Ngudi Khmer Nam bg trong Ijch sii da tiep thu nhilu tdn gi4o An Dg tir Hindu giao den Ph$t giio Dgi thira vi Tieu thira.. Ddng thdi cung ndi len Phat giao Dai thira v i Tilu thira da cim
Trang 1yPHAT GIAO AN DO V d l CAC C Q N G DONG CU^ DAN NAM BQ - M Q T CHANG DU'ANG LICH SU^
Dutmg Thi ^SP<^ Minh *
~\ Jam bg Viet Nam la mdt vitng ddt cd lich sic lau ddi, la dfa bdn chinh ciia nhiing
J V vuong qudc co hung mgnh nhu Phit Nam, Chdn Lgp Ngay tic ddu Cdng nguyen viing ddt ndy da cd dieu kien tiep xuc, giao luu v&i An Dg - mgt trong nhitng cdi ndi cda vdn minh nhdn logi Theo chdn nhimg dodn thuong nhdn vd nhitng nhd truyen dgo, Phdt gido An Do bao gdm cd Phdt gido Dgi thica vd Tieu thira dd dugc truyen den viing ddt ndy, hinh thdnh nen nhimg trung tdm Phgt gido l&n vd s&m nhdt a khu v^c Dong Nam A Ciing v&i th&i gian, Phdt gido ngdy cdng lan tda vd tr& thdnh ton gido gOt vai trd quan trgng trong d&i song tinh thdn cua cdc cgng dong cu ddn Nam bg, dgc bi$t Id ngudi Khmer Nam bg Trong phgm vi bdi nghien cuu ndy, tdc gid chi de cgp den sy; du nhgp vd phdt triin cua Phdt gido & Nam bg bdng con du&ng tn^c tiep tie An Dg md khong bao gom con du&ng gidn tiep thong qua Trung Quoc
Tir khoa: Phdt gido, An Dp, cu ddn Nam bp, ngudi Khmer Nam bO
1 PhSt giao An Dp v6ei cir ddn Phu
Nam (tir the ky I den the ky VII)
Vimg ddt Nam Bp Vipt Nam ngdy nay
v6n thupc lanh th6 ciia vuong qudc cd Phii
Nam - mpt nhd nude cd himg manh nhat d
Ddng Nam A, ra ddi tir ddu Cdng nguyen
va tdn tgi cho den thl ky VII tbi suy vong,
tanrd
Theo lich sii tdn gido Nam bd, thdi ky cdn nam frong lanh thd Phu Nam viirig ddt nay da chju dnh hudng rat ldn ciia tdn gido
An Dp "Chiu dnh hudng vdn hoa An Dp thi trudc hit la tilp thu tdn gido An DO Bdi
vi ngudi An Dp mdi den thudng truyin ba ton gido ciia minh dl c6 thdm m^t cpng ddng d6ng dao, dl cd s\r cdm thdng gdn giii
Trang 2a dit nudc xa la"' Ca dao Hindu va dao
Ph$t diu dugc truyin ba d day Nha su
Nghia Tmh din Phil Nam khoang 671- 695
da ghi c h ^ l?i "Ngudi xii iy thd thiSn
thin, nhimg Phat phap ciing thinh hinh"'
Theo Nam Ti thu cua Trung Quoc;
An Dg giao la qudc giao cua Phu Nam
nhung Ph$t giao ciing dugc thinh hinh
Bing chiing li vua Jayavarman da phai
hai vj d^i su ngudi Phii Nam thdng thao
tieng Phgn sang Trung Qudc dich kinh Phat
theo ldi mdi ciia sii than Trung Qudc
Luong thu ciJng chip ring "Vua nudc iy
(Phil Nam) cd kha nang viet sach nudc
Thien Tnic, sich cd khoang ba nghin ldi
ndi vl Phat tich"' Theo hai nhi nghien ciiu
Truong SI Hiing vi Cao Xuin Phd thi "Phii
Nam li mgt vuong quoc giiu manh va ciing
li mgt nhi nudc An Dg diu tien d Ddng
