Nhimg van de nhu ly hon, ket hon, ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia ciing khong dugc quyen quyet dinh, rat nhieu ngudi bi ep buoc phai li di chong theo y mudn ciia cha hay ngudi anh trai.. Phu
Trang 1^. a c^
DIA VI CUA NGU^Ofl PHU NlT SAUDI ARABIA
' * TRONG XA HOI HIEN DAI
va Thi Thanh*
6 mgt sl quic gia duy tri viec ap dung
duy nhit luat H6i giao, diln hinh la Saudi
Arabia, dia vi phii nir van bi coi nhe Day la
kit qua ciia vi^c ap diing luat Sharia vdi
nhthig nguyen tac, quy dinh khat khe, eo
nhilu khac biet so vdi phan cdn lai ciia the
gidi Ben canh Sharia, nha nudc cting ban
hanh mot sd lupng it di luat thanh van,
nhimg vdn dl vl quyen va dam bao thirc
hien cae quyln eiia phu nir vin thudng bi bo
ngo Do do, ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia van
phai chiu nhilu thiet thoi va tut hau so vdi
the gidi
1 Dia vi cua ngirdi phu nCr trong gia
dinh va xa hgi
Tai Saudi Arabia, vai tro cita ngudi phu nti
trong gia dinh va xa hpi rk nho be Trong gia
dinh, hinh anh ngudi phu nii chi nhu mgt ba
me va mpt ngudi quan gia, khong co vi tri
ngang bSng vdi nam gidi Ngudi phu nu:
khdng CO quyln quyet dinh doi vdi cac vSn de
chung cua gia dinh hay day do con cai
Nhimg van de nhu ly hon, ket hon, ngudi phu
nii Saudi Arabia ciing khong dugc quyen
quyet dinh, rat nhieu ngudi bi ep buoc phai li
di chong theo y mudn ciia cha hay ngudi anh
trai Hon niia, d vuong qude nay, tinh trang
bao luc trong gia dinh, lam dung tinh due doi
vdi phu nii khong phai la hiem gap Vao nam
2004, mgt phu nii Saudi Arabia ten la Rania
Thac sT Vi^n Nghien ciiu Chau Phi va Trung Dong
al-Baz, MC etia mdt chuang trinh Chao bu6i sang da roi vao tinh trang hdn me do su danh dap da man eua ngudi chong, the nhimg chlng CO chi bi phat danh 300 roi va phai cham soc eo ba thang sau khi co su thoa thuan giira co va ngudi chdng vl viec giam an cho anh ta va ddi lai cd ta se cd quyln ly hon
va nuoi con trai cua minh
Trong vin dl thira kl, phu nii Saudi Arabia khdng duac hudng quyen thira ke binh dang vdi nam gidi St; phan bd thiia ke dupe ap dat theo luat Sharia va phu nii chi dugc hudng tai san thira ke bang mpt niia so vdi nam gidi Tren thuc te, viec quan ly tai san rieng va lao ddng de cd thu nhap cua ngudi phu nu: cting bi ban chS bdi su ket hgp gitia phong tuc va tdn giao - nhiing quy dinh
da an sau bam re tir nhieu ddi nay
Ngoai ra theo quy dinh, phii nii khong dupc tu do di lai giiia cae thanh phd hoac ra nudc ngoai Phu nii phai dupc su cho phep (duoc ghi bang van ban) ciia mpt ngudi than
la nam gidi dl rdi khdi dat nudc hoac di du lich tren cac phuang tien giao thdng cong cpng d Saudi Arabia Phu nii noi day gidng nhu vat sd hiiu ciia dan dng khi mgi hoat ddng sinh hoat hang ngay cua hp can su cho phep ctia dan ong Ddi vdi nhiing viec quan trpng phai dugc lap thanh van ban hoac co
su tham gia di ciing cua ngudi giam hg Ngudi giam hp cd nghta vu va cac quyln dli vdi ngudi phu nti trong nhilu khia canh
Trang 2ciia ddi song Mdt bao cao vien dac biet cua
Lien hiep qudc cho biet "Giam hg hop phap
ciia phu nir Saudi Arabia la ngudi dan ong,
dupc thirc hien d cac mtic dp khac nhau doi
vdi cudc sdng cua mgt ngudi phu nii" Quy
dinh nay dugc cho la bat nguin tir quy udc
xa hgi va dilu nay nham thi hien tam quan
trgng cua viec bao ve phu nii Tiiy thupc
vao ngudi giam hd, ngudi phu nii can co su
cho phep trong nhu'ng vin de nhu: ket hon,
!y hdn, di du lich nlu dudi 45 tuoi, di hgc,
tim viec lam, md mgt tai khoan ngan hang
va cac thu tuc y t l '
Mdt vi du cho thay tam quan trgng cua
ngudi giam hp la vao thang 7 nam 2013,
