Tir t u d n g Nho giao ve giao di^c ot Vift Nam thdi phong kien Nfin gido due that sir cd he thfing, ed tfi chftc d Viet Nam thdi phong kifin la nfin giao due Nho hpe vdi vdn tu chft H
Trang 1I TIT tirong Nho giao ve giao due a Viet Nam
Nguyin H i l n L i r o n g '
Tom tai: Cac hpc phai triet hpc Trang Qudc thdi co dai da co nhihig quan diem
rieng ciia minh ve giao dye Trong cac hpc phai tu tudng ay, tu tudng cua Nho giao la phong phu, hf thdng nhat va tiep tuc van dpng, phat trien, ddng vai tro chu lini trong thdi ky trang cfi Tu tudng ciia Nho giao vl giao dye da cd anh hudng Idn din nen giao due Vift Nam thdi ky phong kien va hien nay Lam ro anh hudng cua tu tudng Nho giao dot vdi nen giao d\ic Viet Nam hifn nay la viec lam quan trpng, gdp phan thyc hifn co hifu qua chii tmcmg ddi mai toan difn nen giao dye Vift Nam
Tir khda: Tu tudng Nho giao; giao dye Vift Nam; phong kiln
1 Tir t u d n g Nho giao ve giao di^c ot
Vift Nam thdi phong kien
Nfin gido due that sir cd he thfing, ed tfi
chftc d Viet Nam thdi phong kifin la nfin
giao due Nho hpe vdi vdn tu chft Han Theo
Dao Duy Anh thi td tien ta bdt d i u hpc chft
Han ngay tft thdi Bdc thudc qua tifip xuc,
giao luu vdi ngudi Han sang cai tri Viet
Nam; qua nhftng ngudi nha su, dgo si phd
bifin cae dao Phgt, Lao, Khdng Cac trifiu
dgi phong kien phuong Bdc dfi hp khong
quan tam dfin dgy eho ngudi Vift Nam, ma
ehi ehu frpng day cho nhftng ngudi mang
ddng mau Han
Thai ky ddu ddt nudc mdi gidnh duac
dgc lgp (939 - 1009), dudi cac trifiu dgi
Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le, vific hpc lue nay tifin
hdnh frong cdc trudng tu va chua, nhung
chua phdt trifin*''
Trieu Ly ton tgi 215 ndm, trai qua chin
ddi Vua (1010 - 1225) nhftng tiianh tuu
trong ITnh vuc xay dyng dat nudc Id nen
tang dfi nha Ly phat trien vdn hda giao due
vd tgo ra ddi song tinh thdn cho mdt qudc
gia ddc lap Nha Ly chft truang day, hpc
theo che dp Nho hpc, tach Nho hpc ra khdi
mdi trudng nha chfta d l tuyin chpn d$i ngu quan Iai cai tri bd may hanh chinh vd ldm cdng tac truyen bd dgo Khong Ddy la sy dinh hudng c a ban, n i n tang ve vj tri, nhifim vu, vai frd cfta giao dye khoa cu ddi vdi qua trinh xay dyng, phdt trifin dit nudc cfta qufic gia phong kien Vift Nam
Triiu dgi nhd Trdn ton tgi 175 ndm, Gii
qua 12 ddi vua (1225 - 1400) K I tiifta, phat
huy nhftng thartii tuu gido dye thdi Lf, nha
Tran tifip tue chu truang giao dye Nho hpc
de chpn ngudi tai, ddm ducmg cdng vific xd hpi, cai tri dit nudc Thdi Trdn c h l dp hpc hanh va thi cu ngay cang cd quy cu va chinh quy hda Tgi kinh thanh, nha nudc lap Qudc hpc vifn Chftc hpc quan ddn dan dat dfin cap 16, phu, chdu Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhiing ldp hpc t u do cac nha Nho md The Ifi thi cft vd cae hpe vi dupc quy dinh chinh thftc Tang ldp nho si ngay cdng ddng, quan Iai xuit than tu Nho sT ngay cdng chilm uu