Nam A Ph|t phip ciing dugc thinh hanh
Hon thl, Phil Nam la mgt tram chuyin dich
ldn ciia Phjit giio vl phia ddng"" Giao su
Luong Ninh ciing khing dinh "vuong qudc
Phil Nam xiing ding li va thuc tl la mgt
trung tam Phat giao quan trgng ciia ca
phuang Ddng, ci phuong Tay Thii Bmh
Duong"' CSng theo dng "Viec phat hien
sd lugng rit ldn cic tugng Phat tren dia
ban ciia cu dan cd ddng bing sdng Cuu
Long cing khing dinh vj tri mdt trung tam
'LucmgNinh (1999), "Van h6a c6 Phii Nam - Van h6a
Dong bang sdng Cihi Long", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich
sii, s6 4, tr.26
' Luong Ninh (1999), SM tr.26
' Luong Ninh (20O5), Vucmg qudc Phi Nam Ijch sii vd
vdn hda, Vifn van hOa va Nxb Van hOa thong tin Ha
NOi, lr.34
' Tnrang SJ Hiing, Cao Xuan Ph6 (2003), Phdt gido
Ddng Nam /4 Nxb Thanh Nien, Ha NOi, tr 190
' Luong Ninh (2005),5arf, lr.l53
Phat gido thdi cd dai cua vuong qudc Phii Nam, trinh dg vSn hda cao vi khi ning sang tao ciia cu dan ding bing sdng Cih Long, chii nhin cua vuong quIc Phi Nam"' Cic nhi khio cl ciing phat hijn dugc mgt sl hi^n v|t lien quan din Phjt giao t^i m$t sl di chi khao cl thudc khu
vuc tinh Tri Vinh nhu Luu Cii thudc Tri
Cli, Tieu Cin, cd nien dai tir thl ky VI Nhu v?y, cimg vdi d?o Hindu, dao Phat
da den vung dit Nam bg tir rat sdm Phat giao ra ddi d An Dg sau dao Hindu rit lau song khi truyen den day thi khdng mugn han Hindu la may Song, dao Phat lai khdng miy dijnh hanh doi vdi ting ldp tren
do vua quan va cac tang ldp qu^ tgc dfiu theo Hindu giio vi sii dyng nd nhu mot cdng cy thing tri vl mat tinh thin Tuy nhien, Phat giio vin tin tai mdt each dai ding trong cic ting ldp ngudi ngh^o khi bto cjnh Hindu giio
Phat giio Dai thira-Bic tdng di theo cac
thuong gia An Dg din xir sd nay Nam Tl
thit tir thl ky thii V da nhjc tdi viec dan
chiing Phil Nam tdn thd Phat giao Dai thira
vi cac ngi dung cua giao phai nay nhu "bo tat himh", "tir bi nhin nhyc', "bl dl tam",
"lyc dg", "lyc d?o", "vien min tri tuf",
"tam bio" Tuy nhien, Phat giao Dai thira-Bic tdng mac du mang tu tuong phdng khoang nhung Iji diy tri tue vdi nhOng U-ilt Iy cao sieu dS khdng phii hgp vdi mgt sic dan cd ban sic mgc mac Do
dd, Phjt giao Bic tdng da nhuong chd cho Phjt giao Tilu thira-Nam tdng tir phia
Luong Ninh (1996), "K6t q u i bu6c diu chuong oinh
Trang 3Srilanka truyen xudng vdi gidi lu^t chat
che phii hgp vdi nip sing mgc m ^ , nhiing
bg kinh nguyen thuy chiia dyng giio ly
thyc hanh phii hgp han vdi mong udc, tinh
cam va niem tin cda ngudi ban xur
Vio cudi thl ki VI - diu thl ki VII, Phu
Nam lam vio tinh h?mg suy ylu Chan Ljp
vdn la m0t thuOc quIc ciia Phil Nam da
