KM nhac tdi cde edng d i n g ddn cU d HM Phdng thdi Phap thugc, ngGdi ta thudng ngM dd'n nhCmg ngGdi chau Au ma ehu yg'u Id ngGdi Phap d khu phd Tay, nhflng ngGdi Trung Qud'e d khu phd K
Trang 1\yVai net ve ngUdi An Dp d Hai Phong
(giai doan cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX)
N G U Y I I N THI HOAI PHUdNG*
HM Phdng Id mdt dd thi ra ddi khd
mudn trong nhtmg thap men cudi
cua thg' ky XIX, eimg vdi sG tao lap cua mdt
thUdng cang kiem qudn cang eiia ngUdi
Phdp cf B i c Ky Trong Hch sG Mnh thanh
va phdt trien, Hai Phdng da la ndi hdi tu
eua nMeu luong cu ddn ca trong vd ngoM
nudc KM nhac tdi cde edng d i n g ddn cU d
HM Phdng thdi Phap thugc, ngGdi ta
thudng ngM dd'n nhCmg ngGdi chau Au (ma
ehu yg'u Id ngGdi Phap) d khu phd Tay,
nhflng ngGdi Trung Qud'e d khu phd Khdeh
vd nhCttig ngGdi dan Vidt (ban xG va tG cdc
tinh ldn c | n do ve) d cae lang xa ngoai vi
thanh phd Song, bgn eanh nhGng edng
ddng eU d i n ed sd lugng ddng, cd vM trd
quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng kinh te, vdn
hda, xa hdi eua t h a n h pho thi d cang thi
nay cdn ed eae nhdm cU ddn khde vM sd
lugng it hdn nhU ngGdi Anh, ngGdi DGc,
ngUdi Nhat, ngUdi An Do Dti cMem mdt
phan r a t nhd trong ed ea'u dMi cU eiia
thanh phd, thdi gian sinh sd'ng khbng dM
song edng ddng ngUdi An Dd da de lai
nhflng da'u an nha't dinh trong ddi sd'ng
kinh td', vdn hda, xa hdi d HM Phdng giM
doan eud'i the ky XIX dau the ky XX
1 TrUde het, phai ndi tdi nhQng eugc di
cU eua ngUdi An Do de'n Ddng Nam A, den
Viet Nam ndi ehung vd de'n HM Phdng ndi
rieng Co t h i ndi, cung vdi nhu eau trao doi
budn b i n , cting vdi sU lan tda cua nen van
hda An Do, Viet Nam ndi rigng vd khu vUc
Ddng Nam A ndi ehung da Id diem den cua nhieu thUdng nhan, nha truyen gide ngUdi
An Do ngay tG nhOhg the' ky dau Cdng nguyen NhiMg nhd budn bi hd'p d i n bdi vang, bae vd bUdng lieu Id nhtmg ngudi di tien phong, sau dd Id nhtmg tu si Bdlambn
va nhCftig nhd sG P h a t giao "dang ehdy bdng tinh t h i n truyen gido", nhuttig ngUbi thude dang edp Kshatriyas (vo si) dang hy vgng phuc hoi lai tM san cua minh bang long dung cam vd sU hilu big't qudn sU, vd nhtmg thg thu cdng tim cdeh eai tMgn vi tri xa hdi cua minh va dieu kien vat chit
do ed tay nghe cao da tim de'n cac nUdc Dong Nam A'^' Trong hch sG hinh thdnh dan tgc Viet Nam, d ca 3 khdng gian vdn hba thdi tien-sd sG deu khbng t h i khdng
n h l e tdi vM trd eua vdn hda An Do: miln Bdc Viet Nam vdi truyen thuye't ve sG Khau Da La, ve eae sG tang tG An Do dg'n truyin giao, de'n sG phdt trien eiia Phdt gido qua cdc thdi ky lich sG ; mien Trung