*' Tien si, Tnrdng D?i hpc Y Hd Nfi
DT: 0906401665 Email: tranvantruong@gmai).com
"* Pham Minh Hac (1994), Gido due Viit Nam tntdc ngudng eita the ky XXI, Nxb Chfnh U\ quoc gia, Hd
Npi, tr.43
Trang 2thfi Tft frong ting ldp nay, xudt hifin nhifiu
nha tu tudng, nhd tha, nha vdn, cac hpe gia
xuat sac nhu Chu Van An, Lfi Vdn Huu,
Nguyen Thuyen Nho giao pbat trifin
manh me cd chifiu hudng ldn at Phdt giao
Thanh tuu quan frpng thdi Tran la chu Ndm
bdt diu dupc phd bifin va van dung vdo
sang tac van hpc*^\
Trieu dgi nhd Ho ton tgi 7 ndm (1400
-1407), da kfi thfta eae thanh tuu dgy, hpc, thi
cfta nha Tran, tifip tye trifin khai va cd nhftng
cai each mdi Hd (Juy Ly phdn ddi ldi hpc
sdo rong, hpc vet, dem ldi ndi cd nhan dp
dyng mpt cdch may mdc dfi xet vifie trudc
mdt Ong dich Kinh thu ra chft Nfim dl day
hpc Nha Hd duy tri hogt dfing ciia (Judc Tft
Giam, ldp cdc trudng hpc d cac phft, ly, td
chftc ky thi Thai hpc sinh, chpn duac 20
ngudi tai trong do cd Nguyen Trdi
Triiu Le Sa keo ddi 99 ndm, trai qua 10
ddi vua (1428 - 1527), da gan vdi ten tuoi
nhftng vi vua anh minh, tai gidi, thuc thi
nhQng chinh sach tien bp ve giao dye Nho
hpc, lam cho dat nudc phat triln, cd nhifiu
thanh tyu rue r9 Nha Lfi md mang vifc
giao dye thi cft vd xdy dung m§t che dp dao
tgo nho sT va quan lai rdt chinh quy CJ kinh
thanh cd Qude Tft Giam hay Thai hpc vifin;
d cac vung dong bdng cd cdc trudng qude
lap vd trudng tu thuc Che dp thi cft nfi nep,
quy cft Nhin chung cbfi dp giao due, thi cft
ddi Lfi cd phin rpng rai ban trudc, bfin canh
nhung con em quy tdc, quan lgi cdn ca con
em binh ddn diu dupc di hpc va di
thi*'**-Triiu dgi nhd Mgc ton tgi 66 ndm, trdi
qua 5 ddi vua (1527 - 1592) Do danh gja
nha Mgc la ngyy trifiu, nen cac sft gia phong
kiln it ghi chep, bdo ton tu lieu Iich sft Nha
Mgc tilp tyc kl thira phdt triln cac thanh
tyu giao dye va thi eft thdi Lfi Sa, dd lam
dupc nhilu vific tifin bfi nhu trung tu Van
MifiiL Dudi trifiu dgi nha Mae nhifiu ngudi
do dgt, khfing ra lam quan, vfi qufi md trudng dgy hpc nhu Nguyfin Binh Khiem Nha Mgc da md 19 khoa thi Dmh, cd 438 tifin sT, trong dd cd 11 trang nguyen, 11 bang nhan, 19 thdm hoa Nhd Mgc trd thanh trieu dgi thi Dinh liy tifin sT dfiu ddn nhdt Ngay nay cdn mpt tdm bia thdi dgi Mac Ddng Duy ttong Qude Tft Gidm'**
Triiu dgi Hgu Le (Le Trung Htmg) ton tgi 255 ndm (1533 - 1788) Trong phgm vi
kifim soat tft Thanh Hda dfin Thudn Hda, nha Lfi Trung Hung mfit mgt chong lai nhd Mac, mat khac da eo gang gdy dung nen giao dye d vimg nay va dd ed nhihig thanh cdng nhit dinh: triing tu tdn tao Qudc Tu Gidm, tnrdng cdng md tdi cdp phu, trudng
tu tdn tai dfin cap xd, duy tri thi Huong, 3 ndm mpt Idn thi Hdi Td chftc dupc 23 khoa thi Dinh, lay do 343 tien sT
Thai cdc Chda Ngi^in cd 10 ddi chfta,