benh vien King Fahd Al Bahah da hoan phau
thuat tay cho mot phu nti bi thucmg nang vi
CO khong cd ngudi giam hp nam cho phep
lam cac thii tuc phau thuat Gia dinh co bi tai
n ^ xe hoi, chdng cd da chet, de lai cd va
con gai bi thuong nang^
Thang 8 nam 2005, mpt tda an d phia bac
cua Saudi' Arabia da ky lenh cho ly hdn ddi
vdi mdt ngudi me 34 tuoi da cd hai con ten
la Fatima Mansour bdi cd quyet dinh ly hon
til ngudi chong cua cd, mac dit gia dinh co
dang rat hanh phtic va cupc hon nhan ciia co
da dupc cha cd (da qua ddi) chap thuan
Viec ly hon dupc khdi xudng tir mdt phia
ngudi chdng hoac ngudi arJi trai cd gai
{ngudi giam hd) Yeu cdu giam hp khong
dupc neu trong phap luat, chting dugc ap
dung theo quy dinh cua hai quan va cac ca
quan td chiic nhu benh vien, canh sat, ngan
hang Giao dich chinh thiic va khilu kien
dugc khdi xudng tii phia ngudi phu nii
thudng bi bo qua neu khdng co sir cho phep
cua ngudi giam hp Cac quan chiic cd thi
yeu cSu su cd mat ciia ngudi giam hp nlu
mgt ngudi phu nii khong co the ID (chiing
minh thu) hoac khdng mac trang phuc che
kin toan than (ao chiing) Nhiing yeu cau nhu the nay lam cho viec khieu nai ve nhutig ngudi giam hg la vd cung khd khan.^ Tuy nhien, mdt sd phu nir Saudi Arabia bao thli lai het sure bao ve quyen giam hp Trong mpt cudc phdng van nam 2010 cua td New York Times, Noura Abdulrahman, mpt nhan vien nii cita Bp Giao due Saudi Arabia
da bao ve quyen giam hp cita nam gidi nhu chinh tinh mang eiia minh'^ Noura noi:
"Trong van hoa Arab, phu nii phai co tinh toan ven cua hg va mdt cupc song dac biet ciia ngudi phu nii phai la su tach biet vdi nam gidi La mdt phu nir Saudi Arabia, tdi yeu cau phai cd mpt ngudi giam hg Cong viec ciia tdi doi hoi toi phai di den cac vimg khac nhau d Saudi Arabia, trong cac chuyen
di cong tac cua toi, toi ludn di cimg chdng hoac anh trai tdi Hg khdng yeu cau gi ca, hg chi muon dupe di cimg toi Dudi nhan quan phuong Tay, chting toi bi chi phoi bdi nhiing ngudi dan dng, nhung thuc ra hg da quen di khia canh cita tinh yeu Nhiing ngudi khfing quen vdi Sharia thudng cd suy nghi sai lam Neu ban muon su dn djnh va an toan trong cugc song ciia ban, neu ban muon cd mgt ngudi chong cham sde ban, ban se khdng tim thay nd d dau, ngoai trir trong dao Hdi" Vao nam 2008, Rowdha Yousef va nhieu phu nii Saudi khac da dua ra mdt ban kien nghi co hon 5000 chii ky vdi npi dung "ngudi giam
hp cita toi biet nhiing gi la tot nhat cho toi" Ngoai ra, con co kien nghi bao ve hien trang
va yeu eau trimg phat doi vdi cac nha hoat dgng doi hoi "binh dang giiia nam va nCr, su hda nhap giiia nam va nil trong mdi trudng hdn hgp"^
Cac nha boat dgng ty do thi phan doi sy giam hd, hp khdng can biet phy nii Hdi giao dupc cac dang may rau cham soc nhu thi nao Hp phan ddi tinh trang phu nii Hdi giao
Trang 3Vli TW Ttianh
bi dli xii nhu "cip duoi" va "tre em"° Hg
noi, vi nguoi giam hp ma phu nil mat sir
nghiep, hoac co nhQng nguai bi mat con vi
thilu quyln cham soc Nam 2009, mot nguoi
Saudi Arabia da phu quyit yeu ciu kit hon
vol nguai ngoai bp lac ciia con gai minh va
phat con bing each giri din mpt benh vien
tam thin' Cac toa an cong nhan su phuc
tiing cha nhu phap luat, ngay ca khi con gai
da trucmg thanh Nha hoat dgng Saudi
Arabia ,Wajeha Al-Huwaider, cho rang, hiu
hit hanh dpng cua nhung nguoi giam hg la
hanh dpng quan tam dli vai nguai phu nil,
nhung do la kilu quan tam dli voi mpt
ngucri tan tat hoac doi vol dpng vat Day la
mpt kilu quan tam thilu ton trpng*
Ngoai ra, dugc phep lai xe la dieu xa xi
dli voi phu nit Saudi Arabia Phu nir o dat
