Biiu dd nham dwa ra nhung nhin xit khii quit rieng cho tiiu vung kinh ti-xa hpi phia Nam trong sw so sanh vdi birc tranh ting the ca nwdc nil chung: 1.. Trong thdi kf dii mdi din nim 20
Trang 1- XU HU'ONG BI^N D6I C A U TRUC
CAC T A N G L O P X A HOI d VUNG KINH TE
DO THIEN KiNH
Tren ca sd he thong phan tang xi hdl trong ca nwdc, bai viit da phan tach neng cie tang Idp xa hgi d vOng kinh ti trpng diim phia Nam Biiu dd nham dwa ra nhung nhin xit khii quit rieng cho tiiu vung kinh ti-xa hpi phia Nam trong sw so sanh vdi birc tranh ting the ca nwdc nil chung:
1 Trong thdi kf dii mdi (din nim 2012), cau true eac tang Idp xa hgi a vung kinh ti trpng diem phia Nam dang dich chuyin din tu' hinh dgng 'kim tw thip" sang tiip can tdi gin hinh qui trim (hinh thoi) vdi cic ting Idp a giO'a dang phinh to ra Trong khi
dd, md hinh phan tang xi hdi d ea nwdc van cd dang hinh 'kim tw thip"
2 Ciu trOc cic tang Idp xi hdi d vung kinh ti trgng diem phia Nam twang dwang vdi glai dogn Phit triin cing nghiep hda Trong khi dd, ca nud'c dang trong giai dogn cuii cua Khdi dau cdng nghiip hda va dang bwde sang Phit trien cdng nghigp hda, cdn vung Bing bang sdng Hing bit diu budc vio glal doan Phit triin cdng nghiep hda Nhw vgy swphit trien xa hpi a vOng kinh ti trpng diim phia Nam d giai dogn cao hon
va cao nhat so vdi ea nwdc
Trong qud trinh cdng nghigp hda vd hien trung tam thypng mgi Idn cug cdc tap dai hda hien nay d Viet Nam, 8 tinh viing dodn tren t h i gidi) nhdn nhjp nhit nyde kinh te trpng d i l m phia Nam''' ddng vai V l cdng nghigp: "Tai ddy co khu cdng trd la dau tdu kinh t i trong ca nyde Hd nghe cao, 2 khu c h i x u l t Tdn Thudn vd thing giao thdng (dydng hdng khdng, Llnh Trung, Cdng vlen phln m i m Quang cgm cang sdng bien, dydng bp, dydng Trung vd hdng chgc khg edng nghigp thu
s i t ) phdt trien mgnh Viing ndy Id trung hut khde nhy; Bien Hda, Nhpn Trach, tam ndng lypng (ede nha mdy dign, khai Loteco, Amata (Ding Nai), Sdng Than, thde dau khi) cua ea nyde Hoat dong Viet Nam - Singapore, Viet Hypng, Nam djch vy vd buon bdn (ede sieu thj vd Tdn Uyen, My Phydc, D i n g An (Binh
Dyang), Tan Tgp, Vinh Lpc, Tdn Binh (TPHCM) Cdc ngdnh ccng nghigp
66 Thifin Kinh Tiin sT Vifin xa hfii hoc qyan trpng nhit cug vimg bae g i m : D i u
Bdi viit ducc thyc hifin trong khuOn khi f tdi |^^| ^^ ^^ ^ j j , ^ig^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^•
Chuyen dich ca CSU xS h9i trong phit then xS • , , ' , , hdi vi quin If phit triin XS hdi vung kinh tS ^°^ "^ha' Phan bon, can thep Ngoai ra tnjng diim phia Nam din nSm 2020 (2014- cdn ed mpt s i khu edng nghidp tap trung
Trang 2Dyde, T h i Thda, Ode Hda vd Tan An)
My Thp (Tiin Giang)" (http://vi.wikipedia
erg, truy cap ngdy 1/2/2015)
Bye tranh kinh t i d tren da tao nen cau
true xd hdi viing ndy nhy t h i ndo? Bdi
v i i t ndy n h i m trd ldi cho cdu hdi dat ra d
day, tde d l cdp d i n cdu true eac t i n g
ldp xa hpi d viing kinh t i trpng dilm phia
Nam Ty ddy, se dya ra nhdng nhan xet
khdi qudt v i xu hydng biin d i i cua nd
cho t i i u vdng kinh tl-xa hdi nay trong sy
SP sdnh vdi bdc tranh t i n g t h i cd nyde
ndi chung
1 MOT S f i VAN D 6 LY LUAN CO B A N
V A N G U d N S O L i e u
Npi dung trinh bdy trong muc ndy id
nhdng tdm lypc e i n thiit trydc tien d i i
vdi tlnh trgng ly ludn vd nghidn edu thyc
nghidm v i phdn tang xa hpi d Vi$t Nam
hi$n nay Nd dype t h i hien d i y dii han
qua ba bdi viet vd c u i n sdch da xult ban
ciia tdc gia (Dd Thien Kinh, 2011, 2012,
2013, 2014) Trcng dd, cd trinh bdy v l
mpt s i v l n de ly lugn phdn tang xa hdi
dp cdc nhd xd hpi hpc quic t i xdy dyng
