Tuy nhifin, cung vdi s\r hpi nh§p ca vfi thuc lien va nhan thiic khoa hpc, thuc tfi boat dpng cua nhdm Igi fch d Viet Nam giai do^n suy thodi kinh tfi lir nam 2009 dfin nay, nbdm Igi fch
Trang 1NGHIEN CU'U
^ Lgi fch nhom va van de nhom lgi fch
a Viet Nam hien nay Hoang Van Luan*
Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi vd Nhdn vdn - Dgi hge Qudc gia Hd Ngi,
336 Nguyen Trdi Thanh Xudn Hd Ndi Viit Nam Nhan ngky 05 thdng 11 nSm 2013
Chmh sua ng&y S O t h ^ g 1 nam 2014; Chip nhan dang ng^y 12 thang 3 nSm 2014
Tom tat: Lgi fch nhdm va nhdm loi i'ch xuat lii?n nhieu uen cac phuang tien truyen thong cr Vi?i Nam ciiiig nhu nhiing tJip chi khoa hoc vdi nhieu cich tiep c^in khac nhau
Han che ve m|t the che v^ hanh lang phip ly lien quan den ho^t dpng cua nhdm \<?i i'ch a Vift Nam
da t^o ra sy bat binh dSng gifla cac nhom lgi fch Dieu do lam nay sinh moi s6 quan diem chua
toSn dien ve nhom lgi ich, coi ring nhom lgi fch mang tinh deu circ,
B^i viet chiing minh nhdm lgi ich va ho?! dgng ciia nd la mgt tat yeu khich quan vS neu dugrc quan
Uj tot, se thuc day lien bg vk cong bSng xa hgi ciing nhu nang cao hifU lire, hiSu qua ciia qui trinh
chtnh sach cong
Tir khda: Nhu cau, lgi i'ch, loi ich nhom, nh(5m Igi i'ch, Igi i'ch c6ng
D a n n h S p
Trong nhiing nSm gan day, van de l^i ich
nhdm xu^l hi^n nhieu trSn trgn cac phuong ti?n
truyen th6ng Viet Nam Loi i'ch nhom con dang
d u g c hi£u o nhieu khia canh khdc nhau song da
phSn, lgi fch nhdm dang dugc nhin nhan, danh
gia theo nghia lifiu c u e , nhit la tren p h u a n g
di?n tuyfin truyen"* va cdc mang xa hpi Vay,
•DT: 84-903264951
E-mail: luanhv®vnu.edu.vn
" ' "Mpt Irong nhumg era ngai 1cm nhat cho phit men kinh
1^ bin vihig on d|nh x3 hgi nuoc ta hifn nay la sir hi^n
h ^ lgi fch nhdm Tai buoi tiep xuc vcri cu Iri Hai Phong
Nguyen Tan Dung cam ket "ki6n quyel ngSn chan lgi fch
nhdm Igi i'ch va Igi i'ch nhom la gi? Ve mat khoa hgc, boat dpng cua nhom Igi i'ch c o vai tro
gi trong thiic day tien b o va cong bSng xa hgi? Lgi ich nhdm la m$t bifin lugng xa hgi
mang ti'nh l i t yeu khach quan c6 quy luat v$n
dong von CO cua no giong nhu nhiJtig quy lual nhom de dam bao si; cong bSng xa hoi" DSy khong phai
la lan dau tien ngudi diing diu Chfnh phu b^y to su lo ngai
ve van de nay Tructc do, Tong Bf thu Nguyen Phii Trgng
dS neu dfch danh lgi fch nh6m tai Hgi nghj Tiung uong 3 (khoa XI) ngay 10-10-2011 va til^ do (thing 11-2011) cac Ciia no" Xem Le Quang: Lgi fch nhom Tap chi Xay dtmg Dang, s6 1/2013 tai
http ://www.xaydungd ang org vn/Home/MagazineSlory.as px''niid=57&mzid=448&lD=1058, truy cap ngay 17/10/2013
Trang 2xa hgi khac Vfi mat khoa hgc va kinh nghiem 6
mgt s6 qu6c gia, ho^t dgng cua nhdm Igi fch
thirc sir gop phan thdc diy tifin bo va cong bang
xa hoi
1 Lgi ich va Igi fch nhom
Lgi fch xuit hien tir nhu ciu (Le HiiTi Tang,
1997), gin Ufin vdi phan cong lao dgng xa hoi
vh so huu, nhat la so biiTi tu nhan tu lieu san
xuat Phan cong lao dgng xa hgi tao ra hifin
tugng moi nguoi chi lao dpng trong mgt Iinh
vgc CM the'"' Do dd, moi ca nhan lao dong
khong tao ra san phim hay tu lieu true tifip thoa
man mgi nhu cau ciJa minh'" Muc dfch cua Iao
dgng la tim kifim phuong tifn trung gian**' de
trao ddi nham thoa man nhu can Trong quan hfi
trao doi do, Igi ich xual bifin Do dd, lgi i'ch truoc
het la mgt quan he xa hgi {Nguyfin Linh Khieu
(1999) Xel vk mat gia Ui, Igi ich Ik phin gia tri
nhu cSu hay muc do nhu cau dugc thoa man
thdng qua boat dgng trao doi voi cac chu the nhu
cau khac (Hoiing Van Luan, 2011) Den lugt no,
theo K Marx, lgi ich lai la cdi liin kit cac tbanb
K Man.: '"Mgt khi bSi dau c6 phan c6ng lao dpng lid
moi nguiri co mgt pham vi ho^i dgng nhat dmh va dgc
thoii ra dugc (Nlian manh - HVL) Nguoi do la ngucri di
s3n, nguiri danh ci ho^c nguin chin audi, hoic la nha pAie
phin CO tfnh chal phe phin va nguiri do van cti phai 1 ^
nhu Ibe neu khdng muon mat di nhiing tu lieu sinh boat
ban CTQG HN 1995 tr 47)
''' Chl trong nen kinh te tvr cung t\t cap, moi gia dinh deu
ciu cua minh trong trgt chin nuoi del vai v.v Nhung
day chi li mgt bieu hien hay mgt giai doan cua lich su san
xuaL
'*' Phuong lien trung gian co th^ la hien vat trong nen kinh
K Marx: "D61 vdi anh ta, y nghia ciia 12 gio lao dgng