nhan co h$i dd tan cdng va chiem liy m^t
phan lanh thd Phil Nam d vimg h^ luu sdng
Me Kdng "Nhu vay, tir chd la mdt viing
dit thugc Phii Nam - mdt quoc gia dOc lap
vi hung mgnh, sau nam 627, vimg dit Nam
bd bi phy thu^c vao Chin Lgp"' MSc dii
ngiy nay Ijch sii cua dl qudc Phil Nam &
chim sau vio di vang va sd phan cung nhu
hau du$ cua cu dan Phil Nam vin cdn la
mgt "bi an" cua lich sir nhung nhiing bing
chiing cda khio c l hgc da tim thiy tit tu
li^u van bia din cac hien vgt dieu khic cd
thl khing djnh ring: ngudi Phii Nam chinh
la nhihig cu dan diu tien tren vimg dit
Nam bg da tiep nhgn sy inh hudng rat ldn
tir Phgt giio An Do
2 P h | t giio An D$ vdl cgng dong
Khmer Nam b§ (tii thl k^ VII den nay)
Sau khi Phil Nam tan ra, viing dat Nam
bg budc vao thdi ki tri vi ciia vuong trilu
Chan L§ip cua ngudi Khmer tit thl ki VII
cho din XVII trudc khi luu dan ngudi Viet
d|t chan din dSy Dan t^c Khmer li din tOc
simg dgo vi vin minh Khmer li nin vSn
minh tdn giio Ngudi Khmer Nam bg trong
Ijch sii da tiep thu nhilu tdn gi4o An Dg tir
Hindu giao den Ph$t giio Dgi thira vi Tieu thira
Vimg dit thudc phia Nam tinh Tra Vmh ngay nay la mOt trong nhiing vimg cd ngudi Klmier sinh sing ddng nhit, li mdt trong hai tnmg tam ldn nhit thdi ki
Angkor '"Nhieu pho tugng Ph|t cl a diy
da cho thiy dao Ph$t du nh^p vimg Tri Vinh bing dudng bien qua cic ciia sdng Cuu Long Ddng thdi cung ndi len Phat giao Dai thira v i Tilu thira da cimg tin tgi
vi trong 13 pho tugng Phit cl dugc tim thiy, cd 4 pho lito h$ den Bl tit Dgi thira"*
Tuy nhien, tir thl ky XII, vimg dit Nam
bg cd nhieu biln ddng Nhiing bien ddng chinh trj cgng vdi su tic d$ng ciia dja ly da giy ra sy tan ra trong ca ciu cu din, lim cho vung dit niy roi vao qui trinh hoang
hda kio dii din tan cudi thl k^ XVI diu
XVII MJc dii v|y, din thl ky XIII, Chau
Dat Quan trong Chdn Lgp phong thd ki di
md ti ring Phgt giao Tilu thira cd ngudn glc tit Srilanka du nhgp vio vimg ding bing sdng Ciiu Long vi di vio ddi song tdn giio tin ngudng cua ngudi Khmer' Ngudi Khmer Nam bd tilp nhgn Phat giio Ti6u thira chii yeu bing con dudng truyin gido tir An Do qua Srilanka vi di vao vuong quIc Chan Lgp Sau dd, mdt bd ph|in ngudi Khmer tit vimg Biln H i da di chuyin din chau thl dong bing sdng Cihi
^ HOi l ^ o a hQC Ljch sii Vift Nam (2006), Lu^xc sir
* NguySn M^nii Cudng, Nguyin Minh Ngpc (2005),
Tdn giao - Tin ngu&ng cOa cic cit ddn vitng ddng bdng song Citu Long, Nxb Phuong DOng, tr 110
' Nguyin M^nh Cufmg, Nguyin Minh Nggc (2005),
Trang 4Long va sdng Ding Nai dl tranh nhOng
bien cl chinh tri trudc sy khiing hoing ciia
vucmg trieu Angkor Bg phgn ngudi Khmer
