Ddi vdi chiic vu dam nhiem tiii cd su chuygn ddi nghi nghiep va chiic vu khdc nhau ciia tung ca nhdn; nhilu ngudi trudc dd timg giii chiic vu ttong ca quan quan Iy hdnh chinh nhd nude, s
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PHAN TANG XA HOI VE CHfNH TRj VA VAN HOA
dVIET NAM HIEN N A r
• T S NGUYEN T H I T H U Y L I N H
Vi^n Xd hgi hgc,
HQC vi?n Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Phdn tdng xa hpi la su phan chia, su sdp
xIp va hinh thanh cdu tnic cdc tdng xd
hdi (bao gdm cd suphan loai, xIp hang)
Dd Id sg khdc nhau vl dia vi kinh tg hay tdi san,
vl dia vi chinh tri hay quyen luc, dia vi xd hdi
hay uy tin eiing nhu su khde nhau vl trinh do
hgc vdn, trinh do nghi nghiep, phuong thiic
sinh hoat v^ hudng thu ttln cdc mat
Trong nhimg nam qua da cd nhilu nghiln
ciiu vi phdn tdng xd hdi d Viet Nam nhung chii
trpng nhilu vi mdt kinh tl, cdn phan tangxd hdi
vl chinh tri vd vl van hda edn it dugc n ^ e n ciiu
Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu van dung tdng tich hpp
cdc ly thuyet vl Phdn tang xd hdi nhdm thuc
hiln cdng bdng xd hdi d Viet Nam hien nay"dd
tiin hdnh khdo sdt d 5 tinh, thanh phd Id: Ha
NOi, Dd Ndng, Cdn Tha, Phii Thg vd Bmh
Phudc, mdi tinh lay y kign cua 200 ngudi (rigng
tiianh phd Ha Ngi lay y kign khodng 400 ngudi)
ttong dd bao gdm ca ngudi dan va cdn bd lanh
d?o, qudn ly Vl gidi tinh, ty 10 nam gidi tham
gia vdo cuge khdo sdt nhilu hon nii gidi t^le Idn
lupt Id 57% so vdi 43% VI tiinh dO hgc vdn ciia
ngudi tham gia khao sdt: ttln 90% cd trinh do tir
THCS ttdlen, ttong dd trinh dO tu cao dang/dai hgc la 41,2%
1 Phan tang xa hgi ve chinh tr|
Kit qua cho thdy, cd 685 ttgn tdng sd 1121 ngudi dugc khdo sat dang giii mpt chiic vu nhdt dinh ttong chinh quyln vdd cdc ca quan, dodn thi, dan vi tu nhdn Trong dd t^ le khd cao nhiii^ ngudi dang giu ehuc VIJ ttong ca quan chinh quyln, cd cd phd chu tich uy ban nhdn dan tinh, nhilu chii tich vd phd chu tich cap huyen, xa va cac gidm ddc trung tdm, gjdm ddc doanh nghiep, cdn lai la cdc trudng, phd phong ban tai cdc co quan khdc nhau
Ddi vdi chiic vu dam nhiem tiii cd su chuygn ddi nghi nghiep va chiic vu khdc nhau ciia tung
ca nhdn; nhilu ngudi trudc dd timg giii chiic vu ttong ca quan quan Iy hdnh chinh nhd nude, sau chuygn sang ca quan doan thi; cung cd nhilu ngudi chua tung ddm nhiem chiic vu ^ rdi dugc chuyin len 1dm cdng tdc quan ly khi dugc ludn chuyin, bd nhiem vdo cdc vi tri khi
cd kha ndng
Khi duge hdi vl viec bd nhilm can bO Idnh dao, qudn ly ciia dia phuong cd iru tien "con dng chau cha" hay Ididng? Thi hdu dai da sd diu trd Idi rdi^ con dug chdu cha ludn dupe uu tiin, tuy nhign hien nay vile bd nhi$m can bp lanh dao, qudn ly d cde vi tri chQ chdt vin uu tien cd
Trang 2w THLTCTliN-KINHNGHllM
cac mdi quan he nhung i^;udi dugc dua ra bd
nhilm deu Id ngudi cd nang luc ngn rdt ung hg
Khi hdi vl viec tham gia ffl hpp tai dia phuong
khi dupe trieu tap, cd tdi 92,5% ngudi ttd Idl Id
cd di hpp khi dupe trieu tap va ehi cd 7,5% la
khdng tham gia hpp Dilu ndy chiing td rdng
