Quan \f phai ttiln xa hdi la boat ddng quan ly cua nhi nudc va cac td chiic ngoii nha ntrdc ttong vile xay dyng vi trien khai thyc Men cic chinh sieh, phip Mat thugc Itnh vyc xi hdi, n
Trang 1m
QUAN DIEIVI CUA DANG VE PHAT TRIEN XA HOI
VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI THQFl KYDOI IVlOl
• TS PHAM D f c KlfeN
J^en Lich sit Ddng,
Hgc vien Chinh tri quoc ga Ho Chi Minh
Nlu tilp can pham trii xi hdi theo
nghta hep, thi phit ttiln xi hdi chlnh
la kMa canh xi hdi cua sy phat triln
Theo ngMa niy, ndi dung eda phit triln xa hdi
li nhiing vin de tMet ylu cua ddi sdng, nhu:
viec lam, thu nhap, an smh xa hdi, an ninh xa
hgi, dieh vu xi hdi, uu dii xa hdi Quan \f
phai ttiln xa hdi la boat ddng quan ly cua nhi
nudc va cac td chiic ngoii nha ntrdc ttong vile
xay dyng vi trien khai thyc Men cic chinh
sieh, phip Mat thugc Itnh vyc xi hdi, nhim
huy ddng tdi da cie ngudn lye cho phit triln
ddi sdng vit chit va tmh thin cua con ngirdi
vi phit ttiln xi hgi bin vimg
Thdi ky tnrdc ddi mdi (1986), do nhimg sai
Iam chu quan, duy y chl ttong chu truong,
chinh sich cua Dang va Nbi nude vl eai tao
XHCN vi xiy dyng CNXH, duy tri qui liu co
chl quin ly kl hoaeh hda, tip trung quan hlu
bao cap ma nln kmh t l Vilt Nam di lim vio
khdng hoing tram ttgng Md hinh quan ly xa
hdi thdi k^ nay da ldm ham lye lupng sin xuit
va triet tilu nMeu ddng lye phit trien Dai hdi VI eua Dang (12-1986) da hoaeh dinh dirdng ldi ddi mod dat nude, ttong dd bat diu tu ddi mdi tu duy ly luin, nhan thiie ro hon, diing din hon ve CNXH vi eon dtrdng di lln CNXH d Viet Nam, xic lip mdt rad hinh phat triln mdi eho dit nudc, bd sung, phat triln ly iuin ve phat triln xa hgi vi quin ly phit triln xa hdi trong dieu kiln mod Dai hdi VI khing dinh quan diem liy viec
phat huy yiu ticon nguaivi liy vile phuc vu con ngudi lam muc dieh cao nhat cua mgi hoat ddng Lin diu tiln khii niem "chinh sach xa hdi' dupc nlu ttong Vin kiln Dai hgi
VI vi ndi ham eua chmh sieh xi hdi dugc xie dinh rd: "Chinh sich xa hdi bao tnim mgi mat cua cudc sdng con ngudi: dilu kiln lao ddng
va sinh boat, giio due vi vin hoi, quan he gia dinh, quan he giai cap, quan he dan tde Cin thi hien day du trong thyc t l quan dilm cua Dang vi Nha nudc vl sy thdng nhit giiia chmh sich kinh t l va chinh sieh xa hdi, khic phuc thii dp eoi nhe chinh sich xa hpi, tuc la coi nhe ylu td con ngudi ttong su ngMep xay dyng chu nghla xi hdi""' Quan nilm niy dinh diu sy ddi mdi nhin thde ciia Ding ve
Trang 2xa hoi, cot loi cua ddi moi la dat con nguoi vao
vi tri trung tam, My viec phat trifo nhan to con
nguoi lam thuoc do hieu qua cua mpi hoat
dpng kinhte, xahoi
Nha nuoc quan ly xa hOi bJng phap luat,
"Phap luat phai dupc chap hanh nghiem
chinh, mpi ngirod deu binh dang truoc phap
luat Mpi vi pham phap luat deu phai dupc
xu ly"'° Ben canh vai tro quan ly ciia Nha
nuoc, Dai hpi VI da nhan thiic ro vai tro, vi tri
ciia nhan dan va cdc doan the quSn chiing dfii
