Cac hogt dpng hfldng flngbao gom: Trong ciy, lim ve sinh cic khu vfle cdng edng, truyen thdng nang eao nhgn thfle cdng dong ve mdi trfldng.... Trong nhflng nim gan day cic phdng ban BVMT
Trang 1Phong trao, mo hmh xa hpi hoa
bao ve moi trudng tren the gi6i
va bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
ThS NGUYEN SONG T t N G
Vien Dia ti nhdn vdn - Vien Hdn idm Khoa hoc Xd hot Viet Nam
Trong nhCfng ndm qua,edng tde xd hpi hda (XHH) BVMT dd dUde mpt so quoe gia tren the gidi thftc hien thdnh cong Tgi VietNam, Nghj quyet so 4 l-NQ/TWngdy 15/11/2004 cua Bp Chinh tri ve cong tde BVMTdd de ra mpt so gidi phdp day mgnh edng tde XHH BVMT Be thUe hien giiti phdp ndy, Viet Nam cdn tim hieu nhitng kinh nghiem thdnh edng ciia ede phong trao, mo hmh
"XHH hogt dpng BVMT", "BVMT ndng thon" eua mpt so quoe gia tren the gidi nhdm rOtra bdi hgc kinh nghiem ed the dp dung cho VietNam
I CONG T A C GIAO DUG VE BVMT
6 TRUNG QUOC
Tfl nim 1970, vdi vile thdng qua Chien
Iflpc "Dau tu khoa hpe va giao due de phat
trien dat nflde'" Trung Qudc di cd nhflng
thinh tflu nhat dinh trong cdng tic thue day
sfl phat triln cua khoa hpc, giao due - mdi
trfldng vi cdng nghl Cung trong nam nay,
nhilu Vien nghien cflu khoa hoe ve linh vfle
cdng nghe Tioi trfldng dflpc thinh lip Cdng
viec chinh eua eac Vien la nghiin cflu, dinh
gii vi phd bien eae edng nghl tdi flu va thiet
thfle vc BVMT Ngoii ra, Chinh phu Trung
Qude flu tiin phit trien nginh cdng nghiep
BVMT Them vio dd, nhin mdi trfldng da
bflde dau dflde trien khai
Vdi mge tilu cfla Chien Ifldc la day manh
phat trien dat nflde trin cd sd phit trien ben
vflng mdi trfldng dfla vao XHH cdng tic
BVMT Day la nhiem vu quan trpng cua Chiln
Ifldc de tieh efle day mgnh giio due vi ning cao
y thfle cua cpng ddng trong edng tic BVMT va
dan hinh thinh dgo dfle va quy tae flng xfl than
thien vdi mdi trudng
Tfl nhflng nam 1970, sach giio khoa pho
bien ve BVMT dflde bien soan hogc djch sang
tilng Trung Qudc de gidi thieu eho hoe sinh
vl kien thfle BVMT Nim 1980, cac hogt dpng
cdng ddng quy mo Idn da dfldc td chflc trin
ea nudc vio Ngiy Mdi trfldng Thi gidi Cac
hogt dpng hfldng flngbao gom: Trong ciy,
lim ve sinh cic khu vfle cdng edng, truyen
thdng nang eao nhgn thfle cdng dong ve mdi
trfldng vi hing nam hoat ddng nay dfldc to
chflc thfldng niln
Chinh phu Trung Quoe khuyen khich toan xa hdi tham gia vio cac hogt dpng giao due mdi trfldng Trong nhflng nim gan day cic phdng ban BVMT, cd quan giio due, van hda, ddn vi thdng tin, cie td ehflc Phg nfl
vi Thanh nien, Hiep hdi khoa hpc vi xa hdi hoe da phat trien nhieu logi hinh giao dge mdi trfldng cdng khai, cu thi nhfl sau:
Cong tdc gido due: Ca nflde
cd 140 trfldng cao dang va cic trfldng dgi hoc (DH), trong do
cd mdt so trfldng DH Idn nhfl:
Bac Kinh, Thanh Hoa, Nhan din Trung Qude, Nam Kinh, Vfl Hin, dlu ed ehuyen khoa hoie khoa nghien eflu vl mdi trfldng, vdi tdng so 206 ddn
