vi khdi nifm "uyin ngO" Trong Ttt diln tilng Vi?t, uyin ngU dupc dinh nglua li "phuong thflc ndi giim, blng cich khdng diing lli diln dft trvrc tilp mi dtag hlnh thirc diln dft nhp nht
Trang 174 NG6N NGff & D6I S6NG So 8 (238)-20I5
INGON NGiT VA VAN H6A|
DAC DIEM N G 6 N N G C - VAN HOA
CUA UYEN NGU" TIENG VEgT*
SOME REMARKS ON LINGUISTIC - CULTURAL FEATURES
OF VIETNAMESE EUPHEMISMS TRAN Tiq H6NG H^NH
(TS; Tnrimg DHKHXH & NV, DHQG H i N$i)
Abstract: As a special language phenomenon, euphemism is used to avoid embairassmeot
or to ease the stmg of harsh words The existence and origin of euphemisms seem to be universal However, each language community has its own way of thinking based on different social - cultural environment This brings to euphemisms in each language a different semantic environment Studying on Vietnamese euphemisms can reveal not only lingual features but also of our own ethnic social-cultural cliaracteristics
Key words: Vietnamese euphemism; feature; language; culture
1 Din nh$p
Trong thvrc tl giao tilp, nhiing ngudi tham
gia giao tilp diu it nhieu phii dli in$t vdi
nhttng tinh hulng mi hp khdng the trvrc tilp
ndi ra mpt dilu gl dd, ho$c nlu ndi trvrc tilp
thi sS lim cho ngudi nghe vi thim chi li ci
ngudi ndi cim thiy lung tflng, khd xfl Trong
nhflng trudng hpp nhu v|y, cich diln dft
gita tilp li xu hudng mi ngudi ndi sS Ivra
chpn dl lim cho bta thta ctag nhu ngudi
nghe trinh dupc nhttng bit ti?n Uyin ngtt ra
ddi vi di vio ddi sing theo cich nhu viy
1.1 vi khdi nifm "uyin ngO"
Trong Ttt diln tilng Vi?t, uyin ngU dupc
dinh nglua li "phuong thflc ndi giim, blng
cich khdng diing lli diln dft trvrc tilp mi
dtag hlnh thirc diln dft nhp nhtag hon, mim
mfi hon, do nhttng nguyen nhta ve mjtt
phong cich" Cdn trong tieng Anh, thuit ngft
uyin ngU trong tieng Anh li euphemism
Thuit ngft niy bit nguln tii mpt tfl Hi Lfp,
taxing dd tien tl eu cd nghia li tit, vi
phemism cd nghta Idi ndi Do dd euphemism
don gita li ndi nhttng dilu tit dpp
d Vi?t Nam, nhilu cdng Irinh nghiSn cftu
ngdn ngtt hpc cfla cic nhi nghiSn curu nhu
Nguyin Vta Khang, Dmh Trpng Lfc, Phan
Ngpc, Bfli Thi Ngpc Anh, Nguyin Chiln, Truong ViSn, Nguyen Thi Lan Hinh, Hi Hpi TiSn, Dota Tiln Lvrc di dua ra cic cich bilu khic nhau vl uyin ngtt Ciuig vdi khii ni?m uyin ngtt, cic tic gii cdn de cip den cic thuit ngtt tuong ducmg nhu: ndi giim, ndi
trinh, ndi vdng, nha ngtt, khmh tit Xiit
phit ttt nhttng cich tilp eta khic nhau, song cic tic gii kl trta co bta thing nhit trong cich hilu vl khii ni?m uyin ngft Cic cick hieu niy cd £em chung li coi uyin ngft nhu mdt kilu "biln thi ngdn ngiF', bta chit cua uyin ngft Ii phdp thay the Ndi mOt cich khic biln thi ngdn ngtt uyen ngtt dupc Ifo nen
