh tdc phii hgp dl cd dugc ket qua tdt Vi
du, dat cd dg im cao, chit dit tdt se dugc uu
tien de trdng liia - cdy luong thirc chinh ciia
ddng bdo; ddt cd chat lugng kem hon se
dugc sii dung de trdng ngd, sin va cac loai
cay khac Ngudi Dao sir dung ky thuat cdy
lat dat, cay ai ddi vdi nhiing vimg dat bdng
phing dl dit toi xdp va ban chi cd dai; trong
khi dd, hg lai dp dung kilu chgc Id, tra hat d
nhiing viing dit ddc dl han chi su xdi mdn
va bac mdu ciia dit Ngudi Dao cung cd
nhiing each thirc de tdng do mau cho ddt nhu
sd dung tro sau ddt nuong, u va su dung
phan xanh, phdn chuong d8 bdn cho cay
trdng Thue ra, trong truyln thdng, ngudi
Dao d cdc viing nghien cii'u khdng biet dung
phan xanh va phan chuong dl bdn cho cdy
trdng, nhung trong thdi ky hgp tdc xa, hg dd
hgc tap kinh nghiSm su dung cdc loai phan
ndy cda cdc tdc ngudi khde (nhu ngudi
Kinh, Tdy ) sinh sdng tren ciing dia bdn dl
tang chit mau cho dit; theo thdi gian, nhiing
kien thdc nay dd dugc tich luy va trd thanh
tri thdc ciia chinh hg Hien nay, do sir sdn cd
ciia cdc loai phan hda hgc trSn thi trudng,
ngudi Dao khdng cdn ldm phan xanh niia
Tuy nhien, hg van su dung phdn chudng de
tdng chit mdu cho dat va ket hgp vdi cdc
loai phdn hda hgc trong trdng trgt de cdy
trdng dat dugc ndng sudt cao hon
Tuy da lira chgn dit san xuat va cay
trdng thich hgp vdi timg loai dat nhu da nSu
d tren nhung dieu kien tu nhiSn tai dja bdn
cu trd ciia ngudi Dao khdng thuan Igi cho
ngudi Dao dd sd dung nhilu cdch thdc khde nhau de duy tri do mdu cho dit, han che su rda trdi ddt mau sau nhiing tran mua Cu the
Id, ddi vdi dit rugng, ngudi Dao giii do mau cho dit bang each dip bd bao xung quanh thua rugng Sau khi cdy bira xong, ngudi Dao Tiln d Ba Be vd Dao Thanh Y d Quang Ninh lay dat nhuyen tret quanh bd rugng de bjt cdc Id thoat nude, trdnh thit thoat nude rugng vd dat mau Trong khi dd, d viing ngudi Dao Dd vd Dao Tien d Cao Bing, noi khdng chii dgng dugc ngudn nude tudi rugng, he thdng ranh dan nude vd bd bao dugc xay dijng nhim dan ngudn nude mua vao rugng dugc nhilu nhit va trdnh thit thoat dit mdu Ddi vdi ddt nuong ray, ngudi Dao ciing dp dung nhieu each thdc linh hoat khac nhau dl trdnh rua trdi dit mdu nhu dao ranh thoat nude chay dgc theo cdc mdnh nuong; trdng xen canh, ludn canh nhilu loai cay trdng; hoac su dung hinh thirc canh tac chgc lo, tra hat chu khdng cdy Idt dit nhu d rugng hode d nhung vimg dit tuong ddi bing phing Tuy nhien, dii mudn hay khdng, sau mgt thdi gian ddi canh tac, dit dai ngdy cang trd nen khd can, vi vdy, ndng sudt cay trdng cung thip din Trudc kia, ngudi Dao thudng bd hda dat canh tdc mgt vai nam de cay rimg mgc trd lai vd ddt dai dugc phuc hdi do mdu md Tuy nhien, hien nay, do dp luc dan sd, thieu dat vd ddt dai dd dugc quan 1^ chat che theo quy dinh ciia Nha nude, ngudi Dao khdng the duy tri hinh thuc bd hda dat dai nhu trudc day; bii lai, hg phdi tdng cudng viec su dung phdn bdn de duy tri
do mdu md cua dit
Lua chgn gidng cay trdng phii hgp rat quan trgng trong viec ndng cao san lugng thu hoach Trudc kia, ngudi Dao thudng su
Trang 6cao, chdng chiu dugc sau benh va cac dilu
kien thdi tilt khac nghiet Bd gidng cdy
trong nay tuy thdi gian canh tac dai, ndng
suit thip nhung fail lai, it mang lai nii ro cho
ngudi dan vd chit lugng cao Hien nay,
