Nhiing ngudi ting hO Canada vd mpt khai nidm an ninh con ngudi hep hon cho rdng each hidu rpng vd an ninh con ngudi, bao gdm nhflng vin dd vd an ninh kinh td, mdi trudng, chinh tri, dgo
Trang 1CHiNH T R I - A N NINH
AN NINH CON NGlTOI
MOT KHAI NIEM AN NINH MOfI b DONG A
NGUYiN IHI IHUVnUNG'
Tdm tat: Dd han 20 ndm trdi qua ki tU khi Chuang trinh Phdt triin cua Liin Hgp Qudc (UNDP) dua ra khdi niim "an ninh con ngudi" ldn ddu tiin trong Bdo cdo phdt triin con ngudi ndm 1994 O Ddng A, phdi din khi xdy ra cugc khiing hodng tdi chinh ndm
1997-1998, khdi niim an ninh mai ndy mdi nhgn dugc su quan tdm vd thica nhdn ciia cdc nudc trong khu vuc Mac dii vdy, an ninh con nguai vdn Id mgt khdi niim gdy tranh cdi vd cdc nuac trang khu vuc tiep nhgn khdi niim ndy vdi thdi do de dgt Vgy an ninh con nguai a Ddng A dugc hieu theo nhiing cdch ndo, nhiing tranh cdi xung quanh khdi niim ndy Id gi vd viic phdt triin an ninh con ngudi a khu vuc ndy gap phdi nhiing khd khdn gl? Bdi viet se phdn tich an ninh con ngudi tic gdc dg ly thuyit vd thuc tien a Ddng A de trd ldi nhitng cdu hdi tren
Tir khda: An ninh con ngudi, Ddng A, Hpp tdc khu vuc
y X i e n nay, trdn thd gidi cd khodng 805
- * - * ttidu ngudi (khoang 1/9 ddn sd toan
ciu) khdng cd du luong thuc dd sdng khde
mgnh Chau A Id chau luc cd nhidu ngudi
ddi nhit, chidm 2/3 tdng sd ngudi bj ddi ttdn
thd gidi' Tir nam 2005 ddn nay, cdc nude
gidu nhit trdn thd gidi chi cho quan s\r gip
khodng hon 8 lin chi cho vipn ttp phdt
ttidn^ Trung binh mdi ngdy cd hon 4600
" ThS, Khoa Kinh tg hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hgc x3 hpi vi
nhSn van, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Hd NOi
' Trang web ciia Chuong trinh Luang thirc The gidi
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats Itruy cap ngiy
05/11/2014]
' Thep th6ng ke cua OECD, nSm 2011, 21 qu6c gia giiu
nh^t the gi6i chi 830 ty dp la cho quan sir, s6 tign chi cho
viJn trp phSt ttiin la 105 ty dp la <https://www
glpba!pplicy.org/images/pdfs/milvsaid.pdt> [truy c^p
ngiy 04/11/2014)
ngudi ttdn thd gidi chdt vi HIV/AIDS nhtmg tong sd tidn chi cho vide ngan ngtra vd didu tti cdn bdnh nay trong mdt ndm chi bang sd tidn chi cho qudn su ttong 4 ngay ctia todn thd gidi^ Dd hon 20 nam ttdi qua kd tir khi Chuong trinh Phat ttidn ciia Lidn hpp qudc (UNDP) dua ra khdi nidm "an ninh con ngudi" lan dau tidn ttong Bdo cdo phdt ttidn con ngudi nam 1994 Kd tir dd, an ninh con ngudi vdi tu each mpt khai nipm mdi vd an ninh da thu hut sir quan tam, chii y cua cdc
^ T6ng chi quSn sir cda toin the gi6i nim 2011 li trgn 2.000 ty Do la <http://www.glpbalsecurity.org/military/ world/spending.htm>, frong khi dp chi chp HIV/AIDS trpng ciing nam li 19,1 ty Dp ia <http://www.avert org/worldwide-hiv-aids-statistics.htm> [truy cip ngiy 05/11/2014]
Trang 2Nghien cim khoa hgc "
hpc gid, cac nhd nghien ciru va hogch dinh
chinh sdch eug nhieu qudc gia ttdn thd gidi
Tuy nhidn, nhitng con sd ttdn cho thdy
nhiing vdn dd mat an ninh ddi vdi cudc sdng
con ngudi mac dil la nhirng van de gay ra
nhidu quan ngai nhung van dijmg sau su
quan tdm danh cho an ninh va Ipi ich qudc
gia ctia cdc nudc ttdn thd gidi
1 An ninh con ngu'di la gi?
Theo Bdo cao phdt tridn con ngudi ndm
1994 ciia UNDP, an ninh con ngudi la mdt
khdi nidm rpng ldn hon khdi nidm truydn
thdng vd an ninh vdn chi quan tam ddn ehu
quydn, lanh thd va lpi ich qudc gia Khdi
nidm nay cd bdn dgc didm co bdn:
- An ninh con ngudi la mdi quan tdm
chung cua todn nhdn loai, cua con ngudi
khdp noi ttdn thd gidi, du d nudc gidu hay
nudc ngheo
- Cdc thanh td cua an ninh con ngudi cd
tdc dpng qua lai ldn nhau
- An ninh con ngudi cd the dupe dam bdo
bdng each ngdn ngira sdm tdt hem la can
thidp sau khi bi de dpa
- An ninh con ngudi lay con ngudi lam
trung tdm.''
