Danh gia th^nh cong va hgn che ve nang cao mirc song dan cir trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa 2 I Nhiing thdnh cdng Theo danh gia ciia Tdng cue Thong Ke GSO, trong thdi ky 2001-2010, nl
Trang 1Nang cao muc song dan cu trong tien trinh
cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa a Viet Nam:
Thanh tuu va nhiing thach thuc dat ra
Nguyin Hong Scm, Tran Quang Tuyen
Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te - Dgi lioc Quoc gia Hd Noi
144 Xudn Thuy Cdu Gidy Hd Noi I 'lel Nam
Nhan ngiy 15 thing 3 nam 2014 Chmh sua ngay 14 thing 4 nam 2014 ch^p nhjn dSng ngiy 22 thing 4 nam 2014
T6m til: Bai viet phan tich vi danh gii nhiing thanh cong \ a h^in che cua \\^c nang cao mire song
din cu trong thdi kj d i ; manh cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dai hda cr Viet Nam tir nam 2001 tdi naj
Nghien ciiu cho thSy Viet Nam d3 dat dugc mgi so thanh tyu dang ke trong \\^c nang cao thu
nhap ^da ddi giam ngheo cai ihi^n vi?c cung cap djch vg y le, g i ^ due va co sd ha tan^ thiet >eu cho ngudi dan Tu>- nhign cdn rdt nhiiu cac thach thirc d^t ra cho viec nang cao miic sdng din cu vdi mpc ti€u mong muon trong thdi gian tdi Muc thu nhjip binh quan dau ngudi cua dan cu cdn
liep cfin giio dye vay i^ , Trfin co so danh gid nhOng ihich thiJc trdn bai vietde xult mpt so ki^n nghj nhim ning cao miic sdng cho dan cu trong thdi gian tdi
Tir khoa: Miic song dan cu, ddi nghto bit binh dang, ti^p c ^ giio dye va\' te
1 &i\ van d^
Qua trinh chuyen bien mpt qudc gia tir x3 hoi
nong nghiep sang xS hoi cong nghiep hi^n dai eo
muc dich cuoi cimg la nang cao doi song cho
nguoi dan <7 quoc gia do Mot trong nhimg nhom
tieu ehi quan trpng hang dau de danh gia miic dp
song dan eu, duoc the hien qua eac ehi tieu nhu
thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi, ty 1^ doi ngheo,
binh d^ng xS hpi, chat lupng cac dich vu y te va
giao due, tiep c^n nuoc sach, cac dieu kien ve sinh
thanh tuu nang cao miic song dan cu ciing chinh
la viec danh gia miic do cong nghiep hoa ciia mot
Tac go lien bf DT 84-4- 37547605
quoc gia Cho den nay chiing ta deu thay rang cae
nhung thanh tuu nang cao miic song dan cir so
cong nghiep hoa Kinh nghiem cac nuoc cong nghiep moi (NICs - Newly Industrialized Countries) vao thap nien 1980 cho thay hp dat
cao miic song dan cu la do tac dpng ciia cong nghiep hoa
Trong tien trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa (CNH, HDH) cua Viet Nam, muc tieu nang cao miic s6ng dan cu luon dupe quan tam va xac dinh la nhiem vu quan trpng hang dau trong mpi giai doan cua cong cupc cong nghiep boa Bai Viet nay tap trung phan tich va danh gia nhung thanh tuu va han che trong viec nang cao
Trang 2muc song dan eu trong giai doan tii 2001 toi
hai ly do Thu nhdt, day la giai doan ma Dai hpi
t l xa hpi 2001-2010 voi muc tieu la dua nirdc ta
ra khoi tinh trang kem phat trien; nang cao ro
ret doi song vat chat, van hoa, tinh than cua
nhan dan, tgo nln tang de den nam 2020 nucre
huong hien dgi Do vay, neu Viet Nam dat dupe
nhung thanh niu quan trpng trong nang cao
muc song dan eu giai doan nay se la buoc dem
quan trpng cho vi?e dat dupe muc tieu ve nang
cao miie song dan cu eiia mot nuoc cong
nghiep vao n5m 2020 Thir hai, giai dogn
2001-2010 cGng la giai dogn Vi?t Nam dgt duac
nhOng thimh tuu quan trpng ve nang cao thu
da thoat khoi danh sach e^c nuoc kem phat trien
nhat va dupe nhieu to chiic quoc le danh gia
ve nguy co tut hau, ve thu nhap so vcri cae nude