ngudi Dao da su dung cac bd gidng cay
trdng mdi tuy chat lugng kem hon gidng dja
phuang nhimg thdi gian canh tdc ngan hon
vd cho ndng suit cao hon Qua thdi gian su
dung bd gidng cdy trdng mdi, ngudi Dao bit
diu danh gia lai bd gidng cdy trdng ndy vd
chi lua chgn su dung nhiing gidng cay trdng
dat hai tieu chi chinh la phu hgp vdi chit dit
va ndng suat cao Vi du, ve gidng liia, hai
gidng lua mdi dugc ngudi Dao Tiln d Bic
Kan tra thich sd dung Id gidng khang dan va
bao thai Tuy nhi^n, khdng phai vu miia nao
ngudi ta ciing su dung hai loai gidng ndy
Khang dan dugc trdng trong vu chiem do
thdi gian sinh trudng ngdn trong khi bao thai
dugc trdng nhilu trong vu miia vi thdi gian
sinh trudng ddi ban Ngudi ta cung khdng
trdng ket hgp hai gidng liia nay trong cimg
mdt miia vu do thdi gian sinh trudng cua
chiing khde nhau, khdng thuan tien cho viec
thu hoach, ddng thdi lai kich thich chim,
chugt din pha hoai hoa mdu Hay trong canh
tdc ngd, ngudi Dao Dd su dung ca hai loai
gidng ngd truyen thdng ciia dia phuong vd
gidng ngd lai Gidng ngd dia phuong cd ddc
diem d^o hat, thorn ngon, chit lugng hat dl
ldm gidng tdt, cd thi du trir tir hai din ba
ndm Tuy nhien, ndng suit cdy trdng thdp
Trong khi dd, giong ngd lai cd lgi thi Id
ndng suat cao nhung hdng nam ngudi ddn
khdng chu ddng dugc gidng, chit lugng hat
khdng tdt, dl bi hu hai nlu cat trii lau ngay
Ngudi Dao Dd canh tac ca hai loai gidng
nay vdi cac muc dich khde nhau: gidng dia
phuong dugc dung dl dn vd ban vi ngon hon
va cd gia cao hon trong khi giong ngd lai dugc diing phd biln cho chdn nudi vi ndng suit cao hon nhung khdng tham ngon bing gidng dja phuang
Ngoai cdc loai cay trdng truyln thdng nhu Ida, ngd, khoai, sin, ngudi Dao dd phat trien cac loai cay trdng mdi cho thu nhap kha cao nhu mia (ngudi Dao Dd d Tuyen Quang), bdp cai vd thanh long (ngudi Dao
Dd d Cao Bdng), di (ngudi Dao Thanh Y d Quang Ninh), thudc Id (ngudi Dao Tien d Bic Kan) Tuy nhien, chi cd faip cdi phii hgp vdi dieu kien tu nhien cua viing, phat trien tdt vd mang lai thu nhap cho ngudi dan cdn cac loai cay khac chua cho hieu qud kinh te nhu mong mudn, tham chi gay nhiing thiet h^i ve kinh te cho ngudi dan nhu trudng hgp cdy thudc Id Ngudi Dao Tien d huyen Ba Be, tinh Bdc Kan dugc chinh quyln dja phuong khuyin khich phdt triln cdy thudc Id vao nam 2011 Sd lugng giong cay dugc phat cho cdc hd gia dinh ddng kjj vdi thdn, xd tiiy theo dien tich ciia hd gia dinh dd Thudc la dugc trdng trong thdi gian
4 thdng, tu thdng 11 dm Ijch ciia ndm trudc
vd din khoang thdng 3 dm Ijch cua ndm sau Day Id loai cay ddi hdi cdng chdm sdc vd so lugng phan bdn chuyen biet kha nhieu; tiln phdn bdn cho mgt vu gieo trdng thulc la khoang 3 tridu ddng, Ngoai ra, cdc hd gia dinh trdng thudc la cdn phdi xdy Id siy thuoc
Id vdi gia tri xay dung khoang 7 - 8 trieu ddng Sau thu hoach, thudc la dugc siy khd
va thu mua tan nha vdi hai muc gia: loai vang khodng 25.000 ddng/kg va loai den khodng 11.000 -12.000 ddng/kg Trung binh mdt hO gia dinh cd thu nhap khodng 5 - 6 trieu ddng/vu thudc Id; tuc la, vdi mde thu
ndy, hg gin nhu hda vdn ho|ic b\ l5 Chinh vi
Trang 7vdy, sau hai ndm trdng thi dilm, ngudi Dao
Tien da td bd viec trdng cay thudc Id; nhung
Id say thudc gid tri nhilu tien hoac bi bd
hoang, hoac dugc chuyen ddi muc dich sd
