Bdn c?nh nhttng quy dinh cho phep ngudi phu ntt cd quydn tu bd hdn udc, li hdn, bdo vd chd dO mOt vp, mOt chdng thi Quoc triiu hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi diin cung quy djnh trudng hpp
Trang 1Nghien citu khoa hgc
DjA Vj NGirOI PHU Nir ff VIET NAM VA TRIEU TIEN THE KY XV QUA KHAO SAT QUOC TRIEU HINH LUAT VA KINH QUOC DAI DIEN
NGUViNTHIDIIiniUr-Tdm tat: Viit Nam vd Trieu Tien sdm cd nhOng moi tuang thdng vi lich sic vd vdn hda Thdi trung dgi, Viit Nam vd Trieu Tiin ciing chiu dnh hudng sdu dgm cua tu tudng Nha gido,
do do dia vi ngudi phu nii trong xd hgi Viet Ngm vd Trieu Tien cUng cd nhiing mdi liin hi nhdt dinh Bdi viet nay tim hieu nhiing diim tuang ddng vd khac biit vi dia vi cua nguai phu nii d Viet Nam vd Trieu Tien thi ki XV qua khdo sdt hai bg lugt Qudc triiu hlnh ludt cua vuang triiu Li Sa (1428-1527) a Vift Nam vd Kinh qudc dgi diin cua vuang triiu Trieu Tien (1392-1910) d Trieu Tien Tren ca sd do, bdi viet budc ddu xem xet dia vi phdp ludt cita nguai phli nii a Viit Nam the ki XV trong so sdnh vdi dia vi nguai phu nii a Trieu Tien thi ki
XV, ldm ca sa tim hiiu sdu han nhiing mdi lien hi khde giua phu nii a Viit Nam vd Triiu Tien trong lich sic
Tu- khda: Dja vj phu ntt, Qudc ttidu hinh ludt, Kinh qudc dai didn, Viet Nam, Hdn Qudc
Fidt Nam va Tridu Tidn sdm cd nhttng
mdi tuong thdng vd ljch sfl vd vdn
hda Thdi trung dai, Viet Nam va Tridu Tien
cung chju anh hudng sdu dam cua tu tudng
Nho gido, do dd dja vj ngudi phy ntt trong
xa hdi Viet Nam va Tridu Tidn cung cd
nhttng mdi lidn he nhdt djnh Bdi vidt ndy
xem xet nhttng didm tuong ddng vd khde
bidt vd dja vj cfla ngucri phu ntt d Viet Nam
vd Tridu Tidn the ki XV qua khao sat hai bO
ludt Qudc triiu hinh ludt cfla vuong tridu Ld
So (1428 - 1527) d Viet Nam va Kinh qudc
dgi diin cfla vuong tridu Tridu Tidn (1392
-1910) d Tridu Tidn
Quic triiu hinh lugt Id bO phdp didn ddu
tidn cua vuong tridu Ld So d Viet Nam Trdn
ca sd tdng hop vd he thdng hda cac didu ludt
dupe ban hdnh dudi cac ddi vua Ld Thdi Td,
Le Thdi Tdng, Ld Nhan Tdng, vua Ld Thdnh
Tdng (1460-1497) dd tap hpp xdy dyng
• j s ^ Khpa Ljeh sir, Trung tam nghien ciru Phy nu va Tri
thirc ban dja, Trudng D?i hpc Su Phgm Ha Npi
thdnh mOt bO ludt hoan chinh vdi tdn gpi
QuSc triiu hinh lugt Qudc triiu hlnh lugt
gdm 722 didu, chia lam 6 quydn, 15 chuang, gdm: (1) Danh Id, (2) Vd cim, (3) Vi chd, (4) Qudn ehinh, (5) HO hdn, (6) Dien sdn, (7) Didu khodn vd dien san mdi bd sung, (8) Bd sung vd ludt huong hda, (9) Thdng gian, (10) Dao tdc, (II) Diu tung, (12) Trd nguy, (13) Tap luat, (14) Bd vong, (15) Doan ngyc
Qudc triiu hlnh lugt quy ehd hda cdc mdt
cfla ddi sdng chinh trj, kinh td, vdn hda, xd hOi Viet Nam thdi Ld So NOi dung chu yeu cfla nd nhdm bdo ve ehd dO qudn chfl nhd Ld So; bdo vd chd dO gia tdc phu quydn vd cdc nguydn tic vd ludn li, dao dfle; bao vd tdi sdn
vd quydn thu td thud, bdt phu linh cfla Nhd
nudc, bdo ve trdt ty ki cucmg xd hOi Qudc triiu hinh lugt duoc xem Id bd phdp didn trj
nudc quan trpng cfla vucmg tridu Le So
Kinh quoc dgi diin cflng la bO phdp didn
thfl hai cua vuong tridu Tridu Tidn d Tridu
Tidn sau bp Kinh te luc dien, bidn soan va sua
chfla dudi thdi vua Ly Thd Td (1417-1468);
73
Trang 2Nghien cOu khoa hgc
hodn thdnh vd ban hdnh vdo thdi vua Ly
Thanh Tdng (1469-1494) BO phap didn nay
gdm 6 quydn, dupc chia thdnh 6 didn Id Lai
didn, HO dien, Ld didn, Binh didn, Hinh didn,
Cdng didn Kinh qudc dgi diin phdp didn hda
todn didn cdc mdt cfla dcti sdng chinh ttj, kinh