trong khu v\rc, doi nghfeo da chieu c6n cao, su
ban va co so ha ting cua nhom dan s6 thu nhap
t h i p Do vay, viee phan tich va danh gia
nhihig thach thue va nguyen nhan cua nhiing
thach thiic nay se cho ph^p chiing la nit ra
nhu'ng kiln nghj chinh sach h&u ich giup Viet
Nam CO the tgp trung cac nguon luc vao mpt so
ITnh vyc biic thiet nhit, qua do nang cao miic
s6ng dan eu trong thfji gian tdi
Trong nghien ciiu nay, o phan 2, trudc het
chung Idi danh gia mpi so thanh tyu CO ban
CNH, HDH dit nude Tilp theo, chiing loi tap
trung phan tich nhirng han che eo ban va
nguyen nhan trong viec nang cao miie s6ng dan
eu U-ong cae nSm gin day Phan 3 de xuat mot
so kiln nghj nhim nang cao miic song dan cu
trong tiln trinh CNH, HDH trong giai dogn tilp
theo d Vi?t Nam Phuong phap nghien eiiu tai
lieu dupe su dyng chinh cho bai viet, nguon tai
lieu va dii lieu dupe phan lich lay tii cac bao
cao, tap chi va cac tai lieu dS cdng bd khac cua cac to chiic trong nuoc va qu6e te
1 Danh gia th^nh cong va hgn che ve nang
cao mirc song dan cir trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa
2 I Nhiing thdnh cdng
Theo danh gia ciia Tdng cue Thong Ke (GSO), trong thdi ky 2001-2010, nln kinh t l da
moi nam dat tren 7,26%, gdp phan dira Vi?t Nam ra khoi tinh trang kem phat trien va budc vao nhdm nude cd thu nhap trung binh IhSp Nhd dat dupe tdc dp tang trucmg cao ndi tren,
nam 1994) nSm 2010 da t5ng gip 2,02 lin so
nam 2000 la 402 USD: nam 2005 la 700 USD;
2010 la 1.273 USD; 2012 la 1.749 USD [1] va
O I H , HDH trong thdi gian nay da hoan thanh tdt muc tieu nang cao mirc thu nhap dan eu, nang GDP binh quan dau ngudi nam 2010 gap
danh sach cdc nude ed thu nhdp thap
Do kinh t l ting trudng cao, ket hpp vdi eac ehuang trinh muc lieu qudc gia ve xda ddi giam
thyc hien thanh cong a nhieu dja phuong nen
miic song eiia ngudi dan dupe nang len r6 ret Theo ehuan ve thu nhap do chinh phii quy dinh,
ty le ngheo da giam tir 18,1% nam 2004 xuong eon 15,5% nam 2006; 14,78% nam 2007; 13,4% nam 2008; v i 10,7% nam 2010 [3].Ty le ngheo theo chuan ciia Tong cue Thong ke va Ngan hang The gidi (WB) cung dS giam tir 28,9% nam
2002 [4] xudng con 17,2% nam 2012 [5] Dii
qua chung deu cho thiy tien bp trong giam ngheo cua Viet Nam Ngan hang The gidi danh gia Viet Nam dS dat duoc nhiing thanh tmi viing
Trang 3chac ve xda ddi giam ngheo trong thdi gian nay
Dieu do dupe the hien qua chieu sau va muc dp
trim trong ciia ddi ngheo da giam tir 7% va 2,4%
nam 2002 [4] xudng cdn 4,5% va 1,7% nam
2012 [5] Viet Nam nim Irong nhom 18 qudc gia
dupe trao bing khen chiing nhan viec sdm dat
dupe Muc tieu phat tnen thien nien ky I, hudng
nam 2015 [6]
Cung trong thdi gian nay, chiing ta c6 the
thay rd nhiing cai thien dang ke ve chat lupng
iau ben, tiep can dien va nude sach Ngodi viee
hp gia dinh cdn mua s4m va tich liiy tai san, xay
dyng nha is Nhd dd, chat lupng eudc sdng da
tang tir 17,2% nSm 2002 len 27,8% nam 2008
va 49.2% nam 2010 Ddng thdi, ty le hp sinh
xudng edn 13.1% nam 2O10 [3] Cung theo bao
cao cua GSO (2011) va GSO-WB (2014), trong
thdi gian tir 2002-2012, ty le hd cd xe may tang
tir 32,3% len 92.2% nam 2012: ty le hp ed tu
lanh tang tir 10,9% len 68,8%; ty le hp ed ti vi
mau tang tir 52,7% len 93,2%; ty le hd cd may
vi tinh tSng tir 2,4% len 30,7%; ty le hd co may
giat tang tir 3.8% len 41.0%; ty le hp ed may
hp ed 6 to tang tir 0,1% len 2,6%; ty le ho c6
dien thSp sang tang tit 86,5% len 97,6%; ty le