vd phdt triln dya tren cp sd k i t hpp
giya 1^' ludn giai elp cua K Marx va ly
thuyit phdn t i n g xa hpi ciia M Weber 6
ddy, tdi chi tdm t i t lgi nhyng net chinh vd
b i sung, bien tgp them vdi chd
1.1 Khdi nigm phdn ting xa hpi
Phdn t i n g xd hdi t h l hign tinh trgng b i t
binh dang xa hpi mgng tinh c l u triic
(structured inequalities), va mang tinh
thiit c h l (Institutionalized inequalities)
-tdc la mpt hg thing xd hpi cd sy x i p
hgng thee tdn ti trdt t y tren du'di gida cdc
t i n g Idp dypc thiit ldp vd duy tri i n djnh
Hg thing xd hpi ndy nhim xdc djnh: (1)
Ldm t h i ndp md ngydi ta d vdo vj tri nhu vay? (2) Cae logi nguin lyc, nguin Ipi, tai san va dich vu xa hdi dypc phan phoi gida mpi ngydi theo nhdng quy tdc, phyang thdc nhy t h l ndo? Hoac, bang edeh nao ma hp nhdn dypc nhdng gi? (3) Tgi sao Igi phdn p h i i nhy vay? (David B Grusky, 2000; Giddens Anthony & Mitchell Duneier, 2000, tr 146; Harcid R Kerbo,
2000, tr 10, 11, 81) Cd t h l t i n g hpp lai nhyng k i t qua nghien edu thdnh khai mem phan t i n g xa hdi, cg the nhy sau:
Phan ting xS hdi Id s y phan ehia nhdng
ngydi trydng thdnh trong xd hpi thdnh
cac nhdm ca ban khae nhau Ding thdi, eae nhdm ndy d y a c x i p hang theo tdn ti
trat tw tren dydi d l tgp thanh cdc ting
ldp trong hg thong M i l t i n g bao gim
nhyng ngydi cd dia vi kinh ti - xa hgi
twang tw gin vdl nhau He thong xep
hgng tdn ti trgt t y ndy la sy bat binh
d i n g mang tinh c i u trtie vd la thupc tinh eua xa hpi D i n g thdi, sy b i t binh dang ndy cDng mang tinh thilt che vd co the trap truyin qua cde t h i he Trang h§ thong phdn tang, cdc thdnh vien se khac nhau v i kha nang thang tien (di dpng) bdi dja vj khdng giing nhau cua hg trong cdc bde thgng xg hdi (Cgroiine Hodges Persell, 1987; David B Grusky, 2000; Giddens Antheny & Mitchell Duneier, 2000; G Endruweit & G Trommsdorff, 2002; Robert A Rothman, 2005; Tony Bilton vd nhdng ngydi khac, 1993) 1.2 Cdch t i i p cgn trong viec do lydng cdc giai tang tren t h i gidi
Td ndi dung khdi niem If thuyit phan
tang xd hpi tren day, v i n d i ddt ra la
Trang 3thwc nghigm cde giai tlng'^' nhy t h l ndo?
Ndi cdch khdc, ldm t h i ndc d l dp dgng
dype khdl niem phan t i n g xa hgi vao
thye t l cupe sing? Tdc la, lam the ndo
de nhgn b i i t (nhdn dien) dype eae t i n g
ldp trong xg hdi? D i i vdi ede nhd nghien
eyu d Vigt Nam thydng phan tdch tdng
gdc dp ( v i tdi san, quyin lyc, uy tin) d i
mieu ta v l phdn t i n g xd hpi K i t qua id,
hp lya chpn gdc nhin v l tdi san/mdc
s i n g thl d l do lydng hpn ca Cdc gdc
nhin (tieu ehi) cdn lai thi r i t khd dp lypng
vd khnng b i l t do lydng nhy t h i ndo
Trong khi dd, da s i eac nhd xa hdi hpe
q u i e t i dya vdp nghi nghiip Se do
lydng''*' he thing phan t i n g p m i l xd hpi
(Robert A Rothman, 2005, tr 6, 7)
Thdm chi, viec do lydng thyc nghiem
cdc giai t i n g xa hpi qua c l u triic n g h i
nghiep edn dype giang dgy trong gido
trinh xd hpi hpe tren t h i gidi (Giddens,
2001, tr 287, 305, 306) Cg t h l hpn, d i
dp dgng khai niem phan tang xa hpi tren
day trpng nghidn cyg thyc nghiem,
ngydi ta da phin nhdm dya vdn c l u true
n g h i nghiep Tdc id phdn t i , phdn nhdm
cde legi n g h i nghiSp - ehd khdng phai
dya vdo ngdnh kinh t l nhy cdc nhd
nghien cdu d Vigt Nam thydng hiiu
T i i p theo, hp da x l p hgng thee ten ti trdt
t y tren d y d i (tdc id phin ting sau khi
phan nhdm) dya vdp dja vj kinh tl-xa hpi
m d rpng (tdi san/cua cai, thu nhdp; giao
dge; gy tin n g h i nghiep; von van hoa;
v i n xa hpi) d l tgp thdnh cdc t i n g Idp
trcng xd hdi (Bd Thien Kinh, 2013, tr 97)