Bao cdo phat tridn con ngudi ndm 1994
dua ra bay khia canh chinh cua an ninh con
ngudi:
- An ninh kinh ti: dat dupc qua vide dam
bdo vide Idm va miic thu nhdp ca ban'cho
cdc cd nhdn
- An ninh luang thuc: dgt dupc bang vide
ddm bdo rang mpi ngudi dupc tidp can vdi
ngudn cung cap lucmg thuc ea ban ttong mpi
thdi didm
* UNDP (1994), Bap cap phat trien cpn ngiroi
- An ninh y ti: dgt dupc bang vipc dam
bao su bdo vd con ngudi d miic tdi thidu tnrdc bdnh tdt
- An ninh mdi truang: bao vd con ngudi
khdi nhiing mdi de dpa dai hgn va ngdn hgn cua tu nhidn, nhiing mdi de dpa cua con ngudi ddi vdi thidn nhidn vd su suy thodi ciia mdi trudng tu nhidn
- An ninh cd nhdn: bdo vd con ngudi khdi
bao luc du bgo luc dd gdy ra bdi nhan td bdn ttong hay nhdn td bdn ngodi qudc gia
- An ninh cgng ddng: bdo vp con ngudi
ttrrdc su mdt mat cdc mdi quan he vd gid tri
•truydn thong, trudc bao lire mdn phdi vd bgo luc sac tdc
- An ninh chinh try dam bao rang mpi
ngudi sdng trong mdt xa hdi tdn trpng nhung quydn co ban eua con ngudi vd ddm bdo cdc
ca nhdn vd nhdm ngudi khdng chju su dp ddt hay kidm sodt vd quan didm va thdng tin cua gidi cdm quyen
Ndi mdt each ngdn gpn, an ninh con ngudi theo dinh nghia cua UNDP la "thoat khdi su sp hdi" (freedom from fear) vd
"thodt khdi sir thidu thdn" (freedom fi-ora want) Dinh nghia ndy dua ra each tidp can
an ninh mdi khde vdi an ninh truydn thdng la tap trung vao con ngudi, vdo cdc ca nhdn va cong ddng chti khdng phai vao qude gia hay nha nudc Tuy nhien, day la mdt khdi nidm rdng va linh hoat, ddi khi bj xem la qud rdng
vd khdng dua ra duoc nhiing gidi hgn xac dinh ddi tupng ddi vdi cdc nhd hogch djnh chinh sdch Vi vgy, kd tir khdi nidm nay ra ddi, ede nha nghidn ciiu vd cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sach da cd gdng didn gidi vd dua
ra nhiJng djnh nghia cu thd ban cho khai nidm nay Nhirng each hidu vd ly gidi vd an
Trang 3Nghien ciJcu khoa hoc
ninh con ngudi cd thd dupe chia thanh hai
nhdm: Nhdm tidp cdn an ninh con ngudi tir
gdc dp "bao vd" va nhdm tidp can tit gdc dp
"phat tridn"
Tidp cgn tir gdc dp "bdo vd", an ninh eon
ngudi nhdn mgnh vide bdo vd con ngudi
khdi nhiing mdi de dpa ddn than thd gdy ra
do bao lire, xung dot hay chidn tranh Quan
didm nay dupc ting hp bdi chinh phii Canada
vd Na Uy
Ddi vdi Canada, an ninh con ngudi cd
nghia Id sir dam bao quydn con ngudi, su an
todn cila nhiing sinh mgng trudc nhiing mdi
de dpa lan tda Qua ehinh sdch ddi ngogi cita
minh, Canada da lua chpn tap trung vin dd
an ninh con ngudi vao vide tang cudng ddm
bdo s\f an toan eho mpi ngudi bing vi$e bdo
vf hp trudc nhiing mdi de dpa bao luc^
Nhiing ngudi ting hO Canada vd mpt khai
nidm an ninh con ngudi hep hon cho rdng
each hidu rpng vd an ninh con ngudi, bao
gdm nhflng vin dd vd an ninh kinh td, mdi
trudng, chinh tri, dgo dire, nhan phdm sd ldm
gidm sir rd rdng cda khdi nidm ndy, khidn nd
trd ndn mo hd, de nhdm ldn vdi cdc khdi
nidm khac nhu phdt ttidn eon ngudi, an ninh
chung, an ninh phi truydn thdng, lam gidm
CO sd ly ludn va lam cho nd trd ndn khd hinh
dung va gidm gid tti dinh hudng ddi vdi cac
nhd hoach djnh chinh sdch Caeh tidp cgn
eua Chinh phu Canada nhan manh vai ttd
eua Ludt nhdn dgo qudc td, Tda an qudc td
vd can thidp nhdn dao ttong ttudng hpp
chinh quyen sd tai khdng ed khd ndng hodc
khdng cd thipn chi bdo vd ngudi dan Quan
didm nay gdy ra nhidu ttanh cai bdi nd cho rdng cdng ddng qudc td cd quydn vd cd nghia vu phd vd chil quydn tuydt ddi ctia eae qude gia nhdm bao vd quydn con ngudi ttong trudng hpp cdn thidt
Tidp can tir gdc dp "phdt tridn", khai nipm
an ninh eon ngudi dupe hidu theo nghia rdng bom Cdch tidp can nay gin hon vdi dinh nghia vd an ninh con ngudi ma Bao cao phat ttidn con ngudi cua UNDP dua ra nam 1994
Nd nhan mgnh ddn nhung giai phap dai han cho nhung mdi de dpa va cho rdng phdt tridn
Id each phdng ngira tich cue, hidu qua hon vide bdo vd ttong ngan ban Qua phan tich ttong Bdo cdo phdt ttidn con ngudi ndm