khdi ddu la Nguyen Hoang (1600 - 1613), cufii cftng la Nguyen Anh (1780 - 1802) Dft vifc td chuc thi cft chua bang Dang ngoai, nhung dfi dap iing tinh hinh thuc te, eae khoa thi hoa vdn, thdm phdng, tam ty dd dupc md dfi chpn nhiing ngudi ra Iam vifie
Tu thfi k>' XVIII, cac gido sT phuang Tdy da vao nudc ta truyfin dgo Thien chua Dfi thudn tifin cho cdng viec truyen gido, nhieu giao sT da hpc tifing Viet va dftng chft Latinh ghi am tieng Viet Ket qua, cudn tft vung An Nam dupc mpt sd giao sT soan, in hanh Cuoi thfi ky XVIII, ddu the
ky XDC, cfi dgo Pignean de Be'haine (Ba
-'^' (1976) Lich su Vi^t Nam, t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xS
hpi,HaN0i.tr.2I6-218
"*5arf,tr.279
'*> Nguyin Minh San (Chii bien) (2010), Mudi thi ky gido due vd dao tgo Viit Nam, Nxb Dan tri, Hd Npi,
tr.75
Trang 3Da - Ldc) da xudt ban tu difin An Nam - La
tinh (1836)*^*
Dudi thai Tdy San (1778 - 1802), cftng
vdi vific phye hfii kinh tfi, vua Quang Trung
rit quan tdm chdn hung van hda, giao due:
lap cac nha hpc, chpn Nho sT cd ttinh dp
lam giang dy tai cac nhd hpc; tfi chftc thi
Huong chpn ngudi tai, Idy hang uu hpc
qudc hpe, bang thft hpc trudng phu Vua
Quang Trung coi ttpng ngudi tai, tap hpp
eac ngudi tai Nho hpc thdi do phuc vy cbo
eac hogt dpng qudn su, ngogi giao vd coi
vifie day hpe nhu Ngfi Thi Nham, Phan Huy
Ich, Ninh Ton, Nguyen Cau, Nguyen Du,
Nguyin Thifp Quang Trung rat coi ttpng
dgy vd hpc chft Nfim, giiy td giao dich
frong frieu dinh vifit bdng chft Nfim
Trieu Nguyen ton tgi 143 ndm (1802
-1945) trdi qua 13 ddi vua Vfi tfi chftc day
va hpc, ca ban la rap khudn Trifiu Lfi Tai
trieu cd bp le lo vifc quan ly dgy, hpc trong
nudc d cac fran vua Gia Long dgt cac quan
d6c hpc, phy ttach vifc hpc tgp Trieu
Nguyin chft ttuang day bpc bdng chft Ndm
frong cac trudng hpc, tifip tyc duy tti chfi dfi
giao dye Nho hpc 6 Phu Xudn trieu
Nguyen cho xay nha Qufic hpc, gift vai ttd
nhu Qudc Tft Giam la trung tam gido due
-dao tgo cua ca nudc O cae dia phuang trieu
Nguyin ldp cac trudng cdng va trudng tu
Vfi thi cft, trieu Nguyfin to chftc thi Huang,
thi Hpi, din vua Thifu Tri td chuc thi Dinb
2 D^c diem cua nen giao dye Nho hoc
Vift Nam thdi phong kien
2.1 Mftc tieu cua nen gido due
Nen giao due Vift Nam thdi phong kiln
thyc chit Id nfin giao due Nho hoc Muc
tieu ciia nen gido dye nay la xdy dung mau
ngudi 1^ tudng cfta Nho giao cho xd hdi
-ngudi qudn tft; dfing thdi tap luyfn cho
ngudi hpc dfi dgt tdi vdn hay, chft tdt, tuc la
de cd nang lye difin dat, trinh bay nhiing tu tudng Nho giao bang cac bai tha, phu, vdn Trong thyc tfi, mye tifiu nay ttd thdnh muc tieu chinh Xudt phat tft myc tifiu iy, d nudc
ta ttong gin 10 thfi ky phong kiln, chuang ttinh giao due chft yfiu la giao due dao dftc, khfing cd ngdnh nghfi khoa hpc ty nhifin,
khoa hpc k^ thudt, kbdng ed ehuang trinh
day con ngudi vfi san xuat ndng nghifp Trong thdi gian dai, Triiu Lfi tfi chftc thi toan, thi tuyen luang y; nha Hd cd td chftc thi todn; cac trieu dgi sau khdng kl thira, phat trien