nuac nay khong dupc phep lai xe, hoac tham
chi di xe dap, va nhirng nguai dan ong
khong dupc phep trd phu nir ma khong phai
la ngucri than ciia anh ta Hien nay, vuong
quoc nay dang doi mat veil mgt van de kho
khan la lam the nao de 367.000 nil sinh den
dupc truang hgc bang xe buyt ma tai xe la
nam gicri Cau hoi dat ra la: "neu tai xe xe
buyt nam khong dupc phep tiep xuc vcii nir
sinh-nhiing ngudi khong dupc phep lai xe
Vay tai xe xe buyt trd cac nir sinh den trudng
la ai?" Giai phap cua Bg trudng Bg giao due
hien nay la tuyen dung cac thu ITnh dao H6i
(Al-Ameen) hoac nhiing ngudi dan ong dang
tin cay de lam cong viec nay De tuan theo
nhirng luat le nay mgt each nghiem khic thi
that la khd Vi du, vao nam 2002, mgt sl
canh sat d Saudi Arabia da danh mit nilm
tin cua 15 cap phu huynh hgc sinh nG bdi
canh sat da ngan chan khong cho cac nu' sinh
nay rdi khoi trudng hgc trong mpt vu hda
hoan, tham chi cdn danh dap hg, khdng cho
rdi trudng vi chua dpi khan chiim diu Kit
qua la 15 nii sinh nay da bi chit trong dam
chay Dieu nay cho thay, giai phap cua Bg Giao due Saudi Arabia ve phuong tien tdi ttudng cua cac nir sinh rat khat khe va cd chilu hucmg trpng nam khinh nii
Mat khac, phu nir Saudi Arabia bi cam lam cong chirc trong cac cdng sd cua nha nudc theo dung tinh than kinh Koran Phu nii khong dugc tham gia cac cong tac xa hpi, cac td chirc doan the va bi xa hgi phan biet Theo quan dilm truyin thdng, ngay tit khi sinh ra, tao hoa da khong cho phu nfl- c6 dugc vi tri ngang bing vdi nam gioi, ngudi phu nu- khdng ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong tit ca cac khia canh cua xa hgi nen nhiem vu cua phu nii la d nha va cham sdc gia dinh Ben canh do, dii la phai yeu song phu nii Saudi Arabia khong nhan dugc su quan tam thich dang cua xa hgi Ngudi phu nii phai chiu canh danh dap cua ngudi chong trong gia dinh nhung lai khdng cd mgt quy dinh nao dugc ban hanh nham bao ve quyen lpi cho hg Tda an d Saudi Arabia khdng san sang tim ra nhung hanh vi bao lire gia dinh cua thil pham Theo thdng ke, mot trung tam
tu van d mgt thanh phd chinh ciia nudc nay trung binh hang thang nhan dupc khoang 50 don khieu nai ve bao hanh trong gia dinh va lam dung tinh due d tre em Ben canh do, vao khoang 4 thang diu nam 2008, Hgi ding bao ve trat tu xa hpi Jeddah ciia qudc gia nay
da thu ly hon 250 vu viec vesir dung bao luc trong gia dinh Con sd nay tren thuc tl cdn cao ban, song khong dupc xac dinh cu thi
do thieu dir lieu thdng ke va hiu hit phu nu Saudi Arabia khong cd khai niem vl viec khai bao bao hanh hay lam dung tinh due
De ly giai cho tinh trang nay, co thi kl tdi cac nguyen nhan nhu tinh trang tao hdn, su phu thupc den mirc le thupc vao ngudi dan dng trong gia dinh d Saudi Arabia va dac biet la do thieu quy dinh phap luat bao ve quyen lpi cho ngucri phu nii
Trang 42 Dja vi cua ngiroi phu nir trong he
thong chinh tri
Saudi Arabia la nha nudc quan chii
chuyen che, khdng co biln phap cung khong
CO qudc hdi Toan bd quyln luc chinh tri
nam trong tay Quic vuong va Hoang gia
Kinh Koran la hien phap cita dat nudc va ddt
nudc dugc dieu hanh bang luat Hdi giao
Sharia
Ty le nir gidi trong Hgi dong Bp trudng d
Saudi Arabia nam 2000 la 0% Ciing c6 mpt
chiit tien bp vdi ti le 1% phu nii trong Hdi
dong Bp trudng vao nam 2009 Tuy nhien,
phu nii trong he thdng chinh tri Saudi Arabia
ciing chi giii nhiing vi tri mang tinh hinh
thiic Tham chi d Saudi Arabia, nhiing quyen
chinh tri co ban nhu bo phieu va img eti cua
phu nii con chua dugc dap ting Ddi vdi so it
phy nii may man co dupc viec lam d cac cp
