sy thieu tdn trpng dieu kien sing con ngUdi, nguy cO egn kiet tii nguygn thiln nhiln vl sy t i n p h i vd y thde cua con ngudi dio ttifiy ring, ting tafdng kinh t l toin tyc khong the xe
Trang 1£teife<Hpcs6i
XA HOI HOC TAP
63
.^
Xay diAig va phat trien
xa hoi hoc tap - mot giai phap cof ban
bao dam an sinh xa hoi
GS TS NGUYEN TAT DONG H6i Khuyen hpc Vigt Nam
An sinh x i hdi ta mdt v i n d l dupc d i t ra vdi mdc dp ngiy
cing bdc thiet khi trong xa hpi, sy b i t binh dang trong
triln eon ngudi dang cd chtlu hadng gia ting Vdi nhdng nudc
d ( * i l n tranh hogc bj t i n p h i bing cac vy bgo tyc, an smh cho
con ngudi t i vfin de vd cdng bde bach, song dilu dd khdng cd
nghTa ta, vdi khdng ft quic gia dang smh sing trong hda binh,
ttigm chl cbn dang cd sy tang tnJdng kmh te deu deu thl cung
ChUa hln da hit nhilu dilu bde xdc trong an sinh xa hpi
Chung ta bilt rang, ehiln tranh the gidi tan thd 11 ket thde
(1945) da tim chet 50 tnlu ngUdi m i sau dd hdn 15 nim, cd
tdi frdn 150 cupe ehiln franh eye bd, cudp di sinh mgng cua
hdn 20 higu ngudi nda Cdng vdi sy chit choc khdng khiep dd
i i flnh trgng ddi khi, binh tit, thieu thdn cic dilu kien song.v,v
liln miln trong nhilu d n g ding d i n cU
Bade sang t h l ky XXI, trin fril gidi khdng mgt ngiy nao
yIn tilng sdng dgn khdng d Iraq thl d Syna, khlng d
Afghani-stan thl d Palestine, khdng 6 Ucraina thl d PakiAfghani-stan., C i c
phUdng frgn fruyin thdng tren t h l gidi ludn d i y die nhQng tin
khung t i l , gilt chdc, tj ngn thilu lUOng thyc thyc pham v i
thuoc men
B i n egnh nhdng tat vg frgn kia cdn cd nhCmg nguy cd khie,
hit dieh HIV/AIDS Igi d i n Ebola, hit tai ngn giao thdng Igi den
d nhilm mdi trudng Mdt t h l gidi hien dgi phit triln ngiy d n g
nhanh v i s l phan con ngudi lgi cd phfin mdpg manh hPn.v.v
v i v.v._
Hinh nhu v l n d l an smh trd n i n ndng bdng hdn bao gid hit
kN mk nin cdng nghiip mudn ^in lin phii trdng did vio nhtfng
cdng ngh$ mdi \^ stf phil ttiSn xa hdi phki dtfa vko tti ttitfC
NhQng thinh tyu d a eupc d c h mgng khoa hpc va edng nghe
dapc tgn dyng d l ting tnidng kinh t l bao nhiSu thi sy phat
friln xa hdi Igi d n d i n trinh dg dgo ddc con ngudi bay nhieu
Bat toin hUdng d i n giio dyc nha mdt ldi giii
Trong mdt Chii d l "Giio dyc: mdt sy khdng tudng cfin
thilt", Jacques Detors - nguyen Chu tjch Uy ban QuIe t l ve
giio dyc t h l ky XXi - d i vilt:
"Dli m i t vdi nhilu thich thac m i tUOng lai s i p san, nhin
bgi xem giao dyc nhu mgt bign phap can ttiilt de nham dapc
nhdng ty tadng hda binh, ty do v i cdng bing xa hdi- giio dyc
d vai trd can ban frong sy phat frien ca nhan v i xa hdi Giio mgt c6ng thde ky dieu d l md d n h eda di vao mdt t h l gidi trong
dd mpi ty tudng d i u cd ttie thyc hign dUpc, ma eh? l i mdt trong
so cac phuang tign chlnh s i n cd thuc day hinh thai phat friln nhan logi s i u sac hdn, hai hda hdn v i do do lim giam tidt tinh
trgng nghgo kho, sy b i i trtf, sy ngu ddt, sy ap bde v i chien