1994 cd the thdy mdi lidn he mat thidt gifla phat ttidn vd an ninh
Khi con ngudi mat an ninh, hp se thdnh gdnh ngng cho xa hdi va didu nay sd de dpa nhidu ddn an ninh qudc gia Thd gidi sd khdng thd ttdnh khdi chidn ttanh khi ddn dng
va dan ba khdng dupc an todn d chinh nhd
hp vd ttong cdng vide ctia hp Mot ttong nhiing qudc gia ting hp quan didm nay ddu tidn va tich cue nhdt Id Nhdt Bdn Ngay sau khi khai nidm an ninh con ngudi ra ddi nam 1994, thang 10 ndm 1995, Thu tudng Nhdt Bdn Tomiichi Murayama ttong phat bidu cua minh dd coi an ninh con ngudi Id mdt ehidn lupc mdi cua Lidn Hpp Qude Theo Chinh phit Nhgt Ban, vide chi tap trung vdo khia cgnh de dpa bgo lure Id khdng dti ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi, do dd can quan tdm nhidu ban ddn nhflng vdn dd tac dpng true tidp ddn su an todn ttong cuOc
' B0 Ngpai giap v i Ngp^i thupng Canada (2000),
"Frffdom from fear: Canada's foreign policy for human
security", tr 3 * UNDP (1994), Bdo cdo phdt trien con ngudi, tr 24
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hgc
sdng hdng ngay ciia ngudi dan, ttong dd cd
ea cac vdn is thupc vd dgo diic, tdm ly
An ninh con ngudi cd thd dupc dinh nghia
la sir duy tti vd bao vd eude sdng vd nhan
phim cita con ngudi Theo quan didm eua
Nhdt Ban cung nhu ciia nhidu qudc gia khde,
an ninh con ngudi chi cd the dupc ddm bao
khi con ngudi dupc bao vd trudc cdc mdi de
dpa vd dupc ddp iing cdc nhu cdu (freedom
from fear vd freedom from want)'
Bang vide nhdn manh ddn ca hai khia
canh "bdo vd" va "phdt ttidn" eua an ninh
con ngudi, Nhgt Ban cd gang dua ra mdt
khai nidm an ninh con ngudi bao qudt hon,
linh hogt hem va cd thd dupc chdp nhgn rdng
rdi hon
2 Nhirng tranh luan ve an ninh con
ngirdi
Nhu da ndi d ttdn, cd nhidu cdch tidp can
khac nhau ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Hon
nfla, vi Id mdt khdi nidm mdi ndn cd khd
nhidu y kidn tranh luan xung quanh khdi
nidm ndy Vdn dd tranh ludn thir nhdt Id vd ai
sd Id ngudi ddm nhdn trdch nhidm thiic ddy
an ninh con ngudi Nhidu nhd nghidn cim
cho ring an ninh con ngudi cd thd tac dpng
ddn an ninh qudc gia, dge bidt khi tidp can
theo nghia "bao vd" cua an ninh con ngudi,
vdy ndu Nhd nudc cung cdc cdng cu ciia
minh khdng phai la luc lupng ehu ydu ddm
bao an ninh eon ngudi thi ai sd dam nhdn
trdch nhidm nay? Quan didm phd binh khde
cho rdng khai nidm ndy cd thd trung lap vdi
' Phat bilu cua 5ng Yukip Takasu, Tpng giim d6c Cp
quan hpp tic da phuong Nh|it Ban tai Hpi nghj dpi thpai
ve Xay dyng ctiau A ngiy mai lin thir 3, Bangkck
19/11/2000 Trang web Bp ngpai giap Nhat Bin
<http://www.mpfa.go.Jp/pplicy/human_secu/speech0006.h
tml> [truy cjp ngiy 12/11/2014]
cac khac nidm khae nhu an ninh todn dipn,
an ninh chung, an ninh phi truydn thdng hay phdt ttidn con ngudi ttong trudng hpp tidp can til gdc dp "phdt ttidn" Quan didm phd binh thli ba vd an ninh eon ngudi nhu dd dd' cap d phdn ddu la khai niem nay qua rpng, khd nam bdt vd khd dua ra gidi hgn vd phgm
vi, ddi tupng eung nhu each thirc, cdng cy thire hidn Didu nay ldm gidm co sd ly thuydt cua nd vd gidm gid tti dinh hudng cua nd ddi vdi cac nhd hogch dinh chinh sdch Trong vin de tranh ludn ddu tidn, trdn thuc td, khi tidp can an ninh tir gde dp "bdo vp" theo quan didm ciia Chinh phu Canada,
dd dam bao an ninh con ngudi, cdng ddng qudc td cd thd ean thidp nhan dgo vdi lire lupng vu trang hoae khdng de ddm bdo thyrc thi quydn con ngudi ttong cde trudng hpp xung dot npi chidn, ddn dp vu trang hpdc chidn tranh Didu ndy khien cac qudc gia lo ngai chu quydn tuydt ddi cua hp cd thd bj xdm phgm trong cac trudng hop nhu vgy, dgc bidt ddi vdi cdc qudc gia d Chdu A Chinh vi vdy cac qudc gia Chdu A thudng thidn vd khai nidm an ninh con ngudi theo each tidp can "phdt tridn" vd dng hp quan didm cua Nhdt Bdn Ngodi ra, khi ndi ddn vai trd ctia Nha nudc ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi, nhflng ngudi di tidn phong khdng hd phit nhan vai trd cua Nhd nudc nhung hp eho rdng Nha nudc khdng phdi la lire lupng duy nhdt cd trdch nhidm vd cd khd ndng ddm bdo