td, vdn hda, xd hOi dutji thdi tri vi cfla vuong
tridu Tridu Tidn Kinh quae dgi diin dupc coi
Id ndn tdng phdp ludt trj nudc cfla vucmg ttidu
Tridu Tien Kinh qudc dgi dien cd mdi lidn he
mat thidt vdi Dgi Minh lugt Kinh qudc dgi
diin, Quydn 5, phdn Hinh didn, ngay didu
ludt diu tien "Dung lugt' dd ghi: "Dimg 'Dgi
Minh lugt"' Tu tudng "diing 'Dgi Minh
ludt"' dupe cdc tridu vua cfla vuong tridu
Tridu Tidn lan lupt kd thfla "Dgi Minh lu4t"
la bO ludt duy nhit cua Trung Qudc ma nha
Tridu Tidn tham khdo vd sfl dyng, ea ddn khi
Trung Qude dudi sy eai ttj cfla nhd Thanh,
Tridu Tidn van tham khdo vd sfl dung "Dgi
Minh lugt" Didu dd xac nhdn dja vj trung
tdm cfla "Dgi Minh lugt" trong chd dd luat
phdp cua vuong ttidu Tridu Tidn
Nhu vdy, Qudc trieu hinh lugt vd Kinh
qudc dgi dien ddu dupc ban hdnh vdo khodng
cudi thd ki XV Tuy Id hai bd ludt cfla hai
vuong ttidu khde nhau, d hai qudc gia khac
nhau, nhung Qudc triiu hinh ludt va Kinh
qudc dgi diin vdn cd nhiing mdi lien he nhdt
djnh trdn ndn chung cua phdp ludt khu vyc
Ddng A, chju dnh hudng cfla phap ludt Trung
Hoa thdi trung dai MOt ttong nhttng mdi lidn
he Id nhiing didu ludt lidn quan den phu ntt
ttong hai bO ludt ndy'
Xem xet ndi dung Qudc trieu hinh ludt va
Kinh qudc dgi dien, sy tuong ddng va khde
bidt vd dja vj cfla ngudi phu ntt ttong hai bO ludt nay cu thd nhu sau:
1 Quy^n hdn nhdn, thira ke tai san cua ngudi phli nfl'
1.1 Quyin hon nhan cOaphif nii Qudc triiu hinh ludt vd Kinh qudc dgi diin ddu cd nhflng quy djnh bdo vd hanh
phflc cfla ngudi phu nu thdng qua nhung didu ludt vd hdn nhdn
Qudc triiu hlnh ludt quy djnh ngudi con
gdi cd quydn tu bd hdn udc vd cdi gia, du da dinh hdn vdi ngudi con ttai khi:
Ngudi con ttai cd ac tat: "Con gdi hica gd chong md chua thdnh hdn, niu ngudi con trai bi dc tgt thi cho phep ngudi con gdi dugc keu quan md trg do li"
Ngudi con trai phjm tOi: "Con gdi hua gd chdng md chua thdnh hon, neu ngudi con trai phgm tgi hogc phd tdn gia sdn tht chg phep ngudi cgn gdi duac kiu quan md tra dd li"\
Quoc trieu hinh luat con cho phep nguai
vg CO quydn li hon de bao ve danh du va hanh phuc cua nguoi phu nu, do la cdc truong hop:
Chong bo lung vg 5 thang khong di lgi:
'"''Pham chong da bd licng va 5 thdng khong
di lgi (vff du^c trinh vdi quan sa tgi va xa quan lam chimg) thi mdt vet Neu va dd co con thi hgn cho mot nam Vi viec quan phdi
di xa khong theo lugt ndy Neu da bo va md ngdn cdn nguai khde lay va cu thi phdi tQi biem,"
' Do m^i quan h? m§t thiat gifla Kmh qudc ^gi diin vk
Dgi Minh ludt nhu da trinh biy it trfin nen trong m^t s6
trich dan chfing toi minh hpa them cac di^u luSt vl phy nO
trong Dgi Minh lual
Vi^n Khoa HQC XS hpi Vi?t Nam, Vien
Co lugt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va
le, Nxb Giao dye H i Npi, tr 72
' Vi^n Khoa hpc xS h6i Vi^t Nam, Vien
Co lugt Viet Nam: Qudc triiu hinh lugt va
ll Sdd, tr 72
" Vi?n Khoa hpc xa hoi Vi^t Nam, Vien
CS lugt Viet Nam: Qudc triiu hinh lugt va
!?, Sdd, tr 70
Sil hpc (2009) Hoang Viet lugt
Six hpe (2009), Hoang Vi4t lugt
Sir hpe (2009),
Hoang Vi$t lu^t
74
Trang 3Nghien citu khoa hgc
Con rd ming nhide cha mp vp: "Neu con
ri lay chuyin phi li md mdng nhiic cha me
vg, dem thua quan se cho li dl"^
Chdng chdt ma cha mp ep gd cho ngudi
khde: "Tang chdng dd hit md ngudi vg mudn
thil tiit, niu ai khdng phdi dng bd, cha me
md ep gd cho ngudi khac thi xu biim ba tu
vd bdt phdi li di, nguai ddn bd phdi trd vi
nhd chong cU; nguai ddn dng lay (nguai dan
bd dy) thi khdng phdi tgi."''
