0^ srri MO HINH KINH TE XA H O I Hifn nay nen kinh t l thj trudng theo mo hinh tu bin chii nghTa dupc ip dung hiu hit d mpi nudc trSn thi gidi.. Vi cd mpt nghjch ly ma nhilu nhi kinh t
Trang 10^ srri
MO HINH KINH TE XA H O I
Hifn nay nen kinh t l thj trudng theo mo
hinh tu bin chii nghTa dupc ip dung hiu hit d
mpi nudc trSn thi gidi Tuy nhien, ngudi la
ciing nhgn ra la nd c6 nhieu hgn chS va gay ra
khdng it hau qui tieu cyc, nhat litrongquan hf
giira con ngudi voi nhau, irong 13nh vyc xfi hdi,
vi tren mfii trudng thiSn nhien That viy, tit khi
nudc ta dfi md cua dl tilp nhin kinh te thi
tnrdng, tuy cua cai trong xi hdi nhin chung cd
gia tfing, nhimg khdng phii mpi thanh vien
trong xa hgi dSu dupc thy hudng cac ciia cii
dd Mirc chenh Ifch giau ngheo ngiy cang gia
tfing giiia thinh thi va ndng thfin, giiia nhiing
thinh phin trong ciii^ m$t cdng dfing xi hdi
Thit nghifp gia ting d3 gat nhilu ngudi ra bSn
le xfi hpi Tinh trang niy gay bit man noi nhiing
ngirdi bj day ra khdi vdng quay ciia kinh te,
hofic bugc hp phai chap nhan bat ciir vifc gl, bit
chip dao ly va luit phip, dl nudi than vi gia
dinh Dilu nay lam gia ting (e nan xa hpi vi
hinh dpng pham phip, gay bat fin cho xa h^i
Quan hf giu'a con ngudi dupc dieu tiSt
chu ylu bing ddng tien, va cung chinh ddng
riln li tieu chuan de dinh gii con ngudi Phim
chat con ngudi do do bj thoii hoi, biln chat
Ngiroi ta chi cdn biel cai lpi trudc mfit cho
minh, bit kl ll nghta Ngudi ta cung thilu c i y
thiifc cpng dfing nira Vi chinh nhiing dieu nay
mdi li nguyen nhan sau xa gay nen tat c i
nhiing xio trfn trong xi hgi Ngoai ra, sy khai
thic qui dp tii nguyen ihiSn nhiSn dl san xuat
ngiy cang nhieu hing hoa dfi anh hudng ldn
den mfii trudng sinh thai vi tii nguySn thidn
nhien khdng phai la vd hgn Va Igi, nhiing chil
diii cdng nghiep ngiy cing gia ifingkhdng
dupc xu ly dung miic cung giy ra d nhilm mdi
tnrdng va cd tic hai tren siic khde con ngudi
Do vgy, sy phat triln kinh tl khdng ludn
ludn cd nghTa la phil triln vl mat con ngudi vi
xa hpi, vi nd ciing ching bao dim dupc mdt sy
TS.Luu Thiiy Diep*
niia Neu tinh den nhirng tdn that vS mfit xi hpi cung nhu mdi trudng, thi se thiy ngay ring tat
ci cii Icn vS mgt kinh te chua chic da bii dip nfii cic tac hgi vl hai mat niy Vi cd mpt nghjch ly ma nhilu nhi kinh tl da nSu len: trong hach loan ciia mfit nSn kinh te thj trudng, chinh cic chi phi phai bdradS siia chira nhiing thift h^ do con ngudi hay do thiSn nhiSn gay
ra cho x i hdi vi cho mfii trudng lai lim gia ting tfing sin phim xi hpi Nhu vay, cd thS ndi
la cing gia tfing t$i pham te ngn xa hpi, tai ngn, thiSn tai, dich bfnh, v.v trong mpt xfi hdi thi mirc tfing trudng cila xa hdi dd cing dupc danh gii ta cao! Miic ting trudng dd dt nhiSn khdng phin inh trung thyc ngay ca sy phit triSn kinh
te cLia mpt qude gia, hudng ho li sy phit trien
ve chil ciia mdt quoc gia
Trong thip niSn 90, trudc nhting bat cap ciia nin kinh tl thi trudng, nhilu nha nghiSn Cliu vl khoa hpe xa hpi thiy cin phii khuySn khich mdi "khu vyc thii ba" ben canh khu vyc Nhi nudc va thj trudng Cd ngudi gpi dd li
"kinh tl doan kit'" (economie solidaire), ngudi khic gpi li '-kinh tl da khu vyc" (Sconomie plurielle) ho|c '"tan kinh ll xa hdi" (nouvelle economie sociale) Nlu nhimg khii nifm niy
cd khic bift nhau dfii chut, chiing cung chi
xoay quanh khai niem kinh te xd hgi nhung vdi nhiing sic thai mdi me hon Viy, mfi hinh kinh
ti xa hgi ia gV?