an ninh con ngudi
Trong vdn dd tranh luan thu hai, ngay til thdi ky Chidn ttanh Lanh, dac bidt Id sau khi Chidn tranh Lgnh kdt thue, nhidu khai nidm mdi vd an ninh da ra ddi An ninh todn didn,
an ninh hpp tac hay an ninh phi truydn thdng
Trang 5Nghien citu khoa hoc
ddu phan anh su quan tdm ngay cang tang
cua cdc chinh phti ddi vdi cac van dd an ninh
mdi bdn eanh vin dd an ninh qude gia An
ninh todn didn la khai nidm nham tra ldi cau
hdi "tdt ca nhiing mdi de dpa an ninh qudc
gia Id gi?", an ninh hpp tdc la khdi nidm an
ninh dupc dam bao dua ttdn co chd hpp tac
da phuang va chi cd thd dat dupc khi cd su
can bang vd quydn lire nhdt dinh, sir minh
bgch gifla cac qudc gia va thien ehi ddi thogi
thay vi ddi ddu An ninh phi truyen thdng
phan anh ndi dung, ngay trong ten gpi cua
nd Id nd lire giai quydt cac van dd an ninh
mdi ndi ldn de dpa an ninh cita cac qudc gia
bdn cgnh vide dam bdo an ninh truydn thdng
Id chu quydn Idnh thd vd lpi ich qudc gia
Mpt dac didm chung cua ba khdi nidm nay Id
mac dil chiing dua ra nhflng each nhin nhan
mdi vd an ninh rdng ldn hon khdi nidm an
ninh truydn thdng, cac khai nidm mdi nay
vdn tap trung vao chti thd ldn nhdt trong
quan he qudc td Id cdc qudc gia d ddy xuit
Men mdt cdu hdi: ndu cdc gia ttj va lpi ich
cila con ngudi xung dot vdi cde gia tri hay
lpi ich cua qudc gia hay nha nudc thi didu gi
se dupc uu tidn bdo vd? Cdu ttd ldi eho edu
hdi nay se cho thiy su khac bidt giua an ninh
con ngudi vdi cac khai nidm ttdn Mdt ttong
nhiing ddc didm co bdn cua an ninh con
ngudi Id nd nhdn manh ddn ddi tupng dupc
bdo vd Id cac ca nhdn vd cdng ddng chu
khdng phdi la qudc gia hay nha nudc Bdo
cao phat tridn con ngudi nam 1994 cua
UNDP cOng nhin manh "an ninh con ngudi"
khdng ddng nhit vdi "phat ttidn con ngudi"
Theo dd, phdt tridn con ngudi Id mdt khdi
nidm rdng ldn ban ndi ddn qua ttinh md
rdng nhirng lua chpn vd mpi mat ttong ddi
sdng cho ngudi dan "An ninh con ngudi" cd nghia la ngudi dan cd thd thuc hidn vide lira chpn mdt each an toan vd tu do, ddng thdi hp
cd thd tin tudng rang nhirng ea hdi ma hp cd ngdy hdm nay se khdng mit di hodn toan vao ngdy mai (UNDP 1994)
Trong van dd ttanh luan thir ba, chinh nhirng ngudi di tidn phong trong vide phdt tridn khai niem an ninh con ngudi cung thua nhan day la mdt khai nidm rdng va tuong ddi Iinh boat, didu ndy dgc bidt dung khi an ninh con ngudi dupc tidp can tfl gdc dp phdt ttidn con ngudi Ddi vdi each tidp can an ninh con ngudi tfl gdc dp "bdo vd", khai nidm nay tucmg ddi rd rang bdi nd chi rd vide ddm bdo
an ninh con ngudi la bao vd con ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bao luc Tuy nhidn, tiep can an ninh con ngudi tir gdc dp nay se khidn cdc qudc gia, ddc bidt la cdc nudc dang phat tridn e dd trudc vide dp dung an ninh con ngudi bdi nd cd thd ddn ddn kha ndng an ninh qudc gia, chu quydn lanh thd bi
de dpa Hon nfla, tidp can tfl gdc dd "bdo vd" khdng du dd dam bdo an ninh cho con ngudi
vd edng ddng Trdn thuc td, ngudi dan d nhidu noi khdng xdy ra chidn ttanh hay xung dot, hp cung khdng bi de dpa bdi cdc hinh thiie bgo luc nhung khdng phai tat cd nhiing ngudi dd ddu cam thiy an toan hay dupc dam bdo an ninh An ninh con ngudi dupe tidp can tu gdc dp phdt tridn ndi ddn tdt cd cac vdn dd cd thd anh hudng ddn su an todn ttong cudc sdng thudng ngdy Tinh bao trum
vd linh boat cua khdi nidm an ninh con ngudi
la cdn thidt dd cac qudc gia trdn thd gidi, ddc bidt la cde nudc dang phdt ttidn, chdp nhdn khdi nidm ndy mdt each dd dang han
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hgc
3 An ninh con ngirdi & Ddng A
Mac du ra ddi nam 1994 va nhdn dupe su
dng hd eua Nhdt Ban ngay sau dd, an ninh
con ngudi ehi thuc su dupc cdc nudc Ddng
A thua nhdn va dp dung sau khung hodng tai
ehinh Chdu A nam 1997-1998 Khi khdi
nidm an ninh mdi nay ra ddi, hdu hdt edc
nudc Ddng A ddu cd thai dp than ttpng, e de
bdi hai ly do ehinh Thii nhdt, ddi vdi eac