tranh"0
Rd rang rang, t h l gidi m i chung ta cd dupc da sinh thanh
td tri thde thl dUdng nhiln xa hdi khdng t h l thilu giio dyc Dd
la logk; tfit yeu cua phit trien Cd d trilu b i i vilt v i Idi binh ve
sy d n thilt cua giao dyc, va tyu trung, tat d diu khlng dmh nang lye d l t i n tgi cung la nhd giio dyc
Trong xa hgi hign dgi, v l n d l sing d l tim ngudi ngiy d n g dupe ndl d i n nhilu hpn Nam 1972, Edgar Faure, ngudi dang diu Uy ban Quic t l v l phit triln giio dyc, da gdi l l n UNESCO mdt bao d o d tieu d l "Hpc d l t i n tgi: T h l gidi eda giio due hdm nay v i ngiy mar Faure nhfin mgnh ring, frong the gidi hien dgi, giio dyc khdng cdn la die quyen cua tang Idp tinh cung d p d e d|eh vy cho mpi cdng din, v i mpi cdng din niu nhu Widng muon bi ggt ra ngoii l l xa hdi thi phai tan dyng mpi
cd hdi, mpi dilu kiin do eie ed quan, cic t l chQc xa hdi tgo nin
Sy tiln l i n nhanh chdng cua nhilu quic gia frong hdn nda
t h l ky qua la dilu khdng t h l phd nhin dUpc Nhang cung vdi khdng ttie coi thudng dUpe
Trong cuIn sach "Hpc tip: Mdt kho bau tilm I n " cda minh, Jacques Detors da vilt: "Mdt sd phit mmh va bude dot pha
t h l ky XX-PTD) NhiSu ntfdc da vUpt qua fmh tr^ng kem phat
triin, mde sdng tilp tyc dapc ning ten, mic du theo nhdng
nhip dd khi khae bilt td nudc nay sang nUde khac Tuy viy mdt
t i m trgng tlnh ngp bao trdm tgo nin mdt sy dli lap siu sac vdi nhQng hi vpng xufit hien vao nhdng nim ngay sau Chien franh
Trang 264! JMfn-Hpc
the gidi thQ hai Do do cd the ndi tren ptigm vi ktnh t l va xa hdi,
sU tiin bd da dem theo d stf vd mdng" NhQng nhin dinh cua
Jacques Delors thit la chlnh xie tidi ngay thdi dilm dfiu thip
nhdng thien tai v i nhdng tai ngn cdng nghiep, sy 6 nhiem mdi
tnfdng va huy hoai smh thai do lam i n kinh t l mpt d e h vd dgo
ddc sy thieu tdn trpng dieu kien sing con ngUdi, nguy cO egn
kiet tii nguygn thiln nhiln vl sy t i n p h i vd y thde cua con ngudi
dio ttifiy ring, ting tafdng kinh t l toin tyc khong the xem la
binh ding
Ngudi ta hy vpng sy phit triln kinh t l tri friac diu t h l ky
XXI se tgo nen mdt the gidi tot dgp, van mmh va giau cd
nhung nhieu ngudi thit sy thfit vpng bdi cung vdi nhdng thanh
tyu ldn tao cua each mgng khoa hpc va cdng nghg thl cudc
khdng hoing xa hdi tren phgm vi the gidi l i sy khung hoing vS
gin b6 xa hdi- NhQng bfit binh ding dang lim gia ting nghio
ddi v i sy logi trd lln nhau NhQng Uil iyc den t l i reo ric dfiy
thin con ngUdi chiln tranh ndng khdng ldc nio Wm lgi v i
dfiu tranh ddi nhan quyln ngiy cing quyet liet hdn Sy syp do
tmh thin doan kit giQa nhilu quic gia dang diln ra theo chilu
xiu dl Cude khung hoing xa hgi dang chda dyng sy khung
Jacques Detors dua ra 4 try d ' giio dye mong ring, vdi
mpt xa hpi dya v i o 4 try cdt nay se keo Igi nhdng gi dang syp
d l thdng qua xiy dyng mdt n i n giio dyc m i trong d6, mdi
kilm vigc iam d l sing hda dong vdi ngudi khic, va quan trpng
hdn ta d l hoan thign nhan cich cua ban thin."