Khdng gidng nhu Qudc trieu hlnh ludt,
Kinh qudc dgi diin bdo vd hanh phuc cua
ngudi phu ntt bdng vide bdo vd chd dO mpt
vp mOt chdng, ndu ngudi chdng vi ph^m sd
bj xu phat: "Niu ngudi da cd vgt lgi cudi
them vg nUa, phgt 90 trucmg bdt phdi li dp'^
Tuy nhidn, Kinh qudc dgi diin cung cd quy
djnh ngoai Id: ttong trudng hpp ngudi vp dd
hon 40 tudi van chua cd eon ttai thi cho
phdp ngudi chdng dupc di liy thidp: "Neu vg
han 40 tudi ma vdn chua cd con trai, cho
phep ddi phuang dugc lay thiip, vi pham
phgt 40 rof*
Bdn c?nh nhttng quy dinh cho phep ngudi
phu ntt cd quydn tu bd hdn udc, li hdn, bdo
vd chd dO mOt vp, mOt chdng thi Quoc triiu
hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi diin cung quy
djnh trudng hpp ngudi chdng dupc phep bd
vp Ngudi vp pham "thdt xudt" (khdng cd
con ttai, ddm dat, khdng kinh cha me chdng,
lim ldi, ttdm cip, ghen tudng, cd dc tat),
ngudi chdng cd quydn dd nghj li hdn
' Vifn Khpa hpc x i hdi Vift Nam, Vifn Sflr hpc (2009),
C6 luQt yi4l Nam: Qudc triiu h'inh lu^t va Hoiing Vi^l lugt
If,Sii, a Tl
' Vi§n IChpa hpc x5 hji Vift Nam, Vi|n Sd hpc (2009),
C6 tuqt yi4l Nam: QuSc triiu hinh luat va Hoang Vi4t luat
If, Sdd, tr 72
^ Kinh qu6c d^i dien, D^i Minh lu^t, H$ lu(it, Hdn nhSn,
ThS thiep thit tir
' Kinh qu6c d?i dien, D^i IVlinh Iu§t, HO lu§t, Hdn nhSn,
Th6 thiip thSt tir
Vd didm ndy, Qudc triiu hinh ludt quy djnh: "Vg cd, vg le phgm phdi diiu nghia tuyet (nhu thdt xudt) md ngudi chdng chiu gidu khdng bd thi xic tgi biim, tiiy theg viic ngng nhe"
Kinh qudc dgi diin chju dnh hudng tfl Dgi Minh lugt cua nha Minh d Trung Qudc ndn
cd mdt quy djnh tuang ddi nhan dao vdi phy ntt khi li hdn Bdn canh vide cho phep ngudi chdng cd quydn 11 hdn ndu ngudi vp pham
"thdt xudt", thi Kinh qudc dgi dien cdn quy djnh "tam bdt khif' (dd cflng chju tang 3 ndm;
khi lay nhau ngheo sau giau ed; khi Idy nhau edn cd ba con, khi bd nhau khdng cdn bd con
de ttd vd) - ba trudng btjp ngudi chdng
khdng dupc li hdn dfl vp ph?m "thdt xudt"
Ndu ngudi chdng vdn li hdn thi se bj xu ph?t:
"Phdm ke ldm vg tuy phgm vda tgi thdt xudt (khdng cd con trai, ddm ddt, khdng kinh cha mf chdng, da ngdn, trgm cdp, ghen tudng, cd dc tgt) nhung cd 3 dieu khdng ddng bd (dd ciing chju tang 3 ndm, trudc ngheo sau gidu, cd cudi xin khdng biit vi ddu) md lgi rudng bd thi xic nhe han hai mice, bdt ve dodn tu "^"
Trong khi dd, Qudc trieu hinh lugt khdng
cd didu ludt nao xem xdt ddn "tam bdt khii''
dd cd hinh thuc irng xfl hpp li, hpp tinh hon vdi ngudi phu ntt
Vd quydn hdn nhdn cua phy nfl, Kinh qudc dgi dien quy djnh: "Nam 15 tudi, nit 14 tudi, cd thi dung vg gd chdng Niu bo me mgt trong hai bin gid yiu, benh tdt hade Id
da 50 tudi thi con gdi, con trai 12 tudi trd len cd the tdu lin quan xin phep dung vg gd
' Vi^n IChpa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, Vipn Su hpc (2009),
Cd luat Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Vifl lugt
If, Sdd, tr 70
'" Kinh qudc d^i diin, Dji Minh ludt, HO luSt, Hdn nhin,
Xuat gii
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hgc
chdng"" Didu ludt ndy so vdi nhttng trudng
hpp ndi d ttdn cfla Qudc triiu hinh lugt
dudng nhu chdng ed lidn quan gi ddn nhau
Tuy nhien, ehflng tdi ddn d ddy dd cho thiy,