2.2, Npi dung gido dftc
Npi dung cua nen gido due Nho hpc Vifit Nam thdi phong kifin Id coi frpng giao dye dgo due, khinh tai tri, vi dfii vdi quan cai tri, can thifit la dftc, cd dftc thi an ddn, cd dftc thi thfing cdm vdi trdi dat, thi gid hda, mua thudn'^\ cdn kifin thftc va ky ndng vfi san xudt cfta cai vdt chdt chua trd thdnh ndi dung cfta gido dye Ngudi ndng dan hpc ndng nghifp mdt cdeh tu phat, ngudi bufin ban eung vdy, cac nghfi thft efing nhu mOc,
ne, xay dyng, ke cd khai md, luyfin vd due sdt, CO khi ciing dupc truyen lgi bdng phucmg phap kem cap thdng qua td chftc phudng hpi va true tilp tham gia san xuat, chft khdng cd trudng ldp, sach vd, chucmg trinh ^*'* Vi thfi, he thfing sach giao khoa ciia nin gido dye Nho hpc vl ca bdn la sach kinh difin cfta Nho gido dupc tap trung ttong
bp Tu thu va Ngu kinh, dupc vilt bdng chft Han Ve co ban ttong gin 10 thl ky tfin tai cua nen giao due Nho hpc Viet Nam chft
''' Sdd tr.87
"*' Tr^n yfin Gidu (1993), Cdc gid trj tinh thdn truyin thing eUa ddn tgc Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc
xahfi,HdNpi,tr.94-95
"* IA Vfin Giang (2003) Ljch su gidn lugc han 1000 ndm nin gido due Viit Nam, Nxb Chfnh trj qu6c gia,
HdNpi, tr.l6
Trang 4Han Id chft dpc tdn ttong xa hdi, chft dgy va
thi trong mSi cap bpc vd bdc hpc
2.3 Phmmg phdp gido due
Phuang phap giao dye kinh vifin va giao
dieu Moi thang giao quan dinh mfit sd
ngdy gidng sach; dfin gid dd, hpc trd din
giang dudng dfi nghe gido quan giang
nghia Tft thu, Ngu kinh Mfii thang, mfii
quy cd mdt so ky tap lam van Khi gido
quan chim xong, thi tap hpp hpc sinh lgi
dl trinh bay va cho dilm theo 4 loai: uu,
bmh, tiift, lif t*^\
Tre mdi hpc vd Idng da dupc day ngay
nhftng cdu nghia ly vien vfing Tre em phai
hpc thupc ldng; ldn len it tudi thi hpc vdn
chuong, (cau ddi, cau tha) chft ylu hpc
truyfn nudc ngoai'^l Cd tbfi ndi, tft khi di
hpc dfin khi di thi, hpc sinh phdi ren luyfin
theo khufin khd Nho gido, hpc tap sach kinh
dien cfta Nho giao va ljch sft cac vuang
tiilu phuong Bdc Ddi vdi tdng ldp nho sT,
lam quan la ly tudng cao sifiu nhdt; tit cd ly
tri, tinh cam va hdnh vi cua hp phai theo
dung "dgo cfta thanh hifin" Ldi dao tgo dd
tit nhifin ban chfi dau de suy nghi dpc lap,
bdp nghpt ly tri phfi phan cua con ngudi'"**
2.4 H§ thong trudng idp
Nen giao due Nho hpc Viet Nam thdi
phong kien chua cd sir phdn chia cdc cdp
hpc ddi vdi dpi ngu gido vien, chua cd
chuong ttinh, tai lifu, sdch giao khoa quy
dinh ch^t ehe, phft hpp nhu ngay nay Tuy
thi cft, phdi kiem fra ket qua mdi dupe thi
Huang, dgu thi Hucmg mdi thi Hdi, dgt yfiu
edu thi H0i mdi dupc thi Dinh, nhung
chuang ttinh, tai Iifu cd the rpng, h?p ban
frong chftng muc ndo dd, khdng dupc quy
dinbrorft'"^
Trudng chia lam hai logi: trudng cdng va
trudng tu Trudng cdng td chuc d kinh dd