Sa dT nhy vgy, bdi vi n g h i nghigp la nai
"quy tif vd 'hpi du d y a c eac loai nguin
lyc, nguin Ipi, tdi san vd vj tri xd hdi cua
m i l cd nhdn Ndi cdch khdc, cdc loai
nguin lyc, nguin Ipi, tai san vd vi tri xd hpi thydng g i n liln vdi nhau qua n g h i nghiep cua moi cd nhdn Chinh vi vgy,
md Frank Parkin (1971) da col e l u true
n g h i nghigp nhy id 'chiic xwang sing
cua toin he thing nguin lai trong xa hdi
phypng Tdy hien dai" Hoac Id Robert M Hauser va David L Featherman (1977) cho ring nghien edu "clu true di ddng
n g h i nghigp [ ] di mang Igi nhO'ng
thdng tin ding thdi (mdc dii Id gian tiip)
ve quyin li/c dia vi, quyin Iwc kinh ti vi
quyin Iwc chinh trf Ngay cd Otis Dudley
Duncan (1968) vd Taleott Parsons (1954) cung cho id nhy vdy (trich lai t y David B Grusky (ed.), 2001, tr 7) Han nda, sy phdn loai vd x i p hang uy tin nghi nghiep thydng cd tinh kha thi vd dp ehinh xdc cae han so vdi vigc thu thdp nhdng tieu chuan khdc vdn khd do lydng (vi dg nhy quyin lyc) v i cdc t i n g idp trong xa hpi Nhy vgy, dg s i cdc nhd xd hdi hgc quie
t i dd lya chpn nghi nghigp dwac hiiu
nhw li tieu chuan ting hap d l phan
loai/phdn nhdm vd x i p hang cdc tdng Idp trong xd hdi Tdc Id thdng qua "nghe nghiep" d i tim hiiu v i phdn t i n g xd hdi Ndi edeh khde, n g h i nghiep da bao hdm trpng no he thing da tieu chuin (da chilu cgnh) cd ngudn g i c x u l t phdt t y M Weber, chd khong phei chu y i u la dan tieu ehudn (mdt ehilu cgnh) nhy K Mgrx
Hg thing dg tieu chuin ndy Id sy k i t hap giya Marx vd Weber dp eac nhd xa hpi hpc tren t h i gidi xdy dyng va phdt triln sau ndy (Dd Thien Kinh, 2013, tr 102)
Doi vdi xd hdi Vigt Nam truyin thong ngdy xya, "thd bgc ede t i n g Idp xd hdi
Trang 4OO THigN KiNH - XU HU'O'NG B | £ N 0 6 | C A U TR
chli - ST - Ning - Cdng - Thwang." (Oi
Thien Kinh, 2012, tr 44) 0 cap Idng xd,
eung t i n tgi cdch phan chia vd x i p hgng
thd bde eho todn bp ddn cy Idng/xa thep
nghi nghiep, gpi Id tw din: sT ndng
-cdng - thwang "la ed t h l ting hpp Igl
tdn tl trat tw t d tren xuing dydi cdc dang
c i p d ldng xd Viet Nam trong Ijch sy
(thdi ky phong kiln) nhy sau: Quan ly
xd/thon vd ST - Nong - Cdng - Thyang"
(Do Thien Kinh, 2013, tr 101) Sy phdn
chia ndy trydc h i t Id dya trdn quyin lyc
chinh trj, sau dd Id dya theo nghi nghiep
Theo !? nghTa cua s y phdn logi cae nhom
n g h i nghiep hign nay, thi nhdm Quan ly
xd/thon eung Id mdt logi nghi die biit
Do vgy, sy phdn leal cdc tang ldp xa hpi
d Idng/xa ndng thdn truyen thing cd t h l
quy gian v i tieu ehuin duy nhit la nghi
nghiip Danh t d ' n g h i nghiip' trcng
tilng Vi$t (tdi nhdn manh ehd "nghigp")
nhy id nai t h i hign nhdng ca may vd rui
rp, thdnh dgt vd that bai d i u dype "quy
tg" vd "hdi dii" vdo cdi "nghigp" d l tao
nen vj t h l xd hpi ciia moi cupc ddi mdt
con ngydi Mpt vi du nghien ciru trwdng
hpp v i phdn t i n g xd hdi trong ljch sd
qua dinh ldng Yen S d (tinh Hd Odng) id
minh hpa s i n g dpng v i edeh do lydng
thdng qua c l u true n g h i nghigp (Do
Thien Kinh, 2013, tr 98-102) Nhy t h i ,
ta t h i y xd hpi Vigt Nam truyin thong da
t h i hign ly thuyit phan t i n g xd hdi eua
xa hdi hpe hign dgi Thilt nghT ring, ede
nhd nghien edu v i phdn t i n g xa h i i d
Vigt Nam hign nay nen hdi nhdp vdi xd
hdi hpc q u i c t l O i l u ndy eung Id phu
hpp vdi tieu chuin-phan chia vd sap
x i p tdn ti trdt t y giya cae giai tang trong
Ijch sd Viet Nam Tren ca sd do lydng
tieu chi t i n g hpp qua cau true nghi nghigp, ta ce the k i t n i i d l tgp thdnh dpng chay lien tgc ciia hg thing phdn
t i n g xa hpi d Vigt Nam t d qud khii' truyin thong eho d i n thdi ky eong nghiep hda hien nay