du cho phap luat cd nhimg quy djnh Iinh
hojt ttong vipc dyng vp, gd ehdng eua eon
gdi vd con ttai thi ngudi con gdi cung phai
chju thipt thdi nhdt djnh trong hdn nhdn
Kinh qudc dgi diin cdn cd nhflng quy
dinh nghidt ngd vd tidt hanh, cflng cd thdn
phdn thdp kem cfla ngudi phy ntt: "Con chdu
ciux ddn bd cdi gid, ddn bd phgm ldi ldm
khdng duac ung thi khoa cic, khdng dugc
cdng nhdn tit tdi, tiin si."" Nhttng quy djnh
nay gdp thdm vdo nhihig bit hanh, thidt thdi
ma eua ngudi phy ntt phdi chju dyng vd cd
con cdi do nhttng ngudi phy ntt ndy sinh ra
Tfl nhiing quy djnh trdn cd thd thdy, ngudi
phy ntt d Vipt Nam thd ki XV it nhidu dupe
phap lu^t bdo vp quydn lpi hdn nhdn, hanh
phflc gia dinh hon so vdi phu ntt d Tridu
Tidn thd ki XV
1.2 Quyin thiia ki til san cua ngudi
phifnH
1.2.1 Quan hi tdi sdn vg - chdng
Trong Quoc trieu hinh luat, quan he tai san
thira kd cfla vp chdng dupc quy djnh ttong
cdc didu 374, 375 vd 376 Tdi sdn cfla gia
dinh ttong cdc quy dinh cfla Qudc triiu hinh
lugt chi nhde ddn didn thd, khdng ndi gi ddn
cdc tdi sdn khde Tai sdn cfla vp ehdng duoc
hinh thdnh tfl ba ngudn: (1) Tai sdn ngudi
chdng dupe thfla hudng tfl gia dinh nhd
chdng (phu didn sdn); (2) Tdi sdn cfla ngudi
vp dupc thfla hudng tfl gia dinh vp (thd didn
sdn); (3) Tai sdn do hai vp chdng tao dyng
trong qud ttinh cflng nhau sinh sdng (tdn tao
didn san)
Thu nhdt, didn sdn ed dugc do bd mp
ddnh cho (phu, thd didn sdn) duac quy djnh:
"Vg chong khdng cd con, hogc ai chit truac
khdng cd chiic thu md dien sdn chia vi
chdng hay vg ( chong chit thi dien sdn chia ldm hai phdn, vi nguai hg dn thica tif mgt phdn di giic viic ti tu, ve vg mgt phdn, phdn cua ngudi vg chi di nudi ddi minh khdng dugc nhgn ldm cua rieng, vg chit hay cdi gid thi phdn dy lgi thudc ve nguai thica
tu Niu cha m? cdn song thi thuoc vi cha me cd; va chit trudc thi chdng ciing the, chi khdng bdt huge hi Idy vg khde thi mdt phdn dy)""
Nhu vay, trudng hpp ehdng chdt tnrdc, tdi sdn dupc chia ldm hai phdn bang nhau, mOt phdn ddnh cho gia dinh bdn chdng dd lo vide
td Id (bd mp hodc ngudi thfla ty ben chdng), mdt phin ddnh cho vp dd phyng dudng mdt ddi (khdng cd quydn sd hilu) BChi vp chdt bode tai gid thi phan tdi san ndy giao cho gia dinh bdn chdng Trudng hpp vp chdt trude, tdi sdn cflng dupe chia lam hai phdn bing nhau, mpt phdn ddnh cho gia dinh bdn vp (bd me hodc ngudi thua ty ben vp) dd lo vide
td Id, mOt phdn danh cho ngudi chdng dd phung dudng mot ddi (khdng cd quydn sd httu) Khi ngudi chdng chdt, phdn tai sdn ndy giao lai cho gia dinh bdn vp (bd me hodc ngudi thfla ty bdn vp)
Thic hai, didn san cfla hai vp chdng trong qud trinh cflng nhau sinh sdng, Qudc trieu hinh lugt quy djnh: "Vg chdng dd cd con niu mgt ngudi chit truac sau do con cUng chit thi diin sdn thuge vi chcng hay vg ( diin sdn^ ciia vg chdng ldm ra thi chia ldm hai, vg chong mdi ngudi du(rc mgt phdn, phan ciia
I Kinh qu6c dai diSn, Quyin 2, Hp diin, Hdn gia
• Kinh qudc dai diSn, Quyin 3, Le diin, Chu khpa
Vien Khpa hpc xa hji Vipt Nam, Vipn Sii hpc (2009),
Co lugt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Viet lugt
/f,Sdd,tr 80
76
Trang 5Nghien citu khoa hgc
vg dugc nhgn ldm cua rieng, phdn cua
chdng lgi chia ldm ba, cho vg hai phdn de
