TS, Khoa ljch su, Tni6ng D^i hoc Su pham, Dai h ^ Hue " Nghien cuu sinh Truimg Dai hoc Khoa hoc, Dai hoc Do sy can thidp cp chii y cda Nhat Ban ttong vide gidi quydt van dd thdng nhdt
Trang 1CHiNH SACH CUA HAN QUOC DOI VOTI NHAT BAN TREN UNH VUC
CHiNH TRj, NGOAI GIAO TUT 1998 DEN 2012
HOANG 1HIMIKH
HOA-PHAN nil ANH I H U "
Tdm tit: Hdn Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn la hai qudc gia ldng giing a Chdu A cd su gdn gSi vi
dia ly vd gdn kit vi vdn hda Mdi quan he hai nudc da bi "rgn nut" khd nhieu do qud khu chiim ddng Bdn ddo Triiu Tien cim Nhgt Bdn (1910-1945) Nhung tic cuoi thi ky XX, hai nudc dd chuyin sang xdy dung quan he ddi tdc chien luac Trong thai gian 1998-2012, chinh sdch cua Hdn Qudc tren finh vuc chinh tri, ngogi giao ciing da cd nhiiu budc dieu chinh quan trgng, thi hien qugn diim vd cdch icng xic khde nhau trong moi quan h? vdi Nhgt Bdn Xudt phdt tic ca sd thitc tien do, bdi viit di sdu phdn tich vd dgt ra mgt so ddnh gid hi qua chinh sdch cua Hdn Qudc trong thdi gian ndy
Tir khda: Hdn Qudc, Nhdt Ban, Chinh ttj, Ngogi giao, Chinh sdch
1 Chinh sach ciia Han Qudc doi vdi
Nhat Ban trudc nam 1998
Kd ttt sau Chidn tranh Lanh, Hdn Qudc da
xdc dinh quan he vdi Nhdt Bdn Id nhidm vy
chinh ttj then chdt nhdm duy tri khudn khd
hpp tac song phuong vd dam bdo hda binh,
dn djnh ttong khu vye Ddng Bdc A Trd ngai
ldn nhdt cua mdi quan he ndy vdn la ky ue
thil ban eua Han Qudc vd qua khii cai ttj cua
Nhgt Ban vd nhung he luy xd hdi eua nd
(phy ntt ldm nd Id tinh due, van dd sdch gido
khoa ljch sii:, ttanh chdp nhdm ddo
Dokdo/Takeshima) Do dd, cho ddn trudc
ndm 1998, mdc du da cd nhidu cd gang
nhung chinh sdch eua Hdn Qudc vdi Nhdt
Ban qua cdc ddi Tdng thdng Roh Tae Woo,
Kim Young Sam vdn chua cd tidn, tridn ndo
ddng kd
PGS TS, Khoa ljch su, Tni6ng D^i hoc Su pham, Dai
h ^ Hue
" Nghien cuu sinh Truimg Dai hoc Khoa hoc, Dai hoc
Do sy can thidp cp chii y cda Nhat Ban ttong vide gidi quydt van dd thdng nhdt Ban dao Tridu Tidn trong bdi cdnh bdt ddng ljch Sli giua hai nudc chua dupe gidi quydt ndn chinh sach "Ngogi giao phuong Bde" eua Roh Tae Woo (cudi thdp nien 80 cua thd ky XX) vdn chu ttpng cdi thien quan he lidn Tridu hon Id diy mgnh lidn kdt vdi Nhgt Ban Ngay sau khi len ndm quydn (1993), kd hoach "ham ndng" mdi quan he vdi nude lang gidng dd dupc Tong thdng Kim Young Sam thyc hidn theo djnh hudng tach hpp tde kinh td ra khdi van dd ljch su va xay dyng ddi tdc htm nghj hudng tdi tuong lai ttdn co
sd coi Tokyo Id "tdm true" ttong chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua minh Tuy vdy, khi quan he Trung Qudc - Nhdt Ban bdt diu rgn nirt vdo gitta thdp nidn 90, Kim Young Sam da quay trd lgi vdi xu hudng chdng Nhdt bing vifc tgo sue dp ldn mdi quan he vdi nudc ldng gieng Ndm 1995, Tdng thong Kim Young
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hoc
Sam td chuc hpp bdo chung vdi Chu tich
Giang Trgch Ddn nhan ehuydn thdm Trung
Qudc nham tuydn bd chinh sdch "khang
Nhdt" vdi npi dung: "Mgc dii nita thi ky dd
trdi qua tit khi kit thdc cugc chiin tranh
giUa Nhdt Bdn vdi Trung Qudc vd Hdn Qudc
nhimg cdc chinh tri gia nguai Nhgt vdn cd
tinh nhin nhdn sai lich ve vdn di lich sii
giUa cdc bin Chiing tdi (Hdn Quoc) se siia
thdi xdu ndy ciia Nhgt Bdn"^'\ Thai dp
chdng ddi eua Hdn Qudc khdng chi xuit
phdt tu mdi quan he trong qua khii ma cdn Id
djnh kidn eda Han Qudc khi cho ring hanh
vi cua Nhat Bdn la "hai mat" (vua xin ldi,
vua td vd ljch sir) Thuc td nay khidn cho