khdng phai cr ebo d^i keo sgi, khoan v.v ma la o cho: do
Ut nhung phucmg thiic kilm dugc uen khien dio anh la co
the in di quin tvgu ngu " Xem C Mic - Ph Angghen:
vien cua xa hgi lai voi nhau'' Lgi fch va quan he 1^ i'ch quyet dinh U'nh chit va xu huong vEin dpng
ciia cac quan he xa hgi - ma thuc chit la quan he
giira cac chii tfifi lgi fch Ljch su cho thiy, nhOng
vin dfi diu tranh hay lien minh giua cic giai ling
xa hgi, sir hinh thanh va mit di ciia cac t6 chiic xa hgi dfiu nay sinh tCi nhfing tinh chat cu the ciia quan he Igi fch Mau thuin giiia tu san va vo san (K Marx) hay xung ddt Uong quan he quan Iy (F.W Taylor) cd nguyfin nhan tii quan he lgi i'ch giua lu san va vo san hay giiia gioi chu va nguoi lam thue Lien minh cong - nong, vdi tfnh c^h la nh6m lgi fch nay suih tir su thdng nhit ve lgi fch ciia hai giai cap n&y trong each mang vo san Theo K Max, trong qua trinh hoat dgng xa
hgi, cac chii thfi truoc hfit dfiu la vi nhu ciu va
Igi i'ch ciia minh'^'- Va do lgi fch ciia minh ma lifin kfit hay dau tranh vdi cac chu the igi fch
'^' K Mara: "Nhung vi nhu cau cua moi ca nhin rieng biet khong CO mgt y nghia hien nhien nio doi voi mgi ci nhan v) ky khac cd tu li^u thao man nhu cau do; nghia la khong
ci nhan ddu bugc phai xay dung moi quan be do bing cich la din lugt minh Iai lam ke moi gioi giua nhu cau cua ngudl khic vdi ddi tugng (tu lieu iboa man - HVL) cua nhu cau dd Nhu viy, chioh u'nh tit yeu tu nhien, chinh die tfnh ciia con ngudi, mic du chiing bieu hien thanh hinh Ihiic tha hda nhu the nio di nua, chfnh lgi ich li cii Mac • Ph Angghen: Toin tgp, t 2 Nha xuil ban CTQG
HN 1995, If 183)
K Marx: "Mdi cam giic ctia anh la deu bugc anb ta
phai tin a sir ldn iai ciia the giai va ciia cac c i nhan khac
bin ngoai anh ta Thim chf cii da diy tgi loi cua anh ta cung hang ngay nhae nhd anb ta ring thi gidi ben ngoai anh ta khdng phai li udng rong, ma Irii lai ihirc su li cai nhel diy da day ctia anh la Mdi hogt dgng ciia bin chit ciia anh ta, moi die tfnh cua anh ta, moi ban nang smh hgc cua anh ta diu trd ihinh mgt nhu cau, bien tfnh tvr y£u
minh cua anh ta thanh sg yeu thich cua anh ta ddi vdi s\r
vgi khic va nhung ngudi khic d ben ngoai anh ta" C Mac
- Ph Angghen: Toin tap, t.2 NTii Xuit bin CTQG H.,
1995 tr.283
F.W Taylor - cha de cua Thuyet quan ly theo khoa bgc cung xuit phil tir m^nh dc con ngudi kinh le (man is a cua minh Xem: Principles of Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911) lgi Truy cap ngiy
Trang 3khac Nhdm lgi fch va xung d$t lgi i'ch Ih nhSng
bifiu hifin cu the ciia nhiing boat dong, lac dgng
da chifiu do
Nhdm lgi fch, hieu mgt cdch chung nhat, la
lap hgp cdc cS nhan cd chung mot hay nhifiu Igi
fch boat dgng theo mot co chfi nhat dinh nham
dat dugc hoSc gia tang Igi fch chung cua hp
Theo nghia dd, nhdm Igi fch khong phai la mgt
hifin tugng xa la d Viet Nam Su ra ddi rat sdm
ciia cac to chu'c nhu Lifin doan lao dpng, HOi
Ndng dSn'^' va cdc hgi nghfi nghifip - xel vfi
nguon goc v^ ban chat - la minh chiing cho s\r
ton tai ciia cac nhdm lgi i'ch ciia ngucri lao dgng,
nhdm lgi ich cua nong dan, nhdm Igi fch ciia
nh&ng ngudi trong tirng nghfi tuong iing vdi hpi
nghfi nghifip cua nghfi dd
V&o nhihig nam 1980, kinh tfi - xa hpi Viet
Nam dinh don, tri tre v& diing trudc bd virc
ciia khung hoang Vfi m^t Iy luan, nhu cau
nghifin ciiu tdng ket thuc tiln nhdm lim ra
hudng di mdi, dgng lire mdi cho sy phat trien
trd nfin cap ihi^t DSy cung la thdi ki xuil hifin
nhifiu cdng trinh nghien ciru ve lgi fch va su
kfit hgp cdc lgi fch, nbSt la Igi fch kinh le [1]
trong dd cd tiep can lgi fch theo chii the: Lgi
fch ca nhan - lgi fch l^p the - lgi fch xa hgi
Theo tifip can nay, Ipi fch tap the vdi tfnh each
la Igi fch cua cdn bp, nhan vien ciia mgt nha
mdy, xf nghifip nhit dinb, la m$t hinh thirc ciia
Igi fch nhdm va tap the cdn bg, nhan vien dd la
nhdm Igi fch
Tuy nhifin, cung vdi s\r hpi nh§p ca vfi thuc
lien va nhan thiic khoa hpc, thuc tfi boat dpng
cua nhdm Igi fch d Viet Nam giai do^n suy
thodi kinh tfi lir nam 2009 dfin nay, nbdm Igi fch
can dugc hifiu mpt cdch cu the va phii hgp vdi