viec di hgp de bilt tiidng tin chinh tri cua ngudi
ddn da dugc hp quan tdm vd the Men bdng
hanh vi cua minh Vd ciing chinh vi ly do ndy
nln phdn tdng vl chinh tri vdn khdng ro rang d
Viet Nam thi nay dugc cdc hO dan dl y tii viec
nhd Id tham gia hpp d dia phuong Cd su khdc
bilt vl viec tham gia hpp ciia ngudi dan d cae
dia phuong (xem bang 1)
Sd lieu ttgn cho thdy, miic dd tham gia di
hpp ciia ngudi ddn khd cao 6 Da Nang ty le
ngudi dan tham gia di hgp cao nhdt (98,8%),
tiadp nhdt la d Ha Ndi (85,7%), Binh Phudc
(86,1%), Cdn Tha [95,4%) va Phii Thg (97,1%)
Cd thi do d Hd NOi ngudi ddn ndm bat thdng
tin tii nhieu ngudn khac nhau, va hg ciing ban
rOn nen cd cudc hpp khdng tham gia duge ddy
du Cdn d Binh Phudc thi cd thi do dia hinh
khd khan, ddn cu phdn tdn, cdc hd gia ffinh tdi
noi hgp xa nln ngudi ddn khdng bd tri di hpp
dugc tdt cd cdc budi hoac nhilu ngudi dan
cimg it quan tam din cdc vdn dl xd bOl, khdng
tham gia hpp khi dugc trieu tap
Khi tham gia hgp, kit qua khao sat cho thay,
nhilu ngudi dan da tich cue tham gia ddng gdp
y kign, phdt bieu tai cudc hpp (68,4%), Dd Ndng
cd ty Ig ngudi dan phdt bilu y kiln khi tham gia
cde cudc hgp cao nhdt (87,9%) va thap nhat la Can Tha (48,9%)
Trung binh sd lan phat bilu y kiln ciia ngudi dan khi tham gia hpp tai dia phuong la 3,1 Idn Trong dd, Dd Ndng cd sd lan phdt bilu y kiln cao nhat vol 5,2 lan Tiep den la Binh Phudc vdi tiimg binh Id 4 Idn; tiidp nhat la Phii Thp vdi 1,6 Idn phdt bilu
Nhu vdy, cd thi thdy dugc, viec di hpp vd phat bieu y kiln ciia ngudi ddn Id tin hi^u tdt ttong viec hd ttp', khuyin khich tang cudng su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn vdo cdc boat dpng cdng ddng va phat triln kinh te - xd hdi Ddng thdi, ddy cung Id thi hien su phan tdng xa hdi vl dia
vi chinh tri, quyln luc
Trong xd hpi bign dai, ngudi ddn tdn ttgng nhilu ddi tugng ngudi khdc nhau, ngudi dan tdn ttgng nhiing ngudi "cd tdi ndng, cd ddng gdp vdi dia phuong" (70,4%) ngudi ung hd;
"nhung ngudi sdng ttong sach, gian di, Idnh manh" (69,5%); "nhiing ngudi gidu Iln, thanh dat vdi nd lue bdn thdn" (51,7%) Su tdn ttgng eiia ngudi dan ddi vdi "nhiing ngudi cd chiic, cd quyln" thap vdi 20%, nguyen nhdn do nhieu ngudi mat ldng tin ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd ehuc,
ed quyln, do tinh ttang tham d, tham nhiing diSn ra tai nhilu co quan chinh quyln hien nay Qua khdo sat cho thdy, giiia cae dia phuong
cd su khdc nhau vl su tdn ttgng cda ngudi dan ddi vdi cdc ddi tupng ttong xa hpi nhir "nhiing ngudi cd tai nang, cd ddng gdp cho xd hOi";
"nhiing ngudi gidu iln, thdnh dat nhd nd luc
Bangl.Th^ctrgngthamgiahoptgidiaph^mgdiangif^dan
Thamgiahop DaNang BinhPhKdc HaKoi PhtiTho CanThtf Tong
SL % SL % SL- % SL % 5L % SL
Co 237 98^
Kh6ng 3 1,2
Tong 240 100
173
28
201
86,1 222 13,9 37
100 259
85,7 14,3
100
97,1 187 2,9 ; 9
100 196
95,4 1023 92,5
4,5
100 7,5
100
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ban than"; "nhin^ ngudi sdi^ ttong sach, gian ngudied"vithgxahOicao"dnudctahilnnay.Su