vol vi0c quan ly va thuc hien chinh sach xa h6i
khi khdng dinh phuong cham "Nha nudc va
nhan dan ciing lam", dieu nay th^ hien mpt
buoc phdt tri^n moi so voi quan diem truoc
day v^ chu the quan ly phat tri^nxahpi, tuyet
d6i hoa vai tro cua Nha nuoc, nhin nhan giai
quyet cac vdn d^ xd hpi nhu la su ban phat tu
tr^n xu6ng duoi, boi ca chi "xin - cho"
Dai hoi VII cua Dang (6-1991) tiep tuc
khdng dinh tam quan trpng cua phdt trien xd
hfii va nhdn manh muc tifiu ciia chinh sdch xd
hpi trong moi quan hi vai chinh sdch kinh t^:
"Muc rigu ciia chinh sach xa hpi thfing nhdt
vol muctifiuphdt trien kinh te, iiu nhdm phdt
huy siic manh cua nhdn tfi con nguoi va vi con
nguoi Kft hop hai hoa giua phdt trien kinh tfi
v6i phat trign van hoa, xa hpi, giua tang truong
kinh tfi v6i tien bp xa hfii; giiia doi sfing vat
chat va doi sfing tinh than ciia nhan ddn Coi
phdt trifin kinh tfi la co so va tifin de dfi thuc
hien cac chinh sach xa hfii, thuc hien tfit chinh
sdch xa hpi la dpng luc thiic day phat trifin
kinhtfi"Bi
Cuong linh xay dung dat nuoc trong thm ky
qui do len chii nghla xa hoi dupc thong qua
tai Dai hpi VII ciia Dang neu ro: "Oiihh sich
xa hoi diing ddn vi hanh phuc con nguoi la
tao cua nhdn dan trong su nghiep xay dvmg chii nghla xd hpi
Phuong huong Ita ciia chinh sdch xa hOi la: phdt huy nhdn to con ngufii tren co so bao dam cfing bdng, binh ddng vfi quyfin lpi
va nghia vu cfing ddn; kfit hpp tfit tdng
truong kinh tfi vai tifin bfi xa h0i; giua dfii
song vdt chat va doi sfing tinh than; giQa dap ling cac nhu cdu truoc mdt vfii chdm lo Igd Ich ldu dai; giira cd nhdn vol tap the va c0ng dongxahpi"'^^
Den Hfil nghi dai bifiu todn qufic giua
nhiem ky khod VII (1-1994), quan nifim vi
chinh sach xa hfii vd phat trien xa hpi dupc nhin nhan mpt cdch rfi rdng hon, cu the hon
va phan dnh quyet tdm ciia Dang trong viec dua ddt nuoc thoat khoi cuflc khiing hoang kinh tfi - xa hpi dfi tit do tao die'u kifin thuc hien phat trifin xd hfii vung chdc va hifiu qua hon:
"Tang trudng kinh tfi phai gdn vol tign bfi va cfing bang xd hfii ngay trong titng budc phat trifin Cfing bdng xa hfii thfi hien cd d khau phdn phfii hpp Ijj tu lifiu sdn xudt, ldn 6 khau phdn phoi kfit qua san xudt, cung nhu 6 digu kifin phdt trien nang luc ciia mpi thanh vien trong cfing dfing""''
Nhu vdy, vfii quan niem cua Ddng vfi phdt trifin xa hfii dupc nhin nhan khdch quan hon, khia canh xd hfii cua su phat trifin dupc xde dinh Id mpt tdt yeu trong qua trinh phat trign; phdt trifin vd hoan thien con ngufii tiep tuc dupc khdng dinh Id muc Ueu cdn dat dfin, phai dupc thg hien trnng mpi chii truong, chinh sach, phdp luat cua Dang vd Nhd nuorc Hfii nghi dai bieu todn quoc giira nhiem ky khfia VII cua Dang da chii truong tang cufing xay dung cdc ludt, cdc chinh sdch nhdm bdo vfi lpi ich hpp phdp ciia nguoi lao dpng, mfit mdt vira
Trang 3m
khuyin kM'ch dau tu de phit tiien kinh te, cai