1.3 Nguin s i lieu vd phypng phdp xd ly Trpng qud trinh cdng nghigp hda, hign dai hoa vd hdi nhdp q u i c t i d Vigt Nam, nghien edu ndy dp dgng tieu chuin ting hpp Id n g h i nghiSp vd dja vj kinh t l - xd hpi m d rdng d i phan Ipgi/phdn nhdm va
x l p hang cdc t i n g Idp trong xa hpi V l nguin s i liSu, dypc khai thdc qua cdc cude O i i u tra Mdc s i n g ddn ey/hd gia dinh Vigt Nam t y nam 1992/1993 d i n nam 2012 dp T i n g ege Thing kd thyc hign vdi quy md chpn mau dgi dign chp
ea nyde (miu thu nhdp vd chi tieu) Trong khoang thdi gien 20 nam (1992/1993 - 2012), T i n g cgc Thing ke
dd tiin hdnh 8 egdc O i i u tra Mdc s i n g ddn ey/hp gia dlnh Viet Nam (1992/1993, 1997/1998, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008,
2010, 2012) Nghien cdu ndy phdn tieh
s i lieu tgi ba thdi d i l m edeh nhau 10 ndm (1992/1993, 2002, 2012) n h i m tim hieu xu hydng b i l n d i i v l c l u triic cdc
t i n g ldp xd hpi Dan vj phdn tich trcng
nghien edu id cdc ca nhan (chd khdng
phai id chii hp dgi dign che gia dinh) fir
15 tudi trd ten vd da nghi hgc Cdc cupc
d i l u tra Mde s i n g dan ey/hp gia dinh Vigt Nam Id thich hpp cho vigc nghien cdu v i phdn tang xd hdi Bdi vi nguin so ligu nay cd thdng tin v i n g h i nghiep (bang ma n g h i cap 11) cila nhdng ca nhdn diing de "phan nhdm" vd co nhirng chi bdo do lydng dja vj kinh t l diing d l
Trang 5Cu t h l han, cdc nhdm ma n g h i e i p 11 d
cudc O i l u tra Mdc s i n g hp gia dinh 2002
- 2012 id typng thich vdi nhau Do vay,
cd t h l x y ly vd phdn nhdm thdnh 9 t i n g
Idp xd hdi trpng cde eupe diiu tra ndy
(khong k l nhdng ngydi cd md n g h i
trong qudn dpi) O i l vdi md n g h i d cudc
O i i u tra Mde s i n g dan ey 1992/1993,
1997/1998 k h i n g tyang thieh hpan todn
vdi eupe d i l u tra mdc s i n g hd gia dinh
2002 - 2012 Do vdy, d i k i t n i l vd so
sdnh d y p c cdc cudc O i i u tra Mdc s i n g
dan ey/hp gia dinh Vigt Nam vdi nhau, ta
ed t h l x y ly vd phdn ehia thanh 3 nhdm
tdng ldp xa hpi trpng cdc cudc D i l u tra
Mde s i n g ddn c y 1992/1993, 1997/1998
Trong dd, cde nhdm md n g h i ciia t i n g
Idp ndng dan la tyang thich vdi nhau d
t i t ca cdc cude D i l u tra Mdc s i n g ddn
ey/hp gia dinh Vigt Nam Ndng ddn id
t i n g ldp ddng dao nhit, ddng vai trd
quan trpng d l tgo nen hinh dgng cua
thdp phdn t i n g xa hpi a Vigt Nam Ap
dgng s y "phdn nhdm" dya vdo n g h i
nghigp, ta nhdm gdp nhdng ngydi eo
n g h i nghiep gan gui vdi nhau d l tao
thdnh mpt nhdm n g h i ddc tryng cho mdt
t i n g Idp xa hpi ndp dd, Sau qud trinh
nhdm gpp vd phdn chia nhiiu l l n thgp
mdt s i chi tieu khdeh quan eua cdc t i n g
Idp xd hpi (hpe v l n , t i n g chi tieu, ehi
ngoai an uong, gid trj cho p, cd may vi
tlnh, cd internet) (Od Thien Kinh, 2011, tr
11, 12; 2012, tr 45-53), ta cd d y p c mgt
cau true bao g i m 9 t i n g Idp xd hdi CP
ban trpng ca nyde d egpc D i i g tra Mdc
s i n g hp gia dlnh 2002 - 2012 Do id (1)
cdc nhd Lanh dgo cic cap va cic nganh
(bao g i m cde nhdm ma n g h i t d s i 11
ma n g h i 18, 19); (3) cac nha Chuyen
mdn bic cao (nhdm ma n g h i 21 - 26); (4)
nhdng ngydi Nhan vien (nhdm ma n g h i
31 - 44); (5) nhdng ngydi Cdng nhan
(thp thgyin) (nhdm ma n g h i 81 - 83); (6)
t i n g ldp Budn ban - dich vu (nhdm ma
n g h i 51 - 54); (7) t i n g ldp Tiiu thu cdng
nghiip (nhom ma n g h i 71 79); (8)
nhdng ngydi Lao ddng gian don (nhdm
md n g h i 91, 93 - 96); (9) t i n g ldp Ndng
dan (nhom ma n g h i 61 - 63, 92)
Tuy nhien, s y phan ehia thdnh 9 t i n g ldp
xd hdl nhy trinh bdy tren ddy khdng phai dyg tren vdl trdm n g h i cu t h l nhy cdc nyde tren the gidl, md Id dyg tren vdi chgc nhdm n g h i c i p 11 d Oiiu tra Mdc