thuc tifin hon, ddc bifit la khfa canh lac dpng, anh hudng dfin chi'nh sach'*' ciia nhdm Igi fch Nhdm lgi fch (Interest group) la cdc td chuc dugc hinh thanh mdt each tu nguyfin lim each tao ra lgi the cho vific thuc hifin lgi i'ch ciia nd"' bao gdm cac cdng ty, td chiic tir thien, cdc nhdm dan sinh, cac hiep hdi nghfi nghiep, hiep
hpi Ihuong mai, v.v Nbdm lgi i'ch xual hien a Birc, Hoa Ky va sau do phd bifin d cac xa hgi
cdng nghifip phuong Tdy Lich sii hinh thanh nay dugc chia thanh 4 giai doan:
Giai dogn tiin cdng nghiip (1830 - 1870),
nhdm lgi fch xuat hien nhu nhihig to chiic tir thifin hd trg ngudi ngheo Thanh vien ciia nhdm nay la nhiiTig ngudi thudc ting ldp trung luu
Giai dogn hai (1860 - ddu nhirng ndm 1900) tuong ling vdi qua trinh cdng nghifip hda,
nhdm lgi i'ch mang nhifiu dau in ciia giai ting
xa hgi nhu Id chiic cdng dodn (nhdm Igi fch cua cdng nban) v^ cdc Id chirc ciia ngudi sir dung Iao dpng Thdi ky ndy cac Id chOrc ciia ndng dan cung dugc thanh lap nhieu nhdm dai difin cho Igi fch cua ndng dan
Giai do^n 3 - giai do?tn xa hdi cdng nghiep
(sau nam 1920 den nhiJng nEm 1950), cic nhdm
Igi fch vdi rinh each la hgi nghi nghiep xuat hifin phd bien
Giai dggn 4 - giai dogn hgu cgng nghiep
xuit hifin cac nhdm Igi fch bao vfi cho nhiing Igi fch hdu cdng nghifip nhu mdi trudng, quyfin con ngudi, v.v [2]
Nhu da dfi c|p, boat d^ng ciia con ngudi la
de thda man nhu cau, dfi chifim linh lgi fch va
Tdng liSn doan lao dgng Viet Nam cd tien than li Cdng
hgi do dugc thinh lgp nim 1929 Hgi Ndng din Vigt Nam
(thing 3 nim 1937), v.v Hi^p hgi T h ^ Viet Nam
' Thuong dugc ggi la van dgng hanh lang, van dgng chfnh sich (lobby)
'*' Trong cuon The Interest Group Society Nhi Xuit ban
Gyde Wincox, tii ban lan 5, nam 2009, Jeffrey Berry cho
muc tteu va cd gang tic dgng, giy anh hudng den chfnh individuals who share some goals and who tiy to influence
Trang 4qua do sdng tao ra ljch sii' '^' thi vific cac chii thfi
Igi fch tu nguyen hgp siic vdi nhau nham bao
ve va hon nira la cimg cd, lam gia tang Icri fch
cua hg ciing Id mdt tat yfiu ljch su Xuat phdt tir
Igi fch cua minh va khdt vong khdng ngimg lam
gia tang lgi fch ciia minh, trong nhiing trudng
hgp nhit djnh, cdc chii thfi lgi fch cin va phai
lifin ket vdi nhau th^nh nhdm Igi fch theo
nguyfin \f tfnh trpi ciia he thdng""
Su xudt hifin ciia nhdm lgi fch la mot tit yeu
khdeh quan, phan dnh s\r da dang ciia Igi fch va
cac quan he Igi fch ciia ddi sdng xa hgi Xa hdi
cang phdt trien, qud trinh da dang va phuc tap
hda ciia tgi fch va cac quan hfi iQri fch cang difin
ra nhanh chdng va cd thfi vugt trudc su difiu
tifit, difiu chinh ciia nhd nudc thdng qua cdng cu
phdp Iuat vd chi'nh sdch hifin hanh"'' Do dd,
cac nhdm Igi i'ch can cd tifing ndi, cd tdc ddng
dfin cdc nha hogicb djnb dfi k^p thdi difiu chinh
chi'nh sich nhdm hgp thiic, hgp phdp hda Igi fch
cOa hp
2 Nhom Ipl fch 6e mgt so quoc gia
O mdt sd qudc gia nhu Canada, Diic, dac
bifit la Hoa Ky, nhdm lgi fch va bo^t ddng cua
K Marx: "Ngudi ta phii cd Idii ning sdng da idi mdi cd
the '1am ra ljch su" Khung mudn song dugc dii tmdc hit can
khic niia N~hu vgy, hanh vi l|ch sii diu tieo li vi|c sin xuat ra
nhiing bi lieu dl thoa man nhung nhu cau ay viec sin xual ra
ban th&i ddi song vgt chat" C Mac - Ph Ang^ien: Toan lap,
t3 Nha Xuil ban CTQG H 1995, tr 40
' ' Gareth Morgan "The Msic»is, values, and sense of
puipose that bind an organization together can be used as
the mission and challenge of the whole enterprise"
" ' ' Do tinh dgc lgp tuong ddi ^ thiic phap lugt vi chinh tri
yeu to ciia y ihiic xi hgi thudng lac hgu hon so vdi tdn lai
den vi?c xay dimg va thirc thi mgt bg luai, mgt chfnh sich
cung ihudng cd mgt dg trl nhit dinh
nhdm Igi fch dugc thira nh^n cdng khai nhu mgt trong nhiing kenh vSn dgng chi'nh sach dong thdi d gdc d$ khdc Iai la kfinh phan bien chi'nh sach
Su da dang ciia cdc nhdm Igi fch d Hoa Ky
CO thfi dugc phSn thanh mdt sd loai co ban:
Nhdm Iai ich kinh ti (Nhom Igi fch kinh doanh
- Business hilerest Groups, Nhdm Igi fch ndng nghifip - Agricultural Interest Groups, Nhom lgi fch ngudi Iao dgng - Labor interest groups,
v.v ); Nhdm lgi (ch mdi tnrdng (Environmental Groups nhu Sieira Club va Greenpeace); Nhdm lai ieh cong (Public-Interest Groups nhu Nader