mdi quan he ldng gidng cdng ttd ndn "gin
gui md xa Ig" do sy dan xen giua mong
mudn hop tdc - phdt tridn vdi tinh cdm cdm
ghdt - oan hgn cua Hdn Qudc vdi Nhdt Ban
Du hai nudc dd chinh thdc binh thudng hda
quan he ttt ndm 1965 nhung eho ddn khi
Kim Young Sam kdt thuc nhidm ky (1997),
tinh thdn "httu nghj" hay "khep Igi qua khir,
hudng tdi tuong lai" vdi Nhdt Bdn thuc chit
cilng chi la khdu hidu
2 Chinh sach ciia Han Quoc doi vdi
Nhat Ban tir 1998 den 2012
2.1 Thdi ky Kim Dae Jung (1998-2003)
Ddu nam 1998, du ludn Han Qudc gin
nhu chdn dpng bdi thdng diep ljch sir dupc
phat di tu chinh phu mdi: "Ngudi ddn Hdn
Qudc khdng nen chi nghivi nuac Nhdt trudc
chiin tranh md nen nghi vi nudc Nhdt sau
chiin tranh Qudc gia ndy dd thi^cc hien qud trinh ddn chii hem 50 ndm nay"^^^- Djnh
hudng gae lai qua khu, xdy dung tuong lai vdi Nhdt Bdn Id ly do khidn Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung khdng ydu cdu nudc ndy phai xin ldi vi Ijch sir thuc ddn ma chi chu truong ca ngpi nhung nd lye sau ehidn ttanh nham thuc day hda binh, thinh vupng ttong cdng ddng qudc td thdng qua Hidn phap hda binh
vd hd tro phdt ttidn d nudc ngodi cua Nhat Bdn Xudt phdt tit mong mudn khep lai qud khu dau budn cua hai dan tpc vd chdm diit cupc khiing hoang chinh sdch vdi Nhdt Ban ttong sudt 33 nam (1965-1998), Kim Dae Jung da than chiiih sang Nhdt Bdn vd td chirc cudc hpp thupng dinh vdi Thu tudng Keizo
Obuchi nhdm dua ra "Tuyin bd chung vi quan h? ddi tdc mdi Hdn Qudc - Nhdt Bdn trong thi ky XXI" Tuydn bd nay ndu rd:
"Nhdt Bdn bdy td su hdi hgn sdu sdc vd chdn thdnh xin ldi vi dd gdy ra dau khd cho nhdn ddn Hdn Qudc trong sudt thdi ky thuoc dia '*' Tir vide ddnh gid cao nhdn thuc Iich
su cua Thli tudng Obuchi, Kim Dae Jung khdng djnh chu dd ca ban ttong chinh sdch eua Han Qudc ddi vdi Nhgt Bdn Id xdy dyng mdi quan he hai nudc theo dinh hudng hda giai vd hop tdc ldng gidng thdn thidn ttong tuong lai, cung nhau vupt qua rdo can ljch
' Kim Young Sam (1995), Korea's Quest for Reform and
Globalization: Selected Speeches of President Kim Young
Sam, The Presidental Secretariat, The Republic of Korea,
p 86
' The White Book for State Affaire, Seoul (1998), Basic
Topics in the New Policy of South Korea for Japan, p
250
' Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (1998),
"Japgn-Republic of Korea Joinl Declaration A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership towards the Twenty-firsl Century", Database of Japanese Politics and
Intemational Relations, Provisional Translation by the Japanese Govemment
NGHIEN cflu OONG BAC il, sd 1(167) 1-2015 21
Trang 3Nghien citu khoa hoc
su vd xda bd hgn thii gitta hai dan tpc^'
Chinh sdch ngoai giao sang tgo va hudng tdi
tuong lai ciia Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung da
lam thay ddi dang kd mdi quan he Han Qudc
- Nhdt Bdn Trdn ca sd Tuydn bd chung
(1998), hpp tdc trong ITnh vyc chinh ttj,
ngogi giao giua hai nudc ngdy cang dupe
that chat thdng qua vide tridn khai he thdng
lidn lac, trao ddi thdng tin khdn cdp gitta hai
qudn dpi va ddy manh co chd hpp tac ba bdn
My - Nhdt Bdn - Han, Qudc Djnh hudng
tdng cudng quan he vdi Nhdt Ban theo quan
didm thyc te cua Kim Dae Jung bdt ngudn tu
nhu ciu hpp tae chung nhdm giai quydt mpt
each hda binh van dd hat nhan eua
CHDCND Tridu Tidn thdng qua tien trinh
dam phdn sdu bdn Kdt qua hpp tdc ttdn mdt
trdn chinh trj, ngogi giao gitta Han Qudc vd
Nhgt Bdn Id "ddu mdi" quan trpng dd duy tri