vi cd tham quyen cap bing cfl nhin, 223 ddn vj cap bing thac si, 51 ehuyen nginh lien quan din mdi trfldng, 77 ddn
vj cap hpe vi tien si d 39 chuyen nganh vi mdt sd vi tri sau DH
Ngoai ra, Trung Qudc ed hdn
40 trUdng trung hpe chuyen nghiep vi hdn 100 trfldng trung hpc dgy nghl cung cap cie khda hoe vl mdi trudng
Ddo tgo nghe nghiep:
Nhim nang eao ehat Iflcing
can bd nginh quan ly mdi trfldng, nam 1981, trfldng
DH dao tgo hinh chinh nhin
su nginh mdi trfldng dflpc thinh lip vdi mgc dich cung cap cic kien thfle vi ky nang trong cdng viec thdng qua cac hogt ddng dio tgo, giao dgc thfldng xuyln cho nhan vien hanh ehinh d cae cd quan BVMT trong ci nflde Thong
ke eho thay trong thip k^ qua, hdn 10.000 ldp tip huan v^ mdi trfldng dflpc to chdc viSi
sU tham dfl cfla hdn 400.000 ngfldi
Bin cgnh dd, Bp BVMT Trung Qudc phdi hpp vdi Van phdng TW Ding, Bd Truyin thdng, Bd Giio dgc, Uy ban Thanh nien trung Udng va Lien hiep Phg nfl da ban hanh ChUdng trinh hinh dpng Giao dge mdi trfldng qude gia (Giai dogn 2011-2015) Dly li lan dau tien siu bd vi Uy ban ph6i hdp cung thgc hiln chfldi^ trinh hfldng dan hogt dpng giio dgc mdi trfldng quoe dan Chfldng trmh ddi^ vai trd quan trpng trong viec nii^ eao nhan thfle mdi trfldng cho edng ddng, thiet lap h | thoi^ hogt ddng xa hpi vdi sfl tham gia cua tit ci cdng dan, hinh
Trang 2&
thanh y thfle tilt kiem tii nguyen thien nhiln
va 16i song than thien vdi mdi trfldng, Dong
thdi, Chfldng trinh Giao dgc mdi trfldng quoe
dan da dfldc dfla vao Ke hogeh 5 nam lln thfl
11 Ket qua li nhgn thfle mdi trfldng eua epng
dfing trong xa hdi dfldc eai thien dang ke vdi sfl
thay doi quan trpi^ trong ea hai khii niem hieu
biit va thfle thi BVMT
Dfl kiln trong giai doan tiep theo
(2015-2020), Bd BVMT Trung Qudc va cac cd quan
CO liln quan da ky thda thuin ve viec phit
trien cic Chfldng trinh Giad due mdi trfldng
quoe gia trong"Ke hoach 5 nam lan thfl 12" va
xac djnh cae nguyin tac, muc tilu ed bin vi
tdng thi vl edng tie giao due mdi trfldng
Dl cfldng thda thuin nay chi ra ring trong
giai doan thfle hiln "Kl hogeh 5 nim lan thfl
12", giao dge mdi trfldng cua Trung Qudc dfldc
thi^c hien theo eie nguyen tac: "Tip trung
nguon Iflc eho bio tdn", "ddi mdi hinh thfle vi
hinh thinh thfldng hilu", "hfldng dan quy tic
c6 sfl tham gia", "tieh hdp cac ngudn Iflc dl hinh
thinh eae nd lfle phdi hpp", "trien khai cac hogt
dOng giio dge mdi trfldng edng khai", "pho biln
kiln thfle vl BVMT", "tang cfldng ning cao
nhgn thfle mdi trfldng eho cong ddng", "nang
eao dgo dflc doi vdi mdi trfldng"
Chfldng trinh dfla ra siu nhiem vu sau day
dl thfle hi|n XHH cdng tic BVMT giai doan
"Kl hogch 5 nam lan thfl 12": Ddi mdi theo
hfldng eong khai, da dgng eie hoat ddng mdi
trfldng cfla cpng ddng; Ting cfldng hfldng dan
phfldng tien truyin thdng va md rdng anh
hfldng efla pho bien thdng tin ve mdi trfldng;
Thfle hien kl hogch hinh ddng qude gia ve
giao dgc mdi trfldng; Tilu chuan hda vi hfldng
dan cae hinh ddng eho edng ehung tham gia
BVMT; Phat trien nganh cdng nghiepmdi