tMen ddi sdng, mat khic xiy dyng eic eo chl
nhim han ehl bit cdng xa hdi Thdng qua he
tiidng phip luat, Nha ntrdc khuyin kMch mpi
ngtrdi dan, mpi thinh phin kmh t l lam giau
cMnh ding di ddi vdi tich eye xda ddi, giim
nghdo, ddng thdi cd chinh sich im dii hop ly
ve tm dung, ve thul, dio tao nghe ngMep de
tao dieu kiln thuan lpi cho ngudi ngheo cd thi
ty minh vuon lln va thoit ngheo'^' Ben canh
vai ttd ehu dao cua Nhi nude ttong vile quan
ly phit trien xi hdi, khdng cM dijng lai d
phuong chim Mia nudc va nhan din cdng
lam Dang ta da cM rd su can thilt phii ning
cao ttich nMem eua toan xa hdi ttong van dl
giai quylt cic van dl xi hgi: "De cao ttich
nMem cua mdi cdng dan ty giai quylt nhiing
van dl cua bin than va gia dinh minh; ddng
thdi tang cirdng cgng ddng ttich nhilm cua
toan xa hdi, phit huy truyin thdng nhin ii
cua din tdc ta"*^
Tai D^i hdi VIH (6-1996), Dang ta di neu ro
quan diem cM dao dinh hudng cho viec thyc
Men he thdng chinh sich xi hdi: Tang trudng
kinh tiphai gin hin v&i tiin bq vi cdng bang
xa hdi ngay tiong tdng buDC va tiong suit qua
tnnh phit triin Cdng bang xa hdi phai the
Men d ca khiu phin phdi hgp ly tu heu san
xuit lan d khau phin phdi ket qua san xuat;
thyc hien nMlu Mnh thirc phin phdi, lay
phin phdi theo kit qui lao ddng va Meu qua
kmh t l li chu ylu, ddng thdi phan phdi dya
tten muc ddng gdp cic ngudn lyc khic vao kit
qua sin xuat kmh doanh vi phin phdi thdng
qua phuc lpi xa hOi; khuyen khich lim giiu
hgp phip di ddi vdi tich eye xda ddi, giam
ngheo Cic vin dl chinh sieh xa hdi diu giai
quylt theo tinh thin xi hdi hda Nhi nude giir
vai ttd ndng cdt, ddng thdi ddng viln mdi
ngudi dan, eie doanh nghidp, eic td chue trong xa hgi, cie ci nhan vi td chtic nude ngoai cung tham gia giai quylt nhirng vin dl
xi hdi'^'
Tdng kit 20 nam ddi mdi dat nudc, Dai hdi
X cua Ding chd truong phat triln xi hdi va quin ly phat triln xi hpi phii tilp tuc dupc dit ttong mdi quan hi khdng tich rdi vol phit trien kinh t l va quan ly phit trien kinh te D^ hdi da dua ra nhiing tilu chi ein thilt vi phuong cham thue diy phit triln kmh t l gin vdi phit triln xa hgi: "Phai gin tang tnrdng kmh t l vdi phit trien van hda, phit trien toin dien eon ngudi, thyc Men dan chu, tiln bp va cdng bingxa hdi, tao nMlu viec lim, eii thien ddi sdng, khuyen kMch lim giau hgp phip di ddi vdi xda ddi, giim ngheo"'^' va "Thyc Men tiln bd va cdng bing xi hdi ngay ttong timg budc va timg ehinh saeh phit triln "'^'",
Trong Cuong hnh xiy dung dit nu&c tiong thdi ky qua do len chu nghia xa hdi (bd sung,
phit triln nam 2011) dupe thdng qua tai Dai hdi XI cua Dang, muc tieu vi npi dung eua
chlnh sach xa hdi dtrpc neu rd: "Chinh sich xi hdi dung dan, cdng bang vi con ngtrdi li dpng
luc manh me phit huy mpi nang lyc sing tao cua nhin dan ttong sy ngMep xiy dyng vi bao