qudc gia trong khu vuc, an ninh con ngudi,
ddc bidt khi tidp edn tu gdc dp "bdo vd" con
ngudi trudc bgo luc, cd khd nang lam xdi
mdn quan didm truydn thdng vd chu quydn,
mpt vdn dd vdn rdt nhgy cdm d khu vuc ndy
Thif hai, cdc nudc lo ngai rang dp dung an
ninh con ngudi se ddi hdi vide phdn bd lgi
cde ngudn lire qudc gia nham ddi phd nhidu
hon trudc cdc vdn dd an ninh phi truyen
thdng trong khi nhung di sdn vd ky uc lich
sit cua thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh vdn rdt ndng
nd d khu vite nay Vao thdi didm nhflng nam
ddu thdp ky 90 cua the ky trudc, khi Chidn
tranh Lanh kdt thuc chua idu, khi cdc nudc
trong khu vuc chua cd nhieu kinh nghidm
hpp tac qudc td, dge bidt ttong ITnh vue an
ninh, khi cdc thd chd hpp tac treng khu vuc
chua xuat hidn nhidu, khi eac khodn chi cho
qudc phdng cua cdc nudc, ddc bidt cdc nudc
Ddng Bdc A vdn d muc cao, an ninh con
ngudi khdng dupe coi la md hinh an ninh
hdp dan, thdm chi bi coi Id mao hidm ddi vdi
cdc qudc gia d khu vuc nay
Tuy nhidn, quan didm nay da thay ddi rdt
nhidu sau khi xdy ra cudc khung hodng tai
chinh Chdu A nam 1997-1998 Cudc khung
hoang khdng chi tdc ddng ndng nd ddn ndn
kinh td cua mdt sd nudc Chdu A ma nd cdn
dd lgi nhung hdu qud nghidm trpng ddn xa
hdi vd chinh tri eua cac nudc ndy ttong nhidu ndm Nhflng tdc ddng chu ydu cua khiing hoang tai chinh Chdu A ddn ngudi ddn: thu nhdp sut giam, ngheo ddi tang cao, ty Id thit nghiep tdng, thidu luang thitc, thidu cac djch
vu cham sdc siic khde, suy thoai mdi trudng, giam kha nang tidp can gido due, bit dn chinh tti, cdng thdng gifla cdc qudc gia vd van dd ngudi tj nan vd nhdp cu trdi phdp, Tfl nhiing tde ddng cua cudc khiing hodng tai chinh Chau A cung nhflng mdi de dpa an ninh phi quan su ngdy cang tdng do qua ttinh todn cdu hda vd qua ttinh phat ttidn, cdc nudc Ddng A dan ddn ddn nhdn khdi nidm
an ninh con ngudi vdi thdi dp tich cue hon Didu nay thd hidn qua vide cum tu "an ninh con ngudi" xuit hidn ngdy edng nhidu trong chinh sdch ddi ndi va ddi ngogi cua cdc qudc gia ttong khu vuc vdi Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qudc
va Thai Lan Id nhiing qudc gia di tidn phong
An ninh con ngudi cung dupc dd cap den trong chuong trinh nghj su vd cdc van bdn cua cac ca chd hpp tac da phuang nhu ASEAN-l-3 Ben canh su quan tdm cia nhflng nhd hogch djnh chinh sdch, an ninh con ngudi cflng thu hut su quan tdm nghien cuu ciia gidi hpc gid d khu vuc nay, didu ndy
cd thd duoc nhdn thay rd rdng qua sd lupng ngdy cdng nhidu cac cdng ttinh nghidn citu, cdc bdi nghidn citu, edc eudn sach vidt vd cac vdn dd an ninh con ngudi khac nhau d khu vye
Tu thuc tidn dp dung va phat ttidn an ninh con ngudi d Ddng A cd thd thiy an ninh con ngudi d khu vue ndy ed ba dac didm chinh:
An ninh con ngudi dupe cac qudc gia trong khu vuc tiep can tir gdc dp "phdt tridn" nhidu ban tu gde dp "bdo vd"; an ninh con ngudi
Trang 7Nghien citu khoa hgc
khdng phdi mpt khdi niem mdu thuin vdi an
ninh qudc gia vd cdn dupc bdo ddm thuc thi
vd duy tri bdi cdc Nhd nudc; an ninh con
ngudi la mOt quan didm cd khd nang hd ttp
qua trinh hgp tdc ctia eac qudc gia ttong khu
vitc
Thli nhdt, cdc nudc Ddng A tidp can an
ninh con ngudi tfl gdc dp mpt khdi nidm
rdng Idn va ludn kdt ndi khai nidm ndy vdi
cdc vdn dd phdt tridn nhu ddi ngheo, bit binh
ddng hay mOt logt cae vdn dd an ninh phi
ttnydn thdng khde nhu d nhidm mdi trudng,
tpi phgm xuyen qudc gia, bidt ddi khi hdu,
thien tai hay djch bpnh Di tidn phong ttong
vide phdt ttidn khai nidm an ninh con ngudi
d khu vyc Id Nhdt Bdn vd Thai Lan Ddi vdi
trudng hpp Thai Lan, didu ndy ed thd dupc
ly giai bdng vipc ehinh phit dupc bdu cfl giai
doan 1998-2002, sau cupc khiing hodng tai
ehinh Chdu A, la mpt chinh phii ed mdi lidn
hf gdn gui vdi cac to chflc phi chinh phu
mang tu tudng ty do va dit nudc nay thudng
doi mdt vdi nhiing ttanh chdp bidn gidi cung
nhu ddng ngudi tj nan vd ngn budn bdn ma
tuy tfl Myanmar Qudc gia tidn phong va tich