viic ti tu vd phdn mg mgt phdn, hai phdn
cho vg cung chi de nudi ddi minh, khdng
duac nhdn ldm cita riing, vg chet hay cdi
gid thi hai phdn dy lgi di ve vi?c te tu vd
phdn md cua chdng Phdn vi ti tu vd phdn
md, niu cha me cdn sdng thi cha me gia, niu
cha m? khdng cdn thi ngudi thica tu giii; vg
chit trudc thi chdng cUng thi, chi khong cdu
n^ khi lay vg khac)"
Trudng hop chdng chdt trudc, tdi san
duoc chia thdnh hai phdn bdng nhau, mdt
phan danh cho vp dd lam cua ridng, mdt
phan dupc danh cho chdng chia ra nhu sau:
1/3 ddnh cho nha chdng dd lo vipc td Id, 2/3
ddnh cho vp dd phung dudng mOt ddi, khdng
dupc ldm cfla ridng Khi ngudi vp chdt hodc
tdi gid, tdi sdn dd phai dupc giao lai cho gia
dinh bdn chdng Trudng hpp vp chdt trudc,
tdi sdn dupc chia lam hai phdn bdng nhau,
mdt phin danh cho chdng dd ldm cua ridng,
phan danh cho vp dupc chia nhu sau: 1/3
danh cho nhd vp dd lo vide thd cung, 2/3
ddnh cho ehdng dd phung dudng mOt ddi
(khdng duac ldm cua ridng) Khi chdt giao
lai cho gia dinh bdn vp, ndu chdng di lay vo
khac vdn dupc tidp tuc cd quydn sfl dung
Nhu vay, trong vide phdn ehia tdi san vp
chdng khi mpt trong hai ngudi chdt trudc vd
ca bdn, vp chdng binh ding trong vipc phdn
chia tai sdn thfla kd Sy phdn djnh didn sdn
c^a vp chong ttong quan he hdn nhdn nhu
ttdn rit gin vdi nguydn tdc phdp luat hipn
dai trfl quy djnh ban chd quydn lpi cfla ngudi
vp cai gid vd khi ngudi chdng lay vp khde
van tidp tuc cd quydn ddi vdi tdi sdn dupc
chia
Trong nhiing didu ludt cfla Kinh qudc dgi dien khdng tim thdy quy djnh vd vide phdn
chia tai san cho ngudi phy nfl ttong mdi quan hp chdng - vp
1.2.2 Quan he tdi sdn giua cdc con vdi nhau
QuSc triiu hinh lugt quy djnh, rupt^g dit
do cha mp dd lai phdi trich 1/20 sd rudng dit
lam phdn huong hda cho ngudi td ty: "Cha
me mdt cd, cd rugng ddt, chua kip di lgi chiic thu, md anh em ti/c chia nhau, thi Idy 1/20 sd rugng ddt ldm phdn huang hda, giao cho ngudi con trai trudng giic, cdn thi chia nhau"^^ Sau khi chia cho ngudi thua ty (con
trudng 1/20), sd didn sdn cdn Iai chia eho cac con, khdng phdn bidt ttai gdi, nhung ed
sy phdn bipt gitta con vp ca vdi con vp Id va
con nudi: "Phdn con ciia vg le, ndng hdu thi phai kem"'^
Tuong ty Qudc trieu hinh luat, ttong vipc
phdn chia tdi sdn eho con cai sau khi cha me
chdt, Kinh qudc dgi dien cung quy djnh: "Tdt
cd con cdi do vg cd sinh ra, khdng phdn biit nam nii, con cd, con thii deu dugc phdn chia tdi sdn Trong do, ngudi giic viic ti tu dugc thim 1/5 so tdi sdn Con cdi cua vg cd dugc chia 1/7 tdi sdn, con cdi cita vg le dugc chia 1/IOtdisdn""
Nhu vay, ttong vide phdn ehia tai san cho
con cai sau khi cha me mdt, Kinh quoc dgi diin cung thua nhdn su binh dang gitta nam
vd nu, nhung cd su phdn biet gitta con vp ed
vd con vp le nhu Qudc triiu hinh luat Mflc
" ViSn Khda hpc xa hdi Vipt Nam, Vi^n Su hpc (2009),
C6 ludt Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Vifl lugt
If Sdd m 81
" Vipn Khpa hpc xa hdi Vipt Nam, Vipn Sir hpc (2009),
Co lugt Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt vd Hodng Vifl ludt
/f, Sdd,tr 83
'* vipn Khpa hpc xa hOi Vi§t Nam, Vipn Sir hpc (2009),
Cd lugt Vifl Nam: Qudc Iriku hlnh lugt vd Hodng Vifl ludt
If, Sdd, tt S3
" Kinh qupc d?i diin, Quyen 2, Hp diin, Diin trach