va m i l n Nam Viet Nam vdi vM trd cda dao Balamdn eung nhG dd'u I n eiia vdn hda An
Do trong van hba cua vGdng qud'e Chdm
pa, vGOng qude Phu Nam'^' Tuy nhidn, bang di trong vM the' ky XVII-XIX, do nhGng bien ddng trong ddi sd'ng eMnh tri
d DM Viet - DM Nam, hoat ddng vd vM trd eua ngudi An Do it duge nhae tdi De'n eud'i the' ky XIX, dau thg' ky XX dd diln ra mdt dgt di ddn mdi cua ngUdi An
Do de'n Dbng DUdng thude Phdp NhGng
Trang 2ngUdi An Do tG nhGng vung lanh tho eiia
Phap nhG Pondicherry, KarMkal vd Mahe
da b i t dau de'n Ddng Duong de kie'm viee
lam vd budn ban Sau dd, nhung ngUdi An
Db tu Gujerat, Sindh eung de'n Vdo ndm
1910, ed khoang 1.000 ngudi An Do tren
todn Ddng Ducmg*^' Sang de'n nhCttig nam
30 eiia the' 1^ XX, theo Charles Robequain,
mdt sG gia kinh te' ngGdi Phdp, trong sdeh
Su phdt triin kinh ti cua Phdp d Bdng
Duang, cho big't; cd khoang 1.000 ngGdi An
Do tG nhOtng vtmg cua Phap d An Do Hg
song chu ye'u tai eac thanh p h i d Nam Ky,
dac biet d SM Gdn vd hg sinh sd'ng b I n g
budn vai, mdi gidi vd cho vay tien
Robequain cung cho big't them la cd nhOng
ngGdi An Do khac Id t h i n ddn Anh qud'c
sinh sdng ehu ye'u d Nam Ky va
CampucMa vd tie'n hdnh cdng viee mdi gidi
vd cho vay tien Hg chu ye'u de'n tG vting
Madras, mdt sd' tG vung Sindh
Song, ne'u nhQng ngGdi An Dd diu Cbng
nguyen mang den eho Ddng Duong mdt
nen vdn hda phong phu tM nhQng ngudi An
Dd cua mgt nghin nam sau du da "tM thig't
lap mdt sgi day hdn lac cu dUdi mdt hinh
thGe mdi" nhGng lai ed rat It ddng gdp v l
van hda NhCmg ngUdi An Do thude Phdp
dGdc chinh quyen thUe dMi uU dM cho
nhOttig vi tri thuan lgi trong ehinh quyen va
boat dgng ldnh doanh Hg dd trd thdnh
nhimg ngudi budn bdn va eho vay nang IM
eb tie'ng Vi du nhU doanh ngMep Chetty
ndi tie'ng vdi "mgt nGa sd ndng dan d Ddng
DGdng phM vay t i l n cua Chetty", va dti "ed
nhtmg Mim nguy bdi vide eho vay khdng ed
the' chip" hay "IM sua't md ngGdi cua
Chetty ap ddt khdng cao qua quit nhU IM
suat eiia Hoa kieu" nhGng nhd doanh
ngMgp Chetty van "thu dugc nhCfng mdn ldi
khong Id O SM Gdn cd ba dd'n bdn phd eua
nhung nha doanh ngMep An Do ndy"***
An Do v l n giG gin nhtmg net vdn hda ridng O Sdi (jdn, hg da xdy dUng nen bon ngdi den thd dao Hindu va thudng t^p hop tai cac ngdi den ndy trong nhOng ngay l l hdi hay lign hoan cua edng ddng minh Song, trong eude khdng cMg'n chd'ng Phdp
vd chd'ng My eiia ngGdi Vigt Nam, nhQng ngudi An Do d nUdc t a da gidn tid'p ung hd de' qud'c My va chinh quyen \ ^ e t Nam Cong hda, ndn sau cMen t h i n g mua xuan nam
1975, nhtmg ngudi An Do d Vigt Nam vi lo ngai ve an ninh t r a t tG da ve nGdc, eM ed