ddi thogi da phuong vdi My, Nga, Trung
Qudc va CHDCND Tridu Tidn theo nguydn
tdc gidi trit hat nhdn; ddng thdi ldm mdm hda
thai dp cua My trong each gidi quydt vin dd
eua Binh Nhudng Trdn thuc te, hai nudc da
thdnh edng khi "ldi keo" My cung tham gia
Hdi nghj thupng dinh APEC tai Los Cabos
-Mehico (26-10-2002), kdt qua Id dua ra
Tuydn bd chung vd vide hdi thuc Binh
Nhudng dinh chi cdc chuong ttinh hat nhdn
va khdng djnh lap trudng duy tri gidi phdp
hda binh'" Nhd chinh sacli ngoai giao tich
The White Book for State Affaire, Seoul (1998), Basic
Topics in the New Policy of South Korea for Japan p
253
' Report for Congress (2002), "Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) Free Trade and the 2002 Summit in
Mexico", Congressional Research Service, The Library of
cue, Kim Dae Jung da nhdn dupc sy ung hp eua Thu tudng Koizumi ttong vide thyc hidn chinh sach "Anh Duong" vdi CHDCND Tridu Tidn til diu ndm 1998 Ddy la co sd quan ttpng dd Han Qudc diy manh tidn trinh hda gidi dan tpc vd can bang ttang thai
"chdng ehdnh" cua minh trong mdi quan hp
"tay ba" gitta CHDCND Tridu Tien, Trung Qudc va Nga Xudt phat tu y tudng vd vipc xdy dyng quan he vdi Nhdt Ban trudc ddy nhu mdt "try dd" trong quan he qudc td, thang 9-2002, Kim Dae Jung sang thdm Nhat Ban lan thu hai, neu rd chidn luoc
"ngogi giao hdi hda bdn bdn" vdi trpng tdm
Id duy tri quan he ddng minh vdi My, eai thipn quan he vdi Nga, Trung Qudc vd cung
cd quan he vdi Nhat Ban Tu ddy, lidn minh Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn trd thdnh mit xich quan trpng giup Han Qudc duy tti ca chd didu tidt quan he d khu vuc, cu thd Id ciing
cd tam gidc chidn lupc "My Nhdt Ban -Han Qudc" vdi muc dieh tdng cudng an ninh qudc gia vd khdng chd su trudng thanh qudn
sy cua Nhdt Ban
2.2 Thdi ky Roh Moo Hyun (2003-2008)
Ld thd he Idnh dgo ddu tidn d Hdn Qudc dupc sinh ra tu sau thdi ky Nhdt Ban chidm ddng Ban ddo Trieu Tien, Roh Moo Hyun mong mudn xda nhda ky lie dau thuong gitta hai nudc va ddn sue cho mdt myc tidu ldn ban Id xdy dimg "ky nguydn Ddng Bdc A ttong thd ky XXI" vdi vai ttd ndng cdt cda
Hdn Qudc vd Nhat Ban Ong tuydn bd "se tdt han cho Hdn Qudc khi chim diit ddi dau
Congress, Order Code RL3I038, hltp://www.cnie org/NLE/CRSreports/03Jun/RL31038,pdf
22
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hgc
lich sic vd khong khieu khich Nhdt Bdn bdng
cdch chi trich hay lin dn qud khic"^''\
Thdng 6-2003, Roh Moo Hyun tham gia
Hdi nghj thupng dinh tai Tokyo vd chu dpng
thuydt phye Thu tudng Nhat Bdn Koizumi
chdm diit cdc cupc thdm vidng tgi ddn
Yasukuni Ddy la hanh ddng thidn chi diu
tidn cua Tdng thdng Han Qude chung td nd
luc gdn kdt quan he hai nudc trdn ea sd tim
kidrii gidi phap cho nhttng bat ddng song
phuong vd van dd lich sd Thai dp than thidn
treng each tidp can vdi Nhgt Ban dd giup
Han Qudc phdt tridn mdi quan he song
phuong tdt dep trong ndm 2004 vd hua hen
dat nhidu budc tidn quan trpng nhdn ky nidm
40 ndm thidt lap quan he ngogi giao gitta hai
nudc Tuy nhidn, chinh sdch "Hda binh vd
thjnh vupng" cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo
Hyun'ddi vdi CHDCND Tridu Tidn dupe
thyc hidn cung thdi didm dd gidn tidp lam
ran mit mdi quan hd gitta Hdn Qudc vdi My
va Nhdt Ban Tinh hinh tidp tuc xiu di khi
Thd trudng Ngoai giao Nhdt Ban Shotaro
Yachi tuydn bd vdi cde nghj si Han Qudc:
"Nhgt Bdn khong mudn chia se cho Hdn
Qudc ngudn tin tinh bdo cim My ve Bdc
Trieu Tiin bdi My khong tin Hdn Qudc bdng