tifia vdo vile thay Ihe, bien dii IU gic thanh mdt tii/cvm tit cd hlnh thtic khdc bill
Trong tilng Vi?t, svr thay thi cd thi li sir fliay fliS/biln dli vl mlt ngtt Im nhu Hnh
lupc Im (yi dy: Benh nhdn H li vilt tit cia
ngudi nhiim HIV) MOt cich khic li ding
cic tii dong nghTa, gin nghla dl fliay thi (Vi
dvi: mum mim thay cho bio; timg tilm thay cho nghio ) Trong tilng Vi?t, cdn m?t
lupng Idn tii Hta Vi?t fliudng mang sic tbii trang tatjng vi him sflc so vdi cic thuin Vi?t ding nghTa, do dd trong nhilu tnrdng hpp, tii Hta Vipt thudng dupc sft dvmg vdi tu cich li
Trang 275
uyin ngtt (Vi dvi: ngi y thay cho dd ldt, hi
sinh thay cho chit ) Cung cd till dtag
phuong thftc chuyin nglua in dy, hota dy dl
tfo nta cic uyin ngft (Vi dy: mdy mua thay
cho giao hop; tdt thd, nhdm mdt xudi tay
thay cho chet; ) Ngoii ra, cic tfl vay mupn
ctag cd the dupc sft dyng lim uyen ngtt (Vi
dy: nuylnude thay cho trin truing,
toa-llt/toilet thay cho nhd xi ) Vi?c sft dyng cic
ylu tl phft dinh nhu khdng, chua, chdng,
A^/R ,cic d^titiy dd ciing Ii mdt phuong
flnic ciu tfo cfla uyin ngft tilng Vi?t
V|y li, phuong thflc thay A blng B trong
dd B li uyin ngtt khi B cd ctag "cii dupc
bilu 6^" gilng A nhung B dupc ngirdi nghe
(vi ci ngudi Ivra chpn sft dyng B li ngudi
ndi) cho li dl chiu horn, Uch sy hon, tl nhi
hom B cd till li tfl ding nghia vdi A vi li
nhftng don vi tft vvmg mi chtag tdi tfm ^pi
gpi li cic don vi uyen ngtt ty thta Chtag
hfn, til trin, qua dai, di ntai trong cflng mdt
ttudng nghia vdi chet, nhung tit trin, qua
ddi, di mang sic thii bilu cim trang tapng,
lich sy, tl nhi 1 * ^ vdi chit Bta cfnh dd, B
cd thi Ii mpt biln ihl dupc dtag dl thay flil
m$t tii nio dd trong mdt ngtt cinh nhit dinh
Khi dupc chpn dl thay thi, ndt nghla dyng
hpc cua biln thi B dupc cho li lich sy hon,
trang ta^ng hon, tl nhi hon vi chl cd thi dupc
b?c 1? qua bli cinh giao tilp (ngtt cinh sft
dyng) Viy thi tiSu chi dl dinh gii B Iich sy
hon, tl ijii hom, thim mT hon li phy fliupc
vio dilu gl? Cic dta t?c khic nhau, sing
taong nhttng dilu ki?n mdi ttudng khic nhau,
vdi nhttng phuong thftc sta xuit, hinh thii xi
h?i, Iich sfl phit tailn khdng giong nhau din
din die trung vta hoi khic nhau Dd sS li co
sd dl hhih fliinh mdi tairdng ngtt nghla cfla
uyin ngtt Cd flil ndi, uyin ngtt cd flil phta
inh nhftng tu tudng vta hda, quy tic dfo
dfle cfla tiing xi hdi Trong taTidng hprp niy,
"sy thich hpp vi ylu t l vta hoi xi hpi li hai
dilm tya CO bta vl ngtt nghia cfla m?t uyin
ngtt, dd chinh li mdi trudng ngtt nghia cfla