niy khdng ciii tiep nhgn Phgt giio Tieu
thira, mi tnrdc dd hg cdn tiep nhgn ci Ph|t
giio Dai thira vi Hindu giio ciia An DO
Cing vl sau Phat giio Tieu thira cing
ctiiem uu the trong ddi sing tdn giio cua
ngudi Khmer "Khi nhirng ldp cu dan
Khmer diu tiSn din sinh sing d vimg dit
Nam bO, Phjt giio Tilu thira da trd thanh
tdn giio chinh cua hg, la chd dua tinh thin
quan trgng trong cdng cugc khai khan vi
dinh cu"'° Ngoii Phat giio Tilu thira du
nhap tryc tilp tu An Dg, ngudi Khmer
Nam bg cdn tilp nhin Phat giio Tilu thira
dugc du nhgp tir vinh Thii Lan men theo
bd bien Nam bg vao, ngugc cic cira Idn
cua sdng Ciiu Long dl din viing Tra Vinh,
Sdc Tring 14 noi quy ty ddng dio ngudi
Khmer "Cd IS ngay tir nhiing thl ki
XV-XVIII, cic hogt ddng thucmg mgi tren viing
biln phia Nam Ddng Duong di phit triln
khi nhgn nhjp vi Phit giao Tilu thira tit
Xri Lanca vi Thii Lan, Indonesia da khdng
bd Id ca hgi dl du nhgp vao Nam bg, ma
chii yeu Ii ngudi Khmer"''
Vi vgy, Phgt giio cila ngudi BChmer
Nam bd trudc nam 1975 vl co bin chia
thinh hai phii:
- Phii Mohanikay nghia Ii "phii ldn"
Phin Idn chiia Phat Khmer d Nam b^ theo
phii niy Diy la giao phai tmyln thong cua
Ph^t giio Khmer dugc truyin bi tir An Dg
Phai Thomayut cd nghla 14 "dung theo Phit", xuit hign vio cuoi the ki XIX d Thii Lan vi truyin bi rgng rai trong hoing tgc Campuchia Phii Thomayut dugc
truyin sang mgt sl it chua Phgt Khmer is
vimg bien gidi Vi$t Nam Campuchia Hi$n nay d Tri Tdn, Tjnh Bien (An Giang)
cd 18 ngdi chua Khmer theo phai Thomayut'^
Hai phii Mohanikay v4 Thomayut tren thyc tl deu 14 ph|t giio Tilu thira - Nam tdng, khdng khic nhau nliilu vl giio ly, chi
cd khic nhau vl mgt s6 chi tilt thuc hanh nghi ll V4 dii phai Thomayut cd dugc ra ddi v4 hTiyIn ba tir Thai Lan thi ciing khdng thl ndi ring nd khdng mang diu in cua Phit giao An Dg
Nhu vjy, Phat giao Tilu thira - Nam tdng cda An D0 da cd mat d Nam bO tit rit sdm, tir thdi ki Phil Nam, Chan Lap N6 din trudc hay cimg mgt liic vdi Phit giio Dai thira vln cdn 14 mgt vin dl cin phii tiep tyc nghien ciru Nhung mgt dilu chic chin ring Phat giao Tilu thira da dugc ngudi Khmer chip nh$n, tin tgi vi phit trien cho din nay chirng td sy phi hgp ciia tdn giao niy vdi ddi sing nhilu mat cua
ngudi Khmer Nam bg Trong cic the Vj
XI, XVI, XVII hiu hit cic tinh ding bing sdng Ciiu Long nhu Sdc Trang, Tii Vinh, Bac Liau, Ding Thip cd ngudi Khmer sinh sing diu da xay dyng chua thd Phit theo h? phai Nam tdng'^ Din nay, hiu nhu
Phan An (2010), Don ldc Khmer Nam bd Nxb
Chinh tri Quoc gia, Tp.HCM, tr.24
"Phan An (2010), &?<io-.25
||PhanAn(2010),sa<ilr.43
Nguyen Mjnh Cuimg, Nguyin Minh Ngpc (2005),