trfldng vi dau tfl xay dflng cic edng trinh mdi
trfldng; Phit triln vi phd bien eie dfl an tilu
bilu vl giio dgc mdi trfldng eho cdng ehung
Dl tiin tdi XHH cong tie BVMT, trong cie
giii phip, Trung Qude xae djnh giao dgc mdi
trfldng eho gidi tri la nhiem vg hang dau dc
thay d6i nhgn tbflc vi dilu chinh hanh vi eua
con ngfldi trong xa hdi Theo dd, Chinh phfl da
x4y dgng, hoin thien va tang efldng chat Ifldng
cae chfldng trinh giin dge mdi trfldng trong he
thdng giao dge qudc din Ngoii ra, dc tgo sflc
mgnh ve mgt phip ly cho giid dge mdi trfldng
chfldng trinh da dflpc dfla vio Kl hogeh phit
triln kinh tl nam nim Diy la mpt bii hpc de
Vi|t Nam tilp tgc nghien cflu vi hpe tip kinh
nghiem trong qui trinh ting cfldng sflc mgnh cfla giao due mdi trfldng thay doi nhin thfle cua gidi tri vi tao ra sfl thay doi mang tinh pho biln trong xi hdi
2 H A N QUOC PHAT TRIEN PHONG TRAO CONG NGHIEP HOA VA BVMT NONG THON Tfl nim 1962, Hin Qude ban hinh Ke hoaeh phat trien kinh tl 5 nam, trong dd flu tien phat trien Chfldng trinh cdng nghiep hda va BVMT ndng thon Nham thu hep khoing cich kinh tl - xi hdi ndng thdn vi thinh thj nim
1971, Phong trio Cdng ddng mdi Saemaul Undong dfldc triln khai Phong trio da dl ra Chfldng trinh vc eai thien mdi trfldng ndng thdn, xiy dflng
ed sd hg tang ed ban cho eae boat ddng sin xuat ling nghe
va tang thu nhap trong Iinh vile ndng nghiep vi phi nong nghiep d khu vfle ndng thdn
Vdi eic ndi dung thi diem phat Iricn ndng thdn nhfl: Phit triln dfldng ndng thdn; kien
cd hda mii nhi, bep, tfldng rio; xiy ciu; nang cap he thdng thuy Ipi; md dja dilm giat va gilng nflde edng cpng,
ap dung eae md hinh cdng nghe cao vio sin xuat Sau
5 nim trien khai Phong trio
da thu dflde kit qua, eg the:
Cflng hda dfldng ndng thdn lien lang: 43.631 km, dfldng ling ngd, xdm: 42.220 km; Xiy dflng cau ndng thdn: 68.797 eau; Kien cd hoa de, ke: 7,839 km; Xay ho chfla nUdc ndng thon eie logi: 24 140 hd; Dien khi hda ndng thdn: 98% hd ed dien thip sang
Theo dinh gia cua eic chuyen gia, Phong trio thanh edng tfl mdi quan he hii hda cua cic nhi lanh dao Chinh
phfl, eic nhdm cdng dong
va ngfldi din ndng thdn dja phfldng Ddng thdi, Phong trio dfldc coi li nhflng bflde nen ting dl tich luy nang Iflc tai chinh cho cie hogt dpng quin ly mdi trUdng ndng thdn
vi ning eao nhin thfle edng ddng tien tdi sU tham gia tfl nguyen eua efl dan trong cae hogt ddng BVMT ndng thdn
vi sin xuat d eae ling nghe Qua kit qui thfle hien, Phong trio khuyin nghj: Chinh phfl Hin Quoe can day mgnh xiy dflng eic khu cdng nghiep vi sin xuit ling nghl tien tiin d ndng thdn vi hd trp phat trien bing cic khdin trp cap, cie khoin vay vi hd trp hinh ehinh, Ngoai ra, Chinh phfl can phai ho trp va huy dpng sfl tham gia cua ngfldi din ndng thdn trong cdng tic xfl ly ehat thai d nhiem phd biln trong cic khu sin xult lang nghl Ddng thdi de vflpt qua nhflng hgn ehe npi tgi efla doanh nghiep nhd, chang hgn nhfl sfl yeu kem vc C(( cau td chflc, nang lge tii chinh hgn chl vi cdng nghe d mflc dp thap, can van hinh dfla tren mdi quan he lien minh hpp tic trong nganh edng nghiep tgi eie ling nghe