khdng chl gdp phin tim hilu vl ngdn ngtt cfta mdt dta tpc nii cdn giftp thn hilu cic die dilm vta hoi cfla dta tdc dd
1.2 Tinh phi qudt eia tiyin ngU ding Vtit
Cic nghita cflu vl uyin ngft diu cho ring
sy tin tfi cfta uyin ngft trong cic ngdn nsft mang tinh phi quit Thih phd quit cfta uyen ngft dupc hhih fliinh ttudc hit dvra ttta nhftng nhu ciu mang thih phi quit: nhu ciu kiSng ki, nhu ciu lich sy vi nhu clu che dly
Nguyta nhta diu tien ^ con ngudi Ivra
chpn sft dyng uyin ngtt cd liSn quan din sy kitag Iq Tim li chung cfla con ngudi li thudng ttinh nS khdng nhic din, thim chi Ii gft bd ra khdi tu duy cfla mlnh nhihig sy vit lii?n tupng khiln minh sp hii, e ngfi Nhung trong qui trinh giao tilp, van xuat hita cic tinh hudng can phii gpi tta cic sy vit hi?n tupng dd bit c h ^ sy kieng Iq trong tilm thflc hole mOt quy chuin xi h?i thdng thudng Vi
do dd, cin cd nhihig tfl ngft dl thay thi, nhftng tfl ngft dl im chi sy vit m?t cich gita tilp Do v|y, giong nhu cic ngdn ngft khic, uyen ngft tilng Vi?t cung nhlm phyc vy cho nhftng kitag ki trong ddi sing htag ngiy Cic Ihih vyc kiSng ki bao glm cic b? phin tita CO thi con ngudi, nhfbig hinh vi tinh dye, nhttng hi?n tupng sinh li ciia con ngudi nhu cii chit, sy bii tilt v.v, nhiing nilm tin tdn giio
Ben Cfnh dd, nhu clu lich sy ctag li nguyta nhta hinh thinh uyin ngtt Ngay tft
xa xua, ca dao Vi?t Nam da cd nhibig clu ndi
dl cao thih lich sy trong giao tilp nhu: Ldi
ttdi chdng mat tiin mua/Ltfa ldi md ndi cho vita long nhau; Chim khdn keu tiing rdnh rang/Ngudi khdn tiing ndi dju ddng tli
ng/ie Nhifaig clu ca dao nhu viy dfi dita cho nhu ciu vl lich sy trong giao tilp gifla ngirdi vdi ngudi V|y li, khdng phii cft thdi nay con ngudi mdi d^ cao van dl ndi sao cho dpp, cho hay mi nhu ciu lich sy trong giao
tiep li nhu ciu vin cd tft xa xua "Lvia Idi"
Trang 376
tin thucmg ngudi nghe cung chinh li nguon
glc ra ddi uyen ngtt Vi dy:
Toi 30 Tet, Boon Idnh difo TP.HCM do
Chit tich HDND TP.HCM Nguyin Thf Quyit
Tdm ddn ddu da din tham, chuc Tit cdne
nhdn vl sinh dtmg ldm vi$c tgi Khu lien hgp
xu li chit thdi Da Phudc, huyin Binh Chdnh
vd Trgm trung chuyin rdc Ting Vdn Trdn
(ThanhNien Onlme, 18/2/2015)
Trong trudng hpp niy, cym ttt cdng nhdn
vl sinh dupc dtag t h ^ thi cho ngudi qu^t
ric, chit thdi limy the cho ric Khong chl
trong tilng Vi?t, trong tilng Anh, cym tfl
sanitttry engineer (kl su v? suih) ctag Ii uyin
ngft fliay thi cho ttt ngudi qudt dpn, ngudi
quit ric Tilng Hta thi cd uyen ngtt tucmg ty
li i ^ ^ X A cdng nhta bta v? moi trudng,
Uiti j|$!li( nhta vita trang dilm fliinh phi
Tilng Hto cd & 9 D | S | - ^ - nhta viSn trang
dilm mdi trudng Rd rtag, lich sy taxing