Trang 5phum, soc nao cua ngudi Khmer ciing diu
cd chiia thd Phdt
* Dae diem Phat gido Tieu thiira cua
ngvM Khmer Nam b§
Trdi qua hang nghin ndm lich sii du
nhdp, bien ddi vd phat trien, phdt gido Tilu
Thira cua ngudi Khmer Nam Bd vdn cdn
bdo luu nhung triet li co ban cua Phdt gido
nguyen thiiy tir An Dp sang Hp vdn tu
hdnh theo Bat chinh dgo vd thuc hdnh
nhimg giao phdp co ban ciia nganh Tilu
thCra nhu: Tii dieu de, Thdp nhi nhdn duygn
(Pratitya-samutpanda), Thuyet Vo nga
(atnaman), Ludt nhan qua va Nghiep bdo
(Karma) Nhung ngdi chua Khmer van la
noi luu giii vd pho bien nhimg kinh di^n
ciia Ph^t gido Tilu thiia, la trudng hpc day
gido ly vd chu; Pali cho cdc su sai vd con
em ddng bdo Khmer Nhd do nhimg yeu td
ciia Phdt gido An Dp tir hdng nghin ndm
trudc vdn cdn dupc luu giO: trong ddi sdng
ciia cdng ddng Khmer Nam b0 Song d mpt
miic dp nao dd Phdt gido Khmer vdn mang
nhung sdc thai bdn dia ro net:
1 Hp chi thd hinh tupng duy nhdt la
Phdt Thich Ca, dong thdi cd them thiiy td
ciia ngudi Khmer Id rdn Naga Ngudi
Khmer Nam Bp cd cdu "Kon loengana
niSm Khmer Icon laeng niing niem watt"
(Noi nao cd ngudi Khmer, noi dy cd chua)
Budc chdn vdo cira chiia nhu budc vdo mdt
thl gidi trong sgch, mpt siic manh tmh
thdn, mpt n8n tdng dgo dire Trong ddi sdng
tam linh ciia ngudi Khmer, su sai mang
mpt y nghia ddc bi^t MSi syr xich mich ddi
thudng hp d^u keo nhau vdo chiia nhd cdc
vi su sdi phdn gidi, y kien cda cdc nha su la
y kien quyet dinh Nhd su cdn Id ngudi dgi dipn cho diic Phgt d6 chiing gidm nhiing hdnh d$ng, Idng thanh kinh cua tin dd Id cau noi giiia tin dd vdi dire Phdt
2 Tir khi truySn ba vao khu vyc ndy, Phat gido Tieu Thiia da chi phdi the gidi quan va nhdn sinh quan, tgp qudn, ll nghi
vd ldi sdng cua t0c ngudi Khmer mpt cdch sdu sdc Nhung de thuc hien dupc dieu dd, dao Phdt phdi chap nhdn syr dung hda vdi nhimg yeu td ciia vdn hda bdn dia vd tap qudn dia phuang de tdn tgi vd phdt trien Chdng hgn, vipc duy tri Id phudng cd sdu -mpt tan du ciia td-tem giao ciia ngudi Khmer, trong khudn vien nhd chiia; hay s\r
hipn di?n cua mi6u Neakta Vatt trong
khudn vien nhd chua Di6u dl nh$n thiy hem cd Id ngdi chua Phdt gido Tieu Thira cua ngudi Khmer da ddn d ^ trd thanh trung tam ciia nhiing le hdi dan gian dan
tpc nhu tet Chdul Chnam Thmei, Oc Am
Bok, Dan ta Trong cac le hdi do, nep
nghi, li nghi vd trd choi truyen thdng ddn tpc cua ngudi Khmer dupc kSt hpp hdi hda vdi nhGng ll nghi vd gido dilu cua dgo Phdt Ndi cdch khdc, "Phat gido Tilu Thira
d ddy da ddn tpc hda, da ddn gian hda vd trd thanh mpt ddc diem ciia tinh each Khmer khdc xa vdi dao Phat chinh thdng d
An Dp"'*