3 THAI LAN THl/C HIEN AP DUNG XANH CHO CAC DOANH NGHIEP V0AVA NHO Cic doanh nghiep vfla vi nho (DNV&N) ehiem den 99% tdng so doanh nghiep
d Thii Lan va sd Ifldng ngiy cing tang vdi ty le ting hang nam khoang 3.6% ddi vdi doanh nghiep cd nhd va 9,8% ddi vdi doanh nghiep
cd vfla Hang nam ddng gdp cho GDP cua khdi doanh nghiep nay li khoing 40% Tuy nhien, eac doanh nghiep
Trang 3• XHH moi trUdng d Viet Nam thUdng co sU tham gia tich cUc
cua cdc to ehUc chinh tri - xd hgi vd cong dong ddn cU
niy da gay tie ddng Idn den mdi trfldng tfl eic
hogt dpng san xuat Theo so lieu thdng kl, d
nhiem phit sinh tfl edng nghiep thfle pham vi
nflde giii khit chiem tren 41% tdng sd phat
thii gay d nhilm khdng khi d Thii lan Trong
khi dd khoing 99% la cic ling nghl, cd sd sin
xuat nhd tham gia vio nginh cdng nghiep
thfle pham va dd udng
De khac phuc van de tren, Chinh phu
Thii Lan da ra quy dinh bit buoc eie DNV&N
phai thfle hien eae ylu cau khit khe ve mdi
trfldng Ddng thdi, da'y manh tuyln truyen,
ning eao nhgn thfle eho cie can bd, nhin
viln eae edng ty ve BVMT Khuyin khich
eie doanh nghiep thfle hicn san xuat xanh
vi nhu cau tieu dung xanh cung dfldc day
manh Dieu niy, bat bude eae doanh nghiep
kinh doanh ting cap dp tfl nguyen tham gia
thge hien eie sing kiln mdi trfldng nhfl
ISO-14001 va cic ip dung xanh khae Hdn nfla,
thj trfldng qude t l dang ngiy cang ddi hdi
bang chflng vl trieh nhiem moi trfldng tfl tat
ci cic giai doan eua ehudi cung flng, nguyen
lieu dau vio, sin pham dau ra cua hing hda,
vdi cic yeu cau mdi trUdng lien quan den san
pham nhfl din nhan sinh thai
Ngoai ra, eae hoat dpng quan ly moi trfldng
tai eie ling nghe cd hieu qua, Chinh phfl Thai
Lan da tang cfldng eung cap thdng tin kiln
thfle thieh hdp cho cic ling nghe, cd sd san
xuat nhd de giup ting cfldng mflc dp quan tam
tdi eic hdat ddng mdi trfldng, kit hdp chgt ehe
hdn van de mdi trfldng vdi sin xuat vi kha
nang canh tranh trong kinh doanh
4 KHUYEN N G H I CHINH SACH DOI VCfl VIET NAM
Trong qui trinh XHH BVMT, giii phip ve giio due cpng dong dfldc xem li giii phip quan trong nhat Thed
dd he thdng giid due qudc dan can long ghep, tich hdp cic ndi dung ve mdi trudng trong cac cap hpc tfl mam non din dai hoc Ngoai ra, can dUa giio due mdi trudng vio cie
Cd sd dio tao nghe vi die biet chu trong cdng tie eung eap va phd biln thdng tin eho edng ddng De hogt ddng XHH trd nen cd hieu qua, eac van bin phip ly cd lien quan can dUdc xiy dflng vi thfle thi mot cich nghiem tue Dong thdi, can ed sfl phoi hdp cua cie td ehfle, ban nganh cd lien quan, d Viet Nam, nen tip trung vao cic
ed quan, to ehflc chinh trj - xa hdi nham huy ddng day du cic ngudn lfle trong qui trinh BVMT
Dfla tren kinh nghiem cua cic qude gia va phin tich cau true he thong va dieu tra khao sit hign trgng eie van