dyng: siy ngd hode ldm nha tim"^
Ngudi Dao sd dung hinh thuc canh tac
da canh, xen canh, gdi vu trong canh tac
ndng nghiep nhim tan dung cac lgi thi ciia
dat dai, ddp irng nhu ciu tu cung tu cip
luong thuc, thue phim va dam bdo an ninh
luong thuc Vi du, ddi vdi rugng nude, ngodi
mdt hoac hai vu liia chinh, ngudi ta canh tdc
them mgt vu rau, mdu nhdm vua tdng them
thu nhdp cho hg gia dinh vua cung cap
ngudn phan xanh cho ddt tir cdc phu phim
eiia rau, mdu sau thu hoach Hoac trSn ciing
mdt manh nuong, ngudi ta trdng xen lan liia
vdi cdc loai cdy nhu ngd, sin, va mdt sd loai
cay cdng nghiep khde nhu keo, mi'a Khi
cdc loai cay nay chua phdt triln, liia cd dilu
kien sinh trudng, den khi cdc loai cay nay
phdt triln thi Iiia cung dd din k^' thu hoach
Cdc kiSn thdc, kinh nghiem trong sdn
xuat ndng nghiep dugc tich luy qua thdi gian
dd mang lai nhiing lgi ich true tilp cho cdc
hg gia dinh Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay,
96,6% hd gia dinh dugc hdi cho bilt viec dp
dung cdc tri thirc tdc ngudi trong canh tac
ndng nghiep mang lai cho hd gia dinh ndng
suit cay tr6ng cao, gdp phan phdt triln kinh
t l cua hg gia dinh (73,1% y kiln cho bilt la
ddng gdp nhilu vd 26,9% ^ kiln cho bilt Id
ddng gdp it) Ty le hd gia dinh ngudi Dao
Tien nhan thdy su ddng gdp nhieu ciia kien
thirc, kinh nghiem tgc ngudi vao su phdt
* Tir Ii?u dien da cua c^ng tac vien Dao Phuang Anh
t^i cOng dong Dao Tiln a huyen Ba Bfi, tinh BSc Kan
trien kinh t l ciia hd gia dinh la cao hon so vdi nhdm Dao Dd va Dao Thanh Y Kit qud dieu tra chi ra ring, cdc hd khd gia nhan thdy cdc tri thuc cua tdc ngudi ddng gdp dang ke vao kinh te ciia hd gia dinh cao hon so vdi cdc nhdm cd mde sdng khac; ngugc lai, ty le
hd gia dinh thudc hg ddi, ngheo nhan thdy tri thirc tdc ngudi khdng cd ddng gdp cho kinh
te hd gia dinh cung cao hon so vdi nhdm kinh te trung binh vd khd gid (xem So dd 2) Nhdm hd gia dinh khd gid thudng cd dien tfch dit canh tac ton hon, lai cd dilu kien dau tu nen ndng suat cay trdng cao hon; trong khi dd, nhdm hd ngheo it cd von de chdm bdn cho cdy trdng nen ndng suit thu dugc thap hon so vdi nhdm hd kha Chinh vi vay, mdt bd phdn nhdm hd ngheo, ddi cho ring tri thuc dan gian khdng giiip ich gi cho hoat ddng kinh te ndng nghi8p ciia hg Trong trudng hgp ngudi Dao Tien d huyen Ba Be, tinh Bdc Kan, neu nhu nhdm hg ngheo, ddi thudng cd xu hudng su dung cac loai gidng Ilia cd nang suit cao nhung chit lugng khdng ngon thi nhdm hg khd, ben canh sir dung gidng Ida ndng'sudt cao, van ddnh phan
Idn dien tich dit canh tdc 6k phdt trien gidng
Quach Vuong - mgt gidng liia dia phucmg cho ndng suit thip hon nhung chat lugng gao tdt vd cd gid trj cao tren thi trudng
3 Tri thuc dan gian mang lai nguon thu nhap cho hg gia dinh thdng qua hoat dgng trdng rlirng va khai thdc t u nhien Khu vuc sinh sdng ciia cd ba nhdm Dao dugc nghien cuu deu cd dieu kien thuan Igi
dl phat trien hoat ddng trdng rimg va khai thac tu nhien Dd la- dien tich rimg rdng Idn bao quanh khu vuc eu trii; d ngudi Dao Thanh Y, cdn cd mdt Igi the ban so vdi cdc nhdm Dao khac, dd la cd md than Idn
Trang 8Sa do 2 Ddng gdp cua tri thdc dja phucmg vao canh tdc ndng nghi?p
cua hd gia dinh ngudi Dao chia theo muc sdng cua hd
fPW ^ ^
-m
•^mm
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W, '
» a
ii- *
'MA.'