hp diing nude hop ve sinh cho an uong tang tir
78.1% len 91,0%
Cac khia canh khac nhau ciia ddi sdng dan
cu ciing dupe cai thien dang k l Ngudi Viet
Nam ngay nay ed trinh dp hpc vin cao hon va
vuc cdng nghiep vd dich vu Vdo ihdi dilm cuoi
thip nien 90 Thi ky XX, cd tdi mdi phin tu sd
ngudi trong dd tudi 15-24 chua tot nghiep tilu
hoc Den 2010, ly le nay da giam xuong chi cdn
4% va cimg thdi gian nay ty le nhap hpc phd
thdng tdng len gip ddi (60% doi vdi nu vd 54%
ddi vdi nam) [4] Trong thai ky 2001-2010, 63
tinh thanh da hodn thanh muc tieu phd cap trung hpc eo sd trong chiln luoc phdt trien kinh
t l - xa hoi 2001-2010 Trong dao tao dai hpc va cao ding, s6 sinh viSn tinh binh quan tren 1 van dan da tang tir 116 sinh vien nam 2000 len 170 sinh vien nam 2005; 209 sinh vien nam 2009 vd
249 sinh vien ndm 2010, vupt ehi tieu chiln lupc phat trien kinh t l - xa hoi 2001-2010 de ra cho nam 2010 la 200 sinh vien/l vgn dan Tudi thp trung binh eiia ngudi dan dat 72,2 tudi nam
2008, vupt trude hai nam ke hoach dat ra ciia chiln lupc phat triln kinh te xa hpi 2001-2010
4,29% vdo nam 2010, dat muc tieu k l hoach dat raid miic 5% nam 2010 [3]
Trong nhiing nSm gan day, Viet Nam da chii trpng nhilu hon den cac ehi so tdng hpp phan dnh miic song ciia dan eu nhu chi sd phat triln con ngudi (HDI) vao dau nhirng nam 1990
vd chi sd ngheo da chieu (MPI) dupe dua ra trong Bao cao Qudc gia ve Phat trien Con ngudi Viet Nam nam 2010 Viet Nam d§ dat dupe nhiing lien bp dang ke ve phat trien con ngudi
nam 2000 len 0,611 nam 2010 vd 0,617 nam
2012 [7] Vdi chi sd nay, Viet Nam dugc xep trong nhom nhflng nude co chi s6 phdt trien con ngudi d miic tmng binh Ddng gdp cho thanh cong trong viec nang cao chi sd phat triln con ngudi giai doan nay phan Idn do viec nang cao thu nhap vd tudi thp trung binh cua dan sd [4]
2.2 Mdt so han chi nguyen nhdn vd thdch ihirc dgt ra trong viec ndng cao doi sdng
Ben canh nhiJng thdnh cdng tren, edn nhieu thdch thiic dat ra cho Viet Nam trong viec nang cao miic song dan eu nhu sau:
Thu nhdt Ty le ngheo tiin te vd ngheo phi tien te cdn cao
Ty le ngheo da giam manh trong thap 1^ qua, mpt phin do chiing ta duy tri chuan ngheo trong nhiing ndm gin day Id kha thip, khdng
Trang 4Viec dua ra chuin ngheo qua thip nen trong
thuc te, nhilu hp tuy thoat ngheo nhimg van
con nhieu khd khan N I U ti'nh theo chuan ngheo
mdi eiia chinh phu, nam 2012 cd tdi 11,1% dan
so Id ngudi ngheo va die biet ty le ngheo cdn
cao hon niia (17,2%) nlu liy chuin ngheo mdi
cua GSO va WB' [5] Do vgy, nlu lay miic
ehuan ngheo mdi thi hien tai van edn mdt bp
phan Idn dan sd sdng dudi ehuan ngh^o Gan
day, chi so ngheo da chieu (MPI) dupe sir dung
phd bien d cae nude dang phat trien de phan
gom eac khia canh khac nhau ciia ddi sdng nhu
tiep cgn y te, giao due, nha d, nude sach, dien,
dieu ki^n ve sinh, sd hiiu tai san lau bln )~
Neu tinh theo miic do ngheo da chieu thi hien
nSm 2008 cd tdi 22,3% dan sd thudc dien ngheo
da chieu, cao ban nhieu so vdi ty le ngheo tien
te la 14,5% [8] Thue t l nay cho thiy ring Viet
cung cap giao dye, y te vd tilp can nude sach
Sd lieu thyc l l cho thiy nam 2010 cd 43% dan
sd ndng thon va 11% dan sd dd thi chua dupe
tilp can vdi nude sach [4] Hai chi tieu ndy deu
thip xa so vdi muc tieu d l ra trong chien luoc
phat triln kinh t l xS hoi 2001-2010 nhu da dl
cap d tren
Thir hai Muc ihu nhap etia ddn cu nhin
chung cdn rat thdp so vai cdc nude trong khu i-wc
Hien tai, quy md GDP/ngudi cua nude ta