3 Phdt gido Tilu Thira dd nhanh chdng trd thanh tdn gido chii dao cua cpng ddng ddn tpc Khmer, chi phdi ddi sdng cua hp m0t each sdu sdc Cd the ndi, cd cupc ddi
'* Vi§n van h6a (1988), Tim hiiu von v3n hda ddn tQc
Trang 6ciia mdi nguiri Khmer deu gin lien vdi ngdi
chiia Ngay tir nhiing ngiy chao ddi dau
tiSn vdi Li ma mdt, IA cdt chdm den i e di
tu (liic 12 tudi) rdi tdi i # cu&i liic trudng
thinh, cic ngiy II hdi quan trgng trong
nim cho din liic dau dm, khi chit di xic
thiSu vln gui d chua Vi vgy, ngdi chiia
Phat giao Tilu Thira Khmer ngoii chirc
ning tdn giao, cdn bao gIm ci chirc ning
giio dye, chiic ning giao luu vin hda,
phong tyc mi ding bio Khmer da "ky
gdi" vio dd c4 tam hdn, tii sin v4 c4 cdng
sire cua minh Cd thl ndi, Phat giio Tieu
Thira Khmer di hoin toin "nhgp thl" mi
ngdi chila chinh 14 ciu noi dl gin kit
nhitag tin dilu Phgt phap vdi thl gidi trin
tyc li cugc sing sinh hoat hing ng4y ciia
nguiii Khmer
***
Nhu v|y, Phgt giao An Do da dugc du
nhip vio vimg dit Nam b$ tir rit sdm, ngay
khi vimg dit niy vira budc vio ngudng cira
ciia thdi dgi vin minh - thdi dgi lap quIc
Cu dan Phii Nam 14 nhihig ngudi tien
phong trong vi$c tilp nhgn Phat giio An
D$ cimg vdi Hindu giao Iim tdn giio ciia
minh Sau Phu Nam, vimg dit Nam bd da
trii qua nhilu biln c l ciia lich sir nhung
trong suit qua trinh dd c^ng ding ngudi
Khmer Nam bg vln tilp tyc bio luu, giii
gin vi phit huy nhitag gia tri truyen thing
ciia tdn giio nay Tuy nhien, d mgt miic d^
nao dd Phat giao Tilu thira cila ngudi
Khmer Nam bg vln mang nhOng sic thii
bin dja ro ndt Tdn giio nay da hoi quySn vao nhitag ylu td ciia van hda bin dia vi tap quan dja phuong dl tin tgi v4 phit triln ddng thdi ciing tgo ngn m0t tdn giio v6 cung dgc ddo - mgt di san vin hda trong ddi song tinh thin ciia cu dan Nam b$
Tii lifu tham khao
1 Phan Anh (2010), Dan tdc Khmer Nam
BQ, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, TP Ho Chl Minh
2 Nguyen Manh Cudng, Nguyin Minh
Nggc (2005), Tdn gido - Tin ngudng ciia cac
cu ddn vitng dong bang sdng Ciru Long, Nxb
Phuang Dong
3 H6i Khoa hgc Ljch sii Vi^t Nam
(2006), LuQC sir viing ddt Nam bd Vi^t Nam,
Nxb The gidi
4 Truong Sy Hiing, Cao Xuan Pho
(2003), Phgt giao Ddng Nam A, Nxb Thanh
Nien, Ha Npi
5 Luong Ninh (1996), "Kit qua budc dau chucmg trinh nghien ciiu Nam bp", T?p chl
Khdoc6hQC,s^A
6 Luang Ninh (1999), "Van hoa cl Phil Nam - Van hda Ding bing song Ciru Long",
Tap chi Nghien cmt Lich sir, sl 4
7 Luong Ninh (2005), Vuong quoc Phil
Nam lich sii va vdn hda, ViSn van hoa va Nxb
van hda thdng tin Hi Ndi
8 Vien Vin hda (1988), Tim hiiu vin v*
hda dan tQC Khmer Nam bd, Nxb Tong hi;ip
Hgu Giang