quan nha nudc hp ciing khong co quyen giii
vi tri lanh dao Saudi Arabia kiSn tri duy tri
che dp nay bdi theo kinh Koran, thanh kinh
ciing la hien phap qude gia, phu nti khong ed
vi tri ngang bang vdi nam gidi Dap lai su
chi trich tir cac qudc gia va to chiic qude t8
ve sy bat binh dang nay, Saudi Arabia cho
rang gan day phy nir d quoc gia nay ciing da
CO vj tri nhat dinh, co vai tro ngay cang quan
trpng trong xa hdi va hp ciing dupc trao mpt
so quyen chinh tri nhu tham gia vao boat
dpng quan ly nha nudc vdi tu each la cac co
van Tuy nhien, theo thong ke, ke tir khi quy
dinh cho phep phu nti trd thanh co van cua
Hpi ding Bg trudng den nay, d Saudi Arabia
khong CO nhieu phy nti dugc tham gia cong
viec nay
Khi dupc hdi y kiln, nhilu ngudi cho
rang day la budc tiln quan trpng khang dinh
vi tri, vai trd ciia ngudi phu nii trong xa hgi,
song eiing co nhieu y kien cho rang, cac nii
cd van chi nhu nhting "vat trang tri" khong
cd thyc quyen Mai tdi gan day, Saudi Arabia mdi co nii Thti trudng dau tien phy traeh ve giao due doi vdi phu ntt Ngoai ra, vao thang 9 nam 2011, Vua Adullah cong bo sac lenh phu nii cd quyen bau cir va img cii d cae cupc bo phieu dja phuang vao nam 2015^ Theo sd lieu thing ke, nam 2013, Saudi Arabia da cd 20% ghe danh cho nii trong Hgi ddng Bp trudng Day cung la diu hieu dau tien the hien y dinh nang cao quyen phu nu- trong ITnh vyc chinh tri cua Quoc vuong nudc nay Tuy nhien, su cai thien nay van con qua It 61 so vdi the gidi
Ben canh dd, cac quyen dan sy ciia phy nil qudc gia nay van cdn ban ehe Bieu hien
ro rang nhat chinh la viec phy nii Saudi Arabia khong co chiing minh thu, khong dupc cap bang lai xe, khong dupc tu do di chuyen giiia cae thanh pho hay ra nudc ngoai Nhu da de eSp d tren, tat ca nhiing viec lam nay hg phai can su cho phep cua ngudi chdng hoac nhirng ngudi co quan he rudt thit gan gtii nhu cha, anh, em trai Da cd nhiing trudng hgp, ngudi giam hg la em trai, chua tdi 20 tuoi va ngudi nay co quyen ngan can chi gai minh-ngudi da cd bang thac sy khong dupc phep di ra nudc ngoai Mgt trudng hpp khac, ngudi ta nhin thay ngudi con trai tudi 14 trd thanh ngudi giam hg cua ngudi me da 40 tuoi d san bay Mgt so phu nu: nudc nay cho rang, che do "ngudi giam hd" khong gay can trd hp hda nhap vdi xa hdi, song phan dong thira nhan rang che dp nay mang tdi khdng it bat tien va gay trd ngai cho hp Nhtmg quy djnh ve ngudi giam
hp, quyen thira ke duac Saudi Arabia ap dung dua tren nen tang eiia kinh Koran -nguon luat da co ban mgt nghin nam tudi, cho nen da cho thay nhiing bat cap d thdi dai hien nay
Trang 5Vij Thj Thanh
Hinh 1: Ti le p h u nii t h a m gia vao chinh tri (2000-2013)
k ^ iriiiiw
0% r^
NguSn: Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights and Limitations:
https://disital.Ub washin^ton.edu/ /Rail(han%20'%20Cap
3 Dia vi cua ngudi p h u n u t r o n g hoat
dong kinh te
Tai Saudi Arabia, y d ngai d l i vdi sy dpc
lap kinh t l va co hoi viec lam cita phu nii
chua dupc giai quyit mot each triet d l , dac
biet la tai quIe gia nay hien nay, ti le phu nii
CO trinh do dai hpc ldn hon nam gidi Nhu'ng
n6 luc cita chinh phii d l h i trp quyln dupc
lam viec cita phu nii la khong ro rang, dieu
nay khiln nhieu ngudi Saudi Arabia bao thit
cho rang phu nii nen d nha
Phy nii Saudi Arabia tiep tuc bi gat ra
ngoai le cita thi trudng lao dgng trong nudc
Saudi Arabia la quoe gia ed lyc lugng lao
dpng nii thap nhat the gidi Phy nii chi chiem
4% tong luc lupng lao dpng eiia ca nudc va
10,7% luc lugng lao dpng ngudi Saudi
Arabia, Hien nay, nhu cau ve lao dpng cita