diing thii 7/11 nude trong khu vyc, diing thii
34/47 nude va vung lanh thd d chau A So
lieu ndy cho thdy thii hang v e p h a t trien con
ngudi ciia Viet Nam a mite thap [2] Neu liy
muc thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi dy kiln
tdi nam 2020 Id 3.000 USD (theo gia hi6n lai)
thi Viet Nam van la nude ed miic thu nhap
' Chuin neheo chinh phu giai cho giai do9n 2010-2013 la
500 000 dong/ngudi/ihang cr thanh ihj Theo chuan ngheo
ddne/nguci/lhang ^
• Xem them chi liel 9 chi s6 cau ihanh chi so MP! d Viel
Nam ei Bao cao Quoc gia \k Phat triln Con ngudi 2011
trung binh thdp Nhu vay, trong khoang thdi gian la 35 nam lit 1986 tdi 2020, miic sdng cua ddn cu ed tang dang ke nhung Viet Nam vin la nude ed thu nhap trung binh thip, kem
xa so vdi thanh tuu cdng nghiep hda cua Han Qudc Nam 1962, miie thu nhgp binh quan dau ngudi cua Hdn Qudc la 87 USD thi ndm
1996 da tang len tdi 10.548 USD NSm 1996, Hdn Qudc chinh thiic trd thanh nude cdng nghiep, la nen kinh te idn thii II vd trd thanh thdnh vien thii 29 eua nhdm cdc qudc gia thupc Td chiic Hpp tac vd Phat trien Kinh te (OECD) [9, 10] Thanh cdng nay ed dupe la
vi trong khoang thdi gian tir 1963-1996, Hdn
cao; trung binh hdng nam la 8,7% [9] Trong khi do, k l til khi ddi mdi (1986) tdi 2013, chung la chi dat mire tang trudng kinh te blnh quan hang nam la 6,67%^ Tir nam 2011 tdi
2020, de dat dupe miic thu nhap binh quan
tri duoc tdc dp tang trudng GDP hdng nam Id
vai nam gan day chi d miic dudi 6%'' Tii nhting danh gia trSn cho thiy, trong khoang
HDH ciia Viet Nam chua nang cao duoc miic sdng dan cu eiia mpt nude cdng nghiep hda thanh cong nhu Hdn Qudc
Thir ba Bd! binh ddng ihu nhap ddn loi bdi binh ddng trong tiep cdn nhd d dieu kien ve sinh vd cdc dich vuylevd gido due Cac nghien eiru trudc day cho ring Viet
Nam dat duac thanh cdng trong viec nang cao miic sdng ngudi dan ma khong cd sy gia Idng nhieu ve bat binh ddng [11] Tuy nhien, tinh hinh thuc te da thay ddi trong cac nam gan day Chi sd Gini da tang nhe tir 0,4 len 0,43 vd ty trpng thu nhap ciia nhdm 5% dan so gidu nhat
Tinfa loan tu du li^u cua Tong cue Thdng ke (hnp //ngktonhne.mofa.go V vn/ne ws? id=422)
' Toe do tang truAng GDP trong cic nam 2011, 2012 va
2013 (u*jc imh) ia 5,89, 5.03 va 5.40
Trang 5thu nhap cua 10% nhdm ngheo nhit gidm di cai cdc gia dinh kha gia thudng ed thdnh tfch 20% trong thdi gian tu 2004 din 2010 [4] hoc tap tdt hon con nhd ngheo Cae nghien ciiu Trong khi thu nhap tang trong til ea cac nhdm cung chi ra ring benh tat tap trung nhieu hon d thi thu nhap binh quan cua nhdm 20%i ngudi cae nhdm hd ngheo nhung ho lai su dung cac gidu nhil so vdi thu nhap cua nhdm 20% thu dich vu y te it hon cdc hp giau Mac dii viec cip nhap ngheo nhit da tang din theo cac nam: nam the y te mien phi cho cae hp ngheo Id mot tiln
2002 Id 8,1 lin, nam 2004 la 8,3 lin, nam 2006 bd giup cac hp ngheo gidm thilu ehi phi chira
Id 8,4 lin, nam 2008 la 8,9 lin, nam 2010 la 9,2 benh nhrnig chit lupng eiia ciia dich vu y tl khi lin va nam 2012 Id 9,4 lin [5] su dung bao hiem y t§ lai Id mdt van de ddng
Su gia tang chenh lech v l thu nhap din tdi q"«" "§?' t^^- C^c phdn tich tren cho thiy bit
su gia lang khoang each chenh lech v l mat xa "^^f ding thu nhap dan tdi bat binh dang trong
hdi nhu chenh lech ve ty le nhap hpe bac trung tiep can dich vu y te vd gido due; dieu ndy L
vd dai hoc vd chenh lech vl kha nang tilp can ' ^ ^ ^^° "^^^ ^'"^^ ^^"S * " "^^P "S^^ "=^8 ^^>"