giao tilp li nhu clu mang tinh phi quit cfla
cic ngdn ngtt
Ngoii U do kitag ki hay dim bta Uch sy
trong giao tilp, uyin ngtt ra ddi taxing nhihig
trudng hpp mi ngudi ndi ho$c ngudi vl m?t
H do nio dd cln long ghSp fliSm ho$c giiu di
mdt Idp nghia trong phit ngdn dupc dl ra
Ching hfn, ngon ngtt nio ctag cd nhftng
uyin ngft dl thay thi cho "ngudi bi duli
vi?c" Tilng Vi?t cd uyin ngft tinh gidm biin
chi Tilng Anh sS dtag surplus reduction in
personnel, involuntarily separated (thuyta
ehuyin khdng ty nguy?n, tinh giim nhta
iyc) Tilng Hta cd uyin ngtt » t t (myc
nudng)
2 D$c diem ngdn ngii - vin hoi cfla
uyen ngii tilng Vi?t
2.1 Uyin ngtt ndi chung diu hlnh thinh
do nhu ciu phi quit li nhu ciu kiSng ki
nhung nhfhig dieu kitag ki trong mil cdng
ding lfi khic nhau Do viy, mli c^ng dong
sS cd nhttng phSp tiiay till mang tinh ritag
tning, cdn dl chl tinh hota Trong ldi chfn
cd rit nhilu tft cd chtt niy, vi dy i i S (dl/quta diu ctag), I A S (do/quta khln nfn), if S (dl tli, ngudi xiu) Do viy, ngudi Bic Kinh nd ta-tah tft S din, ta:flng gi khdng gpi li kS dta mi fliay li S ? [6;27] Trong khi dd, tning gi trong tilng Vipt khdng phii
li tft kiSng ki, bdi vfy mi khdng cin uyin ngft dl fliay till
Trong khi dd, tilng Vi?t ciing cd nhflng phdp thay thi riSng do nhiing kitag ki mang tinh bta sic Ching hfn, ngudi Trung (^ulc ctag cd tvic phii dlt tta tvic cho trd em dl de nudi, cho nSn cd thi gpi tiS nhd bing nhtag tSn tyc rit xiu nhu ^ ^ ( ciu oa; chd con),
mh (nhi ciu; con chd thft hai), nhung
ngudi Trung (julc khdng kiSng ki vi?c khen trd em, cho nSn cd thi ndi mOt dfla trd li dl thuong, bSo, xinh dpp Trii lfi, ngirdi Vi?t
cd tyc kitag khdng khen trd nhd vl sp ring ndi nhttng dilu tit dpp thi dfla ttd sS khi nudi VI v|y, trong tilng Vi?t, khen m$t dfla
trd sinh ra /sinh lin li cich ndi thay thi cho
ldn lin, to ra; nhifaig tft nhu bio, khoi, ddn^ yiu dupc thay bing li cic tft bu, ciing, de ghlt,
d) cic tinh ven biln Trung Bp, c?ng ding ngu dta diu luu truyin nhiing truyen thuyet,
giai fliofi vl 6ng Nam Hdi - cich gpi khic
cia Ci Voi Cit ISi cfta nhttng taiiyln fliuylt
iy li vipc ci voi thudng cftu giflp ngudi b} nfn ngoii biln khoi khi cd sdng to gid ldn
£>lng thdi, khi g$p ci Voi, ngu dta bao gid ctag dupc miia biln Tft thvrc tl vi dfle tin
iy, ci Voi di trd fliinh m?t vi Phic Thin trong ddi sing tim Unh cfla cu dta ven biln, dupc dta gian thinh klnh gpi lilng nhieu
danh xung tita trpng: Ong Khai, dng Ldng,
ling Siia, ling Nam Hdi Trong cic ddi vua
trilu Nguyin, cic milu thd ci 6ng diu dupc sic phong Ii Nam Hii Cy TOc Ngpc Lin
Thupng Ding Thin Ci Voi khi chet dft vio
Trang 4chon cit, noi chdn cit gpi li Ldng ling, li