Nhdt Bdn ""' Cde phat ngdn ttdn dd lam cho
chinh sdch hdm ndng quan he eua ngudi tien
nhidm Kim Dae Jung vd ea ban bj phd sdn
Tit sau khi qudn Shimane (midn Tdy Nhdt
Bdn) thdng qua sac lenh coi ngdy 22-02 la
ngdy "Takeshima" nhdm khdng djnh chii
quydn vdi nhdm ddo ndy, Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun da chinh thuc thay ddi chinh sdch vdi Nhdt Ban theo dudng ldi ddi ngogi ciing ran vd khdng khoan nhuang Budc didu chinh ndy dupc cdng bd cimg vdi sy ra ddi cda "chii nghia Roh Moo Hyun", theo do:
"tii cho khdng de cap din vdn di lich sic, Hdn Qudc se truy tim tgn gdc re nhiing vdn
de xdy ra trong thdi ky thuc ddn vd su dung cdc bien phdp rdn de thay ddi thdi do cd chdp cua chinh quyin Nhdt Bdn "' '
Cd thd thdy, sy thay ddi chinh sdch ddi vdi Nhdt Ban ttong thdi ky cim quydn cua Roh Moo Hyun gdn lidn vdi budc ehuydn tu tudng eda nha Idnh dgo Han Qude, tu chd kd thua chu nghia thyc dung (thdn Nhdt) cua cyu Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung ddn chd bdo
vd chu nghia dan tdc (chdng Nhgt) cua du ludn ttong nudc vd bdi xich ehu nghia ddn tuy d Nhdt Ban Sy ra ddi ciia "chd nghia Roh Moo Hyun" dy bdo mdt gde nhin hoan toan mdi cua Han Qudc vd vdn dd ljch sii ddi vdi Nhat Ban bang vide van dung cdc gidi phdp "chidn ttanh ngogi giao" Vdi tuyen bd:
"Chinh phu se phdn icng ciing rdn trudc hdnh dgng tranh chdp nhom ddo Dokdo vd
dm muu biin bgch cho cugc xdm luge thudc dig trong qud khii"^^\ Hpi ddng An ninh
Qudc gia Han Qudc (NSC) da thdng qua
"hpc thuydt mdi vd quan he Nhdt Bdn - Han Qude" (17-3-2005) bao gdm nhttng quan didm CO bdn vd phuong hudng ddi phd vdi hdnh vi bdi nhp lich sir vd "chidm dogt Ban
* Roh Moo Hyun (2007), Speech Collection Part II and
Part III, Govemment Information Agency, Seoul, p 86
' Thing tin xa Vilt Nam (17-06-2005), Tin tham khio the
g\6\, "Rdn nut sdu sdc Irong quan hf Hdn Qudc - Nhdt
Bdn"
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2006), Diplomatic
Bluebook, Chapter 2: Japan's Regional Diplomacy, p 28
' Thang tin xa Viet Nam (2005), Tin Tham khao thj gi*i,
"Tranh chdp Idnh thd Idm tdn thuang nghiem trong cptan
he Nhdt Bdn - Hdn Qudc ", s6 ng4y 19-3-2005
NGHIEN Cflu OdNG BflC fl s61(167) 1-2015 23
Trang 5Nghien citu khoa hgc
ddo Trieu Tidn lin thu hai" eua Nhdt
Bdn'""-Ddy la lin diu tidn Chinh phu Hdn Qudc dua
ra "kim ehi nam" ttong ehinh sach vdi nudc
lang gidng nhdm khing djnh lap trucmg ciing
rdn ttong cd ba vin de ljch su lidn quan Thii
nhdt, vd tranh chdp nhdm dao
Dokdo/Takeshima, Han Qudc ddp ttd vide
ludt hda "ngay Takeshima" bdng tuydn bd
edng nhan ngdy 19-06 Id "ngdy Daemodo"
dd ky nidm su kidn Han Qudc phdi quan dpi
ddn dao nay vdo ndm 1419 Ngdy 09-6-2005,
chinh quydn tinh Bic Kyongsang (Hdn
Qude) thdng qua sdc lenh coi thang 10 hdng
ndm la "thang Dokdo" va phdn ddi "ngdy
Takeshima" ciia Nhdt Ban bdng edeh taydt
giao quan he vdi chinh quydn vd Hdi ddng
ddn bidu tinh Shimane (gin khu vyc ttanh
chdp gitta hai nudc) Thic hai, vd vdn dd sach
gide khoa ljch sd, Hdn Qudc kjch lidt phdn
ddi sy thanh minh cho qud khii thdi chien
eua Nhdt Bdn khi cho rdng qud ttinh hpp
nhdt gitta hai nudc trudc ddy hoan toan xuat
phat tu nhu cdu ciia Hdn Qudc vd nhd vao
nhitng di sdn thude dja md Hdn Qude tidn bp
va phdt ttidn nhu ngdy nay Tdng thdng Roh
Moo Hyun dd chii ddng khoi mdo "cudc
chidn ngogi giao" nhdm ldn dn tinh chdt phi
nghia ciia cupc chidn ttanh xdm lupc Tridu
Tidn ttt ndm 1910*"' Thii ba, vd vdn dd nd
Id tinh due d Han Qudc va nhidu qudc gia