vl Td qudc Bao dam cdng bing, binh ding vl quyln lgi vi ngMa vy edng din; kit hpp chit ehe, hgp ly phit triln kinh tl vdi phit trien vin hda, xi hdi, thue hiln tien bg vi cdng bing xa hdi ngay ttong tiing budc vi timg chinh sich; phit triln hii hda ddi sdng vat chat vi ddi sdng tinh thin, khdng ngimg nang eao ddi sdng cua mgi thanh vien ttong xa hpi vl in, d,
di lai, hpc tip, ngM ngoi, chua benh va ning cao thi chit, gin ngMa vu vdi quyln lgi, cdng Min vdi hirdng thu, lgi Ich ei nhin vdi lpi Ich tap thi vi cgng ddng xi hdi"""
Trang 4thuc tiin qua 30 nim ddi m&i (1986-2016)
nhin dinh: Ding da nhin thue ngay eing cu
thi vi diy du hon tim quan ttpng, muc tieu
va ndi dtmg cua vile giii quylt cic vin dl xi
hdi, die bilt li an smh xi hdi, phue lpi xa bpi
Khing dinh muc tieu chinh sich xa hdi li
nhim xiy dyng vi phit trien con ngudi, dem
lai cudc sdng hanh phue cho eon ngudi, gdp
phin lanh manh hda xi hdi va phit trien bin
viing dit nudc Nhan thue ro hon radi quan he
giua tang tnrdng kmh t l vdi tiln bd vi cdng
bing xi hdi ngay ttong tiing bude va tung
ehinh sieh phat triln; vai ttd cua cMnh sieh
xa hdi, su thdng nhit va kit hgp hai hda giiia
chinh sieh kinh tlvdi ehinh sich xa hdi ""^'
Nhuviy, eac quan dilm co ban nlu tten da
dinh hinh he ly luin eua Ding ve phit trien xa
hdi vi quan ly phit triln xa hdi ttong thdi ky
ddi radi Trong dd, Nha nudc giu vai trd la chu
thi quin ly phit trien xa hdi, ddng thdi cac vin
di chinh sich xa hdi diu gai quyit theo tinh
than xahdi hoi, dongvien mdi ngudi din, cac
doanhnghidp, cic td ch&c trong xahdi, cicca
nhan vitdchdcn u&c ngoii cimg tham gia giai
quylt nhtrng vin dl xa hgi Vdi tu cieh la chu
thi chinh tri, Nha nudc xay dyng cMIn lugc
phit triln, thong qua he thdng the che, ehinh
sich, CO chl tao ddng luc cho phit trien xi hdi
tgo ra su hii hda trong phat ttien giu:a ei nhan
vi cpng ddng Nhin dan va cac td chue xa hdi
cd vai ttd hit sue quan ttpng ttong vile tham
gia vio qua tiinh phit tiien xa hpi va dinh gii
ehinh sieh phit trien xa hdi
Nhiing budc tiln ttong tu duy ly luan cua
Dang vl phit tiien xa hdi vi quan ly phit triln
xa hdi ttong gin 30 nam ddi mdi da dem lai
nhimg thinh tuu to ldn ttong tit ci eac hnh
vuc eiia ddi sdng xa hdi, trong dd cd nhung
quin lyphat trien xa hpi
Nhdco su tang trudng kinh te kha eao va dn dinh di tao ra dieu kien vat ehat de Dang va Nha nudc ta quan tam dau tu va day manh vile thyc hien phat ttien xa hoi va quan iy phat triln xa hgi ngay cang co hieu qua hon Cic ehinh sach ve lao dgng va viee lam da ngay cang phu hgp hon vdi thuc tiln nen kinh
t l thi truong dinh hudng XHCN Bp luat Lao ddng duoc sua ddi nhieu lan qua cic nam
2002, 2006, 2007 va 2012, da tao hinh lang phip ly eho viec hoan thien cac tieu chuan lao ddng, thiet lap quan he lao dgng giira cac chii the, dilu chinh cac quan he xa hpi co lien quan din quan he lao dpng "Mdi nam binh quan tao ra 1,5-1,6 trieu viee lam mdi Nam
2014, lao dpng trong khu vuc chlnh thuc dat tten 30% va lao dgng da quan dao tao chilm khoing 49% tdng sd lao dgng""^' Da xay dung