^ - ^ -siSB
^^^m
-*— , -%
N g h ^ Trung b'inh Mu'csSng
- fldng g6p nhi^u —•— Oong gop it —*— Khflng c6 dong gdp I
Nguon: Ket qua dieu tra thirc dja nam 2013-2014
dang hoat ddng Phin Idn cac dien tich rimg
ndy da dugc giao cho cac hd gia dinh qudn
Iy vd bdo ve 77,4% hd gia dinh d cdc dia
ban nghifin ciin da dugc giao rirng; trong dd,
ty le hd gia dinh dugc giao rimg d nhdm
Dao Thanh Y la cao nhit - 87,2%; tilp din
Id nhdm Dad Tien - 84,3% vd thip nhit Id d
nhdm Dao Dd - 69,5% Nlu nhu nhdm Dao
Dd vd Dao Tien chii yeu dugc giao rirng
nguyen sinh dl qudn ly va bdo ve thi nhdm
Dao Thanh Y chii ylu dugc giao rung sdn
xuat Dien tich rung dugc giao ciing cd su
khac biet giiia cac nhdm Dao, phu thudc vao
dien tich rimg hien cd trong khu vuc Nhdm
Dao Tien nhan dugc dien tich rung Idn nhit,
trung binh Id 2,7ha/hd; tilp din Id nhdm Dao
Thanh Y vdi khodng 1,9 ha/hd; thap nhit la
nhdm Dao Dd, chi hon 0,5ha/hg Tuong tu
biet Ngudi Dao Dd vd Dao Tien d Cao Bdng sinh sdng dudi chdn nui da nen rimg dugc giao chii ylu la riing ngheo tren niii da vdi, lam sdn it; muc dich giao rung la khoanh nudi, bao ve vd lay ciii Trong khi
dd, nhdm ngudi Dao Dd d Tuyen Quang, Dao Tiln d S i c Kan vd Dao Thanh Y d Qpang Ninh dugc giao rirng tren niii dit, noi
hg cd nhieu dieu kien de trdng cay lay g5
Vdi ngudi Dao, rtmg Id noi cung cip luong thuc, thuc pham cho con ngudi vd v^t nudi, dac biet trong giai doan thilu ddi hoac thdi diem giap hat; ngodi ra, rimg cdn la vudn dugc lieu sdn cd, dugc su dung de chiia nhieu benh cho con ngudi Id ngu6n thu "nhap phu quan trgng cua hd gia dinh
Tuy nhien, sir phu thudc vdo rimg khdng giong nhau giiia cdc nhdm Dao Ngudi Dao
Trang 9thdi diem thieu luong thuc, khi cd den
61,5% sd hd gia dinh ngudi Dao Tien cho
biet hg tim den rdng de thu hai cac loai ldm
sdn, cdy thuoc, mat ong, thii rimg dl ban
lay tiln mua luong thuc Cdc tri thuc ddn
gian cua hg vl cac loai lam sdn, dugc Ii6u, td
ong, hoat ddng cua dgng vat giup ich nhilu
cho hg trong qua trinh thu hai cdc sdn phim
ndy Tuy nhien, viec sd dung tri thirc dan
gian trong trudng hgp giai quylt vin dl
luong thuc trudc mit thudng dan din nhung
dnh hudng khdng mong mudn cho tai
nguyen rdng ban la bdo ve ngudn tdi nguyen
dd Viec khai thdc dugc lieu mgt each d at
dl ban cho cac thuong nhdn lay mdt khodn
tien nhd mua luong thuc da khien cho ngudn
dugc lieu noi day trd nen khan hiem mdt
cdch nhanh chdng Cang ngay, ngudi dan
cdng phdi di xa ban, thdi gian tim kilm dugc
lieu Idu hon nhung sdn lugng thu hoach lai
thip hon Trong dilu ki6n dd, mdt sd thay
thudc ngudi Dao Tiln dd phdi tim vd dua vl
vudn nha mgt sd loai cay thudc ma hg cd the
trdng dugc Trong khi do, su phu thudc ciia