Organizations, The League of Women Voters); V.V Nhdm lgi fch hoat dgng cdng khai Hg cd thfi thue cdc chuyfin gia van ddng hanh lang nhdm true tifip hodc gidn tifip gay anh hudng dfin cac chuyfin gia hogch dinh chi'nh sach Van dpng hanh lang dugc dieu chinh bdi Luat Van dpng hanh lang"^* (The Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act) ban hanh ndm 1946 va Lu^t sura ddi Luat Van dpng hanh lang (Lobbying Disclosure Act) ndm 1995 Hifiu qua van dpng ciia nhdm Igi fch phy Ihudc vao quy md nhdm (tai chi'nh, dpi ngu chuyen gia, v.v ), tfnh to chiic ciia nhdm, ngudi lanh dao va kJ thudt, chien thuat van dpng ciia nhdm
Ve thuc chat, ho?l dgng ciia nhdm Igi fch la qud trinh phan bifin chfnh sdch - mdt phuong thiic hifiu qua ciia qud trinh chfnh sach cdng (hoach dinh, td chuc thuc hien chinh sach, ddnh gid vd difiu chinh chfnh sdch): Van ddng chinh sach dfi cd Igi cho nhdm Igi fch ciia minh ddng thdi cd the dua ra nhung phan U'ch nhdm chi ro nhiing bat hgp 1^ cua nhung nhdm lgi fch khdc nhu mpt chien thuat ciia v§n dpng chi'nh sach
Theo Lugt niy, cic ca nhin to chdc vgn dpng hinh lang dugc nhgn tien vdi myc dich gay anh hudng din cic dang ky trudc Ci nhin to chitc vgn dgng hinh lang phai
Trang 5Phan bien chfnh sdch la xu hudng phd bien,
tat yfiu nhdm nang cao tfnh hieu luc va hieu qua
ciia qua trinh chfnh sdch cdng Tuy vdi phuong
thiic mang tfnh d^c thh"'", Viet Nam khdng
nam ngodi tinh pho quat dd
3 Vai trd ciia nhdm lpi fch
Xet tir gdc dg triet hgc, boat ddng ciia cac
nhdm lgi fch tao ra sy can bdng (su thdng nhat)
Igi fch ciia cac nhdm vd mpt cdch cd f thiic hay
khdng hg dang tao ra Igi fch chung [3]"*' va dd
Id CO sd cua sir thdng nhdl trong hdnh dOng xa
hgi O mpt khia canh nhat djnh, boat ddng cOa
nhdm Icri fch gdp phan tao ra sy cdn bdng, lodn
di?n cua qud trinh chinb sach Nhd dd, nhd
nudc - CCf quan ban hanh chinh sach - mdi thuc
sir trd thdnh ngudi dai difin cho cac ldng ldp xa
hOi va la trung tdm tao ra su thdng nhat trong
boat dpng ciia todn xa h^i
Cudi Ihfi 1^ XIX, diu thfi ky XX, cdc nudc
phuong TSy deu roi vdo cdn benh tram trgng:
mau thuan giai cdp gay gdt, gdn nhu khdng thfi
difiu hda dugc Phan tfch mau thuan nay cCing
vdi nhung mau thuan xa hdi khdc, V.I Lenin da
du bdo chit nghTa di qudc Id dim trudc ciia
cugc edch mang vo sdn
Chiing ta biet, cimg vdi su gia lang tfnh bgo
Iuc, tiiy li?n trong quan ly ciia gidi chii Id sir
binh thdnh va phdt trifin ciia cdc id chiic nghifip
"*' Khoan 2 Dieu 2 Quy6l dinh 97/2009/QD-TTg ghi rd:
Neu cd y kien phan bi^n vc duong loi chu Uuong chfnh
sich cita Dang, Nhi nudc cin giii y kien dd cho co quan
Dang, Nhi nudc cd tham quyen, khdng dugc cdng bd
chiic khoa hgc Vi cdng nghe
' * K Marx: "Sire mgnh duy nhai rang bugc hg vdi nhau
va d$t hg quan he vdi nhau li ldng vj k> li dieu loi rieng,
li Igi ich tu nhin Nhung chinh vi mdi ngudi chi lo cho
minh mi khdng lo cho ngudi khic, cho nen lal ci bgn hp
che chd cua mdt Thugng de lit khdn kheo deu chi lim
dodn nhdm bdo vfi lgi i'ch ciia ngudi Iao ddng ldm thufi dd din dfin nhiJMg cupc dinh cdng quy
md ldn trong san xuat cdng nghifip d cdc nudc phuong Tay F.W Taylor gpi dd la xung dot
trong quan he quan If - Xung ddt giiJa mpt bfin
la gitji chii quan Iy theo phuong thiic thy lien va
bao Iuc hay cdn gpi Id qudn /y bdng qud ddm"^'
va mpt ben Id ngudi Idm thufi lan cdng, bifiu
tinh, dip pha mdy mdc hay con ggi la hdnh ddng linh trdng mgt cdch cd hi ihSng"^' Diing
trudc hi?n tucmg nay, cdc chfnh phii budc phai ban hanh cdc ludt ve lao dpng"^' huge gidi chii phai dam bao Igi fch tdi thifiu ciia ngudi lao dpng Su dieu chinh chinh sdch cdng ciing vdi
su thay ddi trong phuong phap quan Iy""* ciia gidi chii da phan nao giai quyet dugc xung dot trong quan hfi quan Iy lao difiu kifin de cdng nghifip tilp tuc phdt Irifin
d cdc qudc gia khi boat dgng ciia cac nhdm
Igi fch cdn ban chfi la nguyfin nhan dan dfin lgi fch cdng khdng dugc quan tdm thoa dang, ddn den hifin lugng "tranh chap Igi fch cdng"'^°' Indonesia la quoc gia phu thugc chu yeu vao nhifin lifiu hda th^ch (ddu md) NhuTig canh bao
ve nguy co can kiet ngudn nhien Ueu nay cung vdi nhu cdu sii dung nhifin lieu sinh hgc ngdy cang lang cita thj trudng the gidi dd thuc day chfnh phii khuyfin khfeh manh mfi dau lu trong ddu cp (don gian hda Ihii tyc cap phep dau lu, trg cap, gidm thufi, bdt bu^c sii dung nhifin lifiu sinh hpc, hS trg vd dfin bii thu hdi dat, v.v ) NhiTng chi'nh sdch ndy da lao ra