dich vu y ll ed chit luang cao [4] Sd iieu thuc t^9"§ •?"" ^o'^? ^"™§ 1^'- T''^^ ^f ^ ° ^ ^ ^
tl cho thdy cac hp gia dinh gidu cd chi tieu ™"S ^^\ ^inh dang ve kmh te va bat binh dang
nhilu hon cho viec di hoc cua eon cai, dac biet ^ ° " S '"^P '^^" '^^'^ ^f^^^ ^ "^ hoi thiet yeu ed
la viee hpc them Vdi viec diu hr nhu vdy, con '^'= '^^"S 1"^ '?' ^^'^
^i*^^"-Bang 1: Khac biet ve mirc song giua nhom ngheo va kliong nghSo
1993 2008 2012 +/-Nha*
% dSn sd khong ngheo sdng trong nhd tam
% din s6 ngheo sdng trong nha tam
Di^n
% din s6 khong ngheo song trong hp cd dien
% dan so ngheo sdng trong hp c6 di^n
Nir*c vf sinh
% dan slWidrtgngAeosu dung ngudn nude hpp v? sinh 22,5 76,3 80,7 58,2
% dan sd ngheo su dyng ngu6n nude hpp vi sinh 2,0 60,7 66.0 64.0
Nha Vf sinh
% ddn so khong ngheo sdng trong hp sii diing hi xf hop ve sinh 33.4 70,7 8 3,4 47,9
% din so ngheo sing m>ng hd sii dyng hi xi hpp v | sinh 8,6 25.3 29,4 20,8
Tivi
% dan sli'/idngjjgAetj sing trong hpcdtivi 46,5 94,6 95.7 49,2
% ddn so ngheo song trong h$ c6 ti vi
Phirirng ti^n di l^i c6 d§ng co'
% din si khong ngheo sing trong hd sd hihi phucmg tien di Igi cd dpng co 25.4 75,4 90,5 65.2
% din sd ngheo sdng trong hd
sd hitu phuang lign di laJ co dpng co 2 7 36.6 66,6 64.0
25.6 44,2
63,4 36,5
10,2 26,2
98.8 88,3
5,9 22,3
98,8 89,2
-19,7 -21.9
35.4 52,8
70,6 77,3
Nguon: GSO-WB (2014)
Trang 6Trong thdi gian 20 nam, tit 1993 den 2012,
cac khia canh khac nhau cua ddi sdng dan eu dd
dupe cai thien ddng ke nhung edn mdt sd lupng
Idn dan sd sdng trong tinh trang thieu thdn eac
dieu kien tdi thieu ve v? sinh va nha d Ude tinh
ed khoang 3,4 trif u ngudi ngheo sdng trong nha
tam, trong do: 49% ngudi ngheo sdng trong nha
tam la dan tpe thieu sd Khoang 5,2 trieu ngudi
ngheo su dyng ngudn nude khdng hpp v? sinh
va ngudi ngheo dan tdc thieu so chilm gin 57%
[5] Ben cgnh dd, Bdng 1 eon cho thiy muc do
cai thidn ddi sdng ciia nhdm ngheo thap han
nhieu so vdi nhdm khong ngheo Dieu dd cho
thiy he luy cua chdnh l£ch giau ngheo se eang
lam trim trpng thdm sy khde biet vl cac khia
canh khac nhau cua ddi song giOa cae nhdm
dan cu va co the gay ra nhirng he lyy tieu cue
cho sy dn dinh xa hpi trong thdi gian tdi
Thu tu- Nguy co tdi ngheo vd tdn thuong cao
Viet Nam da dat dupe lien bo dang k l trong
giam ngheo vdi thdnh cdng dua hang chyc trieu
hp gia dinh thoat ngheo trong hem mdt thap ky
qua Tuy nhien, hien van edn mot so lupng Idn
hp ngheo va nhilu hp cd thu nhap sat ngudng
nghfio Tinh theo chudn nghfeo mdi cua
GSO-WB thi nam 2010, Vipt Nam cd 13 trieu hp can
ngheo va 18 frifu hd n g h ^ [4] Do chudn
ngheo thip nen nhilu bp can ngheo vdn de hi
tdi ngheo vd dl bj tdn thuong trudc cde cii sdc
nhu thit nghiep, tai nan, benh tgt, dich b?nh,
thien tai va cde dien biln bdt Ipi cua nen kinh te
Bang 2: Ngheo theo
nhu lam phat vd khung hoang kinh 16 [16, 17, 18] Thuc le tren phan nao cho thay viec nang cao miic sdng cho ngudi dan va giam ngheo chua thyc sy ben viing bdi nhiing bit dn kinh te
vT md va he thdng an sinh xa hpi chua thyc sy hoat dpng hieu qua Sd lieu thue t l cho thay h^ thdng an sinh xa hpi d Vi$t Nam cd dp bao phu
sd khdng ed bdo hifim ve siic khde, trong khi 82% lye luong lao ddng khdng dupe bao hiem
dau, thai san hoac do nghi huu [11] Hpp phan bao hiem xa hpi (bao gdm bao hiem xa hdi, bdo hiem y le va bao hiem ihal nghiep) cd vai trd quan trong vdi co ehe hogt ddng ty dpng binh
dn bing each thu cdc khoan phi khi kinh le thinh vupng vd chi trd khi nln kinh te suy thoai