Saudi Arabia tang cao nen ngudi phy nii
dupe phep ra khoi nha va tham gia vao thi
trudng Iao dpng Tuy da co mat tren thi
trudng lao dpng, nhung do vai tro xa hpi va
quy dinh phap luat nen sy phan biet gidi tinh
yong cong viec cung nhu d nhiing noi Iam
viec van con dien ra tai dat nudc nay Nhiing
cong viec nhu ky su, tham phan, cong t l
vien hoac luat su khong danh cho phu nii
Chinh phli thi hanh iuat phan biet gidi tinh d
tat ca cac noi lam viec ngoai trir d benh vien
N I U d dau cd nam nii lam viec chung thi se
bi bat va dua v l ddn canh sat g i n nhit dl giam giir, mac dii trong Bp Luat Lao dpng khdng cd d i l u khoan nao d l cap den viSc
c i m nam nii lam viec ciing nhau
Quy djnh v l ngudi giam hp dupc Saudi Arabia tuan thii nghiem ngat, ca cac doanh nghiep cdng va t u deu yeu cau phai co su cho phep cita ngudi giam hp thi hp mdi thue phu nir iam viec Hien nay, cting c6 mpt so nha tuyln dung khdng ddi hoi su cho phep cita ngudi giam hp doi vdi nhting phy nii 6
do t u l i lao dpng Tuy nhien, doi vdi nghe giao vien thi phu nii Saudi Arabia van can co
su eho phep ciia ngudi giam hd
Quyen lam viec cua phy nii cung dugc ndi long hon ke tir khi Vua Abudha len nam quyen Chinh phit Saudi Arabia da no luc
md cac ldp dao tao nghe cho phy nii va "loai
bd cae trudng ngai vat" ddi vdi su tham gia lao dpng cita phu nii Cac trd ngai do bao gom viec cam nam nir cimg lam viec, bupc phai CO su cho phep lam viec cita ngudi giam
hp Theo Luat Lao dpng mdi cua Saudi Arabia ban hanh vao nam 2005, phu nii duoc phep lam viec ma khong c i n su cho phep cua ngudi giam hp Dieu 3 cua Luat Lao
Trang 6ddng nude nay cd ghi "dupc lam viec la
quyen ciia tat ca mpi ngudi" va "mpi cong
dan deu cd quyen binh dang dl lam viee"
Tuy nhien, dilu 4 ciia Luat Lao dpng mdi lai
yeu cau "tat ca cdng dan Saudi Arabia phai
tuan thil cae quy dinh Iam viec theo luat
Sharia", dieu nay ngu y ring su phan biet
gidi tinh vin cdn cd hieu lyc Hon nira, dilu
149 ciia Luat Lao ddng co ghi, "phu nir phai
lam nhiing cdng viec phii hgp vdi ban chit
ctia hg va khdng bao gdm cac cdng viec co
hai cho siie khoe ciing nhu nhiing cdng viec
CO nguy CO tai nan cao" Nhu vay, nhiing
dieu Iuat nay da dua ra nhiing thong tin mo
hd, khong ro la ung hd hay phan ddi quyln
lam viec cua phy nir Nhiing ngudi ung hp
phu nii thi de cap den sy binh dang gidi va
quyen dugc lam viec ciia phy nii va hp cung
cho rang khi nhac den quyen lam viec ciia
phy nil ma de cap den ban chat cua phy nir
va nhiing rui ro trong cong viec thi chi la
nguy bien cho viec chong doi phu nii Iam
viec Ngupc lai, nhung ngudi khdng ung hp
lai lpi dyng dieu 4 va dieu 149 cita Bg Luat
Lao dpng de tir choi quyen lam viee eiia phy
nQ trong nhieu ITnh vyc mgt each hpp phap
De giam bdt su ha khae cua phap luat
trong viec han che co hdi viec lam cua phu
nir, chinh phii Saudi Arabia da nd luc cho
phep phu nii lam nhirng cdng viec nhu nhan
vien ban hang Han niia, nhilu phu nir Saudi
Arabia da phan doi vi hg phai mua dd lot d
nhirng ciia hang do nhiing ngudi dan dng
ban Vao thang 7 nam 2006, chinh phii ra
lenh eho tit ca cac ciia hang ban dl ldt phai
thue toan nhan vien nu Vao nam 2007,
chinh sach nay dupe ap dyng cho tit ca eac
ctia hang ban quan ao Chinh phu da md cac
ldp dao tao phy nii ban cac mat hang nay va
ciing dl ra mdt danh sach nhirng dilu kien