ngudi Dao Dd vd Dao Thanh Y vdo rimg
trong nhiing giai doan thilu luong thuc thap
hon, ehi 18,1% d ngudi Dao Dd va 5,4%) d
ngudi Dao Thanh Y Hai nhdm Dao ndy chu
yeu dua vao ngudn thu tu viec ldm thue (d
nhdm Dao Dd) hoac khai thac than (d nhdm
Dao Thanh Y) dl liy tiln bti dip cho viec
thilu luong thuc
Ngoai dua vdo rdng trong thdi dilm
thieu lucmg thuc, ngudi Dao cdn dua vdo
rdng d l tdng them thu nhap cho hg gia dinh
nhu khai thdc go d rung tu nhien va rimg
tr6ng Nhiing kinh nghiem va hilu bilt vl su
phdn bd ciia cac loai cay go trong rimg, qua
trinh sinh trudng cua cdy vd ddc tinh ciia cac
loai gd dd giup ngudi Dao khai thdc dugc loai
go cin thiet, sdp xep thdi diem khai thac phii hgp vd cd cdch thdc van chuyln hgp 1^ nhdm gidm bdt chi phi va tang ngudn thu cho hg gia dinh Chang ban, thdi dilm khai thac gS tdt nhit la cudi ndm, khi lugng nude
du trii trong cay ha xudng mde thdp nhdt, gd dat chit lugng tdt nhit sg cho gia tien cao hon Nhiing khu vuc gidp vdi sdng sudi thich hgp vdi viec trdng cay md vi khi d8n tudi khai thac, gd md nhe s6 ndi tren sdng, gidp cho viec van chuyln ra dudng cai dugc
de ddng hon, gidm bdt chi phi van chuyen
Cd the ndi, ngudn thu nhdp tu viec khai thdc
go ttr rung tu nhien vd rung trdng Idn, tuy nhien, cung ddi hdi chi phi Idn, nhiing rui ro trong qua trinh khai thac va van chuyen (ddi vdi gd rung tu nhi^n) vd thai gian chd thu hoach ddi (ddi vdi rdng trdng) Ngudn thu nhap tu khai thac gd tir nhien dang gidm nhilu do su suy kiet tai nguyen, trong khi
dd, ngudn thu nhdp tu trdng rung dang tdng ten Chdng ban, trudng hgp ngudi Dao Dd d Tuyen Quang, trudc ndm 2000, ngudn thu nhap eiia cac hd gia dinh chu yeu la tir viec khai thdc gd rung tu nhien, ddc biet Id cdc loai go quy nhu dinh, trai, nghien de ban cho nhiing ngudi Kinh d noi khac din thu mua Mdt met khdi gd nhu vdy mang lai thu nhap 1 trieu ddng cho ngudi dan Nhung gia dinh khdng khai thac dugc gd thi vdc go thue Hien nay, cac loai gd quy da trd nen khd kiem, ngudi Dao d day chuyln sang trdng xoan, keo, tre, vdu,xg tren khu dit rCrng ma hd gia dinh da dugc chia Trir cdc chi phi, mgt sd hg gia dinh cd thi cd thu nhdp td 40 den 50 trieu ddng neu trdng go
Trang 10xoan hoac td 15 den 20 trieu ddng neu trong
eg liy la*
Trdng rimg cung nim trong chii truong
ciia Dang va Nhd nude nhdm khdi phuc do
che phii cua'rung va nang cao thu nhdp cho
ngudi ddn dja phucmg Do do, nhieu du an
trdng rung da dugc trien khai d dia ban cua
ngudi Dao Mgt sd du an khdng dat dugc kit
qua nhu mong mudn nhung mgt sd khac da
dat dugc thanh cdng nhat dinh Trudng hgp
ngudi Dao Tiln d Ba Be, trong thdi gian
1998 -1999, ldm trudng Ba B I cung cip cho