Tieng Anh: The rule of Ihump Tieng Anh: Systematic soldiering
lAigt Lao dgng Anh (Employers and Workmen Aa) nim 1875, Lugt Tieu chuan lao dgng (The Fair Labor Standards Act) cua Hoa Ky nim 1938
'"" F.W Taylor (1856 - 1915) - cha de ciia thuyit quan ly theo khoa hgc, dugc dinh gii li ngudi md ra ky nguyen
ving irong quin ly ciia My vio nhiing nim diu ciia tbe ky
XX
' Nguyen nghia tieng Anh: Public interest litigation Xem Po Jen Yap va Hohiing Lau (2011): Public Interest
Trang 6I HV Luin I Tgp chi Khaa hgc DHQGHN Khoa hgc Xd hot vd Nhan vdn Tap 30, Sol (2014) 1-10
su gia tang nhanh chdng difin n'ch dat trdng
ddu cg ciia Indonesia'"" Qua irinh nay khdng
chi dong thdi lam mdt di mpt lugng Idn dat
rimg tu nhien, phd vd da dang sinh hgc ma
cdn Iam gia tdng phat thai C02'"^* gdy hau
qua nghiem trgng ve mdi trudng, anh hudng
true lifip dfin Igi fch cong Vdi dien tfch rirag
nhifit ddi Idn Ihii 3 the gidi va tdc dp phd
rimg dfi trdng diu cg dien hinh nhu d
Lalimanlan*"', Indonesia cung la mpt irong
nhiing nudc phat thai cac khi nhd kfnh Idn
nhdt thfi gidi 6 day, chiing ta thay trong cupc
dau tranh giiia co sd trdng dau cg va ngudi
dan ban dia, cdc co sd trdng dau cg ludn
chifim uu thfi nhd su trg giup ciia thfi che vdi
cac bifin minh vi ISng trudng kinh te, iao viec
lam, v.v Chuong trinh Ddu cg bfin v&ng chi
cd dugc khi cd su len tifing vd iing bp ciia
khach hdng Idn khi hg cd nhung yeu cdu
nghiem ng^t vi cdc tieu chudn xa hgi vd mdi
trudng'"' ciia san pbam
"^' Theo T5 chiic iuong thge ihe gidi (2008), nim 2006
Indonesia cd 4.1 meu ha dat rimg trdng diu cg thi din
nim 2008 con sd niy da dat 7.9 tneu ha
*"' Rimg nhiet ddi cd dit giau than bun Nd chi dn dinh
rimg nhi^t ddi bj phi dl trong diu cg (mgt loai cay it cd
khi ning giu nudc) sS xiy ra tinh trgng khd hgn Khi dd,
oxy di vio than biin giy ra qua trinh pbaa hiiy vi sinh viit
rat nhanh chdng vi giai [Adng lugng khi CO; khdng Id
\ io khf quyen
' ^ ' Kalimantan thugc dio Bwnco - noi cd nhieu rimg
Lisa M Curran Gregory P Asner, Alice McDonald
Pittman Simon N Trigg va J Marion Adeney (Carbtm
emisiions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm
plantaiums Nature Climate Change, thing 7 nim 2012),
Kalimantan di len ldi 538346 kin2
'~'" Nim 2010 hai khich mua diu cg ldn nhat cua
Indonesia la Nestle vi Unilever tH dtab chi bgp ddng mua
quan din viec phi rimg de md rgng dien U'ch Irong dau eg
Cac khich hing ldn khic tu lien minh chau Au cilng da
cam kit til nam 2015 Ira di si chi nhip diu cg cua
Indonesia Iheo CSPO (Certified Scrum Product Owner)
Dfi bao vi lgi fch ciia minh, cac nhdm lgi fch thudng c6 nhiing tac dpng dfin viec hoach
djnh va thuc thi chinh sdch ciia nhd nudc thdng qua van ddng chfnh sach Van dgng chfnh sach
til ca cac nhdm Igi fch lien quan va them vao do
la phan bifin chfnh sach ciia cdc tdng Idp dan cu khac giup cac nha hoach dinh vd thge thi chi'nh sdch c6 cdi nhin sau hon va da chieu hon ve cdc loai lgi fch ciia chi'nh sach Kfit qua hifin nhien
la nhiing chfnh sdch dd mang U'nh loan difin khd thi hon va cd thfi di vao cugc sdng Hon niia, sir tham gia ciia cdc nhom lgi ich vao qua trinh chfnh sach nang cao hifiu qud ciia chmh sdch thdng qua \ific cung cap cac thdng tin ma cdc chuyfin gia hoach dinh chinh sdch -vdi tfnh cdch la mot hoac mdt sd cd nhan cu the ludn hihi ban vfi thdng tin va ndng Iuc Thdng
tin tir nhdm Igi ich c6 thfi la thdng tin thudc cac
ITnh vuc cy thfi cung c6 tiifi Id cac thdng tin mang tfnh chuyen gia Trii khi cdc nha hoach dinh chinh sach khdng mudn ho?c cd tinh khdng bifil*"^', cac tbdng tin tir nhdm Igi ich ch&c chdn Id nbiing thdng tin tham khao bd ich cho qua trinh chfnh sach Do dd, dudi gdc dp nay, boat ddng ciia nhdm lgi fch gop phan hodn thien hfi tbdng chi'nh sdch cdng cua qudc gia Mac du cd nhihig dac thii cu thfi song hdu hfit cdc qudc gia phat trien deu thira nhan su tdn ' Viec quyet djnh xay dung Nha miy thiiy dien Xayaburi (Lio) la logt din chiing dien hinh Rgng 8(X) nghin km vudng, ltm vyc sdng Me Cdng li nguon ci dat ngudi tir 6 qudc gia: Myanmar, Trung Quoc Lio, Thii ngheo 81% ngudn protein trong dinh dudng ciia hg la tii
ca sdng (Guy Ziv - Giio su moi trudng E}gi bgc Stanford
Cabfomia, Hoa Ky 2012) Ngoai ra, vdi kit qua a^ittt