77
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hoc
tdi sdn ehia cho ngudi giu vide td ty ttong
Kinh qudc dgi dien nhidu hon ttong Quoc
triiu hinh ludt
2 Vifc xir phat toi "mao pham" chong,
bo me chong, bac tdn trirdng nha chong
Bdn canh nhung quy djnh eu thd cho phep
ngudi phy ntt cd quydn l<;i nhdt djnh ttong
hdn nhdn vd thfla kd tai sdn, nhung didu ludt
lidn quan ddn ngudi phy ntt ttong Qudc triiu
hinh lugt vd Kinh qudc dgi diin cdn cho thay
nhflng quy djnh xfl phat nghidm khde ddi vdi
vipc ngudi phy ntt "mgo phgm" chdng, bd
mp chdng vd bdc tdn trudng nhd chdng
Truac hit, ngudi phy ntt ttong mdi quan
hp chdng - vp
Qudc trieu hinh lugt cd quy djnh chdng
b^o hdnh ddi vdi ngudi phu ntt bdng vide xfl
phgt vipc chdng danh vp: "Chdng ddnh vg bi
thuang, thi xii nhf han tgi ddnh bi thuang
ngudi thudng ba bgc; neu ddnh chit thi xic
nh? han tgi ddnh ngudi ba bgc; tien din
mgng dugc bdt ba phdn Cd y giet vg thi
dugc gidm tgi mgt bdc; neu cd tgi md chdng
ddnh khdng may den chit, thi se xic khac
Ddnh vg le bi thuang, que trd lin thi diu xir
nh? han tdi ddnh vg hai biic niu ngg sdt thi
khdng phdi tgi." '^
Tuy nhidn, vide bdo vd ngudi phu nu d
Qudc triiu hlnh ludt cung ttong gidi ban
nhdt djnh Khi vupt qud gidi ban, xdm phjm
ddn ehd dp gia trudng phy quydn thi ngudi
phy ntt bj xfl phat rat nang Chdng ban: cflng
ddnh nhau nhung tOi vp ddnh chdng thi bj x i
ndng ban tOi chdng ddnh vp rdt nhidu: "Vg
ddnh chong thi xii heu di chdu ngadi, ddnh bi
thuang, que gay thi luu di chdu xa; diin sdn
trd lgi cha chdng (chdng cdo quan mdi bit
tdi) Vg le md phgm tdi trin, thi xic ndng han mat bgc Ddnh chit thi diu phdi tgi gido; diin sdn trd lgi con chdu hay nguai thUa tu ciia chdng Niu va le md ddnh vgi cd, cung
xu nhu tgi ddnh chdng'" So vdi tdi chdng
ddnh vo chi phdi chju mflc hinh phat nhp ban tdi danh ngudi thudng ba bjc, tOi vp danh chdng chju mflc phat nang ban rdt nhidu, ddu Id tpi day di xa hodc tOi chdt, didn sdn phdi ttd lai hdt cho ehdng
Kinh qudc dgi diin kd thfla Dgi Minh lugt
quy dinh tdi vp danh chdng cung bj xu phat nang, cho phep ngudi ehdng dupc li dj vp:
"Phdm va ddnh chong thi xic phgt 100 truang Ngudi chong muon xin li di thi cho phep"^" Tuy nhidn, so vdi quy djnh xfl phat tOi vp ddnh chdng ttong Qudc triiu hinh ludt, tOi vp ddnh chdng trong Kinh quoc dgi dien
cd phin nhe hon
Thli hai, ngudi phy nu ttong mdi quan hp
vdi bdc tdn trudng
Quoc trieu hinh lugt quy djnh xu phat tdi
vp ddnh bdc tdn trudng nha chdng: "Vg ddnh chm nhitng bdc ton trudng nhd chdng tic hdng ca thdn trd xudng, ti ma trd len, thi xic nhe han tdi ddnh chdng mgt bgc (tgi nh? thi ngng han tgi ddnh nguai mgt bgc) Vg Ie phgm tdi trin thi khong dugc gidm; ddnh chet thi deu xii gida"^^ So vdi tpi danh
chdng, vp ddnh bdc tdn trudng thi xu nhe hon tOi ddnh ngudi chdng mdt bde, nhimg so voi mflc hinh phat tOi ngudi binh thudng ddnh nhau thi mflc hinh phat ndy cung rdt
'* yi^n Khoa hpc xa hOi Vipt Nam Vipn Sir hpc (2009),
Cd lugt Vifl Nam: Qudc trieu hinh ludt vd Hodng Vifl lugt
;f,Sdd,n- 101
" Vipn Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, Vi?n Sir hpc (2009),
Co ludt Vifl Nam: Qudc triiu hinh lugt vg Hodng Vifl lugt
/ | , Sdd.tr 101
" Kinh qudc dai diin, Dai Minh lujt, Hinh lujt, Ddu i u The thiep au phu