hOi clu ngu cdn cd nhihig tta gpi khic nhu
Ll hOi nghmh 6ng, Ll hpi ctag ci fing, Ll
rudc cit fing, Ll nghhih fing Thu^ tudng, Ll
tl ci fing, Ll ctag fing, Ll ctag fing Nam
Hii
Nhiing nghl cing cd nhilu rii ro cao,
nhilu khd khin, nguy hilm thi sS ctag cd
nhilu tyc kieng ki, vi tfl ngft kiSng ki ctag vi
viy mi cing nhilu Nghl di diu (nghl khai
thic ttim huomg vi kl nam) li mOt trong sl
dd Vi v|y, nhiing ngudi "ng|m ngii tim
trim" s6 cd nhttng phdp thay thi nhu con
cgp/con hi till gpi li dng Ba, dng Tu, dng
niy, di tim cdy dd (lofi ciy cd tfo ra ttim
huomg, k^ nam) thay bing di dgo, di diu thay
bing di dn cda Ong Bd, con khi hay phi
phich nSn phii gpi li con hdn/khdi, con voi
dupc thay blng dng ZtJn
Thinh ngtt tilng Vi?t cd ciu: Khoi nhu
vdm Vdm chinh li cich ndi thay thi cho con
voi, gilng nhu dng Ba muai thay the cho COR
cgp/hi, dng Lit thay flil cho con rdn diu cd
nguln glc hlnh thinh tii sy sp hai, kitag nl
ciia cic cu dta Vi?t c l dli vdi nhttng loii
v?t cd All gly nguy hilm MOt vi dy nfta,
flieo phong tyc Vi?t Nam xua, sta phy mdi
suih thudng khdng dem lfi may min, do
viy, khdng dupc nim d nhi chinh mi phii
nim trong buing rieng, kin gid, trong buing
cd bip tiian cfli dl sudi Bdi viy, tilng Vi?t
mdi cd nhftng uyin ngtt thay flil cho tft de
nhu ndm i, ndm bip
Thdng qua cic vi dy viia nSu, cd thi thiy
rd rtag, uyin ngtt tilng Vi?t ed till eho
chtag ta nhttng tri thftc vl kitag ki, vl ddi
sing vta hoi, tin ngudng truyin fliing cia
ngudi Vi?t
2.2 Bta chit eta uyin ngtt li mOt phdp
fliay till Nhung khdng phii lflc nta cich
fliftc thay flie trong cic ngdn ngft diu gilng
nhau Khi xem xdt cic uyin ngtt hinh fliinh
blng phiicm| thftc in dy/hota dy, chtag tdi
nhta ti>ly '^'S tall' i^ 'Oc lfi cd sy Ivra
X^a ngtt hota tota khic nhau, phy thuOc vta khdng kbi vta hoi cia tflng cOng ding Chtag ta xdt trudng hpp uyen ngtt vl cii chit Cd IS mOt trong nhfing noi sp hii vi im inh ldn nhit vi liu ddi nhit cia con ngudi li cii chit Cii chit kdo theo nil sp hli vl ma quy, thin linh vi nhilu hp qui khic Bdi v$y,
cd thi ndi, dta tOc nta, ngdn ngtt nta ctag cd uyin ngft dl ndi vl cii chit
Trong tilng Hta cd cic uyin ngft vl cii
chit nhu: Bt.S!., ?f^ Ml, fiSklS, ±
Ji.% ± S , ± A S m , v.v [10; 61] Trong
tilng Anh cd cic uyin ngtt pass away, be
gone, go to the Heaven, go to meet the maker,
be departed, be with the Jesus, to breathe one's last, to go to his reward to come to Jestts (Gfkl/Heaven), to go over to the other
side li cic uyin ngft ve cii chet Trong
tieng Hta, chit cd flil fliay flil bing ofL-fy a(Da vl bta chia), (da vl Thita Quic) Tilng Vi?t ctag cd rit nhilu cich dl bilu dft