Do vd>' he thdng nay ed vai trd quan trpng trong viec dam bao dn djnh ddi sdng cua ngudi ddn Cd mdt vai ly do giai thich vi sao he thdng nay cd dp phu thap Do da phan ngudi lao ddng
la ndng dan va lam viec trong khu vyc phi chinh thiic nen dai da sd khdng tham gia bdo hiem xd hdi bit budc va chi mdt so it tham gia bao hiem tu nguyen Hon niia, chat lupng eiia
mpt van de quan ngai khien ngudi dan khdng mudn tham gia loai bdo hi£m ndy [11]
Thu nam- Ngheo ddi Idp trung cao a cdc vitng kinh li khd khdn khu vuc ndng thdn viing cao vd cdc nhom ddn tdc thieu sd
khu vyc \ a dan sd
T> le nghdo Ty trpng nguoi ngheo Ty trpng ddn s6
Thanh thi 5,4
Ndng thon 22.1
Kinh/Hoa 9.9
Din lpc thilu sd 59.2
49,0 51.0
85.2
A'gMon: GSO-WB (2014)
Trang 7Qua uinh C N l i HDH dien ra trong ca che
thj trudng nen cac ngudn lyc se dd ddn ve
nhung vimg cd Ipi the phat trien kinh te Hp qua
dan cu se khdng ddng deu trong qua trinh CNH,
HDH Vi du, nhdm dan tdc Kinh/Hoa cd ty le
giam ngheo tu 53,9% nSm 1993 xudng cdn 9%
nam 2008, trong khi dd, nhdm ddng bdo dan tdc
thieu so cd miie giam ngheo luong ung Id
86,4% xudng cdn 5 0 J % trong cimg thdi gian
va WB thi thi ty le ngheo toan qudc nam 2012
la 17,2%; trong dd khu vuc Ddng bing sdng
Hdng Id 7,5%; Vimg miln nui vd Tmng du phia
Bic Id 4I.9''o: Vimg duyen hai mien Trung la
18.2%: Tay Nguyen la 29.7"o: Ddng Nam Bd la
5,0% vd Ddng bing sdng Cim Long la 16,2%
Ben cgnh dd, Bdng 2 cho thay ty 1? ngheo d
5.4% [5] Sd lieu thuc te cho thay ngudi ngheo
nghiep vd trinh dp hpe van thap va mdt bd phan
Idn (47%) la dan tdc ihieu sd [4] Ben canh dd,
eua tam bp ddng con tinh trang siic khde kem
lam, ihieu dat hoac dit cd chdt lupng kem, thieu
tdi san san xuat, sdng o cde vimg hep Idnh, sdn
phdm dau ra khdng tiep can dupe thi trudng
[14] Thyc le tren phan nao phan anh nhiing bat
Ipi ma ngudi ngheo g3p phai ve tiep can vdn,
giao due y te va thj trudng d cac vimg ndng
thdn va mien nui Dieu dd cung phan anh thye
le rdng cac chinh sach va dinh hudng ve phat
chua dem Igi thdnh qua nhu mong mudn
3 Mpt so kien nghi ^e nang cao miiT song
Xudt phdt tir viee phan tich va danh gia thuc
trang ve nang cao miic sdng dan cu, bai vilt dl
xuat mpt sd kien nghi nhu sau:
Thu nhdt Nhd nude cdn duy tri mdi trudng Idnh li Vl mo dn dinh vd thuc ddy tdng truang kinh li di ddy nhanh lien dp giam ngheo mpt cdch ben viing
Cac bing chirng thyc nghiem cho thay mdi quan he lich cyc giiia tang trudng kinh l l va giam ngheo d nhieu nude dang phat trien [15]
va bing chirng tuang ty cung dupe xdc nhan d Viet Nam trong hon hai thap ky qua nhu da phan tich d tren Tuy nhien toe dp tang trudng
suy giam so vdi nua dau thap nien 2000 va theo
du kiln se tilp me tang trudng khdng cao trong tucmg lai gdn [4] Do vay, cae chinh sdch thuc
giam ngheo Id mdt trong nhiing nhiem vy quan trpng hang dau trong nhiing nam tdi Viec duy tri mpt mdi trudng kinh te vi md on dinh ciing
ed vai trd het siic quan trpng trong viec dn dinh
vd nang cao miic sdng dan cu bdi cac bang chiing kinh te lupng gan day cho thdy lam phat Idm gia tang nguy eo rai vao ddi ngheo vdi mot
bd phan dan sd Viet Nam [12]
Thu hai Gia tdng ca hdi cho nhdm ddn so
cd Ihu nhgp ihdp tham gia vd hudng led nhieu hon lir lien trinh CNH, HDH ddt nude
De md rdng co hdi cho ngudi ngheo dupe tham gia hudng loi tu tien trinh CNH HDH, Nha nude nen cd cac chinh sach hd trp ndng dan de gia tang nang sudt ndng nghiep qua viee ini tien dau tu cho ndng nghiep va ndng thdn Ben canh do, cac chinh sdeh ciia Nhd nude ho trp ngudi ngheo tham gia nhieu hon vao cde boat ddng phi ndng nghiep d ndng thdn Id hodn toan can thilt Bdng chung thuc l l cho thay nhiing tien bd trong viec nang cao mue sdng