ngudi dan d ddy gidng cay keo vd phdn bdn
de hg trdng tren rirng Sau 10 nam, lam
trudng quay trd lai thu mua g§ keo vol gid
100.000 ddng/m^ gd; nhu vdy, sau khi trii
chi phi gidng cdy vd phan bdn trudc dd lam
trudng cung cip thi tdng thu nhap cua ngudi
dan chi khoang 6 - 7 tri8u ddng Do lgi ich
kinh tS CLia du an ndy ddi vdi ngudi dan qua
thdp nen du an da thit bai, khdng dugc tilp
tuc thuc hien Mgt du an trong rung khde
dugc trien khai d ddy vao cdc ndm
1999 - 2001 do chuong trinh luong thuc thi
gidi (PAM) tdi trg da cung cip gidng cay md
va phan bdn cho ngudi dan Den thdi ky thu
hoach, ngudi ddn cd todn quyln su dung san
pham rimg ma hg da bd cdng cham bdn Vdi
gia bdn 300.000 - 400.000 ddng/m^ gS, cay
md dd mang lai ngudn thu nhap dang kl cho
cac hd gia dinh^
Tir li?u diSnda ciia cgng tac vi6n Nguyen ThSm Thu Ha
l?i cac cOng d6ng Dao 6 Tuyen Quang nSm 2013
Tu lieu dien da cOa cong tdc vien Dao Phuong Anh
I?] cac cgng dfing Dao 6 huy?n Ba BS, tinh Bic Kan
Tri thue ddn gian cung mang lai thu nhap bing tiln mat cho ddi ngu nhting ngudi hanh nghi y Hiu hit ngudi Dao deu cd kien thdc chung v l mgt sd dugc lieu don gian, tuy nhien, sd ngudi cd hieu bill sdu ve dugc Ii8u vd sd dung dugc lieu trong dilu trj cdc loai bSnh lai khdng nhilu Thdng thudng, mdi lang ngudi Dao cd khodng 3 - 5 thay lang Thdy thudc ngudi Dao cd the chiia dugc nhilu loai benh, moi ngudi lai cd mot
sd bdi thudc ndi tilng, nhung nhin chung, hau hit thay thudc cd kiln thdc sdu trong viec dilu trj cac loai benh lien quan din gan,
dg day va viec sinh de cua phu nii MOt so bai thuoc cua ngudi Dao da trd nen noi tieng, dac biet Id bdi thudc tdm, mang lai danh tilng vd thu nhap cho cdc thdy thulc
Do phin Idn ngudi Dao diu bilt vl cac dugc , lieu CO bdn nen cac thay thudc ngudi Dao khdng cd nhilu benh nhan ngudi dia phuang, ma hg chu ylu chua trj cho nhihig ngudi d cdc dja ban khde tim din hg qua Idl gidi thieu ciia nhirng ngudi khac Nguon thudc dugc su dung trong chiia benh dugc liy tu cdc niii xung quanh noi d ciia cac thdy lang Trudc ddy, moi khi cd ngudi benh, tiiy theo benh tinh ciia hg md thay thudc mdi len mii tim thudc Cac thdy thudc cung tudn thii nhiing kieng ky vd cdc thdi dilm di lay thudc khde nhau dua tren kinh nghiem ciia
hg ve cdc loai cdy thuoc vd hi8u qud cua thudc sao cho cac dugc lieu dugc thu hai hieu nghiem nhit Vi du, khdng nen di lay thudc sdm qud, khi suong tren cay nhilu ldm loang cac vi thudc; hoac ddi vdi nhiing loai thudc Id thdn vd la cay, ngudi di hai thuoc khdng nen di Idy thudc vdo budi trua, khi ndng qua lam nude trong cay ddn xuong phin rl, khien cho dugc lieu d phin than va
Id bi gidm siit Hon niia, dia bdn thu hai cdy