dg 60-70 gia i^nh An kilu da d lai'^' (SM (jdn - TG) Dd Id nhflng thbng tin ve ngudi
An Do d Ddng DUdng ndi ehung, Viet Nam nbi rieng, vd trong giM doan eud'i the ky XLX dau the ky XX, phan dbng ngUdi An
Do sinh sd'ng tai mien Nam Viet Nam
2 Trd lai vdi edng dong ngudi An Do d
HM Phdng Nhtmg thdng tin ve edng ddng
eU dan ndy vd cung It di Trong nhuhg gM chdp ve dan sd eua t h a n h phd nam 1893 eo ndi dd'n 600 i^udi Au, 400 Hoa kieu vd 200 ngudi ehdu A khac nhu An Do, Nhat BMi*^l Bdo eao ddn sd t h a n h phd nam 1902 gM nhdn mdt "dieu mdi me" Id cd 41 ngudi Nhdt BMi va 29 ngudi An Do Ngudi Nhdt BMi cd mgt vM cM nhMih thGdng mai, hM nhd chGa dUdc quan ly trdng pham vi gia dinh Cbn ngGdi An Dd, ke sinh nhM ciia hg ehu ye'u ldm dd'c cdng hay eho vay cd the ehap*''* Trong nhCttig gM chep ve hoat dgng eua edng ty Xi mdng Poocland Dong DUdng eting nhac tdi "nhuttig cdng n h a n Viet Nam lam viec dUdi sU cM huy ciia cdc dd'c edng ngudi Hoa hay ngGdi An"
NMn ehung, nhuhg thdng tui dUgc gM chgp ve nhdm cG dan An Dd (sd iGong, ddi sd'ng kinh td', xd hdi, sinh hoat vdn hda) thGc sG rat it di Trong bg mdy chinh quyen cua thanh phd (nhi^ Uy ban tU van, sau nay
Id Hdi ddng thdnh pho') ludn c6 su Men hOU
Trang 3Hoa, Viet md chUa bao gid xuat Men mdt
thdnh vien ngGdi An Do cung phan ndo cho
t h i y vM trd md nhat trong boat ddng ehinh
tri cua nhdm cU dan An Do d day Tuy vay,
so vdi cdc nhdm cU dan cMg'm so lugng it di
d thdnh phd (nhu ngudi Anh, ngGdi Nhdt
Ban ,) nhdm cG ddn An Do da de lai nhtmg
dau ve't nhat dinh trong ddi sd'ng kinh te',
van hda cua thdnh phd'
Ve boat ddng kinh te': Ngoai trU viee ldm
thug trong cde n h a mdy, xi ngMgp vd d
cang HM Phbng tM hM linh vUc kinh tg'
chinh md nguM An Do tham gia d dd thi
HM Phdng Id eho vay nang IM vd buon ban
vM vde Tuy nMen, tren Iinh vdc cho vay
ndng IM, ne'u nhU trong khoang thdi gian
ndy d SM Gdn nhflng ngUdi An Do (md
thudng dugc ggi la ngGdi Chetty) kiem
nhflng mdn tien ldn nhd viec eho vay
khdng the chap vd IM suat vGa phM tM d
HM Phbng boat ddng cho vay ndng lai
(thGdng dGde ggi Id cam do) gan nhG Id linh
vGe dgc quyen cua ngGdi Hoa Trong cac gM
ehep ve boat ddng cam d l cf Hm Phdng thdi
thugc dia hau nhU khdng nhac gi dd'n vM
tid cua ngUdi An Do Sau ndy, kM doanh
nhan Bach ThM Budi thanh cdng tren
thuong trUdng da diu t u vdo kinh doanh
trong linh vUc cam dd tM doi thu eanh
tranh chinh ye'u cua dng d HM Phdng eung
cM thay nhac den la nhflng Hoa kieu giau
cd vd dugc tu ban Phdp ehe chd ma khdng
thay n h i c de'n nhCmg ngudi An Do tiong
linh vUc ndy Cd le, do sd lugng dan cG it,
IM khdng dGdc t l chGc thanh "phGdng hgi"