lam viec ddi vdi hg Tuy nhien, sy phan ddi chinh sach nay bat dau tii nhiing ngudi bao thu - ngudi khong ung hg phy nir lam viec d nhiing cira hang ban Ie dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao va chi trich tiln sT Ghazi al-Ghosaibi, Bd trudng Bg Lao dgng - ngudi cd y tudng dau tien thuc day chinh sach viec lam cho phy nil Hem niia, mgt sd phu nir Saudi Arabia cam thay bi si nhyc khi phai mua hang d mdt noi ma tren cac ctia so cd dan kin giay va cua chinh bi khda lai chi vi ngudi ban hang trong do la phy nir, do dd, viec nay da bi hoan lai mgt nam Vao nam 2008, phu nir lai dupc trd lai ban hang, nhimg phai each ly vdi cac trung tam mua sim Hdi ding Bp trudng la co quan kiem soat tat ca cac ITnh vyc ciia chinh phu da ban hanh mgt chi thi yeu cau tat ca cac Bg md cua ddi vdi phy nii Nam 2009, Bp Ngoai giao ciing co mdt sd vi tri gianh cho phy nii, Bd Giao dye da bd nhiem mdt nii Thti trudng phu trach giao due ddi vdi phu nti Ngoai ra, Bg Lao dpng dy kien tao ra 200.000 viec lam cho phu nii trong cac ITnh vyc khac nhau ctia nen kinh te va da khdi xudng dao tao nghe nghiep de giiip phy nii trd thanh nhan vien thu ngan va le tan Tuy nhien, dii co nhieu co hgi viec lam hon nhtmg tinh trang phan biet gidi tinh d noi lam viee van cdn dupc ap dyng d vuang qudc nay Tren thyc te, phu nii khdng dupc lam viee chung vdi nam gidi ma phai lam d nhting
CO sd chi cd lao ddng nir Ben canh do, cac to chiic, cac co quan doan the ciing nhu cac co
sd san xuat cung ban che tuyen lao ddng nii
Do dd, ty le nii that nghiep cao han so vdi ty
Ie nam that nghiep Nam 2013, tong lyc lupng lao dpng ciia Saudi Arabia la 10,6 trieu ngudi, trong do ti Ie lao dgng nam chiem 84,6
% Ti le nii thit nghiep la 33,2 %i, gip 5 lin ti
le nam that nghiep
Trang 7Mac du, ti le thit nghiep cua phu nO rat
cao nhung tten thuc tl sd lugiig phu nit cd
trinh dp hpc vin cao vin nhilu han so vdi
nam gidi Ti le phu nii tham gia lao ddng cd
trinh dp tir cip hai din dai hpc chiem 93%,
ttong khi ti le nam giai tham gia lao dpng cd
bing cip hai din dai hpc chi chiem 60% Ty
le phu nu thit nghiep cd bing dai hpc chiem
78,3% ttong khi ti le nam thit nghiep co tir
bing dai hgc den cap hai chiem 76%
Cho tdi thdi dilm hien nay, ti le phu nti
Saudi Arabia tham gia thi ttudng lao dgng cd
bSng dai hgc chilm 90% Nam 2013, phu nu
tit nghiep dai hpc chilm 48,3%i Kit qua giao
due diu ra cua phu nii Saudi Arabia ndi trSn
dugc xem la mgt budc tien Icin ciia he thdng
giao due Saudi Arabia Tuy nhien, dieu dang
noi d day la giao due nii lai khong du dieu
kien dap iing yeu cau cua chinh sach phat
ttien ngudn nhan luc cua Saudi Arabia Thuc
tl cho thiy khdng phai cii tdt nghiep dai hpc
la phu nii 6 qudc gia nay cd the tim dupc viec lam Hien nay phu nG Saudi Arabia ma dii dupc hueing quyen giao due d tat ca cac cap hgc nhtmg lai bi gidi ban ttong nganh hpc Phu nO chi dugc hpc cac nganh hpc nhu giao vien, kinh doanh, dich vu va y te Ro rang, Bp Giao due da khdng trang bi day dii kien thiic cho phu nir de cd the canh ttanh tten thi
trudng lao ddng Day chinh la nguyen nhan \j
giai tai sao ti le nii gidi tdt nghiep dai hpc cua Saudi Arabia cho den hien nay tang cao hem
so vdi nam gidi nhung lai ddng nghia vdi viec thit nghiep cao, trong khi dd ti le nam thil nghiep tinh din nam 2013 lai giam di Ti le nit thit nghiep d Saudi Arabia trong giai doan tir nam 2000 - 2013 tang tit 17,6% len 33,2
% Trong khi dd, ti le nam thit nghiep cia
qudc gia nay lai giam tir 6,5% xudng cdn 6,1% ttong ciing giai doan
Hinh 2: Tile that nghiep cua nam nir Saudi Arabia (2000-2013)
Tl l| that nghilp ciia tiu' gioi
1 J ™ " !•
2000 ^ ^ H I ^ ^ I ^ H 17 6
0 10 20 30 40
Ti le that nghiep cua nam gidi
•f 1
1
0 5 10
Nguon: Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights and Limitations
httDs://diBital lib Washington, edu/ ./Raikhan%20-%20Cap