ciiu cua minh, Guy Ziv cung cho ring nhiing coo dgp thiiy nhieu hon Tuy nhien trong bao cao cudi ciing ve di; in (Feasibilily Study Xayaburi Hydroelectric Power Project Lao DPR - Final Repon) cua Cdng ty Ch Kamchang, Thai Lan (Ch Kamchang Public Company Limited) -Cdng ty lgp dy in vi ki hgp ddng xay d\rag chuyen giao chi can cii vio Bio cio nay de quyel djnh
Trang 7tai va hoai dgng cua cac nhdm Igi fch va cd cdc
quy pham phap Iuat dfi dieu chinh ho?tt dpng
ciia cdc nhdm Igi I'ch'^'
Nhu vdy, nhdm Igi fch Id mgt hien lugng
khach quan, la kfil qud tu nguyfin tap hgp ciia
cdc cd nhan cd ciing lgi ich Dii dugc thira
nhdn hay khdng thira nhdn, cdc nhdm lgi fch
thudng cd nhiing lac ddng, dnh hudng dfin
qua trinh chinh sdch nhdm dam bao, tham chf
Iam gia tang Igi fch ciia nhdm CJ mpt khfa
canh nhat dinh, boat dpng cua nhdm lgi fch
gdp phan t^o ra sg can bdng, loan difin cua
qua trinh chfnh sdch Nhd dd, nhd nudc - co
quan ban hanh chfnh sach - mdi thuc sy trd
thanh ngudi dai difin cho cdc ldng Idp xa hpi
va Id trung lam t?o ra sy Ihdng nhal trong
boat dpng ciia todn xd hpi
Nhd nude Id nhd nudc cua ddn, do ddn va
vi ddn la nhd nudc ma d dd, ngudi dan cd
quyen tham gia vdo cdng vific ctia nha nudc''^'
Do dd, boat dpng ciia cdc nhdm Igi fch phdn nao
the hifin vai trd cua cdc tdng ldp, cpng ddng,
nhdm xa hgi vao qnd tnnh chfnh sdch cua nhd
nudc Theo R Allen Hays, nhdm Igi fch Id co chfi
quan trgng dfi cdng dan bdy Id quan difim, nhu cau
ciia hp ddi vdi cac nha hoach djnh chfnh sach ciia
nhd nuoc*"^' Thdng qua dgi difin ciia minh de tdc
dgng den qua trinh chfnh sach nen, vfi d^i ihfi,
nhdm lgi fch cd thi dugc coi Id mdt hinh thirc dan
chil dai dien ty nguyfin
4 Van de nhdm lgi ich a Vift Nam hifin nay
Thuc tifin phdt trifin ciia Viet Nam nhihig ndm qua da cho thdy su tdn lai va boat ddng ciia cdc nhdm lgi i'ch nhu la m^t hifin tugng tdt yfiu lich sii Tuy nhifin, do nhihig difiu kifin khdeh quan va chii quan nen su hinh thdnh vd boat ddng ciia cdc nhdm Igi fch cd nhung bifiu hifin khdc thudng vd khdng ddng gdp vao qua trinh dan chii, cdng khai
va cdng bdng xa hpi Dd Id 1^ do, d Vifit Nam, nhdm Igi fch thudng dugc gdn vdi y nghia xau, tieu cyc
Hau hfit cac nhdm lgi fch thupc ITnh vuc cdng lien quan dfin mdi trudng sinh thai, ngudi tifiu diing, v.v boat ddng mang tfnh binh thiic, It cd nhung boat ddng van dgng chi'nh sdch hifiu qua
Do dd, mdi inrdng sinh thai khdng nhihig khdng dugc cai thien ma cdn cd phan trdm Ugng hon; van de an toan thyc pham, hdng gia, hang nhdi vin Iudn Id vdn dfi biic xiic ddi vdi ngudi tieu dung Viet Nam Nhihig vu vific trdm trgng ve mdi trudng, vfi quyfin Ipi ngudi tifiu dung d Viet Nam chii yfiu Id do nhan ddn Ifin tilng, bao chi vao cupc
va cdc CO quan quan 1^ Viet Nam Cac hpi, hiep hdi trong Hnh vuc nay hdu nhu khdng cd tieng ndi chir chua ndi den hanh dpng bdo vfi cho nhiing lgi fch cdng
nay'^*-Mpl each tuong tu, mac dh cd dai dien vdi
CO cau Id chiic r^ng khdp song cdc nbdm lgi fch ciia ndng dan, cdng nhan*^* 6 Viet Nam ciing
' Lugt vgn dgng hanh lang (Lobbying Act (R S.C, 1985,
Canada, Cic quy tac trinh tg (Rules of Procedure) ciia
Cgng hda Lign bang Diic
'"" Khoin I Dilu 2 Hiln phip Nude Cgng hda Xa hgi
chu nghia Vift Nam nim 2013 cd ghi: "Nhi nudc Cgng
hda Xi hgi Chu nghia Viet Nam la nhi nudc phip quyen
xi bgi chu nghia cua Nhan dan, do Ntiin din vi Nhin
din"
" Trong VIJ Vedan (nam 2008), V\i chdn thudc trii sau d
Thanh Hda, chi c6 ngudi din, bio chi, Cinh sit mdi
tiudng, Bg Tii nguySn va Mdi trudng vio cugc chii chua thay s^ hien difn ciia Hgi Bio v | Tliign nhiSn vi Mdi tnrdng Viet Nam, Hgi Bao v? Thien nhien va Mdi trudng Thien nhien vi Mdi trudng tinh Thanh Hda (trong vu trdn thudc Irii sau)
* ' Td chuc Hpi ndng din va td chirc cdng doin ma cao nhat li Tdng lien doin L^o dgng Vi^t Nam la nhirng thi che dugc to chirc rgng rii dgi dien cho Igi ich ciia nong
Trang 8hoat dgng kem hifiu qua He qua tdt yfiu la nhifiu
Icri fch ciia ndng dan va cdng nhan khdng dugc
giai quyfit mot cdch thda dang dd din tdi nhiing
vu vific nghiem Upng trong thu hdi dai cung nhu
nhumg hau qud Uong quan hfi lao dpng giira ngudi
sur dyng lao dgng vd ngucri lao dgng
Cd thfi thdy, nhiing nhdm lgi ich kem hifiu
qud d Viet Nam thudng phd bifin d nhiing