ve cii chit Bing Giang fliing kS ttong tilng Vi?t cd hon 1000 uyen ngft vl cii chit [I I]:
qtta ddi, khudt nui, trit hai tha cuii cimg, vi thi gidi bin ha, lin dudng theo ti tiln, nhim mdt xudi tay, lin tiin, an giic ngdn thu, quy tiin, hi sirih, thdc, ra di mdi mdi, vi ntri chin suit, Ird thdnh ngudi thiln ci, trd vi vdi ait bui,
Khdng chi cd sl lupng phone phi, uyin ngtt trong cic ngdn ngtt cdn giong nhau d cich tri nhta vl cii chet S.Haddad eho ring, trong tilng Anh, uyin ngtt vl cii chet dupc hhih thinh thdng qua sy thay till cii chit vdi
16 phfm trfl khic nhau, gilng nhu 13 phfm tiii taxing tilng A 4 p [14] Theo cich phta tich tucmg ty nhung Ifi cd sy phta lofi khii quit hon, Dota Tiln Lye [7] cho ring, qua cich tfo vi sft dyng uyin ngtt vl cii chit, ngudi Vi?t thi hi?n sy tri nh$n cfla mhih vl cii chit fliSng qua 5 phfm tari: H? qui smh hpc cfla cii chit, chit li cuOe hinh talnh, chit
li din vdi cu$c sing hfnh phflc, chit li nghi
Trang 5ngoi, chit la mat mit Chtag tdi ctag nhit tri
ring, sy tri nhta ve cii chet eta ngudi Vi?t
vl CO bta tircmg dong vdi cic dta tpc khic
Tuy nhien, trong sy tri nhta mang tinh pho
quit, chtag tdi vin nhta thiy nhfing khic
bipt bi chi phli bdi cic nhta t l vta hoi xi
hoi riSng bi?t
Xdt phfm tifl coi cii chit Ii mpi cupc/lanA
trinh, dly Ii phfm trfl mang tinh phi quit,
bdi viy, dOng tft di diu dupc dtag phi biln
trong cic ngdn ngtt Tuy nhiSn, nhiing cuOc
hinh trinh nhu thi trong tu duy moi cpng
ding Ifi cd cic dilm din khic nhau: din Bit
Bta Son, din ThiSn dudng, din Thita
Quic Cdn ngudi Vi?t till lfi cd mOt dilm
din rit d$c trung: di gdp (dng bd) td tiin, di
gdp dng bd dng vdi Sy khic bi?t vl diem din
niy ehinh li do tin ngudng thd ctag tl tiSn
cfla ngudi Vi?t quy dinh Dilm din cfla cuOe
hinh trinh niy cdn hi Inh hirdng bdi nhfing tu
tudng ton gita khic nhu Phit gita: di din cdi
vinh hdng cdi cue Igc, trd vS cdt bui, inh
hudng cfla Dfo gita: quy tien, lln tiln, vi cdi
thiin thai Ngoii ra, trong tilng Vipt cdn cd
hai uyin ngtt vl cii chit xuit pbit tft phong
tvic tang ma ciia ngudi Vi?t, mfng d|m diu
in vta boi dta tdc li bd chiiu vi dn xdi nghe
kin MOt vi dy khic, trong tilng Vi?t, cym tft
gdy gdnh/ dit gdnhlgOy gdnh Igi ddn
triing/nOa dudng dil gdnh thudng dupc
dtag dl chi nhiing ngudi phy ntt H hdn/bd
chlng/ching bd/goi chlng Cd 16, mupn hlnh
inh cii ddn ginh dl y ni?m hoi cho duySn
phta cfla ngudi phy nft li die dilm rieng cd
taxing vta boi Vi?t Nam
Sau dly 11 vii vi dy khic so sinh giiia
etah thflc Ivra chpn sy vit dl thay tfal trong
uyin ngft tilng Vi?t vdi cic ngdn ngft khic
dl lim rd thSm cho luta ^Im ciia chtag tdi