di, lanh manh"; "nhiing ngudi cd ehuc cd
quyln" ttong dd Ha NOi cd t^ II ngudi dan dng
hd Idn nhat va thdp nhat la Cdn Tha Cg thi: Ddi
vol "nhiing ngudi cd tai ndng, cd ddng gdp cho
xa hpi" tai Ha NOi ty Ig ngudi thi hiln su tdn
ttgng ehigm82,4%, t^lgndydCdnThald55,l%
Hay ddi vol "nhimg ngudi gidu Idn, thanh dat
nhd nd luc ban than" ttong khi d Ha Ndi t^ Ig
ngudi ling hO 65,1% thi tai Da Nang thdp hon
nhilu vol 33,3% vd Binh Phudc la 44,1%
Dilu tra ve su tdn ttpng cua xdhdi ddi vdi cdc
nhdm ddi tugng eho thdy: (1) nhung n g ^ cd
tai nang, ddng gdp vdi dia phuong: 70,4%; (2)
nhiing ngudi sdng ttong sach, gidn di, Idnh
m^mh: 69,5%; (3) nhiing ngudi gidu do no luc
cua ban than: 51,7%; (4) ngudi cd hgc van cao:
40,1%; (5) nhung ngudi cd trinh dd nghe nghiep
cao: 38,7%; (6) nhiing ngudi cd chiic quyln:
20,7%.Theo thii bdc nay, ngudi dan ttpng tdi
ndng, Idi sdng ttong sach, gidn di, lanh mgnb
vd cd ddng gdp vdi dia phuong, khdng that dl
cao chiic quyln
Kit qud dilu tta cho thdy, nhung ngudi tdi
ndng, cd hge v ^ va tay n ^ l cao, Idi sdng ttoi^
sach, gian di, l^nh manh vd cd ddng gdp vdi dia
phuai^ dupe mpi ngudi tdn ttgng, dd la nhiir^
Bdng 2 Ong hg cua ngildi ddn vdi cdc nhdm xa hpi
tdn ttpng ciiaxd hOi ddi vdi nhiir^ ngudi nhu vdy
Id su ti^ ndi truyin thdng van hda dan tdc: trpng ngudi ed {^i^ cd diic, hiln tai Nhung ngudi cd ehuc quyln nhung khdng cd nhilu ddng gdp vdi dan, vdi nude, sdngkhdng trong sach, lanh manh thi xa hgi sg khdng tdn vinh, tdn ttgng Bang 2 cho thdy thdi dp cda ngudi dan vdi cdc nhdm xd hOi ttong lam giau Xgp theo thii
tu tii cao xudng tiiap muc do iing hg edch thiic Idm gidu nhu sau: (i) ngudi vupt khd 1dm gidu; (2) ngudi nd luc, signgndng, sdng tgo; (3) ngudi thdnh dat nhd uy tin, tdi ndng, ddc dp, ddng gdp thuc tg cho xa hOi; (4) ngudi bilt ndm ca hdi thuan Igi ttong cuOc sdng; (5) Ngudi thdnh dat nhd quan he xd hOi rdng; (6) ngudi 1dm an ttdi phep, budn lau, ttdn thug; (7) ngudi Ipi dung ehue vu, quyln luc
Nhu vay, ngudi ddn ung hg rdt cao ddi vdi nhiing ngudi vuot khd lam giau, nd luc, silng ndng, sang tao, tdi ndng, due dO ddng gdp thuc
tg cho cOng ddng, dio xd hdi; khdng iing hp ddi vdi nhung ngudi lam dn ttdi phep, budn lau, ttdn thug, Igi dung ehuc vu, quyen luc dl 1dm giau cho ban than vd gia ^nh Ngudi dan khdng ganh ti vdi nhiing lam gidu hgp phdp, chinh ddng bdng chinh sue lue, tri me cua minh
Noi dung Santi gi^
LNgiidi vuot Iftidl^m giau
2 Ngiieri nil life, siSng nang, sangtao
3 Ngudi lliSnh flat niid uy tin, t j i nang, dUc do, fl6ng gop tiitfc te dio xa lipi
4 Ngudt tti^nh flat nlid quan lie xa lidi rang
5 Ngudi idm an tr^i pliep, bu0n iau, ttdn ttiue
6 NguOiM diing ciiUcvu, quyen iirc ^ i ^
jj^NguOi bi£tn3m cotioi tbuin igi trong cuflcsong
RatOng hd
SL
898
774
648
161
13
11
205
%
84,2 72,8 61,1 15,2 1,2 1,0 19,4
O n g M ,,,
SL
157
261
307
476
39
43
677
%
14,7 24,6 29,0-45,2
3,7
4,1
64A>
JPlJtng Ong hd
SL
12
28
105
418
997
995
175
%
1.1 2,6 9,9
39,6
95,0
94,8
16,6
Trang 4Tii kgt qua dilu tra ed thi nhan dinh:
Thunhit, ttong thang gia tri xd hdi, ngudi dan