s i n g dan cy/hd gia dlnh Viet Nam Dp
vdy, k i t qua nghien edu cd •) nghTa d
mdc dp khdi qudt trong pham vi ea nyde, hai khu vye nong thdn, dd thj, vd cde vting kinh tl-xa hpi d Vigt Nam, md khdng di sau dypc vdo chi tiit eg t h l hpn Ddy cung id d i l m han e h i cua nghien edu nay Trong dilu kien Viet Nam, each phdn ehia dya vdo nghi nghigp nhy t h i id cd the chip nhdn dypc vd cd tinh kha thi d i thye hign nghien cdu Ridng ehi bdo v i dja vj xa hpi (uy tin n g h i nghigp) khdng cc trpng
D i l u tra Mdc song dan ey/hp gia dinh Viet Nam thi dypc de lydng qua cude
d i l u tra xa hdi hpc b i sung hgn e h i d Hd Ndi vd Bdc Ninh nam 2010 (Do Thien Kinh, 2012, tr 19-21, 35-36, 50-51) Nhy
da trd thdnh mdt quy ludt ring, trong cdc eupe do lydng thyc nghigm xd hpi hoe d nhilu nyde khdc nhau tren t h l gidi, thi
t i n g Idp ndng ddn bgp gid cung cd d i i m
s i uy tin n g h i nghiep vdo loai thip Mac
Trang 6kiln ddnh gid chu quan cIJa m i l ngydi,
nhyng k i t qua do lydng dilm s i uy tin
n g h i nghigp cho todn bp c l u true n g h i
nghigp thydng id i n djnh trcng thdi gian
kha ddi cho tdng nyde vd k i ca so sdnh
gida cdc nyde khdc nhau eung thydng
giing nhau: "90 n g h i nghigp d My dypc
xep hgng theo d i l m s i , ehung dypc
nhdng ngydi tra ldi khdc nhau tgi IWy
ddnh gid vdo ndm 1963 vd 1947 Diem
s i cua ede n g h i nghigp n l m trong
khoang t d eao (96 diim) d i n thip (33
dilm) Cdc d i l m s i ndy vd thd hang
tyang d i i eiia cde n g h i nghiep khdc
nhau thay d i i rat it t d ndm 1963 Cdc
nghi nghigp dypc x i p hang theo nhyng
cdch rat giing nhy t h i d 60 nyde cdng
nghigp cOng nhy ndng nghigp khdc"
(Caroline Hodges Persell, 1987, tr 205)
Cde nhd xd hpi hpc tren t h l gidi thydng
nghien edu hg thing phdn ting xa hpi
n h i m dgt tdi s y khdi qudt d e l p q u i c gia Nhyng bdi v i i t nay dya tren ca s d edu true trpng ca nyde d l phan tach rieng cdc tang ldp xa hpi d viing kinh t i trpng
d i l m phia Nam id n h i m "cd lap tyong
d i i " tieu viing kinh t l - xa hdi ndy trong
sy so sdnh vdi t i n g t h l ca nyde vd viing
D i n g b l n g sdng Hong T y dd, co the dya ra nhdng nhdn xet khdi qudt rieng eho t i l u vimg kinh t i - xa hdi phia Nam
so vdi bdc tranh t i n g the ca nyde noi chung
2 XU H U O N G B l t N OOl CAU TRCIC CAC T A N G L O P X A HOI
Nhy da trinh bdy d tren, phyang phap
xy ly s i ligu Id thing nhit t d cupe Dieu tra Mdc s i n g ddn e y 1992/1993 den cude Oilu tra Mdc s i n g hp gia dinh 2012 Trong dd, hai nam 1992 1993, 1997/1998 dype chia tdch thanh 3 nhom
t i n g ldp, edn nhdng ndm 2002 - 2012 Bang 1 Ti lg ddn sfi cac ting/nhom xa hgi d Vigt Nam va viing kinh t i trgng dilm 8 tinh Nam
BO (1992/1993-2012)
Tdng/nhfim xfi hO
Lfinh dao, quan ly
Doanh nhdn
Chuyen mfin cao
Nhfin vifin
Thg cfing nhdn
Bufin bdn-dich vy
Ti^u thu cfing
nghifip
Lao dfing gian ddn
Nfing ddn
1992/1993
N
20
1.082
(ting
/Sp
glOa)
996
T6ngs6 1 2.098
%
1.0
51,6
47,5
100
1992/1993^
, (ca.nu'fi'c)
N
93
3.653
>SfgiOs)
,8.737
12.483
— a
%
, 0,8
-•rlfj:
70,0-f<£»;
2002 (8 tinh NB)
N
81
28
252
533
375
386
1236
2 972 3.534 9.398
%
0,9 0,3 2,7 5,7 4,0 4,1 13,2 31,6 37,6
too
:;,< 2002 :': (ca nufic) , N
i 546
••.",•163
1.265 2.830 1.518 1.992 6.548"
14.706
40.883 70.453
%"
0,8 0,2 1,8 4,0 2,2 2,8 9,3
70 9 68,0
100
2012 (8 Onh NB)
N
11
25
227
237
414
581
448
323
781 3.048
%
0,4 0,8 7,4 7.8 13,6 19,1 14,7
WR
75 6
100
'.• 2012 •^a
; (ca nufic) '
p.N
105
130 1.067 1.074 1.242 2.807 2.803
^ 1.882
9 8 3 6 20.947
% • 0,6 0,6: 5,1
•6,1 5,9 13,4 13,4
•90 47,0