va cac tinh, phft, huyfn, cdn trudng tu cd
mpi noi, tft kinh dd den cac xdm
Tdm lgi, ttong qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trifin cfta chfi dp phong kiln Viet Nam tft the ky XI den nfta ddu thl ky XIX, giai cip phong kien Viet Nam dd lya chpn tu tudng Nho giao Iam can eft eho minh ttong hoach dinh vific giao dye - khoa cft dfi lya chpn nhan tai nhdm gdp phdn duy tri, ciing cfi ehfi dfi phong kifin Anh hudng cfta tu tudng Nho gido vfi giao due tft npi dung din tfl chftc va qudn ly dfli vdi Viet Nam thdi phong kien la rit ldn
3 Bac diem cua nin giao due & Viet
Nam hifn nay Nen gido dye each mgng Vifit Nam ra ddi vdo thang 9 - 1945, vdn dfing va phat trien gdn liln vdi nhftng giai doan each mgng Vifit Nam dudi sy lanh dao cfta Dang Cdng sdn Vift Nam M6i giai dogn lich sft each mgng Dang dd kip thdi nfiu lfin nhiing quan difim chu dgo, chft truang va giai phap thye hifn frong thyc tiln cua nfin gido dye Gido due cd sft mfinh nang cao ddn tri, phat trifin ngufin nhan Iyc, bfii dudng nhdn tai, gdp phan quan ttpng phdt trifin dit nudc, xdy dyng nfin vdn hda vd con ngudi Vift Nam Phat trifin giao dye cftng vdi khoa hpc
va cdng nghf la qude sach hang diu; diu tu cho giao due la diu tu cho su phat triln Ddi mdi can bdn vd toan difn giao due theo nhu cdu phat trifin cua xd h^i; nang cao chit Iupng giao due theo yeu cdu chuin hda, hifn dgi hda, xd hdi hda, dan chu hda vd hpi nhdp qudc te, phye vy die luc cho su nghifp xay dung va bdo vf td qudc Ddy mgnh xdy dung xa hpi hda hpc tdp, tgo ca hdi vd dieu kifn cho mpi cdng ddn dupe
*^* LS Vfin Giang, sdd, tr.48 - 49
*'* Phan K l Binh (1997), Vi?t Nam phong tyc, Nxb
Tp.Ho Chi Minh, tr.l58
*'** Lich sti Vi?t Nam 1.1, sdd, tr.279
*'" Le Vfin Giang, sdd tr.42
Trang 5hpc tap suflt ddi''^*
Muc tieu giao due la ddo tgo con ngudi
Viet Nam phat trien toan dien, cd dgo dftc,
tri thftc, sftc khde, thim my vd nghe
nghifp, tnmg thanh vdi ly tudng ddc lap
dan tdc va chft nghla xa hdi; hinh thanh va
bdi dudng nhdn each, phim ehdt va ndng
luc cua edng dan, dap ftng yfiu can xdy
dung va bao vf td qufic
Nfin giao dye Viet Nam la nfin gido dye xd
hpi chft nghia cd tinh nban ddn, ddn tfic, khoa
hpc, hifin dai, Idy chu nghTa Mac - Lenin vd tu
tudng Hd Chi Minh lam nen tang
Hogt ddng giao dye phai dupe thue hifin
theo nguyen ly hpc di ddi vdi hdnh, gido
dye kfit hop vdi lao ddng san xuat, ly ludn
gin lien vdi thuc tien, gido dye nhd trudng
ket hop vdi gjao due gja dinh va giao dye
xa hpi
Ndi dung giao due la toan difn, thiet
thyc, hifn dgi va cd he thflng; coi ttpng giao
due tu tudng vd y thftc cflng dan; bao tfln va
phat huy truyfin thdng, ban sdc van hda
nhan logi; phu hpp vdi sy phat trifin tam
sinh ly Ifta tufii cfta ngudi hpc
Phuong phap gido dye Id phdt huy tinh
ti'ch cue, ty giac, chft ddng sang tgo cfta
ngudi hpc; bdi dudng ndng lyc ty hpc, ldng
say me hpc tap vd y chi vuan lfin