khde tgi Chdu A, NSC edng bd cdc nguydn
tic mdi ttong chinh sach eua Han Qudc ddi
vdi Nhat Bdn (17-09-2005) nhim ydu eiu
Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn xin ldi va bdi thudng cho cac ntt nan nhdn Han Qudc ciing nhu cdc nudc Chdu A khae ttong Chidn tranh The gidi thil hai Cdc sy kidn ttdn cho thdy quydt tam chinh trj cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun ttong vide thanh todn bit ddng qua kbit gitta hai nudc bdt chip nguy co ran nut cua mdi quan he nay Vdi chu truang ttdn, Roh Moo Hyun da ttd thdnh nguydn thd qudc gia dau tidn cua Hdn Qudc ydu cdu Nhdt Bdn phai bdi thudng thidt hgi kd tir sau chidn tranh
2.3 Th&i ky Lee Myung Bak (2008-2012)
Sau khi nha lanh dgo mdi Lee Myung Bak ldn cim quydn, chinh sdch ludng eye: vira tdn trpng tinh thin quan he ddng minh chidn lupc My,- Nhdt, vtta duy tri quan didm gdy bit ddng ljch su vdi Nhdt Ban cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun da chim dirt hoan todn Ngdy 25-02-2008, ttong didn vdn nhdm
chue, Tdng thdng Lee da khang djnh: "si thijcc hi^n chinh sdch ngogi giao thuc dung, tdng cuang quan hi ddng minh vai My, phdt triin quan hi vdi Nhdt Bdn, Trung Quoc, Nga vd gia vOng lap truang cimg rdn han trong vdn di cua Bdc Triiu Tiin' Nhu
vdy, trong chidn lupc hudng vd Chdu A, chinh phu mdi da khdng ne tranh vipc phat trien chinh sach "ngogi giao thyc dung" nhdm dam bao lpi ich qudc gia Dd chinh sdch phi hgt nhdn hda Ban ddo Tridu Tidn thdnh cdng, Lee Myung Bak cam kdt that chat quan he vdi Nhdt Bdn
' Ministry of Foreign Affaire of Japan (2006), Diplomatic
Bluebook, Chapter 2: Japan's Regional Diplomacy, p 29
" Emanuel Pastreich (2005), "The Balancer Roh
Moo-hyim's Vision of Korean Politics and the Future of
Northeast Asia", Japan Focus
" The Hanhyoreh (25-02-2008), Lee's inaugural speech, hnp://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/27 1850.html
24
Trang 6Nghien cOu khoa hoc
Trong nhttng ngay ddu sau khi die cir,
Lee Myung Bak mong mudn tao dyng "mdi
quan he hudng tdi tuong lai" vdi Nhgt Ban
ttdn CO sd chia sd cdc gid trj chung ciia ndn
ddn chu Ong la tdng thdng Hdn Qudc thil ba
lidn tidp ed y mudn xoa dju qud khir bang
each xay dyng tuong lai vdi Nhdt Ban thdng
qua hpp tde chinh tri song phuong Vdi each
thuc uydn ehuydn vd kheo leo, Chinh phu
Lee Myung Bak dd hda gidi bat ddng qud
khii gitta hai nudc bang tuyen bd: "Hdn
Quoc vd Nhdt Bdn cdn co gdng nudi
dudng mdi quan hi hudng tdi tuang lai vdi
mgt thdi do lich cue Su that lich sic Id khdng
thi chdi bd, nhung chung ta khdng nen cdn
trd mdi quan he tot d?p ndy vi nhitng tranh
chdp trong qud khii"^ ' Khi tinh todn thidt
hem ttong quan he vdi Nhdt Ban, Lee Myung
Bak nhdn thdy ed qua nhidu lpi ich ma Hdn
Qudc sd nhdn duoc ndu chu ddng "gdc lai"
qua khir, cd thd bao gdm ca khd ndng tao ra
cdp quan he chidn lupc Hdn Qude - Nhgt
Ban ttong vide giai trtt vu khi hat nhdn, tgo
thd qudn binh tai khu vuc va gidi quydt cdc
van dd toan edu ttong thd ky XXI nhu mdi
trudng, bidn doi khi hdu, ndng lupng sgch va
vidn ttp cho cdc nudc dang phdt ttidn
Vdi quan didm coi hop tac vdi Nhat Bdn
Id "gidi phdp kep" giup Han Qudc vua ty vd,
vua phat tridn ttong khu vyc, Lee Myung
Bak xdc djnh chinh sach ndy ddi vdi Nhdt
Ban nhu mdt budc di dung dan dupc kd thda
tit nhirng ngudi tidn nhidm tidn bp trudc day
Thang 4-2008, Lee da chu ddng tham Thu
'^ Yonhap (11-02-2008), "iee Kowj lo Renew Relations
with Japan: Aide", at http;//english.yonhapnews.co