" Vi|n Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, Vipn Sir hpc (2009),
Cd ludt Vifl Nam: Qudc Irieu hinh lugt vd Hodng Vifl lugt
/f, Sdd,tr 101
78
Trang 7Nghien citu khoa hgc
njng
Kinh qudc dgi diin cung quy djnh vide xfl
phgt tpi thd thidp kidn bd me, tdn trudng
Mflc xu phat tdi ndy ciing rat nang (tteo cd):
"Cgn chdu, the thiep, nd ti kiin bd me, tdn
trudng, trii ldi muu phdn, phdn nghich, diu
xu tgi treo cd"^^
Nhu vdy, lidn quan ddn tOi "mgo phgm"
ehdng, bae tdn trudng cfla chdng, ngudi phy
nfl bj xfl tdi nang, hon nhflng mflc vi pham
eua ngudi thudng
3 Mgt si nhdn xet, danh gia
Trdn co sd xem xet nhttng didu luat cy thd
vd ngudi phu ntt ttong Qudc triiu hinh ludt
d Viet Nam va Kinh quoc dgi diin a Tridu
Tidn cd thd thiy dupc phin ndo dja vj cfla
ngudi phy ntt d Viet Nam vd Tridu Tidn thd
kiXV
Thli nhdt, phu nu d Viet Nam va Tridu
Tidn thd ki XV ddu cd mOt sd quydn lpi phdp
ludt nhdt djnh vd hdn nhdn, thfla kd tdi sdn
Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Kinh quoc dgi
dien quy djnh vide thua ke tai sdn do cha me
de lai gifla con ttai vd con gai Id binh dang
Sau khi cha me mat, vide phdn chia tdi san
ciia cha me dd lgi khdng cd sy phdn bidt giua
con trai vd con gdi
Vide thfla kd tdi sdn cfla ngudi phu nu
ttong quan he vp chdng dupe Qudc trieu
hinh lugt dd cap khd cy thd Qudc triiu hinh
lugt thua nhan sy binh dang cfla ngudi vp
ttong vide phdn ehia tai sdn khi mOt ttong
hai ngudi chdt trudc
Vd quydn thfla kd tdi san, phy nu Vidt
Nam thd ki XV cd quydn Ipi rOng rdi ban so
vdi phu nfl Tridu Tien d thd ki XV Tuy vdy,
quydn thfla kd tdi san cfla ngudi phy nfl d
Viet Nam vd Tridu Tidn the ki XV quy dinh
" Kinh quic dai diin, Quyin 5, Hinh diin, CAo tdn
tnrdng
ttong Quoc triiu hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi dien van cd nhiing hgn chd nhit djnh, nhu
vide phdn bidt mfle tdi sdn thua kd giua con cua vp cd vdi con cfla vp Id, sy han chd ve quydn lpi tai san cua ngudi vp khi cdi gia so vdi ngudi ehdng khi liy vp khde
Cd the ndi, su phan djnh tdi sdn cfla vp chdng ttong quan he hdn nhan, gifla cdc con vdi nhau sau khi cha me mdt d Viet Nam va Tridu Tidn the ki XV rat gin vdi nguydn tie phdp ludt hidn dai, tru quy djnh han chd quyen lpi cua ngudi vp cdi gia va su phdn bidt gifla eon cfla vp cd va vp thu
Thic hai, phdp ludt Vidt Nam vd Tridu Tidn
thd ki XV du khde nhau vd ndi dung didu ludt cu thd, nhtmg ddu cd gdng bdo vd d mflc
dp nhit djnh hgnh phflc gia dinh cfla ngudi phu nfl
Quoc triiu hinh ludt bdo vd hgnh phue cfla
ngudi phy nu bdng vide cho phep ngudi phy nfl cd quydn tu bd hdn udc (hai trudng hpp)
vd li hdn (ba trudng hpp) Trong khi dd Kinh qudc dgi dien bdo ve hanh phuc ngudi phu nu
bdng vipc duy tri chd dO mpt vo mpt chdng, cdm ngudi chdng lay thd thidp; bdn cgnh quy
djnh "that xudt" cdn cd quy djnh "tam bdt khii'' de giflp ngudi phy ntt nam gitt hgnh
phue cfla minh
Tuy nhidn, nhiing quy djnh nay khdng
mang tinh tuydt ddi Qudc trieu hlnh ludt chi
cd quy djnh "thdt xudt" cho phep ngudi
chdng ed quydn bd vp ma khdng dd cap ddn
"tam bdt khu"; hodc dd bao vd chd dO gia trudng phy quydn, Kinh quoc dgi dien cho
phep ngudi ehdng dupc quydn lay thdm vp ndu ngudi vp dd qua 40 tudi md khdng cd