Chuang trinh giao dye dupc cy tbfi hda
thanh saeh gjao khoa, giao trinh, phu hpp
vdi muc tieu gido due ciia tung bgc hpc, cap
hpe va trinh dp dao tao, dam bdo tinh fin
dinh vd tinh thdng nhit
He thong gido due qudc ddn gom: gido
dgc mdm non; gido due pho thong (bdc tifiu
hpc tft ldp 1 dfin ldp 5; bac trung hpc cd
trung hpe ca sd tu ldp I - 9; trung hpc phd
thdng tft ldp 10 -12); gido dttc nghe nghiip
(cd tnmg hpc cbuyen nghifp vd hpc nghe);
gido due dgi hgc (cd 2 trinh dp cao ddng va
dai hpc); gido due sau dgi hgc (cd trinh dp
thgc sT va tiln si) Phuang thftc giao due cd cbinb quy va khdng chinh quy Van bing he thflng giao due qudc dan gdm bdng tdt nghifip tifiu hpc, tnmg hpc ca sd, pho thfing trung hpe, trung cdp chuyfin nghiep, hpc nghfi, cao ddng, dgi hpc, thae sT, tien sT Chftng chi ciia he thong giao due quoc dan cap eho ngudi hpc dfi xac nhan kfit qua hpc tdp sau khi dupe dao tgo, bdi duong ndng cao trinh dp hpe van, nghfi nghifip
4 Mot so anh hirdng cua tu tirdng Nho giao ve giao due doi vdi nen giao dye Viet Nam hien nay
4.1 Anh hu&ng tich cfrc
Tu tudng cua Nho gjao ve giao dye cd nhiing mat tieh cyc ddi vdi sir nghifip gido
dye cfta Viet Nam hien nay ThU nhdt, dd Id
tu tudng hifiu hpc Nhihig ngudi sang lap Nho giao la nhihig ngudi ham hpe ndi tieng Hp eho rang neu khdng ham hpc thi
"mudn nhan Igi hda ra ngu", "mudn dimg hda ra phan logn", *'mu5n cucmg lgi hda ra cudng bgo" Khfing Tft cho ring con ngudi thdng thudng phdi chiu dyng khd khdn vdt
va mdi bifit Day la mpt quan difim tien bp lam cho cac mdn de cfta dng trai qua ban hai ngan nam lich sft, van tifip tyc tinh thin ham hpc, tmh thin hpc khong biet chdn, gdp phdn quan trpng cd vft phong trao hpc tap Ngay nay, dit nudc ta budc vdo thdi ky cdng nghifip bda, hifin dgi hda, con ngudi dung trudc mdt ddi hdi ldn ve phat trien tri tuf, phdt trien ndng lire sang tgo Vi the, viec hpc ngay nay d nudc ta ddi vdi moi ngudi, moi gia dinh va xa hdi la yfiu ciu cap thifit Tinh thin ham hpc, hpe khdng bifit chdn cfta Nho gjao cd y nghia rit ldn
*'^' Ddng Cpng san Vift Nam (2011), Van kiin Dgi hgi dgi bieu lodn qudc ldn thir XI, Nxb Chinh trj
qu6c gia Ha Npi, tr.77
Trang 6ddi vdi vifc xay dung xa hpi hpc tap hifn
nay Thu hai, dd la tu tudng ve cac mdi
quan he giiia Hpc vdi Tap, gifta Hpc vdi
Hdnh, gifta Dgy va Hpe Ddy ciing la tu
tudng cd gia tri ve phucmg phdp giao due
de thyc hifn nguyfin ly "hpe di dfii vdi
hanh, giao dye kfit hpp vdi Iao dpng san
xuit, ly lugn gdn lifin vdi thuc tifin" trong
qud tiinh day va hpc hifin nay Khfing Tft
ndi, mudn hpc dfi bifit, cdn cd bfin kbdng:
"khdng y, khdng tit, kbdng cd, khdng ngd"
Nghia la, neu chua hpc hodc chua that sy
hpc den ncri dfin chdn ma (K cd sin y nay, y
khac ve ddi tuong va ndi dung hpc thi rit de
khufin theo y ngbia sai da cd tnrdc khi hpc
Khi tim hilu ddi tupng ma dua vdo nhimg