J(X)i Mr,V.An„ h,: 7 u , ^ ' " " '^'^" '™ ^"^ ^"9 "dn CU' 1992/1993, cuOc Bilu tra
Trang 7i y p c phdn nhdm thdnh 9 t i n g Idp cu t h i
ipn Cdc thdnh vlen giai t i n g d i u thude
ye lypng lap d i n g t d 15 t u i i trd ldn,
Iang ldm vigc trong nam qua (try nhyng
i g y p l trong qudn dpi) vd dd nghi hpc,
3ang 1 la s i ligu day dii chp ba m i c thdi
jian each nhau 10 nam: 1992/1993,
2002, 2012 (td Hinh l.a d i n Hinh l.f id
l i thj minh hpa cho Bang 1)
3 i ligu eho nhyng nam edn lgi khdng
l y p e trinh bdy trong bai vilt, nhyng ta
:6 t h l hinh dung ra sy biin doi eiia cdo
I n g Idp xa hdi qua ti lg giam d i n ciia
I n g Idp ndng ddn trpng 8 cudc O i i u tra
Vide s i n g dan cy/hp gia dlnh Vigt Nam
i h y sau: 70,0% (1992/1993) -> 66,3%
;l 997/1998) -> 58,0% (2002) -> 53,4%
;2004) - ^ 57,6% (2006) -» 50,4% (2008)
-^ 47,3% (2010) -> 47,0% (2012) T i n g
ldp ndng ddn giam di bao nhieu % thi cac t i n g Idp khdc (dge bigt la ede t i n g Idp d gida) cung tang len b i y nhieu Trung binh trong 20 nam, t i n g ldp ndng dan giam di khoang 1%/nam Ti lg ndng dan giam di chdm chap dd Idm cho md hinh cdc t i n g Idp xa hdi trong ca nyde van Id hinh dgng "kim t y thdp" (Hinh l.a -> Hinh l.b —> Hinh l.c) vdi da s i ndng dan d dydi day K i t n i i trp v i c i u triic
xd hpi Viet Nam trpng ijch sy (thdi ky phong kiin) sT - ndng - edng - thypng vdi han 90% ndng ddn trong ede tang Idp xa hdl, ta thiy md hinh phdn ting xa hdl trpng ea nyde biin d i i chdm chap V i
CP ban, v l n Id md hinh "kim tw thap" vdi
da so ndng dan d dwdi diy tir trong
Hinh 1 Xu hifdng biin d i i ciu true cdc ting Idp xa hOi
• ta,
Wmi y
Up '^
(«)
n l 1 ^P
f"^||HHftiip^, ^ i * "
Trang 8truyin thong tdi hign nay Trong khi dd,
so sdnh vdi md hinh phdn t i n g xa hgi d
Nhdt Bdn ta thiy ho biin doi nhanh
ehdng (Hinh l.g vd Hinh l.h) Theo gido
sy Jungho Yoo (KDI School cf Public
Policy and Management, Korea), thdi ky
tiin hdnh edng nghiep hoa d Nhdt Ban
keo ddi 39 ndm (1930 -1969) (trich Igi t d
Bill T i t Thing, 2011, tr 26) Trong
khoang thdi gian ndy, Nhgt Ban bj cupc
chiin tranh T h l gidi l i n thd 11 tdn phd r i t
ndng n l Cd t h l ndi ring, n i n kinh t l
Nhdt Ban phat triin di len t d con s i
khdng sau ehiln tranh T h l gidi l i n thd II
Do vdy tren thye t i , thdi ky cdng nghigp
hoa d Nhat Ban cd t h l dype tinh t d sau
ehiln tranh T h i gidi l l n thd 11 (1945)
Trong 10 nam cuii thdi ky edng nghigp
hoa d Nhdt Bdn (1955 -1965), ti lg nong
ddn giam trung binh vdo khoang 2%/nam
(Kosaka, 1994, tr 47) Sy giam di nhanh
chdng ciia t i n g ldp nnng dan d Nhdt
Bdn da lam ehe md hinh phan tang xa
hpi djch ehuyen t d hinh kim t y thdp nam
1955 (Hinh l.g) sang hinh qua tram ndm
1965 (Hinh Lh)'*'
D i i vdi viing kinh t i trpng dilm phia
Nam, xuit phdt d i i m vdo nam 1992/1993
thi 8 tinh Nam Bp eo ti le nong dan
(47,5%) it hpn nhiiu so vdi ca nyde
(70,0%) Han nda, trung binh trcng 10
ndm v i sau (2002 - 2012), ti lg nong dan
d 8 tinh Nam Bp giam di (1,2%/ndm) la
nhilu han so vdi ca nyde (1%/nam) Ca
hai dilu ndy da ldm cho c l u true cde
ting ldp xd hpi d 8 tinh Nam Bp djch
chuyin d i n t y hinh dgng "kim t y thdp"
sang tiip can tdi gin hinh qua tram (hinh
thoi) vdi cae t i n g Ipp d giya dang phinh
Trong khi dd, vung Oong bang song Hdng'^' cd e l u true cdc t i n g ldp xa hpi dang hinh kim t y thdp (Hinh 1.1) voi 33,5% ning dan d d y d i day Tren th§ gidi, he thing phdn t i n g xd hpi hinh qua trdm vdi cdc tdng ldp d gida phinh to va nong dan d d y d i ddy thu hgp lgi id dang