de quan Iy mdi trUdng ling nghe d Viet Nam, cac chinh
sach can tap Xrmvg vao van dl:
Xay dflng nang Iflc cua dunh quyen, edng ddng dia phfldi^
va cung cap cd sd ha tang
VI xay dflng nang lfle cua Chinh phu, eic khuyen n ^ dfla ra bao gdm cac phflong phip thuc day nang eao nhan thfle vl tam quan trdng eiia viec nghiin eflu mdi trfldng trong qua trinh ra quylt dinh cua Chinh phu va cac biln phip xiy dUng nang Iflc trong thilt lap ehinh sach, viec ehuan bj ke hogch quan
ly ap dgng, giam sat vi dinh gia Ngdii ra, tang cfldng nang Iflc la hdgt dong eln thilt de cii thien cd cau the chl thfle hien hieu qui cic chinh sach
va he thdng khuyin khich cho eae cap chinh quyln dl thuc thi quan ly mdi trfldng dja phfldng
Phdng trao Saemaul Undong cua Hin Qude cho thay, edng dong dja phfldng ddng vai trd rit quan trpng
trong quin ly mdi trfldng b
khu vflc ndng thdn O cap edng ddng dia phfldng, cac giai phap dflde dl xuat gom nang cao nhgn thfle mli trfldng thong qua phd bien thdng tin, giao due va eac chUdng trinh dao tao vi phat dpng phong trao BVMT I cap dja phfldng tfl hogt dgng
ky cam kit BVMT Ngoii ra nang Ifle dflde ting eUdng tot
la can thilt dl xiy dUng h^ thong khuyen khich thich hop
vi cic chfldng trinh ho trd eho quin ly mdi trfldng tgi cac cO
sd san xuat ling nghl Ben cgnh do, can thfle dly
cd ehe tii ehinh nhfl cung df
cd sd hg tang, chfldng trinh chia sc ehl phi, ed chl huy dpng sfl cung tham gia hd tn? viec thanh lap vi quin ly cU
(Xem ti^ trangST)
Trang 4mdi trfldng s6ng trong lanh
Nang cao nang luc va trich
nhi|m can bg tinh den cd sd xa
ban, bin cgnh chuyin mdn tdt
trach nhiem trong edng viec cdn
phai gan bd va nhi|t tinh, siu sat,
lang nghe, xfl ly dflpc nhflng vfldng
mac, nam bat va giii quyet kip thdi,
dflt dilm nhflng khd khan trong
qfla trmh thfle Men chinh sich d
ed sd TDC
4 K£T LUAN
Sfl dM% chi so BS vi LSI la
phfldng phip ddn giin, de thfle hien
va it tdn kinh phi nin cd the flng
dyng dl dinh gii nhanh sfl phit
triln ben vflng eua cae diem TDC,
cd the dfla vao dilu kiln thfle te dia
phflong d l lfla chpn chi sd dinh gia
phu hgp va thuin Igi Niu dieu kiln khd khan, ed the chpn ehi so LSI don gian, chi phi thap, nhanh, niu dieu kien tdt hdn ed thi ehpn chi sd BS dl danh gii
Van dung phfldng phip BS
vi LSI tai 3 diem TDC thuy dien Son La (bin Nhgp, Pi Mong, Hit Lich), ehflng minh nhflng no Ifle cua Chinh phu, UBND tinh Son
La ddi vdi cie khu, diem TDC;
ehinh sieh boi thfldng, den bu, dau
tu ed hieu qua h | thdng co sd ha tang dien, dfldng, trfldng, trgm vi
bd tri dat canh tie vi hd trp von, vat nudi, gidng vi ky thuit san xuat giup ngfldi dan tflng bflde dn dinh ddi song hiu TDC Tuy nhien, kit qua phan tich bing hai phUdng phap BS vi LSI ehi ra nhilu bat
cap: nguy ca thilu ddi, tii ngheo
chUa thich flng dfldc vdi boat ddng sinh kl thay thi, dieh benh phat sinh do bien ddi mdi trudng sdng, tinh trgng bd hpe, tio hdn d thanh thieu niln lam ting nguy co tilm