de tGdng trd nhau nhu nhflng ngUM Chetty
d SM Gdn nen cd t h i boat ddng cho vay IM
cM Id mdt hinh thGc kinh te' eua mgt sd it
ngudi An Cf HM Phdng md thdi
Trong hoat ddng budn bdn, tuy khdng
thay nhung gM chdp v l boat ddng xuat
nhdp khau cua ngUdi An Do qua cang HM
dan dia phUdng d khu vde chd Cd Dao (HM
Phdng) v i n cdn nhd nMeu de'n nhOhg ngudi
"Tdy den" (ngGdi An Dd - TG) tnldc day thudng budn bdn vM d khu vGc chd ndy Thee dd, khu vUc chg Cd Dao (nay la dudng Tran Nhat Duat) tnldc day vGa la ndi d vGa
Id ndi budn vM cua ngUdi An Do Ca khu phd cung la chg, pMa tiong Id ndi d, pMa ngoM Id ede cGa hdng ehu yeu bdn cde loai
vM da Cd t h i , ngGdi An Do cM budn ban nho, lam dai ly trung gian nen khdng t h i y
vM trd ciia hg trong viec true tig'p xua't nhap cang nhu thUdng nhdn ngUdi Phap hay ngudi Hoa d HM Phdng Ve ten ggi cua dudng/ chg Co Dao, nMlu ngGdi dan cho rang ten ggi ndy cd lign quan den nhd thd Hoi gido eiia ngGdi An Do d ndi day, do mdt
vi M si, dan gian ggi Id Cha cd', sang lap ra Dau sao, dd cflng Id each giM thich ciia dan gian cho mdt ten ggi eua mgt con dGdng, khu chd dd tdn tai hdng tram nam nay tidng ldng thanh phd Chg Cd Dao Mbn nay
v l n cdn, nhUng khdng budn ban vM nGa ma chuyin sang buon ban ede mat bdng thiiy
hM sMi - dde trung cua thdnh phd biln Trong ddi song vdn hda, nhflng ngGdi
An Dd d HM Phdng da xay dung mdt nhd thd Hdi gido ngay g i n ke vdi khu vUe sinh song vd budn bdn eua minh Dd Id mgt nha thd nhd d con phd' vudng gdc vdi phd ehd Co Dao (nay la dudng Nguygn Khuye'n), md dan gian quen ggi la chua Tay Den Day khdng cM Id noi thUc Men cdc ngM l l tdn gido ma cdn la noi hdi tu cua nhQng ngGdi
An Do trong ede ngdy le hay cae boat dgng ehung cua cong ding NgGdi dan dia phGdng cho bie't sau nam 1955, giM phdng thdnh phd HM Phong tM cdng dong ngUdi
An Do d day da di cU (cd t h i hg ve nude hodc di chuyin den mgt vung dat khae -nhu di cG vdo SM Gdn, Viet Nam), chinh quyen thMih phd da cM tao ngbi nhd thd
Trang 4trGdng tieu hge Sau nay, do ygu ciu md
rong ed sd vat chd't cua cde S& ban ngdnh
cung nhu viec tMe't lap he thd'ng trudng hgc
cde eap, Uy ban Nhan ddn thdnh phd HM
Phdng chuyen Trung tam Ve smh Dich t l
thude Sd Y te' HM Phbng ve dia diem nay
De'n nam 1985, Sd Y te' ehuyen sang tru sd
mdi, Nhd xuit ban HM Phdng chuyin ve
dia dilm nhd thd Hdi gido nay Trong hdi
Gc eua nhuttig edn bg Nha xuat ban, trong
nhtmg ngay dau tig'p quan, kM nao vet
chile gie'ng co trong khudn vien nha thd, hg
dd tim thay mgt tGdng thd binh diu ldn
bang gb hm (vat to tMeng Udng eua ngGdi
Hii giao) nhung rat tie'e hg da khbng lUU