Ngoai ra, khdng chi bi gidi han ve co hpi
viec lam ma mirc luong tra cho lao dpng nir
cting thap hon rat nhieu so vai nam gidi
Mirc lucmg ttung binh cua mpt lao ddng nii
la 5.938 USD/nam so vcii miic lucmg trung
binh cua lao dgng nam la 35.137 USD/nam
Tdm lai, trudc kia phu nir d Saudi Arabia
nay chu ylu chi lam cac cdng viec ndi trg va
khdng tham gia thi trudng lao ddng dl cd thu nhap rieng Hien nay, cimg vdi xu hudng phat triln chung, phu nu Saudi Arabia cQng
cd viec lam, dac biet trong nhttng nam gin day, Saudi Arabia ciing da cd mpt sl tiln b^ dang ghi nhan vl viec ndi ldng quyln lam viec cho phu nQ Nam 2012, chinh phu da len kl hoach xay dung mot do thj moi danh
Tap cAingAK/icii-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG so 11 (lll)thang 11/2014
Trang 8rieng cho phu nti de hg duge thoa mong
muon lam viec va xay dyng sy nghiep Cung
trong nam 2012, nhilu phy nii Saudi Arabia
da dupc tuyen lam nhan vien ban hang thay
the nhan vien ngudi nudc ngoai d cac quay
hang my phim, nudc hoa Nam 2013, lin
dau tien, vuong qude nay co nii sinh vien
luat (Araw al - Hujaili) dang ky ten trong
danh sach luat su thuc tap va mpt nii sT quan
canh sat diu tien (Ayat Bakhreeba), co nay
ciing la ngudi kiem dupc tam bang thae sT
cua Hpc vien Canh sat Dubai va la mdt nii
canh sat dau tien ed hpc ham cao trong Hpc
vien An ninh Hon niia, luan van thac sT cua
CO vdi ten gpi "Quyen eiia tre em Saudi
Arabia" dupc danh gia la de tai nghien ciiu
tot nhat cua Hpc vien An ninh Day cung la
mgt phan cua sy chuyen ddi de phy nii dit
nudc Hoi giao nay cd co hpi lam viec'" Tuy
nhien, viec cai thien nay van edn qua cham
va it di so vdi nhiing gi ma qude gia nay can
phai Iam
4 Nhan xet
Qua nghien ciiu ve dia vi cua ngudi phu
nir trong xa hdi Saudi Arabia eho thay, Saudi
Arabia la mpt dat nudc Hdi giao bao thii, thi
che nha nudc la quan ehu tuyet ddi, luat
phap qudc gia duac ap dung theo Iuat Hoi
giao Sharia Dac biet, nhihig quy djnh vl
phu nti theo kinh Koran va luat Sharia van
con dupc ap dyng theo diing khuon mau va
dupc tuan thii mdt each nghiem ngat Tat ca
nhiing dilu nay da ve len mpt birc tranh
Saudi Arabia phong kiln bao thu ma ngudi
chju thiet thdi nhieu nhit trong xa hgi bao
thu iy chinh la ngudi phy nir Ngudi phu nii
Saudi Arabia bj ban che rat nhieu quyen lpi,
hp gap rat nhieu rao can trong cudc song
Mgt trong nhiing rao can dd la rao can ve xa
hdi, phap ly, giao dye va viec lam Co thi
ndi ring, vin dl quyen cua phy nii ciing nhu viec lam cua phy nii d qudc gia nay la mpt trong nhirng nguyen nhan dan den cupc ndi day nam 2011 Cugc nii day do bat nguon tir Tuisia, mdt dit nude ma dai da sd ngudi dan phai chiu dung sy lanh dao dgc tai ctia chinh phli Ben Ali Tuong tu, tai Saudi Arabia, sy ket hop giira luat Hdi giao Sharia vdi mot the che chinh tri quan chti tuyet doi khi^n ngudi dan noi day, dac biet la phu nii bj go bo qua chat che trong khudn kho Do dd, hg da bieu tinh phan doi chinh quyen Saudi Arabia su dung bg luat Sharia de dieu hanh va quan ly dat nudc nham duy tri mpt xa hdi ton ti, trat
tu, it te nan xa hot, nhung luat Hoi giao Sharia cting chiia dyng nhieu khia canh tieu cue, dac biet trong van de nii quyen, chinh sach da the va nhtrng hinh phat tan bao, ha khac trong luat Nd khien xa hdi Hoi giao noi chung va Saudi Arabia noi rieng bi phan hoa mpt each ro ret, ha thap than phan eiia ngudi phu nii, ban che nhiing ddng gdp ctia