coi ttgng, de cao nhiing ngudi lam an hpp phdp,
hgp thiic, chinh dang, nhung ngudi bSng chinh
siic luc, tri tue, vdn tai san ciia minh dl lam ra
cua cai vd thuc hien dung nghia vu cdng ddn
Thuhai, thai do cua ngudi dan ddi vdi lam
gidu chinh ddng, hpp phdp, hpp thdc phan dnh
nhdn thiic cua hp vl cdng bdngxa hdi ttong nln
kinh t l thi trudng Nghia la, mpi ngudi ddn cd
quyln phdt huy kha ndng dl lam gidu va xiing
ddng duoc hudng thu thdnh qua lao dOng ciia
minh, cd tten gid tri vat chat vd gid tri tinh thdn
Gid tri vdt chdt Id cda cai, muc sdng cua hg, gia
tri tinh tiidn id sy tdn ttpng, ung hp eua xa hdi
Nhu vdy, phdn tang xa hdi vl chinh tri d Viet
Nam du chua tbi bien rd net nhung cimg dd
phdn ndo cd nhiing thdi do hanh vi vl su phdn
chia quyln luc, vi tri ja hOi
2 Phdn tang ve van hoa
Trong cdc boat dOng ma ngudi ddn tham gia
nhilu, tham gia II hOi truyin thdng, van hda,
thi thao d dia phuong; tham gia II hdi truyen
thdng cdp nhd nude vd di II chiia, nha thd dugc
ngudi dan thudng xuyen tham gia t^ le Idn lupt
Id (28,5%, 57,8% va 24,9%) Ngodi ra, cdc boat
dOng tham quan bao tang, khu di tich ngudi
ddn tham gia khdng thudng xuyln, tham chi
chi tham gia 1 Idn vd thudng chi tham gia vao
nhiing dip quan ttpng ttong nam
Qua khdo sdt thdy, giua cdc dia phuong cd su
khdc nhau ttong viec ngudi ddn tham gia cdc
hoat ddng van hda, thi thao vd du lieh Su khdc
biet bilu hien ttong tiing boat dOng md ngudi
dan tham gia
6 hogt ddng "1§ hOi tmyIn thdng cdp nhd
nude" Da Nang cd t^ le ngudi ddn tham gia
thudng xuygn nhieu nhdt (47,4%), tigp dgn Id
Phii Thg (33,5%); tiidp nhat Id Hd Ndi vdi 14,9%
tyle ngudi dan tham gia d mue dd thudngxuyen
VI tham gia "di II chiia, nhd thd", Phii Thp Id dia phuong cd ty le ngudi ddn tham gia thudng xuyln Idn nhdt (38,3%); tiidp nhdt Id Dd Ndng (17,9%) vaBmhPhudc{lB,5%).Nguygn nhan CO thi do tgi Phu Thp ed nhilu II hOi chiia Idn nhu
le hgi Din Hiii^, nhilu II hgi khdc niia Han niia, t^ le ngudi ddn flieo dao Thign Chiia ciing kha Idn, chinh vi vdy viec di 11 chua, nhd thd thudng xuyen ciia ngudi dan chilm t^ le cao Ddi vdi "II hdi truyin thdng tai dia phuang" t^ Ig ngudi dan tai 5 tinh tham gia thudng xuyen rdt cao, ttong dd Phii Thg cd ty le ngudi dan tham gia Idn nhat vdi 78,9% vd thdp nhdt Id Hd NOi vdi 39,3% Nguyen nhan Ha NOi cd ty le ngudi dan tham gla thudng xuygn II hdi tmyIn thdng thdp nhu vdy Id do su phdt triln vl kinh
tl, cOng thIm su nhdp cu cua bO phdn ddn cu Idn dSn tdi cdc Ig hdi ngay cang bi mai mdt, ngudi ddn bi cudn vdo hoat dOng kinh tg nhilu nen hogt dOng 11 hgi tai dia phuong thudng khdng duge ngudi ddn quan tam nhieu
Cd thi thdy, ngudi ddn chu ygu tham gia cac boat ddng mang tinh truyin thdng, tidn Igi nhu tham gia cac II hgi, di II chiia vd tham quan di tich lich su, di du lich ttong nude Cdn cdc hoat ddng ddi hdi ngudi ddn phdi bd chi phi Idn dl tham gia thi It tiep can dugc tdi da sd ngudi dan Chd yeu la nhdm ngudi khd gia tigp can vdi nhiing hoat dOng nhu xem phira tai rap, xem thi thao d cdc sdn van dOng, nhd thi ddu