giG dUde tUdng thd nay Hien nay, do nhu
cau sG dung cae khdng gian, toan bd ke't eiu
ben trong eua nha thd dd dUdc cM tao ehia
thanh ede phbng ldm viec Tuy nMen,
nhQng kien true dde tnmg cua nhd thd dao
Hoi nhu cGa quay ve hUdng Tay - hUdng eua
ngon nm than Mem, cac cot tiu trbn, cGa
vbm cham tro hoa van uon lugn, vd dac bidt
la 4 nggn thap tren cd bilu tGdng mat
trdng vd ngbi sao van dGge bao ton kha
nguyen ven 0 Ha Ndi ed nha thd Hoi giao
Jamia Al Noor d sd 12 Hang LUdc xay dUng
vao ndm 1890 cd nhflng net kie'n tnic tGdng
til nhG nhd thd Hoi giao (chtia Tay den) d
thanh phd HM Phdng Nhd thd nay Men
vln boat ddng vdo thU 6 hdng tuan, phuc
vu cho nhung tin do ciia khu vUc Hd Ndi vd
mdt sd tinh lan can Cdn ngdi nha thd Hoi
gido d HM Phdng tuy da thay doi hoan toan
ehUe ndng sG dung, eung khdng phM Id mgt
di tieh da duge xep hang eua thdnh pho,
song trong tam thGe dan gian ddy van la
mgt eong trinh tdn giao (dUde ggi la ehua)
vd nhtmg dang net kien tnic v l n duge bao
ton khd td't
NMn lai vM trd vd boat dbng cua nhdm
eU dan ngGdi An Do vd ddnh gid v l vM trb,
hinh thdnh vd phdt t r i l n ciia dd thi Hai Phdng eho t h i y ro tinh hdi tu "tG chieng" tiong egng dong dan eU 5 day NhGng nhdm
CG dan ca trong va ngoM nGdc da etmg tdn tai, dan xen, ctmg hda nhip tao nen sU soi dgng trong dM sd'ng kinh tl" eung nhU tao ndn nhcmg sic mdu van hda trong ddi sdng tdn giao, tin ngUBng cua thdnh phd HM Phbng trong nda dau the' ky XXV
C H U THICH
1 R.C.MMjumdar, Ancient Indian
Colonisation in South East Asia, ddn theo
Nayan Chanda, "NgUdi An Db d Viet Nam"
do Ngo van Hba trich dich, Tgp chi Xua vd
nay, so 227-228, thang 1/2005, tr.65
2 Xem thgm: Geetesh Sharma, NhUng ddu
vit vdn hda An Dp tai ViH Nam, Nxb Vdn
hoa Van nghe thdnh phd H i CM Minh,
2012; Luong Ninh, Lich sU viiong qude
Champa, Nxb DM hoc Qude gia, Hd Noi,
2004; LUdng Ninh, Vuang qud'c Phu Nam
-Lick sd vd V&n hoa, Nxb Vdn hba Thong
tin Ha Nbi, 2005
3 L'Indochine, numero speciM, hors serie, Dec, 1922, ddn theo Nayan Chanda, "NgUdi
An Dp d Vigt Nam" do Ngo Vdn Hba trich
dich, Tgp chi Xua vd nay, so 227-228,
thdng 1/2005, tr.65
4 Nayan Chanda, "Ngudi An Do d Viet Nam",
Ngb Van Hba trich dich, Tgp chi XUa vd
nay, sd 227-228, thdng 1/2005, tr.66
5 Geetesh Sharma, Cdc quan he Viet Nam
-An Dp tu the ky I din thi ky XXI, Hd Duy
dich, Nxb Lao dbng Ha Npi, 2006, tr.30
6 Nguyln Thda Hy, Trinh Nggc Vign, 'Vdi ngt vl sir ra ddi cua thdnh pho HM Phbng",
Tgp chi Nghiin ciiu Lich sU Hdi Phong, s i
3/1986
7 Gilles Raffi, Hdi Phong - Ngudn gdc, diiu
kien vd thi thdc phdt trien cho din n&m
1921, LATS Lich sG, Bm hgc Ting hop
Provence, 1994, tr.222