Cung vdi Edgar Faure, Jacques Delors cdn cd nhilu ngUdi
nhUSton,D.A (1973), Hutchins.R.M (1970), Husen,T.(1974)
da bin din mpt xa hgi ma frong dd, con ngudi deu dUpc hpc
tip mgt each edng bing, binh ding va d i n chu Dd t i x i hpi
hpc tip (Learning society) ma ly tudng cua nd t i giio dye suit
ddi cho mpi ngudi (Life-long education for all) Npi dung elt tdi
cua nhdng y tudng v l viec hpc tip suot ddi ta Ikm gia tang han
ntfa nhtfng In Ihtfc mdi cho din eU m i tafde h i t l i nhQng tfing
Idp lao ddng trong xa hpi
Nhilu edng frinh nghien edu khing djnh ring, sy ddi nghgo
v i bfin edng trong x i hdi hign dgi khdng don thuan l i friieu an,
thilu mac, thilu nhi d„, ma thieu nhCmg tri thde de ty minh
vupt qua cai nghIo vgt chfit v i thilu nhdng dilu kien sing cd
phil d l cip tdi 3 cii nghio:
- Nghio fri thde (Knowledge poverty);
- Nghgo nhin van (Human poverty);
Trong 3 cii nghio ndi trin, frude hit va v l cd ban l i xda cai
nghio tri thde Cd fri thde Uil se cd dilu kign tim kilm hoic ty
ddi sing van hda t i t linh
Nhilu nha khoa hpe d i nhfin mgnh den sy phit trien nhanh
chdng eda d n g nghi v i ky ttiuit dang khdng ngQng lim gia
toan d u h6a v i xu thi phin hda lining ctfc ttong toin du hda
tti thtfc vk thing tin Trong dilu kiln dd nhdng quic gia nio
phit triin nhanh cii nghe mdi liy tti thtfc ikm ea sd thl d i u ting
nhanh lpi nhuin, Hch luy dupo nhilu cda d i , nhd dd, cd ttiim
hdi cda hp dupc d i thien lien tyc Nhdng quic gia It tlch luy tti
thde, v i do dd, thilu nang tyc d n g tgo, diu bj ngo?i vi hoa
Dgc dilm nli bit cda hiin tupng ngoai vi hda l i gida nhdng quoc gia cd lpi t h l v l tn thQc v i nhi:mg quic gia bi ngogi vi hda
cich thdng tfn" (Information gap)
Thye chat cda cii khoang each ndi trin l i sy khdng dS?
xtfng gida hai hay nhilu quin the hoic cdng dong d i n cu vi phtfdng diin phin ph&, stf dtfng htfu hi$u cae nguon tri thite, thdng tin vi tri Ihtfe Nguyin nhan ldn nhit tgo ra khoang each
dd l i sy "cich ly tn ttitfe" (Knowledge divide) D6 la hien typng dong ngudi thiiu ning Itfc Hip ttiu vi stf dtfng tri thtfc, thiiu ning
Itfc giao tiip tri thtfc
Glio dyc la qua trinh ludn hudng d i n nhQng ehufin myc v l tri tug eao, v l chin ly khoa hpc va v l vile tam chu nhQng d n g nghg mdi Vdi ty tudng do Michael Matey cho rang, giao due iao ddng sang tgo, nhang giio dyc khdng dapc quen nhQng
cU dan lao dgng niy d n thdng qua ehd trUdng giio dyc cho mpi ngydi d l hp thoit ra khdi sy bit d n g xa hdi v l quyen dapc
ra khoi nhdng hogt ddng xa hgi
Trong xa hgi hign dgi, tlnh dnh nghio nin mdi ctfa con
ngt/di li stf tnin miin khong dtfoe thu hUdng nhtfng ttiinh qui vin hoa, Ik stf thip kim vS ddi sing tinh than, vittfddddi sing vat chat cCia hg khdng di ttiien lin dUdc Vi ttil, Roberto Cameiro
nhfin mgnh den vai tr6 cda giao dyc va n h i trudng trong vile dao tgo con ngadi dd ning tyc de song cdn va vUdn lln trong
xa hdi
tn'am Al Mufti thi d i t ra van d l d i u ta hdn nda v i o vigc ning eao t i i ning cho con ngadi Mdi con ngudi dupe phit triln nhQng t i i nang von ed l i se giai phip an smh cd bin nhat NhQng n h i khoa hpc nhu Alisov N.B v i Khorev B.S cho
ring, giio diic khdng dil ttiu htft tti em, mi cdn li tit d ngi0