cye nhit ttong vipc phdt ttidn khai nidm an
ninh con ngudi d Ddng A la Nhgt Ban Sd di
nhu vgy vi bdn thdn Nhgt Ban la mpt nudc
thudng xuydn phai ddi mdt vdi nhidu van dd
de dpa an ninh con ngudi (hidu theo nghia
rpng), thdm vdo dd, an ninh con ngudi
dudng nhu la mpt cdng cu httu hidu giup
Nhdt Ban ed thd ddng mdt vai trd tich cye
hon ddi vdi an ninh khu vyc, khdng phu
thupc vao My ddng thdi khdng de dpa ddn
cdc qudc gia lang gidng An ninh con ngudi
gidng nhu mpt cdng cu ttong chinh sach
ngoai giao cimg cac chuang trinh vidn ttp
giup Nhat Ban tao dyng mdt hinh dnh tich cyc hon ttong mdt ban be qudc td, ddc bidt ddi vdi cac nudc ldng gidng Ddng Nam A Chinh vi thd, bdn canh vide thidt ldp Co quan phdt tridn an ninh con ngudi nhdm giai quyet cdc van dd an ninh con ngudi trong nudc, Nhdt Ban cdn rdt tich cyc thuc ddy vide thdnh lap Uy ban An ninh con ngudi ciia Lien Hpp Qude Uy ban ndy ndm 2003 dd dua ra mdt bao cao tim ra didm chung va can bdng gifla hai ddng quan didm vd an ninh con ngudi la "bao vd" eon ngudi va "phat tridri" con ngudi Bao cdo nay nhan mgnh cd hai khia cgnh ndu ttdn ddu quan ttpng vd cd quan he vdi nhau Quan didm vd an ninh con , ngudi cua Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn Id dung hda
vd kdt hpp cd hai gdc dp tidp cdn nhdm ddm bdo an ninh cd ttong ngan ban va ttong ddi ban cua ngudi dan Quan didm nay thudng ,bi phd binh la qua rdng, qua linh hogt va khdng rd rdng Tuy nhien, chinh sy linh hogt eug khai nidm con ngudi theo quan diem cua Nhdt Ban khidn eho khai nidm nay de ddng dupe chdp nhdn hon d Ddng A Sd dl cac nudc Ddng A chip nhgn va phat trien khdi nidm an ninh con ngudi theo quan didm eua Nhdt Bdn vdo thdi didm sau Khung hodng tdi chinh Chau A ndm 1997-1998 vi hai Iy do chu ydu:
Nguydn nhdn thfl nhit Id mpt quan diem rdng rai, linh hogt va thidn vd cdc vdn dd phat tridn cua an ninh con ngudi phu hpp hem vdi bdi cdnh vd quan didm an ninh cua cac nudc ttong khu vyc Vdi ddc diem chung cua hdu hdt cdc nudc Ddng A la timg bj xdm chidm hay bi can thidp, gdy anh hudng ttong thdi ky thue dan va thdi ky Chidn ttanh lgnh, edc nudc Ddng A rat nhgy cdm vdi nhiing
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hgc
vdn dd cd thd de dpa ddn chil quyen hay
quydn ty quydt ciia minh Didu nay thd hidn
rd qua vide cdc nudc trong khu vye ludn dd
eao nguydn tdc tdn ttpng chu quydn tuydt
ddi, todn vpn lanh thd va khdng can thidp
vdo cdng vide ndi bd trong bdt cu co chd hpp
tdc song phuong hay da phuang ndo Day
cung chinh la ly do an ninh con ngudi khdng
dupc chdp nhdn va chu y ngay khi nd ra ddi
vao gifla nhOng nam 90 cua the ky trudc
Didu nay ciing ly gidi quan didm vd an ninh
con ngudi nhin tfl gdc dp "bao vd" con
ngudi nhu chinh phu Canada ndu ra vdi
nhflng khd ndng vd vide can thidp nhan dgo
cita cdng ddng qudc td rdt khd cd thd dupc
chap nhdn d khu vyc nay Quan didm vd an
ninh con ngudi gan vdi cac van dd phat tridn
nhidu hon vipc chi gidi hgn khdi niem ndy d
vdn dd bdo vd con ngudi trflde eae mdi dpa
bao lye khidn cac nudc Ddng A cdm thiy tin
tudng vd thoai mai hon
Nguydn nhdn thu hai Id nhung vdn dd an
ninh con ngudi gdn vdi phdt tridn nhu Nhgt
Ban ndu ra dgc bidt cdn thidt ddi vdi cdc
qudc gia khu vyc trong bdi cdnh Ddng A
ngay sau khi khiing hddng xdy ra So vdi
mOt sd khu vyc khde trdn thd gidi, kd tu sau
khi Chidn tranh Lgnh kdt thuc, Ddng A
khdng chung kidn nhieu cudc xung dot ndi
chidn hay xung dot vu trang gifla cac qudc
gia Trong khi dd, cdc vin dd an ninh phi
truydn thdng nhu ddi ngheo, suy thodi kinh
td, djch bdnh, d nhidm mdi trudng, thidn tai,
ngdy cdng de dpa cdc nudc trong khu
vyc Hon nfla, da sd cac nudc trong khu vyc
Ddng A ddu la nhiing nudc dang phdt tridn,
nhiing nudc nay phai ddi mat vdi rdt nhidu
vdn dd an ninh con ngudi, vi vdy hpp tac
trong cdc linh vuc an ninh con ngudi dupc
hy vpng Id sd dem Iai sy ttp giup qudc td cho qua trinh phdt tridn cua eac nudc ttong khu vye Do dd lua chpn bao vd an ninh con ngudi tfl gdc dp "phat tridn" nhdm bdo vd ngudi ddn, tfl dd dam bao an ninh qude gia