phan doan chua chdc chdn rdi khing dinh
tdt phai thfi nay the kia thi vific tim hifiu se
thilu khach quan, khd dat tdi chit ly
4.2 Anh hudng tieu cyv
Phuang hudng hpc tgp cua Nho giao la
hudng ve ddi xua, ngudi xua va viec xua
Gap vdn dfi thi phai tim hieu xem cac "tifin
vucmg", "tien thanh", "tien hiln" da dat ra
vd giai quyet thfi nao Khac vdi "thien cd",
"cd nhdn" Id sai Id chuyfin quai gd, la difiu
tfii loi Cac nudc bi ngudi Han thdng tri
chft yfiu hudng vfi "tifin vuong", "tifin
thanh" va "tien hien" cua ban thdn ngudi
Han 6 nudc ta, cho dfin gifta thfi ky XIX,
mpt sd nhd Nho sang Phap, vfi ndi ehuyfn
"xe khfing cd ngudi day ma chgy", "den
khdng cdn ai ddt ma chay sang" dfiu bi
coi la chuyfin quai gd, hoang dudng Tinh
than hifiu ed, quay ve thdi xua, da de lgi cac
vil hdn sau dgm ttong nep hpc cfta xd hpi
cfi Din nay, vfit bin ay cdn gay nhifiu ttd
nggi cho sy phdt trifin tri tuf tren con dudng
phat triln Ngdy xua, cac nha Nho l|p di ldp
Iai b6n chft "fin cd tri tdn" mdt each khoan
khoai Doi vdi nhftng cai mdi, cft dn eu cho
ky, cho sdu la ed thfi bifit dupe Tft Khdng
Tft, Manh Tft cho tdi cae nha Nho thdi sau, ngudi ta cu "fin cd di", "dn cd lai" Cach hpc cfta hp la lgp di, lap lgi, thude long nhu eon vet, nhd vanh vach, thudc liu liu, du khdng bifiu rd ciing cbdng sao Npi dung cfta bai hpc, phai qua tyng nifm hdng thang, hdng nam, hdng ehuc ndm Ngudi nao ma khfing hilu dupe la do tu chit hpc kem Ngay nay, ldi hpc vet iy vdn cdn dupe khuyfin khich va dp dung dfii vdi tudi fre, ddi vdi quin ehung Nfiu quay vfi cdi cdng cfi xua thi cang tot, cfing vice "tgp ky dgi thanh" edng nhifiu eang hay Neu gdp nhifiu, gom nhieu thdnh qud eua eo nhdn thi difiu gi trong hifin tgi vd tuomg Iai eung cd thl bifit dftng din, cung cd thl lam thdnh cdng Nhieu ngudi vdn tin vao cdng phu
"dn cd tri tdn" cho rang gdp dupc cdi hay, cdi thdnh, eua cdc dgo ly, cdc hpc thuylt, chdc chdn sfi dat dupe nhftng cdi hay cai thanh eai hoan my ttfin ddi nay Trong thyc
tl, Nho giao ludn ludn luin quin, khdng thoat ra khdi nhftng eai khung "nhit thanh bat bifin" cfta xa hOi cft Hpe bdng each "fin cfi" la vira nhfii nhet cho ky, cho chac, eho vfta, eho nhieu, cho du mpi cai ed lpi cho minh do ngudi khdc nghi ra, ndi ra Hpc xong thi day ngudi chua biet Cach day la thugt dling y nguyen nhu dd "fin" Cu thl, thfi hf thay thuat diing y nguyfin eho thl hf ttd, thfi he ttd hpc xong trd thanh thiy lgi thudt dling y nguyfin cho the he ttd kfi tilp theo Bang each "thudt lgi" nhu vdy, sy phat trifin va sang tao rdt ngheo nan Trieu dgi nfii tifip trifiu dgi, thfi he nfii tifip thl hf, nhung chi cd "thfim" hoac "bdt" chftt it tu tudng cfta "thanh hifin" Ngay nay, tu tudng Nho giao vfi giao dye cdn dfi Igi hdu qud nhdt dinh frong giao due do each hpc "fln cd" cfta cac nha Nho ddi trudc Chiing ta phai nhin rd va xda bd trift de nhihig each hpc tieu cue dd