Idn vio hqc tip 6 thdi dgi ngiy nay, xa hdi ddi hdi cao hpe vfin
eon ngudi, khlng bang tdng vdi trinh dp tnjng hpe pho thdng, bdi nhQng tri thde tgo nen trinh dd hpc van nay khdng dd d l
din mau ngddi cdng din c6 tfnh tap thi, c6 nhin tinh vk nhtfng phim chit d$o dtfc m i thdi dgi ddi hdi
VI viy, dgt v l n d l xay dyng xa hdi hpc tap v i ttiyc hign viec hpc t i p suot ddi, d c qudc gia d i u chd trpng d i n md hinh Cdng dan hpc t i p
Han Q u & la mdt quic gia cd budc tiln than ky cda nin kinh t l , v i nhd do, nam 2010 da dgt mdc GDP trin dfiu ngUdi
de an sinh x i hdi v i phdc Ipi xa hdi cua hp cung phai d l i mit vdi nhdng thich thde mdi Dd l i gida vigc tim vdi ddi sing d nhin d n thilu sy d n bfing, vdi xu hudng gia hda dan s l khi nhanh vigc cham sdc ngudi g i i dang tang ap lye tnjdc chlnh thi trudng lao dgng, cic nhdm y i u t h l bj bd mSc bdi h i thing
an smh xa hdi dang tdng bade tu nhin hda
Han Quic Ily chien lupc x i y dyng x i hdi hpc t i p nhu mdt giii phip quan trpng d l b i o dam an smh xa hdi Mfiy nam qfin
diy, Chfnh phd Han Quic da x i y dyng Kiho^ich ttiuc div Tjiio
dtfc suit ddi v i friinh Igp Vien Giko dtfc suit ddi qudc aia
(NILE) d l nghiin cdu nhung chlnh sich giio dyc suit ddi nhSm
v i o 3 myc tiiu cd bin:
Trang 365
Cac kf ning coo^ ngbi thong tin \a trayen l)rong
nang cao nang'lye egnh ttanh cda d nhin, c ^ ding v i quic
gia;
Hal ii hogeh d|nh cac chlnh sich ho trp eho nhQng d l i
tupng y i u thl, d l bi t i n thuong, dUpc hpc tip suit ddi
Ba li xiy dyng cie chinh sich ttidc d i y vigc hpc tgp khdng
chinh quy
Hin Quic ntign thiy hp phii t i mpt quoc gia d ning tyc
hpi nhap vao ddng chiy toin d u hda txi dd, tang cic ddng
Singapore c6 mdc thu
nhip binh q u i n trgn dfiu
ngudi cao g i p ddi Han
Qutfc v i o nam 2010:
41.987 USD/ngUdi L i
mgt q u i c gia - t h i n h p h i
hlu nhu khdng cd, muon
egnh tranh v i p h i t t r i l n
hdn nda thl con dudng duy
nhit cda Singapore la t i p
vigc n i n g cao tri thQc v i
nhOng ky n i n g cho ngadi
lao dgng
Chiln tape p h i t t r i l n
v i t i m nhin d i i hgn cda
dua ra ehUdng trinh "Nhieu
nhi trUdng tU duy, mot
qudc gia hpc t i p "
(Think-ing Schools, Learn(Think-ing
na-tion) ChUdng trtnh nay
n h i m dich ting ctfdng
nguin ldc tri tui cho mdt
quic gia Singapore tri
thtfc Vdi tfim nhin nay,
Singapore dUa ra mgt md
hinh edng d i n hpe t i p
eung gfin g i l n g vdi m l
hinh c d a H i n Q u d e ,
nhang hUdng n h i l u den
"Mgt t h i n h p h i nhu mpt
ndl d t i t nhfit" v i "Thinh
p h i di v i o toan d u hda
sdm nhit"
Hg\i6n:Thik^XXIdiy
tiim ning - Bd Giio dyc
Singapore
luin ehuyin vdn, s i n phfim, dieh vy, y tudng v i con ngUdi qua
dim Do yeu d u niy, vigc xiy dtfng md hinh edng din hqc tip
phai dupc ttnh d i n nhdng gia tr; cit tdi d l ngudi Han Qudc gdp nhilu hdn eho dfit nudc, m i cdn cd khi nang hpi nhgp quic t l ngiy cang sau hdn
Sau diy la md hinh d n g d i n hpc tip cua Hin Quoc:
Co nSng Itrc tv hpc
^iel cong daa nhfin thuc toan
^ d n g lien vin hoa
Con ngircrj biet quan tam
CO trach nhi^m to'i cpng
(K) aau: Nh^t B i n l i q u i c
gia cd mdc s i n g cao hdn c i
Singapore)
:ih$i
Co dong gop tich c^c
igucfitytm
Con ngu^i dong gop nhiei cho X3 hpi
hpc tgp vi ngay mai
ngadi t y hpc dgc Igp