md hinh p h i b i l n d cde nyde cong nghigp hign dai (nhy trydng hpp Nhat Ban trnng Hinh l.h) Cdc nhd nghien ciiu trgn t h i gidi'^' dd d y a ra mpt trong nhdng tieu c h u i n quan trpng d i hoan thdnh cdng nghigp hoa vd hign dai hoa la
sy ehuyin djch ea c l u kinh t i , t h i hien I
qua s y giim bdt ti le lao ddng ndng I
nghiep Thgo gdc nhin cua xd hpi hpc, thi I
dd la s y giam bdt tang Idp ning din b I
dydi ddy he thing phdn t i n g xa hpi'^' I
Cd t h i t i n g hap lal tieu ehl giam bdt ti lp I
lao dpng ndng nghiep t d cde nhd nghien I
cdu tren t h i gidi nhy sau: Glal doan khdi I
dau edng nghigp hda ed ti lg lao dong I
ndng nghigp khoang 45 - 60% -> Phil I
trien cdng nghiep hda (30 45%) -) I Hoin thign cdng nghigp hda (10 - 30%) I
-> Hiu cdng nghiep (<10%) (Trich lai tir I
Bill T i t T h i n g , 2011, tr 25)
o i i ehilu vdi s y phdn chia thanh cdc giai I doan cdng nghiep hda tren t h l gidi, ta I thiy vdo nam 2012, c l u true cde ting I ldp xd hdi d 8 tinh Nam Bp typng dycng I
vdi giai doan Phat trien edng nghiip hoa I
(vdi 25,6% ndng dan) Trong khi do, ca I nyde dang trong giai dogn cuii cua Khoi I
dau cong nghiep hoa (47,0% nong dan) I
va dang byde sang Phaf triin cong
nghigp hda, cdn viing Dong bang s6ng
Hong b i t d i u byde vdo giai dogn Phi
trien cong nghigp hda {33,5%! ndng ddn)
Trang 9•ang 2 S o sdnh mgt s i chi tieu gida 8 tinh Nam BO v d i ca nu'dc (2012)
Chl tieu
tid tn sdn xudt cong nghifip (%)
dng ldp cong nhfin (%)
i n g IO'P nong dan (%)
h u nhfip tmng binh khiu/thdng (1,0003)
Ca nudc
100
100
100 1,999,8
Trong dfi:
Vung BBSH 27,8 26,6 16,2 2.350,6
8 tinh Nam Bfi 49,0 44,0 10,6' 3.172,8 (6 tinh Bong Nam BO) Jguon: Tong cgc Thing kfi, 2014b: Bleu so 225; 2014a: Biiu so 5.1 vd kit qua xd ly s6 lieu
ir cufic Biiu tra Mdc song hg gia dlnh 2012
ihin phan tang xa hpi) viing kinh t l trpng
liim phia Nam d glal dogn cao hon so
'di ca nyde (va so vdi ca vung D i n g
ling sdng Hdng) T y day, van d i ddt ra
lii vdi sy quin If phit triiri xi hdl d
'ung kinh t i trpng diem ndy id nhy t h l
ldo? Trong pham vi cd nyde, md hinh
)han tang xa hdi d Vi$t Nam nam 2012
l i n tyang dyang vdi Nhdt Ban ndm
955 (cd le tyang dyang nam 1950?)
;au true cdc t i n g Idp xa hpi d 8 tinh
^am Bd b i l u hien chp glal dpgn Phaf
nin cdng nghigp hda - cap nhit so vdl
a nyde D l i u nay hoan todn Id hpp ly
:hl ta thay vung kinh te trpng d i l m phia
vlam Id nai tap trung chu y l u cdc nhd
ndy, eong ly, xi nghiep vd s i lypng ede
;hu cdng nghi$p trong ca nyde D i n g
hdi, viing nay cung la nai thu hut nhilu
i y dn d i u t y nyde ngodi Idn nhit d Vigt
\lam S y phdt triin kinh t i cdng nghidp d
i tinh Nam Bp dypc t h l hign qua ca cau
gid trj san x u l t e i n g nghigp thgo gid hi$n
ldnh phan thgp dja phypng d Bdng 2
Trong dd, ca c l u cd nyde vdp nam 2012
d 100%, thi vimg kinh t i trpng d i i m phig
v|gm (ed TPHCM) chilm tdi 49%, trong
ihi dd vung D i n g b l n g sdng Hing (cd
hdnh pho Hd Npi) chilm 27,8%, Tyc Id
i tinh Nam Bd chilm khoang mpt nda
gia trj san x u l t edng nghiep treng cd nyde vd g i p 1,76 l i n sc vdi viing D i n g
b l n g sdng Hdng Tyang dng vdi ca c l u gid trj sdn xuat cdng nghiep nay, ta t h i y
ca eau tang ldp Thp cdng nhan (trpng
thdp phdn t i n g Hinh l.c, f, 1) d 8 tinh Nam Bd c h i l m 44% so vdi ea nyde, trong khi dd viing Oong bdng sdng Hong chilm 16,2% C l u trie eae t i n g xa hdi d
8 tinh Nam Bd da bilu Id qud trinh t i i n dan den md hinh xa hdi cdng nghiep nhanh nhdt sc vdi cd nyde K i t qua ciia qud trinh ndy dd d i n tdi thu nhap eua cy dan 6 tinh vung Ddng Nam Bp cung cao nhit so vdi ea nyde (Bdng 2)
3 K t T LUAN Trdn cp s d hg thing phdn t i n g xa hdi trong ca nyde, bdi v i l t da phan tdch ridng cdc t i n g ldp xa hpi d viing kinh t l trpng