dang hda hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep [16] thi nhirng tien bp dd trong nhung nam gan day
hoat dpng kinh te phi ndng nghiep, bao gdm viec lam cdng an luong va tu lam trong khu vuc cdng nghiep \d dich vu [4] O khia canh nay
Trang 8kinh nghiem qudc te cbo thay rang can phat huy
loi da vai trd cua cae doanh n ^ i e p nhd vd viia
trong CNTI, HDH nong nghiep ndng thdn boi
cac doanh nghiep ndy se Id nhirng co may tgo
thdn [17] Ngudi ddn di cu ngheo gap phdi
nhiing van dl khd khan trong tiep can cac dich
vu xa hdi co ban nhu giao dye (dac biet Id bgc
bi^t rat khd tham gia duac eac ehuang trinh
muc tieu giam ngheo Nhung han chfi ndy can
trd tac dpng lan tda ciia phat trien dd thj tdi
giam ngheo d cdc vimg ndng thdn [11] Do vdy,
de khuyen khich ngudi ddn ngheo ndng thdn di
cu, cdc chinh sach hd trp ho tilp can tdi cdc
dich vu giao due, y te, va ehuang trinh muc tieu
qudc gia khac d ngay nai hp di cu din la dilu
Chinh phii cd the lam Sau ciing, nhu dS d l cap
d trgn, nguyen nhan ngheo ciia nhdm dan tdc
thieu ky nang va trinh dp giao due, han che
trong viec tiep can co sd ha ting va eac dich vu
trp gia tang ndng suat ndng nghiep, tiep can
giao due va ca sd ha ting cho nhdm ddn eu nay
Thir ba: Md rdng kha ndng tich ISy ldi san
cho ngudi ddn di ndng cao thu nhap vd giam
ngheo ben virng
Bing chung thyc l l d hiu hit cae nude
dang phdt triln cho thiy ring viec md rpng tai
san sinh k l cho ngudi nghdo Id nhan td quan
trpng ddm bao thanh cdng cho viec giam ngheo
bin viJng [18] Dd la vi tai san sinh kl cd vai
tro quylt dinh tdi hoat ddng tgo thu nhap va
nang cao mirc sdng ciia ngudi dan Nhu da phan
lich d tren, ngudi ngheo d Viet Nam cd it lai
san san xudt, thilu vdn, siic khde kem va giao
due ban ehi Day la nhiing nguyen nhdn co
ban ciia ddi ngheo Do vgy, de giiip ngudi dan
md rpng quy md tich luy cae tai san sinh ke, cac
chinh sach cdn tgp Xtuag vao viec ho trp ngudi
dan lilp can tdi hon giao due vd y te, tin dung
va CO sd ha ting
Thu lir Ndng c sinh xd hpi
J chdt lupng he thdng an
Ngudi cd thu nhap thip va ngudi ngheo
de hi tdn thuang bdi cac riii ro d c i p dp cdng ddng, hd gia dinh va ca nhdn Bang chirng thyc te cho thiy d khu vuc ndng thdn, thien
vdi ngudi ngheo [14] Thilu viee lam phii hap, benh tdt va cac van d l chi phi cham sdc
cho ngudi dan dd thi [13] Do vay, vi?c Nha
hdi ed dp bao phii rdng va boat ddng hi^u qua
song cua ngudi ddn trong tiln trinh CNH, HDH d Viet Nam De nang cao dp phii eiia he thdng bao hiem xa hpi, vi?c tuyen truyin ndng cao nhan thiic ciia ngudi dan vl tham gia bdo hiem xd hpi, don gidn hda cac thu tuc tham gia va nang cao chit lupng eiia he thdng bao hiem xa hpi, dac biel la bdo hiem y te la viee lam cdn thiet de gia tang vai trd eua an
miic sdng dan cu d Viet Nam Kinh nghiem
vu y te ma mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan cho thdnh cdng duy tri bat binh dang d miic thap trong qua trinh CNH d Han Qudc [8]
Tai lieu tham khao
fl] Minh Ngoc, '"Goc nhm tir GDP binh quin dSu nguoi nam 2013", xem tai http //baodienlu chinhphu vnyKinh-te/Goc-nhin-tu-GDP-binh -quan-dau-nguoi-nam-2013/188639 vgp, 2013 [2] Minh Nhung, "GDP binh quan dSu ngudi va vi the dat nude", xem tin http,/^aodautu
vn/gdp-2013 [3] Tong cue Thing ke Tinh hinh kmh tl xa hoi Viel Nam mum nam 2001-2010", Ha Npi, Viel Nam, NXB Thing Ke