trudng hgp: Nhdm lgi fch md ngudi dai dien
ciia nd khong hudng Igi tryc tiep tir nhdm lgi
fch ma hg dai difin (Hdi Ndng dan, Cdng doan)
hodc hudng Igi ttr nhiing boat ddng khac (Hdi
bdo vfi Thifin nhien va Moi trudng Viet Nam,
Hgi bao vfi Ngudi tifiu dung Viet Nam) Viec
khdng true tiep hudng Igi true tifip lii nhdm Igi
fch tao ra hien lugng "dn qua khdng rao cdy"
-mgt hifin tugng trdi vdi Ifi phai thdng thudng d
Viet Nam '"An cdy ndo, rao cdy dy" - cai le
thudng nhung ciing khdng kem phdn hien dai:
quyen lgi gdn liin vdi trdch nhiim
Trong khi dd, mpt sd nhdm lgi ich boat
dpng mgnh, bdng cdch nay, each khdc cd quan
hfi m^t thilt vdi mgt sd nhd hoach djnh chinh
sach dfin miic dugc ggi la nhdm lgi ich thdn
hiru'"' Nhihig nhdm lgi fch nay vtji tifim luc
kinh tfi in^nh va su van dgng bdng kinh te vdi
nhilu hinh thiic khac nhau dd tao ra su nghifing
lech trong cdn can chfnh sach - vdn can thifit
phai can bdng vdi tfnh cdch Id ngudi dai difin
cho cac tdng Idp dan cu ciia xa hdi
Trong nhOng ndm vira qua, nbdm Igi i'ch
ngan hang khong nhihig da tao nfin nhieu he luy
Trong mgc Lo nggi nhung "nhdm lgi fch thin hiiu"
Bio Thanh Nien, So 17(6535), Thii tu, 12.11.2013, Thai
"Phil bieu tgi cugc doi thogi (ve phong, chdng tham nhung
lan thii 12 ngiy 12 thing 11 nim 2013 vdi chii de "vai trd
ciia doanh nghiep vi khu v^ic tu nhan trong cdng tic
phdng ch^ng tham nhQng") Tong Thanh tra Chinh phu
nghidp vi cic quan chiic iha hda s€ hinh thanh nhung
"nhdm lgi ich thin huu" cd kha nang tie dgng tieu cgc tdi
cho SU phdt trien ciia doanh nghifip ma con cho
ca kinh tfi vi md Viet Nam Khiing hodng kinh tfi la thdi diem cac doanh nghiep can dugc hd trg, tao difiu kifin thudn Igi dfi try vimg va vugt qua khiing hoang Do dd, hau hit cac qudc gia dfiu tim mpi bien phdp ha Iai sudt cho vay Ddc biet, Cyc Dir irO Lifin bang Hoa ky (FED) da c6 nhiing ldn giam Idi sudt ky lyc Theo do, miic lai sudt dang lii 5% (ndm 2007) da giam ddn xudng 1% (cudi ndm 2008) vd tir 17/12/2008 ba xudng muc thdp ky luc tCr 0 - 0,25%*^-* Trong khi dd, cdc doanh nghiep Vifit Nam lp phdi tifip can dong vdn gia cao Theo cdng bd chfnh thiic ciia Ngdn hang ngo?i thucmg Viel Nam, Idi suat cho vay ngdn han lir 1/12/2009 la 12%"'\ Tren thuc tl, doanh nghiep phai tifip can ngudn vdn vdi miic ldi sudt cao hem nhifiu Theo Bao cao kinh tfi VI md 2012 do Nhdm tu vdn Chfnh sdch kinh tl vT mo ciia Uy ban Kinh tfi cda Qudc bpi:
"Vao cudi ndm (2011), mdc dii da giam vai difim phdn trdm nhung Iai sudt cho vay cac boat ddng san xudt dfin van d miic gdn 20% trong khi lai sudi cho vay tieu dhng cd nhan hdu het vdn d miic 22-24% [4]" Lai sudt cho vay cao phan la do lai sudt huy dgng cao Tuy nhifin, ngan hdng Ihuong mai van hudng chenh lech giiia ldi suat huy ddng vd cho vay d mirc 4-5%'^* Nhd dd, " hdu bet cac ngan bang thucmg mai Idn dfiu cd Igi nhu|n nam 2011 ldn hon ndm 2010 bdt chdp tdc dp tdng trudng tfn dung thdp hem mpi ndm ROE trung binh ciia tdm ngdn hdng niem yfit da tdng tir 18,83% nam
' ' PGS.TS Nguyen VSn Hieu: Cin hieu diing cic loai lii http ://w w w vnba org vn/?option=com_con leni&vi e w=arti cle&id=1563&caud=43&Itemid=90, Truy cgp ngay 26 thing 11 nam 2013 Tuy nhien, ciing theo chuyen gia nay, miic lii suit niy li Iai suat co sd (Fed Funs Rate), lai suit
CO ban (Pnme Rate) dugc cic ngin hing cdng bd thudng cao hon miic tai sual co sd tir 2 - 3,5%
' ' Nguon: Ngin hing Ngogi thuong Viet Nam htlp://www.vieicombank.com.v n/ne ws/Vcb_Ne ws aspx ?I D=4352
' ' " Theo cic chuyen gia vi so lifu thdng ke, muc thdng
Trang 92010 Ifin 19,68% ndm 2011" [4] He qua til yfiu
ciia van de nay la doanh nghifip gap nhieu khd
khdn vd dang diing trudc nguy co pha sdn hoac
ngimg boat dpng keo tbeo ty lfi ng qud ban vd
ng xdu cua ngan hdng thucmg mai cd xu hudng
tdng cao
Su khdng binh ddng ciia cac nhdm Igi ich d
Vifil Nam cd nguyfin nhdn tir nan tham nhung
ciia mdt sd nha bo^cb djuh va thyc ihi chfnh
sach Lpi the ludn thupc vfi nhdm lgi fch cd
tifim luc kinh tfi, boat dpng manh thdng qua van
dpng, thdm chf mua chu^c So cdn 1^ ft tifim
Iuc kinh te, van dgng chfnh sach yeu, tham chf
khdng v^n dgng m^c dii ciing cd sy iing hp cua
mdt sd chuyen gia dpc ldp nhung vdn phdi chiu
nhifiu Ihifil ihdi vfi chfnh sach Nang Iyc lang