vi triln khai Luat Viec iam va nghien cdu xay dung Chuong trinh viec lam cdng Cdng tie xoa ddi giam ngheo dat dupc kel qui diy an tupng Trong gan 30 nam ddi moi, Dang va Nha nude ludn nhat quan ve chinh sich giam ngheo ben vung di doi vdi khuyen kMch lim giau hpp phap; day manh viec trien khai thyc Men cac ngM quyet ciia Chinh phii va Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve giam ngheo, ttong dd chu ttgng chinh sach giam ngheo da cMeu vi khic phuc nguy ca tai ngheo Da tien hanh dilu chinh chuan ngheo theo timg thdi ky phil hpp voi dieu kien kmh te - xa hpi ciia dai nudc Theo chuan quoc gia, ty le hg doi ngheo
da giim tir 30% nam 1992 xudng khoang 9,5% nam 2010 Theo Ngan hang tiie gidi (WB) va Tdng eye Thdng ke, ty le ngheo chung (bao gdm
ca ngheo luong thuc, thuc pham va ngheo phi luong thuc, thuc pham) da giam tir 58,1% nam
Trang 5m
Mgt goc khu tdi dinh cu thi xa Mudng Lay (tinh Di^n Bien)
1993 xudng 29% nam 2002 va cdn 7,8% vio nam
2013, 5,8-6% nim 2014 va phin diu din bet
nim 2015 hd ngjieo ttong ei ntrdc cdn dudi
5%"* Nhu vay, A/ilt Nam da "hoin thinh sdm
hon so vdi kl hoach toan cau: giam mdt nua ty
11 ngheo vio nim 2015", ma Mye tilu TMIn
men ky (MDGs) cda Liln Hgp qudc da dl ra'^^'
Sy ngMep giao dye cd budc phat triln radi
vl quy md, da dang hda vl loai hinh trudng
ldp tu mim non, tieu hpc din cao dang, dai
hpc Ty le ngudi dan (tii 15 mdi trd len) biet
chii di tang ttr 84% cudi nhiing nim 1980 len
90,3% nam 2007 Ttr nam 2006 din nay, Oimg
binh hing nim quy md dao tao tmng hge
chuyin ngMep ting 10%; eao ding vi dai hpe
tang 7,4% Nam 2009, ttIn 1,3 trilu smh vien
ngheo duoc Ngin hing ehinh sich xa hdi cho
vay vdi lii suit tm dii de theo hpe
Cic dich vu y te, ehim sdc sue khoe nhin
din di cd nhung tiln bd vtrpt bac Tinh din
nim 2013, hiu hit tuyen xi da cd ttam y te, 95,9% sd thdn, bin cd nhin vien y te; 74,9% cic ttam y te xa cd bic sy, khoang 96% ttam y tlxi cd y sy, niihd smb Nhddd, viec tilp cin dich vu cham sdc, ehiia tri benh cua ngudi dan
da dugc cai tMen"^'
Chinh sach uu dai ngudi cd cdng dupe Dang va Nha nude die bilt quan tim "Ca nude Min cd khoing 8,8 trilu ngirdi cd edng, cMlm khoing 10% din sd, cd khoing 1,4 trilu ngudi dupe hudng ttp cip thudng xuyin Bio dam miie sdng cda ngirdi cd cdng bing hoic eao hon muc sdng tnmg binh cua din cu ttIn diabancutni"'^'''
Chlnh sieh an sinh xi hdi ngiy cing md rdng vi hieu qui Xiy dyng hi thdng an sinh
xa hdi cd tinh chia se giiia Nha nudc, xi hdi
va ngudi dan, giua cie nhdm dan cu trong mdt thi hi vi giua eic the he, trong dd Nhi ntrdc giu vai ttd chu dao "Den nim 2014, ca
Trang 6hiem xd hpi bdt bupc, 190 nghin nguoi tham
gia bao hiem xd hpi tu nguyen, hon 9 trifiu
nguoi tham gia bao hifim that nghiSp vd hon
61 trieu ngufii tham gia bdo hifim y tfi™
Cung voi dfi, Nhd nuoc dang xiic tifin xdy
dung Luat An sinh xa hpi va sua doi Luat Bao
hifim xahpi