la lya ehpn phu hpp hon vdi cdc nudc Ddng
A
Thli hai, an ninh con ngudi khdng hodn
todn mau thudn vdi an ninh qudc gia vd can dupe ddm bao bdi Nhd nudc Mpt sd quan didm cua cde nha nghidn euu vd cdc nha hogeh dinh chinh sdch cho rdng an ninh con ngudi cd thd Idm gidm quydn luc tdi cao ciia nha nudc va lam xdi mdn chu quydn qudc gia Quan didm ndy dupe ndu ra khi xem xet
an ninh con ngudi tfl gdc dp 'bdo vd' con ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bao lye do cac cupc xung dot vu trang, xung dpt npi chidn hay chidn tranh Theo quan diem cita chinh phu Canada, Na Uy va nhung ngudi ung hd quan didm nay, cdng.ddng qudcte ed
"trdch nhidm bao vd"^ vd ean thiep nhan dao cdn dupe tidn hanh, chu quydn qude gia cd thd bj phd vd ttong nhflng trudng hpp can thidt nhdm bao vd quydn cua con ngudi Mpt
* "Trich nhi?m bip v§" (Resppnsibility to Protect - R2P)
li khai ni^m dupc Uy ban qu6c tl vS vin ik can thi^p vi
chu quyin qu6c gia do Chinh phu Canada thinh l§p dua ra nhi?m bip v§' c6 thi dupc hiiu mpt cich ngin gpn li cic nhi nudc can phii bip ve nguoi dan cua minh trudc nhimg tpi pham huy diet hing hpat la tOi pham diet chung, toi pham chong lai Icii ngudri, tpi pham chiin tranh vi thanh Ipc sic tpc Theo dp, chu quyin qupc gia khcng the dupc d§t tren cpn ngupi vi quyin cpn nguiri Cpng dpng quic ti cd trich nhiem h6 trp cic nha nudc thuc hifn frich nhiem ciia hp Trong hirdng hpp cic nhi nuOc khong thi bap ve rigudi din cua minh thi cpng ding quic ti c6 trich nhiem can thiep bing cic bien phip khic nhau nhu trtmg phat kinh ti hay can thiep quan su (can thifp quin su li lua chpn cuoi ciing)
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Trang 9Nghien citu khoa hgc
quan diem vd an ninh eon ngudi nhu vgy rdt
khd dupc ehdp nhdn d Chdu A ndi chung,
Ddng A ndi ridng Chinh vi vgy, khi dp dung
an ninh con ngudi, cdc nude Ddng A thudng
gan khdi nidm nay vdi cdc van dd phat tridn
theo quan didm cua Nhgt Ban Gidi quydt
nhflng van dd phdt ttidn, nhiing vin dd an
ninh phi truydn thdng gdn lidn vdi an ninh
con ngudi nham dam bdo sy an toan ttong
cudc sdng thudng ngay cua ngudi ddn nhin
vd Idu ddi sd hd trp eho vide dam bdo an
ninh va lpi ich qudc gia Vi vgy, khi tidp can
d gdc dd nay, an ninh con ngudi ed thd cd
tde ddng tucmg hd ddi vdi an ninh qudc gia
Thdm vao dd, nhiing vdn dd an ninh con
ngudi mudn duoc gidi quydt cdn phai cd sy
didu hdnh va sfl dung cdc cdng cu quydn lye
cua nhd nudc Cd thd ndi, Nha nudc vdn Id
lye lupng chit ydu nhit giiip thuc thi vd duy
tti an ninh con ngudi d khu vue ndy
Thic ba, an ninh con ngudi cd kha nang
hd trp qud ttinh btprp tdc cua cdc nudc ttong
khu vyc Nhu da dd cap d phan dau, mdt
ttong nhiing dgc didm cua an ninh con ngudi
theo Bdo cdo phdt tridn con ngudi nam 1994
cua Lidn Hpp Qudc Id an ninh con ngudi
khdng phai la vdn dd ciia ridng mdt qudc gia
ndo, nd la mdi quan tdm chung cua toan
nhan logi, vi vdy dd cd thd giai quydt cae vdn
dd an ninh con ngudi cdn ed sy hop tdc vd
phdi hpp cua tit ca cdc qudc gia Dieu ndy
cd thd thdy ttdn thuc tidn d Ddng A Vdn dd
an ninh con ngudi dupc chdp nhdn vd thue
diy d Ddng A tu sau cudc khung hoang tdi
chinh Chdu A ndm 1997-1998 Sau cudc
khung hodng nay, mdt logt cac co ehd hpp
tac da phuong ra ddi d khu vyc nhu
ASEAN-l-3 vd sau dd la Hdi nghj thupng dinh Ddng A (EAS) Sd dt nhu vgy vi edc qudc gia ttong khu vyc ddu nhdn thdy nhflng mdi de dpa chung vd dd ddi phd vdi nhiing mdi de dpa dy hp cin hpp tdc cung nhau Trong khi mdt sd nudc ttong khu vuc vdn cdn nhiing mau thudn hay ttanh chdp vdi nhau vd cdc vdn dd an ninh truydn thdng nhu ttanh chdp lanh thd, vide cung nhau hpp tac giai quydt cae vin dd an ninh phi truydn thdng, an ninh con ngudi cd thd Id cdu ndi giup cdc nudc ttong khu vyc tdng cudng ddi thoai, tao didu kidn cho qud trinh hpp tdc Vdi thuc tidn ede mdi de dpa an ninh con ngudi ngay cang tang, ed thd dy dodn ttong tupng lai sy quan tdm ddn vdn dd ndy se cdn cao hon vd an ninh con ngudi sd ddng vai ttd thuc ddy qua trinh hpp tac cua cac nudc ttong khu vyc