Dl ndi vi?c flii ttupt, tilng Vi?t dtag vd
chuli: trygt vd chtioi, tilng Hta dflng earth
rong biin: - Di ta canh rong biln BO ph|n
smh dye nam nft trong tilng Vi?t lfi dupc
fliay till bing dfi ttt cd bi, cdu bi, cdi qy, cdi
thay thi cho bp phta eiia ntt, - chiy gii binh tteok - thay thi cho b? phta cfla nam [12] Nhu cic ngta ngtt khic, tilngVi?t ctag cd uyin ngtt dl hoft dOn^ bii tilt cfla con ngudi;
di ngodi, di ciu, di ding Giii fliich cho vi?c
vl sao Ifi gpi la di ding di ciu flil id ring li
phii dflng din nhihig tri thiic dta gian ngudi Vi?t Trong sl cic uyin ngtt vl lihh vyc niy,
cd mpt uyen ngtt mi chtag tdi nhta thiy diy
li mOt vl dy thfl vi Dd li uyin ngtt (bj) Tdo
Thdo duii Tta Thta li mOt nhta vft ttong
tilu fliuylt cl dfi Trang Quic, tilng Vi?t dua vta de y iii?m hoi cho uyin ngft trong klii tilng Trung thi khdng
Hay nhu ndi vl quan h? giiia nam nfi, ngudi Vipt cd mOt uyin ngft "ta com tnrdc king" thay thi cho vi?c cd biu tnrdc klii cudi Sy vit dupc Ivra chpn de y ni?m hoi npi dyng ngft nghia efta uyin ngtt niy ctag phin inh nhffaig thdng tin "vta hoi" dOc dio Trudc dly, d miln Bic Vi?t Nam, dudi ch^ d? hpp tic xa, king li mOt flianh kim lofi, v6 qui bom dtag dl bta gid Di hpc, di lim, vta Idp, tan Idp, tan ca vi ci ta com ciing phii cd gid vi diu duprc bta hi?u bing king Chua cd ktag thi chua dupc lim, viy nSn mdi cd sy lita tudng vi fliay the cho vi?c chua cudi flil phai gitt ghi ttinh tilt
Nhu Vfy, tinh ritag bi?t trong vi?c lya chpn sy vit, hita tupng, cich fliiic dl fliay thS taxing uyin ngtt cfla mli ngdn ngtt nS ring chiu sy chi phli cfla cic d|c taxmg vta hoi dta tOc Nlu cln phii chuyin dich nhQng uyin ngtt nhu ta:ta sang ngdn ngtt khic, cd li chl ed thi tim mOt cich diln dft mang ngliia tuong ty, mi khdng flil chuyin dich tfl hrong duong
3 Nh$n xdt
Uyin ngtt ndi chung vi uyin ngtt ttong tilng Vi?t ndi ritag li mOt hi?n tupng ngSn ngtt, trong dd ngudi ndi tiinh sft dyng trvic tilp vl sy Vft, lii?n tupng cd till khiln nguiri nghe cim thiy sp hii, Iflng taing, khd xfl, kbi chiu bing cich thay flil bing mOt sy v|it, hi?ii
Trang 6nhu nguySn nhta hhih fliinh uyin ngft li die
diem mang tinh pho quit trong eta ngdn
ngft Tuy nhien, eta die tnmg vta hoi xa
hOi khic nhau din din cich tu duy riSng bi?t
trong moi cOng ding ngon ngtt vi vi viy di
tfo nSn nhfing mdi trudng ngft nghTa hota
tota khta nhau cho uyin ngft Trong uyin
ngft tilng ViSt, ed nhiing uyin ngtt dupc
hinh thinh tft nhfing kieng ki mi eta dta tOc
khic khdng cd Ctag cd nhifaig uyin ngtt
dupc hlnh thinh tft phuomg thflc in dy, mi
sy Ivia chpn cic sy vit, hita tupng dl y ni?m
hoi Ifi phy thuOc vta d$c tnmg tri nhfn, tri