Ngodi ra, de dinh huong, nang cao hifiu qud
phdt ttifin xa hpi, ttong thfii ky doi mm Dang
va Nhd nuoc ciing chii ttpng day manh cfing
tdc quan ly phdt trien xd hfii thfing qua xay
dung va hoan thien he thfing chlnh sdch, phdp
luat ttong cdc linh vuc xa hfii khdc Difin thu
huong chinh sdch ngdy cdngmfifrfing, mirc hfi
ttp dtrpc nang Ifin Ngufin lite ddu tu cdc linh
vuc xa hfii ngdy cdng dupc tang cufing vd da
dang boa Nha nufic da ban hdnh va tfi chirc
thuc hifin nhieu chinh sach dfi xdy dung, phdt
huy vai trfi ciia cdc giai tang xa hfii ttong su
nghifip dfii mfii, vfi hinh dang gifii, vi chdm
sfic bd me va tre em, hfin nhdn va gia dinh,
cham sfic ngufii cao tufii, chfing te nan xa hfii,
bao luc gia dinh
Ben canh nhimg ket qua dat dupc, van con
khfing it nhirng han chfi, bat cap trong phdt
ttifin xd hpi vd quan ly phdt ttifin xd h p i Dfi
Id: "Mpt sfi chinh sdch xa hfii cham dfii moi,
chua sdt thuc tiln, thifiu co so' khoa hpc; con
thifiu nhung chinh sach dac thii cho nhimg
viing djc thu; thifiu co chfi chinh sach difi'u
tiet hop ly quan he lpi ich, difi'u hfia cdc quan
hfi xa hfii, kiem sodt cdc riii ro, mau thudn,
xung dot xd hpi Tien luong chua dam bdo
cupc sfing can bo, cfing chirc, vifin chirc Cdi
cdch tifin luong Ugn hanh cham, chua dat
muc tieu, yfiu cau de ra" Dfing thoi, "Quan ly
xd hpi cfin nhieu bat cap, liing tiing, chong
chfio, thifiu hifiu qua; tifiu cue xa hfii, tfi nan
chieu huong gia tang""'*'
Do do, can phai tifip tuc nghifin ciiu, bfi
sung vd hodn thien chii tnrong, chinh sdch vi
quan ly phdt trien xa hpi Cimg vol phdt trifin kinh tfi vd quan ly phdt trien kinh tfi, phdt ttign
xa hpi 6 Viet Nam phdi vtrpt qua quan niem truyfin thong de phat trien ben viing, gdn lifin
xa hpi, cpn nguoi va vol mfii trudng tu nhifin
Qudn ly phat trien xa hpi a nuac ta theo dfi
phdi tinh dfin tinh chinh thfi vd dfing b$, dfii hoi khfing ngiing nang cao ndng luc ciia chi the quan ly Trong dieu kien moi, Nha nufic can phdi tifip tuc huy dpng dupc sue manh tfing hpp ciia cdc luc lupng xd hfii trong vific thuc hifin phdt ttifin xd hfii vd quan ly phdt trifin xd hpi, cfi n h u vdy mfii cfi thfi tao dung mfit xd hfii phdt trifin ben vihig theo dinh huong XHCN •
(1), (2) DCSVN: Van kien BangToan tap t.47, Nxb
Chinh tn qufic gia Ha Nfii, 2006, tr.420,455 (3), (4)Sdd,t.51,tr.l00,139
(5), (6), (7) Sdd, t.53, tl 216,217,217 (8) DCSVN: Vin kien Dai hOi dai biiu toan qudc
lan thu Vin, Nxb Chlnh tti qufic gia Ha Npi, 1996,
tr.lI3-114
(9), (10) DCSVN: Vin ki$n Dai hdi dai biSu toin
qudc Ian thuX, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, Hd Noi,
2006,0.178-179,101
WBCSm-.VinkienDaihQiaaibieutoinquoclSn thtiXI, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, Ha Noi, 2011, tt.79
(12), (13), (14), (17), (18), (19) DCSVN: Bio do
tdng ket mdt so vin de ty luan • thuc tiSn qua 30 nam ddi mai (1986-2016), Nxb Chinh tti qufic gia,
HaNpi,2015,tt.l05,109,110, 111, 112,114