an de dpa den qui trinh phit triln ben vflng cdng dong TDC hien tgi
vi tfldng laL Do vay, viee dinh gia mflc dp bin vflng tai mpt sd khu, dilm TDC bang phuong phap BS
va LSI khdng nhflng ehi ra nhflng diem manh vi dilm yeu xay dflng mdt edng ddng bin vflng mi cdn nit ra dflpe kinh nghi|m va eac giii phip dn dinh can thilt, tiin tdi xiy dflng eic khu, diem TDC cd tinh ben vflng eao d tinh Sdn La ndi rieng vi ei nflde ndi chungB
TAI Litu THAM KHAO
% Do Xudn Diic, Danh gia tinh ben vQng kinh ti, xa hoi m
Bdo cdo chuySn deDUan TDC thuy dien Sdn La, Dai ho
• D5 Xudn Dac, Ddnh gid tinh b&n vang hnh fg, xd hdi, tn
Bdo cdo chuyen dS Dudn TDC thuy dien Sdn La, Dai ho,
# DoKuAn Dilc, Ddnh gid tinh bSn vi/ngkinh te, x
o cdo chuyen deDUan TDC thuy dien Son La, Dai hoc Quoe gia Hd Npi (2012-2014)
>i IrUdng lai diem TDC Bdn Nhap, xd ChiengLao huyen MUdng La, Quoe gia Hd Noi (2012-2014)
<i trUSng tai diSm TDC hdn Pd Mong, xd Ndm Zon, huyin MUcfng La, Quoe gia Hd Noi (2012-2014)
tn/dng tai diem TDC bdn Hdt Lich, xd Chieng On huyen Quynh Nhai
sd hg tang eua Hin Qudc li mpt bii
hpc kinh nghiem cd the ap dung tai
Viet Nam Mdt giai phap khic ii xiy
dflng nang Iflc quin ly cd sd hieu qui
thdng qua viec hinh thinh cd sd hg
ting cdng edng va phit trien edng
nghiep tii chl ehat thii tai cic ling
nghl
Ngoii ra, cic die diem tfldng
ddng vl eae rao can, khd khan vi bii
hpc kinh nghiem eua cic giai doan
phit triln ban dau efla Trung Qudc
phu help vdi dilu kien Viet Nam hien
nay nin chung ta can hpc tgp Theo
dd, trong qui trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda sin xuat tilu thu cdng nghiep tai cic ling nghe, chung ta can xem xet:
Trong eae hogt ddng phit trien ndi chung vi san xuat ling nghe noi rieng, vin dl y thfle eua nhin cdng lao ddng vi cdng ddng trong khu vfle rat quan trpng khdng ehi trong sin xuit, kinh doanh, budn bin
mi edn ci eic van dl xa hpi va mdi trfldng Do vay, Chinh phu can khuyin khich, day mgnh eic hoat dpng ning eao nhgn thfle ve trach
nhiem cfla doanh nghiep vi y thfle cua ngfldi dan ddi vdi mdi trfldng Ddng thdi, de phat trien nginh nghe ndng thdn vi giii quylt van
de BVMT ndi ehung va tgi eic lang nghe ndi rieng, theo kinh nghiem cua Trung Qude, ed thi xem xlt chinh sich nhfl "3 ddng thdi" va
"3 thdng" bao gdm quy hoach tdng the cic he thong ed sd hg tang trong san xuat va xfl ly chit thii va day manh cdng tie thdng tin tuyen truyen cho cdng ddng trong khu vfle.H
•J* TAILI$U THAM KHAO
• Robyn Cobiirn "Craftmg/or a Greener World Crafting Villages The Inlernalioiial Market in Recycling'
• Le Quoe Doanh et al, Participatory Rural Ennronnienlal Mana^-inenl Synthesized Report Hanoi, March 2001
0 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (INEST) 'Environmental Management for Iraditional ( raft Villages i
• KiiA n^iim qudc li rt him iO,it 6 nhifm mOi trUCIng lang nghi - TSngcM M6i trUdng nam 2013
• Ministry i^ Environmental Protection e^Chma Slate policy of environmental publicity and education ofOnna