15.HTML (March 24, 2008)
tudng Nhdt Ban Yasuo Fukuda vdi cam kdt tdi khdi dpng kd hogeh "ngogi giao con thoi" dya vdo su hidu bidt, tin cdy ldn nhau nhdm cung cdp kdnh ddi thogi thudng xuydn cho cdc nhd hogch djnh chinh sdch cua hai nuoc Cdc cudc ddm phdn gitta Tdng thdng Hdn Qudc Lee Myung Bak vd Thu tudng Nhdt Ban Yasuo Fukuda tai Tokyo thang
4-2008 dd ddnh ddu budc khdi ddu quan ttpng ttong tidn trinh cdi thidn quan hp hai nude Vdi vide thye hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao thyc dyng, Hdn Qudc chu ydu tap trung thao ludn vd mdi quan he "hudng tdi tuong lai" ttdn CO sd ddng minh an ninh, hop tdc kinh
td vd ttao ddi van hda - xa hpi thdng qua cdc cudc hpp thudng xuydn gitta nhttng ngudi dung dau hai chinh phu
Khdng chi ddi thoai tryc tidp vdi Nhdt Bdn, Lee Myung Bak cdn chu ddng thidt lap nhidu kdnh ttao ddi khu vyc nhdm gidn tidp cdi thidn quan hp song phuang thdng qua dam phdn ngoai giao da phuong Tdng thdng Lee Myung Bak djnh hudng Han Qude vd Nhdt Bdn can ddng vai ttd ndng edt ttong vide tao dung mdi quan he chidn lupc vdi My; ddng thdi cung Trung Qudc md ra "thdi dgi tam cudng" d Ddng Bdc A Theo dd, thang 10-2008, ba nha lanh dao My - Nhgt Bdn - Han Qudc da gap gd vd thdo ludn edc gidi phap nham thuc diy hpp tdc ttong nhttng vin dd khu vyc vd todn cdu, ttpng tam nhat Id chuong ttinh phdt tridn hgt nhdn cua CHDCND Tridu Tien va vide noi lai hdi nghj thupng dinh khdng chinh thii:c da timg
bj dinh chi trudc ddy Cac cupc tidp xuc tai Hpi nghj Thupng dinh Ddng A (EAS), Didn ddn Hpp tde A - Au (ASEM) va cudc gap ba
Trang 7Nghien citu khoa hgc
bdn gitta Han Qudc - Nhdt Ban - Trung
Qudc didn ra lin ddu tidn tgi Fukuoka
(12-2008) ciing dgt dupc thdnh tyu thidt lap quan
he hpp tac da phuong vd ca chd Hdi nghj
thuang dinh thudng nidn gitta cac nudc
trong khu vyc
Thdng 9-2009, Han Qudc va Nhdt Ban
dimg trudc co hdi ndng cdp quan he song
phuong nhd ehinh sdch ngoai giao cdi md
ciia Lee Myung Bak va chinh sach tich cyc
ciia tdn Thu tudng Yukio Hatoyama - ngudi
chu truang xac djnh lgi mdi quan he vdi Han
Qudc theo hudng "gan giii va than thudc"
Trong tuydn bd ngay 10-8-2009, dng khdng
djnh "muon ddi mat vdi lich su bdng thdi do
chdn thdnh vd mudn hgc cdch chdp nhgn
qud kha vi tdt cdphdn dnh trung thuc nhitng
sai idm cita chinh chiing ta (ngudi
NhiSt)"^'*\ Thu tudng Yukio Hatoyama
mong mudn xda bd nhiing bat ddng lich su
vdi Han Qudc vd cung Lee Myung Bak xdy
dung mdi quan he "hudng tdi tuong lai" Dd
thuc hidn didu nay, dng cam kdt khdng ddn
thdm ddn Yasukuni (dupc thuc hidn cho ddn
nay) dd trdnh gdy ttanh cai giua hai nude vd
ed kd hogch ddn Seoul ttong thang 10-2009
nhim thao ludn cdc vdn de song phuang, bay
td thidn chi vd ehuydn vidng thdm Hdn Qudc
cua Nhdt Hodng Akihito Nhd trung thanh
vdi giai phdp nhdn nhuang va hpp tdc, Han
Qudc va Nhgt Ban dd ty tin budc qua thap
nidn diu tidn cua thd ky XXI vdi nhOng tidn
bp ddng kd ttong nd luc cdi thidn, nang cap
vd phdt ttidn quan he song phuong gitta hai
nudc
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan (2009), Diplomatic
Bluebook, Chapter 2: Regional Diplomatic, p 14
3 Mot so nhan xet, danh gia
Trong sudt thcri ky cam quydn ciia Kim Dae Jimg, quan he Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn dd