d i l m phia Nam Td day, da dya ra nhdng nhdn xdt khdi qudt ridng chp tliu viing kinh tl-xa hoi phia Nam trpng sy so sdnh vdi bye tranh t i n g t h i ca nyde ndi ehung:
- Trong thdi kji d i i mdi (din nam 2012), cau tnic ede t i n g Idp xd hpi d vung kinh
t i trpng d i l m phia Nam dang djch ehuyin dan t y hinh dgng "kim t y thdp"
sgng tiip cgn tdi gin hinh qud trdm (hinh
Trang 10to ra Trong khi dd, md hinh phdn t i n g xd
hpi d ed nyde vdn ed dgng hinh "kim t y
thdp"
- C l u trOc cdc t i n g ldp xa hpi d viing
kinh t l trpng d i i m phia Nam tyang
dyang vdi giai doan Phit triin cdng
nghiip hda Trong khi dd, ca nype dang
trong giai doan c u i i cua Khdi diu edng
nghiep hda va dang byde sang Phit
triin cdng nghigp hoa, cdn vung Ding
b l n g sdng Hdng bat d i u byde vdo giai
dogn Phat trien cdng nghigp hda Nhu
vgy, sy phdt trien xa hpi d viing kinh IS trpng diem phia Nam d giai doan cao han vd cao n h i t so vdi ea nyde Td day,
van d l dgt ra doi vdi sy quin If phat
triin xa hii a vimg kinh t l trpng dilm
nay Id nhy t h i ndp cho phii hpp? a
CHO THiCH
Vung kinh te trgng diem phia Nam bao gOm 8 linh vd thdnh pho: Binh Phudc, Tay Nmh, Bint Duong, Bing Nai, Bfi Rja-VOng Tdu, TPHCM, Long An vd Tien Giang
'"^ Tfii dUng thudl ngu giai ting trong bai viit nay theo nghla Id mfit Id ghfip cua hai khdi nifim gai
cap vd tdng ldp xd hfii Nhu vfiy, gpi chung Id giai ling oho tifin Theo ngOn ngO' tieng Vifit phj Ihfing, myc tu giai ling (td cu vd It diing) dug'c djnh nghTa Id "Ting I6p trong xB h«r (Vifin Ng4i ngO' hgc, 2003, tr 387), vi dy 6/a/ ting tri thirc
'" Mi dai Ihi, cfi 4 cdch tiip cfin trong vific do lup'ng cdc glai tdng xa hfii, trfin co sd dua vSo' (1) V! tri trong quan hfi sdn xual xd hfii; (2) Bia vj kinh \k - xa hfii (KT-XH, viit III SES) (3) Ty nhjn
thuc chu quan, (4) Cdu InJc nghi nghifip vd dia vj kinh le - xd hOi (SES) md rgng Tuy nhifin cjch tifip cdn ndo CQng c6 nhO'ng uu diim vd han che nhat dinh Nhung da s6 cdc nhd xa hfii hpc quic
IS lya chgn cdch liip cfin thu 4 (B6 Thifin Kinh, 2013, tr 97)
'''Hinh l.g vd Hinh l.h Id dO thi minh hga cho bang s6 lifiu ddy dii ve cdc ting Idp xa hfii o m
Ban trong moi chu ky 10 ndm 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985 Trong 4 thdi diim ndy, ti Ifi tdng IPp n6iu
ddn a Nhdt Ban gidm di nhanh chfing nhu sau- 40,4% ^ 19,9% -> 15,2% - , 7,5% (Kosaka, 1994
lu^J^!!^t'^ ' * ' ^"^ " ' " = ' ° " 3 " * " 8 ''=° 9*'^ '' «"''•• H* Nfii, VTnh PhUc, Bac Ninh,
Quang Nmh, Hai Duong, Ha, Phfing, Hung Yfin, Thai Binh, Hd Nam, Nam Bjnh, Ninh sinh
dfi?o^n m T i f " « * ' "tJ^'T '*• " * ' ' ""*" "S*''*" """ * ^ ° ' " * " "« =Sc tifiu chl ddnh gid mUr
dugc nhiiu nghifin cuu de cdp din Xin nfiu mfit so vl du tiSu biiu:
'd^au°,^^,ln"k,T.r' " * / " "''" '.'"= ^ ' * Sidi, chia thdi k> Cfing nghifip hfia lam 3gi
c Z nah fi?hL v f m« ; r : , ' ? ' ' ' " ' ' " ''''^' ' ° ^ " '°^'' '^'^"- ''^^"S k i mot thdi doan tiJ
T L u GDP blnn o f I f * ° ' " ' * " '""' "S'-'^P ^'*^- T'^'ng dng vdi mil giai doan cfi xdc *
ZZTJ:iTgZ T "" ^"'"'" """""''"'''"' "''''"• =" ^^ "•
l n S ' x ' u i " t o * n " A ' f "" """' "f^" ' ' " 8°'" '' ^^"9 """^"" "h^ x^ '^^i f«"= " S " * M?-^
nh J v i n c h L Vi ,H r ' " ' ' * " "'' ''" '^ ''" ""^ "^ xa "«"•' " " ^ 9 chi tifiu v i co ci
Kinh tfi vdn ehifim VI tri quan trgng trong cdc chi tifiu v i kinh t i [ ]
t ' h d i t y ' ^ n ' ^ L ' ^ f ' ! l ° l°° ^^°' ^"'°°' °' P"'""= P°ltey and Managemeni, Kgrea) da so s** nghifip hfia d 1 1 „ t t ' < * ' ".'" "^*' " * " '=''' -""^ '^''4' la COI thdi dfim bdt ddu tiin trinh cO.«