hg cho xa hpi Ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia khong cd ca hdi phat huy kha nang ciia minh trong phat trien kinh te, giao due, xa hpi va viec lam Tren thuc te, Saudi Arabia phai thue mpt so lupng ldn lao dgng ngudi nudc ngoai nhung lai khong sii dyng lao dgng nu trong nudc Ti le lao dgng nir tit nghiep co trinh dp dai hpc lai roi vao tinh trang that nghiep la rit cao Dieu nay cho thiy Saudi Arabia da vd tinh tao cong an viec Iam cho ngudi nudc ngoai va diy Iuc luong Iao dpng nii ddi dao trong nudc lam vao tinh trang that nghiep
Old thich:
' Zoepf, Katherine (2010), Talk of Women's
Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time
Retrieved 19 September 2010, World Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Retrieved 22 February 2014
Trang 9' Erturk, Yakin (2009), Report of the Special ' Jawhar, Sabria (2009), Saudi Tribal Customs, Rapporteur on violence against women, il causes Nol Islam, Responsible for Male Guardianship and consequences: Mission to Saudi Arabia Abuses The Huffington Post
United Nation « p„r Saudi Women, Everyday is a Battle UJA
' Zoepf, Katherine (2010), Tatt D / I f omen'j Federation of Greater Toronto IJune 2007,
Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time Rettieved 19 September 2010
Retrieved 19 September 2010 » Q^-„ ; ^ „ ^^^ ^jjo p/^ ^ j g^udi Araia-Eio
' Jawhar, Sabria (2009), Saudi Tribal Customs, phu nir: http://www.phunuonline.com.vn/tlie-Nol Islam, Responsible for Male Guardianship gici/tlie lam saudi-arabia/a71S19.html Abuses, The Huffington Post lo ^^.^ Victoria for Saudi Women: First female
' Wager, Rob L (2010), Saudi Female lawyer registered: Middle East Online,
2013-04-Jounarlist Tacldes Muslim Steotypes, Sabria 09
Jawhar/News Tilt
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1 Nguyin Thanh Hiln, Anh hudng cita Islam gido den chinh tri Saudi Arabia, tap chl nghien
cim chau Phi va Trung Dong, sd 09 (73) thang 9/2011
2 Trin Thi Lan Hucmg, Ha Thi Viet Chau, Ludt Hoi gido Shiria vd vai tro cua no trong ddi
song cong cong & cdc quoc gia Trung Dong, Tap chi Nghien ciru chau Phi va Trung Dong, so
1(77) thang 1/2012
3 Vii Thi Thanh, 2012, Nhimg quy dinh ve dia vi cd nhdn ciia nguai phu nil trong cdc xd hqi
Hoi giao Tap chi Nghien ciru chau Phi va Trung Ddng, thang 9/2012
4 World Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Rettieved 22 Febmary 2014,
5 Zoepf, Katherine, 2010, Talk of Women's Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York
Time Retrieved 19 September 2010
6 Worid Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Retrieved 22 February 2014
7 Erturk, Yakin, 2009, Report ofthe Special Rapporteur on violence against women, it causes
and consequences; Mission to Saudi Arabia United Nation
8 Zoepf, Katherine, 2010, Talk of Women's Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York
Time Retrieved 19 September 2010
9 Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights, and Limitations, 2014, Master of Art in Policy
Stadies, University of Washington Bothell
10 D r Mona AlMunajjed, 2009, Women's Employment in Saudi Arabia, A Major Challenge
11 Jessica Van Wagoner, 2010, Women's Suppression in Saudi Arabia Based on Religious
Beliefs
12 Reel Meijer and Paul Aarts, 2012, Saudi Arabia Between Conservatism, Accomodalion
and Reform
13 Cybele Cochran, 2009, Women and the law in Islamic Societies: Legal Responses to
Domestic Violence in Saudi Arabia and Morocco
14 Education for girl In Saudi Arabia - Saudia Arabia Ministry of Education
15 United Nation report: Promotion and Protection of all human rights, civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights including the right to development-Mission to Saudi Arabia