con ttai Kinh qudc dgi diin cdn cd nhiing quy djnh nghidt nga "ciing cd" sy thiet thdi,
dja vj thdp kem cua thd thidp, dan ba gda vd nhflng ngudi con cfla hp
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hgc
Nhin chung, vd quydn Ipi ttong hdn nhdn
cfla ngudi phy ntt, hay vide bdo vp hgnh
phflc gia dinh cua ngudi phu ntt ttong gwdc
triiu hinh lugt vd Kinh quoc dgi diin vdn
ndm ttong khudn khd cua chd dp qudn chfl d
Viet Nam va Tridu Tidn thdi trung dgi Vd
didm ndy, phu ntt Tridu Tidn thd ki XV cflng
it nhidu thua thipt so vdi phy ntt Vipt Nam
thd ki XV
Thic ba, bdn cgnh nhtmg quydn lpi phap
ludt hgn hep vd hdn nhdn, thua kd tai sdn
ma ngudi phy ntt Vipt Nam vd Tridu Tidn d
thd ki XV cd dupc, Qudc trieu hlnh ludt vd
Kinh qudc dgi dien eung cd nhttng quy djnh
rdt kbit khe ddi vdi ngudi phy ntt nhdm duy
tti, cflng cd ttdt ty xd hOi qudn chfl theo Nho
gido, chd dp gia trudng phu quydn Didu nay
phdn ndo dd dupc thd hidn thip thoang ttong
quy djnh chdt hpp vd quydn Ipi hdn nhdn vd
thua kd tdi sdn eua ngudi phu ntt d Vipt Nam
va Tridu Tidn thd ki XV da trinh bay d ttdn,
nhimg dupc ddc bidt thd hien ttong cdc hinh
thflc xfl phgt ddi vdi ngudi phy nfl khi "mgo
phgm" ddn chdng, bd me ehdng vd bgc tdn
trudng nhd ehdng Nhflng trinh bdy cy thd
d trdn dd cho thiy mue xu phat manh md,
khde nghipt ddi vdi tpi vo ddnh chdng, bd
mp chdng, bdc tdn trudng nhd chdng; vp
kidn bd me chdng, bdc tdn trudng nhd chdng
Hlnh phgt ddi vdi ngudi phu nfl cd d Viet
Nam vd Tridu Tien thd ki XV khi pham phai
nhflng tOi danh ndy ddu bj xu ndng hon
nhidu so vdi hinh phgt ddi vdi ngudi binh
thudng
Nhflng didm tuong ddng va khde bidt vd
dja vj ngudi phy ntt d Viet Nam vd Tridu
Tidn thd ki XV cho thiy mdi tuang thdng xa
vd vdn hda cua Viet Nam vd Tridu Tien trong
ljch sfl, ddng thdi cung phan dnh sy khac
bidt vd lich sfl, tOc tinh cua Viet Nam va
Tridu Tidn
Tfl nhttng ttinh bdy ttdn cd thd khdng djnh, phy ntt d Viet Nam vd Tridu Tidn thd ki XV
da ed dja vj nhit djnh ttong gia dinh Nhiing quydn lpi cfla ngudi phy ntt d Vtpt Nam vd Tridu Tidn thd ki XV du khdng vupt qua duoc gidi ban cfla chd dO quan chu d cdc nudc Ddng A thdi trung dai nhung cho thiy
sy cd ging cua cae vuong ttidu d Vipt Nam
vd Tridu Tidn ttong vide didu hda quydn Ipi gifla giai cip thdng ttj vd cde giai tdng bi trj ttong xd hOi, gifla eac giai ting ttong xd hdi
vdi nhau Qua khao sdt Qudc triiu hlnh lugt
va Kinh qudc dgi diin cho thdy, dja vj cfla
ngudi phy nfl trong xd hOi Tridu Tidn thd ki
XV it nhidu thua thipt so vdi dja vj cfla ngudi phy nfl ttong xd hpi Vipt Nam cflng thdi ky
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1 Vipn Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, Vipn Su
hpc (2009), Cd lugt Viit Nam: QuSc triiu hlnh lugt vd Hodng Viit lugt li, Nxb Giao dye, Hd
Npi
2 Kinh qudc dgi didn, Dai Minh ludt, Hd ludt, Hdn nhan, Thd thiep thdt ty
3 Kinh qudc dai dien, Dai Minh lugt, Hp ludt, Hdn nhdn, Xudt gid
4 Kinh qudc dgi dien, Quydn 2, Hp dien, Hdn gia
5 Kinh qude dai didn, Quydn 3, Ld didn, Chu khoa
6 Kinh qude dai didn, Quyen 2, Hp dien, Dien ttach
7 Kinh qudc dai didn, Quydn 5, Hinh didn, Cdo tdn trudng
8 Kinh qudc dgi didn, Dgi Minh lugt, Hinh ludt, Diu iu, Thd thidp iu phu
80