[4] U'orld Bank ••Viemam Povert>' Assessment -Well Begun, Not Yet Done , Vietnam's
Trang 9Remarkable Progress on Poverty Reduction and
the Emerging Challenges" Washington DC,
2012
[5] Tong cue d i ^ ke va Ngai hai^ Tbi gidi "H<jp
bao aing bo kll qua khao sal mue song h$ gia dinh
nam 2012" HaNoL Viel Nam, 2014
[6] Kim Thanh, "Nam mm ii6 hrc ihtrc hien giam
ngheo ben viing Tap ciu Ccmg san" xem lai
tail aspx''co_id=28340759vacnjd=633173.2014
[7] L'NDP, "Vici Nam HDI Values and Rank
Changes in the 2013 Human Development
Repon",20]3-(81 UNT)P "Bao cao Qu6c gia ve phat inen con
nguoi 2011" Chuong mnh Phai men Lien Hpp
Qudc Ha Noi 2011
[9| Chowdhut> A , and Islam I "Handbook on
ihe Northeast and Southeast Asian Economies:
Edward Elgai" 2007
[10] Han, T 1 -Lonesome Hero Memoir of a
Korea War POW", Blooming USA
AuIhorHouse 2007
[11] Vi^n K.hoa hgc Xa hoi Viel Nam, Giam ngheo ct
Viel Nam Thanh tini va ihach thiic Ha Npi
VieiNam NXB The gim
[12] Nguyen Viet Cuong "Can Viemam Achieve die Millennium Developmeni Goal on Poverty Reduction in High Inflation and Economic Stagnation''" Developing Economies 49(3), (2011), pp 297-320
[13] Oxfarm va Action Aid "Danh gia ngheo d6 thi voi su tham gia cua nguai ddn t?i Viet Nam Bao cao long hop" Ha N'oi Vi^l Nam, 2009 [14] Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam "Danh gia ngheo vdi su tham gia ciia ngudi dan Bao cao ting hpp"" Ha Noi Vi?! Nam 2009 [15] Pasha, H A , and Palanivel T., "Pro-poor Growth and Policies, The Asian Experience" Jagadamba Press 2004
[16] Ngan hang The gidi, "Bao cao phat irien Viet Nam 2012 Kmh ll thi trudng khi Viel Nam tro thanh quoc gia cd thu nhap tning binh", Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 2012,
[17] DSng Kim Srni, •Kinh nghifim qudc tl vi nong
nghiep, nong thdn, ndng dSn trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda", Ha Noi Viet Nam, NXB Chinh tn Qudc gia, 2008
[18] Ngan hang Thi gidi, "Bao c4o phat iriln the giai 2001 Tin cdng doi ngheo" Ha Ndi, Viet Nam 2001
Improving the Living Standards of the Population During the Process of Industrialization and Modernization: Achievements
and Emerging Challenges
Nguyen H6ng Scm, Tran Quang Tuyen
J'.WU University of Economics and Business,
144 Xudn Thuy Sir Cdu Gidy Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: This paper analyzes and evaluates successes and limitations of improving living standards of the population during the period of speeding up of industrialization and modernization in Viemam from
2001 until now U has been found in this period that the country has attained great achievements in poverty reduction, improvement of income, provision of education, provision of heahh services, and provision of vital infrastrucmre for the population Nevertheless, Viemam has faced a lot of challenges in the process of enhancing living standards for its population The level of income per capita is quite low compared to that
of the neighbouring countries in the region; the poor still account for a significant percentage of the population; and there is increasing inequality in the access to education and health care services, etc On the basis of the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes policy implications that aim at improving the living standards of the population in the coming time
Keywords Living standards, poverty, inequality, access lo education and health care