4 Nhiing khd khan trong qua trinh thuc day an ninh con ngirdi d Bong A
v i n duoc coi la mpt khdi nidm tucmg ddi mdi me ddi vdi cac nudc ttong khu vyc, an ninh con ngudi da va dang gap phdi mdt sd khd khan ttong qua trinh phat ttidn d khu vuc nay
Thir nhdt, do ky uc vd thdi ky thuc ddn
ttong ljch sir va gdn day Id nhirng quan didm phdn ddi qua ttinh todn cdu hda, cdc nudc Ddng A cd thai dp khdng miy tich cyc ddi vdi mpt sd khai nidm cua phuang Tay Khi khai nidm an ninh con ngudi mdi ra ddi da
cd nhidu y kidn tranh ludn vd tinh phd qudt cua nd Do ddc didm nhan mgnh ddn an ninh eda eac cd nhdn, cdng ddng thay vi an ninh qudc gia, nhidu ngudi cho rdng khdi nidm nay nhdn mgnh ddn gid trj ca nhdn vd chi dgi
Trang 10Nghien citu khoa hgc
didn cho quan didm phuong Tdy chu khdng
phai quan didm phuong Ddng Tu dd, mac
du dupc chip nhdn d Ddng A vdi each tidp
can rdng rdi, linh hogt gdn Udn vdi cde van
dd an ninh phi truydn thdng, mdt sd bd phgn
ttong gidi lanh dao vd gidi hpe thudt d khu
vyc nay vdn e dd cho rang khdi niem nay la
mdt vd bpc cho nhung quan didm phuang
Tay vdn Id ttd nggi ttong quan he cua mdt sd
nudc phucmg Tdy va Chdu A vdi nhau la ddn
chii va nhdn quydn Didu ndy khidn khai
nidm an ninh con ngudi vdn dupc tidp nhdn
khd mudn d Ddng A tidp tuc cd nhflng budc
tidn chdm ehgp ttong qud ttinh ddm bdo an
ninh ndi chung d khu vuc Van dd nay dde
bidt trd nen khd khan khi an ninh eon ngudi
theo each ly gidi cua UNDP bao gdm cd an
ninh chinh ttj, nhdn quydn, vdn la nhung vdn
dd nhay cam vd it cdi md d Ddng A
Thi hai, an ninh con ngudi ddt ttpng tdm
vdo cd nhan, cpng ddng chfl khdng phai
qudc gia, nhd nudc, didu nay mdu thudn vdi
quan nidm cita Chdu A rdng lpi ich cua quoc
gia, ddn tdc phai dupe ddt ldn trudc lpi ich
ca nhan Mpt trong nhiing ddc didm co bdn
cua an ninh con ngudi Id ehuydn sy quan
tdm vd an ninh tfl ddi tupng qudc gia sang
ddi tupng cd nhdn va ede cdng ddng Didu
nay khidn mdt sd quan didm vd an ninh con
ngudi d Ddng A cho rdng khai niem nay
ddng nhdt vdi quan didm phuong Tay vd
nhdn quydn va ty do ddn chti, khdng phu hpp
vdi bdi cdnh vd ljch sur cua Ddng A Hon
nfla, mdt quan didm ddt an ninh, loi ich cd
nhdn ldn trdn an ninh, lpi ich qude gia nhu
vdy sd ldm xdi mdn quan didm truydn thdng
vd an ninh vd lpi ieh cdng ddng d khu vitc nay
Thli ba, ede qudc gia khu vye lo nggi rang
an ninh eon ngudi du tidp can theo each ndo ddu bao hdm kha ndng can thidp tfl bdn ngoai vao cdng vide ndi bd hay chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua hp Trong trudng hpp bdo vd con ngudi trudc nhflng mdi de dpa bgo lye
do lye luong ben ttong hay bdn ngodi qudc gia, nhflng ngudi di tidn phong trong ddng quan didm ndy da dd cdp ddn mdt sd bien phdp can thidp tfl triing phgt kinh td, cd lap,
su dung Lugt nhan dao qudc td hay vidn ddn Tda dn tdi phgm qudc td ddn bidn phdp eudi ciing Id ean thidp qudn sy Nhung bipn phdp can thidp ndy ludn gdy lo nggi cho cdc qudc gia dang phat tridn Do dd, md hinh an ninh con ngudi tidp can tfl gdc dp nay khd cd thd dupc chap nhdn d Ddng A Tidp can con ngudi tu gdc dp rdng ldn hem, gan lidn vdi cdc vdn dd an ninh phi qudn su, an ninh phi truydn thdng cd thd dd dang dupc tidp nhan
d khu vuc hon nhung vin khdng hodn toan logi bd nhiing e nggi vd kha ndng anh hudng tfl eae nudc bdn ngoai Phdn ldn cac nudc d khu vuc Ddng A ddu la cdc nudc dang phdt tridn, nhung nudc ndy ludn dting ddu danh sdch nhdn vidn trp nudc ngodi cua cde nudc ldn ttong khu vyc vd trdn the gidi Thyc td cho thdy cd nhidu trudng hpp cdc nudc ldn
da dung sflc mgnh kinh td cua minh, thdng qua cdng cy vidn trp kinh td de gdy sire dp, dnh hudng ddn chinh sdch cua cdc nudc dang phat tridn An ninh con ngudi khi dupc thiic ddy ddi hdi ed sy hpp tdc giua cdc qudc gia dd gidi quydt cdc vin dd lien quan ddn
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