thux: vta hoi mang tinh bta sic dta tOc
Chinh vl viy, thdng qua tu li?u uyin ngtt,
chtag ta cd ihl cd tiiSm nhttng khim phi vl
cich tu duy, tri nli$n cung nhu nhftng die
dilm vta hoi xi hdi efla chinh dta tOc mlnh
* Bdi bdo liin quan den ngi dung cua di tdi
nhdn hd tro kinh phi cua Trung tdm Hd trg
Nghiin cuu chdu A, DHQG HN
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Nguyin Vta Khang (2012), Ngdn
ngU hgc xd hfi, NXb Gita dye
2 Bfli Thi Ngpc Anh (2013), i)<fcf™ng
ngdn ngi xd hdi cia ti ngi Uing ki Irong
liing Vilt, Lu|n ta Tiln sT, Hpc vi?n
KHXH, Vipn HLKHXHVN
3 Hotag Thi Huong Giang (2010),
Hinh thic biiu dgt cua uyin ngi trong bdo
chi tiing Anh vd tiing Vilt, Ki ylu HOi flita
NgSn ngtt hpc tota quic (17/4/2010),
DHQG Hi NOi
4 Nguyen Thi Lan Hinb (2004), Khdo
sdt ddc diim cua uyin ngS liing Hdn dii
chiiu vdi tieng Viit tuang duang : trin cu
lilu cua hai nhdm uyin ngii chi "cdi chit" vd
"gidi tinh", Lu|n vta Thfc si,
DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hi NOi
5 Luu Qu^ Khuong, Nguyen Tl
QuySn (2013), Nghiin ciu ddc tnmg cua
Ting thong My tu ndm 2002 din 2012, To
Khoa hpe vi Cdng ngh?, Dfi hpc Di Ning,
Sl 9 (70).2013
6 Dmh Tipng Lfc (1999), Phong cdch
hgc tiing Viet, Nxb Gita dye
7 Lj Ltog (2011), Sg sdnh hiln tugng
hing h trong tiing Hdn vd liing Viit, Luta
vta Thfc si, DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hi NOi
8 Dota Tiln Lye (2012), % tri nhdn
ve cdi chet cia ngudi Vilt qua uyin ngi, Tc
Nghita curu vta hoi so 1, flitag 9/2012
9 Dota Tiln Lye (2013), Vi phuang
thic ciu tgo uyin ngi, Tc Ngdn ngtt Sl 2
(285)/2013
10 Hotag VI Smh (2008), So sdnh sif
hinh thdnh cdch diin dgt vi ti hing h ti vong trong tiing Trung vd tiing Vilt, Tc
Nghita cflu Trung ()ulc, sl 6 (85)/2008
11 Hi HOi Tita (2009), Khdo sdt ddc
diim cua uyin ngi tiing Hdn vd cdch chuyin tiieh ching sang tiing Vilt, Luta vta
Thfc si, DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hi NOi
12 Tnrong Vien (2003), Nghiin ciu
uyin ngi trong tiing Anh vd viic chuyin dich sang liing Vilt, Luta fa Tiln sT,
DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hi NOi
13 Trln Thi Vta YSn (2009), Uyin ngi
tieng Hdn, Lu|n vta Thfc sT chlu A hpc,
DHKHXH&NV, DHQG TP HCM TAlLI$UTlfiNGANH
14 Eglantina Hysi (2011), Aspects of
Taboos and Euphemisms in Women 's Language, Mediterranean Joumal of Social
Sciences, Vol.2 (3), September
15 Sahna Haddad (2009), Euphemising
Death - Damascus University Joumal, Vol
25 No 1+2,2009
16 Wang Xiaolmg, Zhang Meng, Dong
Hailm (2012), Cross-cultural conlrastive
study of English and Chinese euphemisms
Cross-cultural Communication, Vol 8, No6,