nghe [5] ciia mdt sd nhd hoach dinh vd thuc thi
chfnh sdch da vd dang chju su tac dpng mpih
ciia vific v^n dpng chi'nh sach nhu mdt lfi tdt yfiu
Vl hg ciing Id nhihig con ngudi cu thfi Iudn ddt
ra va giai quyet bai toan quan hfi gitia lgi fch va
nii ro trong thuc te d Vi?t Nam
Lgi fch va nh^n tbirc Igi fch tao thdnh muc
dfch ho^t d^ng cua cdc cd nhdn, nhdm, cdng
ddng Do dd, nd quyfit djnb tfnh chdi ciia mdi
quan he giiia cdc chit the boat d^ng: Hgp tdc
hay canh tranh Hgp tac giua cdc chu thfi cd
ciing lgi i'ch va nhdm tdng cudng lgi fch do tao
thdnh nhdm lgi fch Cdc nhdm lgi fch khac nhau
cd phucmg thiic id chiic, tifim lyc (kinh te vd
quan hfi) khdc nhau nfin cd miic do anh hudng
dfin qud trinh van dgng chi'nh sdch khac nhau va
cd muc dg hudng Igi khdc nhau Qua irinh nay
cd thfi lam ndy sinh xung dgt lgi fch''^'
Nhu vay, nhdm Igi fch vd hoat ddng ciia nhdm lgi fch la mgt lit yfiu khdeh quan, cd tac ddng tfch cue dfin tien bp va cdng bdng xa hgi Hoat ddng ciia nhdm Igi ich ciing Id mdt trong nhirng hinh thiic ciia dan chii dai difin, gdp phan tfch cue vao vific ndng cao hifiu Iyc va hieu qua ciia qua trinh chfnh sach
Su ldn t^i va boat dpng cua nhdm lgi fch Iudn phu thudc vdo nhimg difiu kifin kinh te - xd hdi cu the cua m5i qudc gia trong nhung thdi difim lich sir cy thfi Cdn cii vdo can tnic chfnh Iri, truyfin thdng chfnh trj, cac nbdm lgi ich se lua chpn nhiing chifin thudt, each thiic phii hgp dfi tifip c4n vao hfi thdng chi'nh trj irong vific v^n dpng chfnh sach Va do do, tfnh chat tieu cue hay tfch cue cua nhom lgi i'ch vd boat d$ng ciia nhdm Igi fch cd nhiing bieu hifin cu the Thuc tifin ho^it dgng ciia nhom Igi fch d Vifit Nam khong cdn bdng, nghieng lech vfi cac nhdm Igi fch cd thfi manh ve kinh tfi va quan he
da tao ra nhan thiic phifin difin vfi nhdm Igi fch
va boat dOng cua nhdm Igi fch Theo nghTa nay, ngdn chdn Itpi i'ch nhdm Id kiem soat vi?c m^t
sd nhdm Igi fch thao tung, lgi dyng chfnh sdch nhdm dam bao cdng bdng xd hdi la cdn thifit vfi mdt thuc tien d Vifit Nam hifin nay Ngan chdn, kifim soat su thao lung ciia mdt
sd nhdm Igi fch la mpt yeu cau song van dfi quan trpng la qudn tri xung dot Igi fch vd cdc nhdm Igi i'ch nhdm tao dgng Iyc phat trifin xa hpi trong bdi canh mdi Dd Id hutDfng nghien ciiu cdn bd ngd d Viet Nam hien nay
Tai lifiu tham khdo
' ' Dugc hilu li sy vi phgm lgi fch lin nhau Theo Luat
Act (S.C 2006 c 9 s 2 tr 5), xung dgi lgi fch li khi mgt
CO hgi, dieu kien thge bi^n Igi fch ciia minh, ngudi thin
[I] ViJ Hdu Ngogn, Khdng Doan Hgi: Ve s\i kel hgp
cac Igri fch kjnh te Nha Xual ban Thong tin Ly luan, H., 1983
[2] Thomas, Clive S (ed.) First World hiterest Groups, A Comparative Perspective, (Westporl:
Trang 10[3] C Mic - Ph Angghen: Toan tgp t 2, 3, 23 Nha [5] Duong Trung Qudc, "Ning lgc ling nghe bj hgn
xual ban CTCJG HN., 1995 '^^^ P^^ chang do Chi'nh phii chua tin vao dSn,
i „ , , _ , , , , , i „ s ,ii„ L„„ vao nhfing ngtrdi khdng nam trone bg may tu vin
141 Nh6m m van C h , * sdch toh = v, mo (Uy ba» J ^ '^.^ ^ 6 ^ J
K , „ h ™ a 9 u o c h „ ) : B a o c 4 o b n h ( e v , m 6 L o M n i o , , ,S 1 6 0 ( 6 0 1 2 ) ™ ! , 8.6.2012 2012: Tir bat on vi rao den con duong tai co cau,
Nha xuat ban Tri thiic, H 2012 "' ''
Interest Group and Some Issues
on Interest Group in Vietnam
Hoang Van LuSn
VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities,
336 Nguyen Trdi Road Thanh Xudn Dist Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: Group interests and groups of interests have been mentioned more and more on the
mass media in Viemam as well as in the scientific journals wilh different ways of accessibility Limitations in terms of the institution and legal corridor relating to the activities of the group of interests in Vietnam have created the inequality between the groups of interests, resulting in having a number of imperfect viewpoints arisen concerning the interest group, believing that the interest group bears passitivity
The paper proves that the interest group and its activities are the objective inevitability and if it is well governed, it will help boost social progress and equality as well as raising efficiency and effectiveness in the process of public policy
Keywords: Demand, interest, group of interests, public interest