va du lich nude ngoai
Sd lieu nay ciing cho thdy siiphdn hda cdc boat dOng, chuih nhiing boat dgi^ nay phan chia cdc tdng bdc van hod C^lung dd cd nhdm ngudi coi viec xem phim drap, n ^ e boa nhac la mdt phdn khdng thi thiia Nhiing ngudi cd nhu cdu huong thu cao hon nay thudng la d Ha NOi vd cdc thanh phdldn Nhu vdy, dede noi ed trinh do dan tn cao
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Bieu 7 Trung binh thdi gian truy cap internet cua ngUdi dan (sophut/lldn)
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30
20
10
0
OaNang Binh Phifot Ha Noi
CO dilu ki$n phat trien cdc dich vu thi d do sg cd
su phan tdng xd hdi vl van hda rd rang
Hien nay, truy cap intemet dupe coi Id viec
cdn thiet ddi vdi cuOc sdng cda mdi ngudi dan,
giup cap nhat dugc thdng tin hiiu ich phye vu
cuOc sdng Khao sdt cho thdy sd ngudi dan
thudng xuyen truy cdp intemet kha Idn vol
63,2% Dilu nay cho thay ngudi dan hien nay
ngdy cdng nhan thuc dupe tdm quan ttgng cua
thdng tin ddi vdi ddi sdng Vile truy cap
inter-net thudng xuygn giiia cdc dia phuong cd su
khde biet Cu thi, Binh Phudc Id tinh ed ty le
ngudi ddn su dung intemet thudng xuygn Idn
nhdt vdi 78%, tigp den la Dd Ndng vdi 67,8%; va
tiidp nhdt Id Cdn Tho vdi 49,5%
Dia dilm truy cap chu ylu van la t^ nhd
(79,1%) va tai nhimg ca quan (46,9%), dilu
ndy phan dnh miic sdng cua ngudi ddn ngay
cang tang len, viec mua sdm thiet bi kit ndi
in-Qnlhu
temet khd cao, da sd ngudi tham gia khao sdt
cd thiet bi kgt ndi intemet nhu dien thoai vd mdy tinh Giiia cac tmh cd su khdc biet ttong viec su dung intemet tai cdc dia dilm d nhd bode d ea quan
Thdi Iirong tmy cap intemet giiia cde dia phuong cd su khac nhau Phu Thg Id dia phuong cd trung binh truy cdp sd phut 1 lan cao nhdt vdi 46,7 phiit Tilp dgn Id Dd Nang vdi 41,6 phut/1 Idn; tiidp nhdt id Binh Phudc vol 35 phiit/1 Idn Nhu vay cd thi thdy r^g, hiln nay ngudi dan ngdy cang cd xu hudng tiep can nhilu hon vdi intemet
Phdn tang xd hdi vl van hda d Viet Nam hien nay ciing chua dupe phan dnh rd net, nhung cimg phdn ndo dupe the hien qua viec tham gia boat dOng van hda cdng ddng, di xem phim tai rap chigu phim, tmy cap intemet ngay edng nhieu nhdt Id d cdc dd thi a
• Bai vi^t nay ciing v6i cac bai da dang ttgn Tap chi Ly luan chMi tri: CSngMng'jiaJipi ra
GS, TS Nguyen Dinh Tan, sd 4-2014; Suphat triin nhan thtic cua Ding vi cdng bingxE hdi va xoa ddi, 0am n^ieo cua GS, TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn, sd 7-2014; Phan tingxa hoi bop thdc va ki^ n^nnhim thuchi^ cong
bingAa/]pi cua GS,TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn, sd 9-2014; PMntangxaMtrongAoiic^d^^^
9-2014 va bai Phan tingxa hoi • ly thuy& va n^uen cuu dVietNam ciia Nguyin Ngoc Huy, sd 12-2014, la kgt
qua nghien ciiu cua Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu van dyr^ tdng tidi hpp cdc ly thuygt ve Phan tdng xa h6i n h ^ hien cong bSngxa hOi dVi?t Nam hien nay" do GS, TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn lam Chd nhiem, ma sd: 13.3-2012.12