cd dupe nhiing budc tidn ddi nhd vide thye hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao linh hogt, tich cyc, gin gui tren ca sd phii hap lpi ich ddn tdc va chidn lupc phat ttidn cila qudc gia Mac du vdy, nhttng van dd ljch su cdn tdn dpng vin la mdi de dpa thudng tryc, tdc ddng tidu cyc ddn nd lye "binh thudng hda" quan he eua ca hai bdn Trong hai nam diu cua thd ky XXI, chinh quydn Kim Dae Jung cQng phdi ddi mat vdi khdng it sdng gid do
su biing phdt lan sdng chdng Nhgt sau khi Thli tudng Junichiro Koizumi lidn tuc ddn thdm ddn Yasukuni (nai thd nhttng binh si Nhat Ban thidt mang ttong Chidn ttanh The gidi thu hai, trong dd ed 14 tpi phgm chidn ttanh) vdo nam 2001 vd 2002 Cimg thdi didm, nhung nghi si Qudc hdi thudc dang cam quydn vd ddng ddi lap d Han Qudc da ddng logt cdng bd danh sach 798 nhan vat
"thdn Nhat", ttong dd cd ca cyu Thu tudng Lee Wan Yong - ngudi tung hdu thudn cho qudn dpi Nhdt Ban chidm ddng Ban dao Tridu Tidn tu ndm 1910 Sy kidn ndy khdng chi gay xao trdn mdi quan he song phuong
ma cdn anh hudng tidu cue ddn thanh qua ngoai giao ma Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung da day cdng vun dap tir cudi thd ky XX Djnh hudng cimg nhau vupt qua qua khii va xdy dimg tuong lai Id sy chpn lya tat ydu, la con dudng khdng thd khdng budc qua cua ngoai giao hai nudc Vi le dd, mdi quan he nay khdng chi can duy tri, phat tridn md phdi dupc bdo vd trude nhung sdng gid cua vin
dd ljch sit tu thdi thupc dja Nhdn thiie nay
26
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hgc
giup Kim Dae Jung trung thanh vdi chinh
sdch ngoai giao than thidn, tich cue va cd
tinh dn djnh hon so vdi ngudi tidn nhidm
Kim Young Sam vd Tdng thdng kd nhidm
Roh Moo Hyun
Trong giai doan cam quydn cua Roh Moo
Hyun, Han Qudc vd Nhdt Ban da cd mdi
quan he kha dm dep khi dng ttd thdnh Tdng
thdng vdo nam 2003 Thd nhung, ttong niia
nhidm ky cdn lgi, Roh Moo Hyun lai chuyen
hudng chinh sach, thd hidn rd lap trudng
cirng ran vd kdu gpi mpt cudc chidn ngogi
giao vdi Nhdt Ban do van dd lanh thd, sach
giao khoa lich sii, bdi thudng cho phu ntt bj
lam dung trong chidn tranh va sy kidn vidng
thdm ddn Yasukuni cua Thu tudng Koizumi
Chinh vi bdt ddng qua khil cung vdi sy phdn
ky trong chinh sdch khu vyc giira Han Qudc
va Nhdt Bdn ndn quan he hai nudc lidn tuc
cang thing cho ddn khi Roh Moo Hyun
chinh thuc man nhidm (2008)
Ddi vdi Lee Myung Bak, cho den khi kdt
thuc nhiem ky Tdng thdng (2012), nhttng nd
luc cua dng da mang lgi thanh cdng nhdt
djnh trong kdt qud cai thidn quan he Hdn
Qudc - Nhdt Ban Vdi vide chii dong thyc
hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao, thuc dung ttdn
llnh vye chinh trj, ngogi giao chinh quyen
Lee Myung Bak da dung cam vupt qua rdo
cdn ljch su dd duy tti quan he "ddng minh"
vdi nudc Idng gidng Tir nhung bit ddng vd
cdc vdn dd ljch sd, hai bdn dd chu dpng gat
bd thu ban qud khu, cung phdi hpp ttdn mdt
mat trdn chung nhdm chdng lai chuong trinh
lam gidu uranium va hdnh vi khidu khich
qudn su cua CHDCND Tridu Tidn Du Han
Qudc vin cdn canh gidc vd y do chidn lupc
cua Nhat Ban ttong khu vyc va vdn dd bdt ddng ljch su day do dd xuit hidn ttd lai vdo nam 2010 (ky nidm 100 ndm Nhdt Bdn xdm lupe Han Qude) nhung quan he hai bdn vdn kha dm dpp khi chinh sdch thyc dung cua
Lee Myung Bak da thuydt phuc Tdm lgi,
Thu tudng Naoto Kan nhde lgi ldi xin ldi Han Qudc mdt vai ngay trudc Id ky nidm Vd
CO bdn, tuyen bd ndi ttdn cua chinh quydn Nato Kan khdng khde gi ldi xin ldi tu nam
1995 cua Thu tudng Nhdt Bdn Tomiichi Murayama ddi vdi cdc qudc gia Chdu A (trong dd cd Han Qudc), nhung didm khde biet d ddy Id sy kjp thdi vd dung luc cua ldi xin ldi da lam gia tdng gip ddi hidu qud Nhdt Ban Trong thdi ky cdm quydn cua Kim Dae Jung, Roh Moo Hyun vd Lee Myung Bak, chinh sach cua Han Qudc ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn
dd gdp phan djnh hinh tinh chat "hai mat": vtta hpp tdc - vtta diu tranh trong quan hp ddi ngoai song phuang Sudt mdt thdi gian dai, van dd ndi epm vd ttanh ehdp lanh thd
va bdp meo Ijch sur gitta hai nudc cho thdy chu nghia ddn tdc vd sy bit ddng nhgn thuc vdn la trd ngai khdng nhd ddi vdi vide duy tri hda binh, dn djnh d khu vye COng vi ly
do ndy, ehinh sach eua Hdn Qudc ddi vdi Nhdt Ban trdn llnh vyc chinh ttj, ngoai giao cdng phdi kidn djnh lap trudng cimg chia sd, cdm thdng va tin tudng dd cung nhau gidi quydt nhttng vin dd gai gdc ttong quan hd hai nudc Vide thd hidn mOt thdi dp gdn giii, vdi each tidp can mdm mdng nhung linh hogt, uydn ehuydn van Id sy lya chpn thidt thuc cua ngoai giao Hdn Qudc nhdm bao dam lpi ieh qudc gia tgi "vung triing an ninh" Ddng Bdc A Ngay ca khi bi danh gid
27
Trang 9Nghien citu khoa hoc
la mpt "chdn ydu" ttong tam giac quan he
My - Nhdt Ban - Hdn Qudc do thidu vdng
mOt ndn tdng hpp tdc mang tinh chidn lupc,
chinh sdch ddi ngoai eua cdc thd he Idnh dao
d Hdn Qudc vdn phdi hudng ddn myc tidu
xdy dung qudc gia nay ttd thdnh ddi tac "gdn
gfli va than thude" cua Nhdt Ban bdng cdch
vupt qua cac ttanh chap vd vdn dd Ijch sd va
tdn dung lpi thd cua nhau trong vipc hinh
thdnh ttdt ty quydn luc d khu vyc Ddng A
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Thong tin xd Viet Nam (19-3-2005), Tin
tham khao the gidi, "Tranh chap lanh thd lam
tdn thucmg nghiem trpng quan h? Nhgt Ban
-Hdn Quoc"
2 Thong tin xd Viet Nam (17-06-2005),
Tin tham khao the gidi, "Ran niit sdu sdc ttong
quan he Han Quoc - Nhat Ban"
3 Emanuel Pastteich (2005), "The
Balancer: Roh Moo-hyun's Vision of Korean
Politics and the Future of Northeast Asia", Japan
Focus
4 Kim Young Sam (1995), Area's gwejt
for Reform and Globalizaiion: Selected
Speeches of President Kim Young Sam, The
Presidental Secretariat, The Republic of Korea,
p 86
5 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
(MOFA) (1998), "Japan-Republic of Korea Joint
Declaration A New Japan-Republic of Korea
Partnership towards the Twenty-first Century",
Database of Japanese Politics and Intemational
Relations, Provisional Translation by the
Japanese Govemment
6 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
(2006), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2:
Japan's Regional Diplomacy, pp 28-29
7 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan
(2009), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2:
Regional Diplomatic, p 14
8 Report for Congress (2002), "Asia Pacific Economic Cooperaiion (APEC), Free Trade and the 2002 Summit in Mexico",
Congressional Research Service, The Library of
Congress, Order Code RL31038, http://www cnie.org/NLE/CRSreparts/03Jun/RL31038.pdf
9 Roh Moo Hyun, (2007), Speech Collection Part 11 and Part III, Govemment
Information Agency, Seoul, p 86
10.' The White Book for State Affairs, Seoul
(1998), "Basic Topics in the New Policy of South Korea for Japan ", p 250; 253
//, The Hanhyoreh (25-02-2008), Lee's
Inaugural Speech, http://english.hani.co.kr/arti english_edition/e_national/271850.html
12 Yonhap (11-02-2008), "Lee Vows lo Renew Relations with Japan: Aide", at liitp://english.yonhapnews co kr/news/2008/02/1 1/0200000000 AEN20080211004300315.HTML (March 24, 2008)
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