I Khat nifm ve kinh texd hpi Tir kinh te xd hgi (economie sociale)
duoc sir dung lan diu tien tai Chiu Au vao khoing nam 1830 bdi mfit sd rit nhd cac ly thuylt gia mudn luu y dSn van de luin ly hoic vin dl xi hdi ma "sy tiln bO kinh tS"' da gay
ra Hiu hit cac nha kinh tS hgc khic chi dS y din sy hihi hifu ciia phuang diuc sin xuat mdi
vi sy phan chia cua cai tot hon mi nhCmg ly Ihuyit kinh le thdi dd tin duong Nhung khii
Trang 2nifm kinh tixa hgi cung chi chiem mdt vai trd
rat md nhat rdi lai bi nudt chimg bdi sire mgnh
ciia nin kinh IS tu bin chii nghTa Tuy nhien, nd
vin thinh thoang xuat hifn lgi trong lich str kinh
tl, dudi nhimg ten gpi vi hinh thirc khac nhau
liiy thdi ky, d|c bift la vio moi lan ma cd mot
nhdm ngudi mfit tap thi hoac mdt cpng ddng
xi hpi, cim nhin rang ca ciu kinh ll hifn cd,
cho dil li Nha nudc hay tu nhan khdng thda
min dupc nhiing nhu ciu cua xa hdi Bfit dau
tir khoing dau nhiing nfim 1990, xuat phat tir
nhChig khiing hoang dang diln ra trSn thi gidi,
ngay ca d nhung nudc phit trien nhat, khii
nifm kinh ti xa hgi Igi tai xuit hifn Nd dupc
de nghj nhucon dudng thir ba giiia kinhte nha
nudc vi kinh i l tu nhan giiia kinh tl chinh thirc
vi kinh te phi chfnh thtic Tuy nhien, khii niem
nay hoin loin khdng dupe bilt din trong da sd
cac nudc dang phat trien Va ngay ca tai cac
nudc phil trien, nai mi nhieu [^ong trio xa hgi
dang ra sire cd dpng cho nd, thi thudng kinh li
xd h^i cung khdng duoc hiSu dOng mirc
Theo nha kinh tl hpe ngudi Bi Jacques
Defoumy, kinh te xahgi la toin bd nhimg hoat
dpng kinh t l cua nhirng doanh nghiep sin xuit
ciia cii vadjch vy, hang hda hofic phi hang hda,
nhung tat c i deu dya trSn linh than doin kSt,
ddc lap va y ihiic cdng din cao Vl hinh thiic
phip \)f, mpt doanh nghiep kinh te xa hgi chii
yeu la mdt hpp tic xfi, mdt hifp hgi, mgt hdi
tuong te, hoic mdt doanh nghifp phi Ipi nhuan
Chiing tuin thu nhung nguySn tac sau:
- Sy ddc lip ddi vdi Nha nudc vi ddi vdi
vdn huy ddng nai cdng chiing;
- Sy tham gia ty do ciia cic thanh vien;
- Mdt ca cau din chii trong quyen hinh
vi quan ly;
- Vi tri hing dau ciia cpng ddng, cua con
ngudi va ciia lao ddng tren vdn;
- Phan chia thing du va thu nhgp mpt
cich cdng bfing va binh dang;
Theo nha kinh le hpe ngudi Phip,
Jean-Louis Laville thi nhiing <^c diem ciia kinh ti
- Ve mat nhin ban, dd la mdt sy kSt hgp
tu do cua nhung ngudi muon dSn hinh chung nhimg boat dpng kinh te va gdp phan tao ra cfing
in vifc lam, dong thai lam cho sy gan ket giiia cac thinh vien trong xa hdi them vihig chac;
- Ve mil klnh tl, dd ta mpt su phdi hop hii hda cita cac ngudn hang hda phi hang hda liln tf vi phi tiSn le:
- Vl mit xa hdi, dd li vifc tao ra tinh doin kit ty nguyfn va cd lya chgn giira nhung ngirdi trong cimg mpt cpng dfing hofic cu ngu trong cimg mgt dia phuong;
- Ve mat chinh tri dd la mgi ngudi va moi ngudi dupc phat bieu vi tham gia mdt cich din chil
Sau khi da tim hiSu hnh te xd hot la gi,
chiing ta hay xem mo hinh niy cd nhimg uu diem
gi vi cd thich hpp vdi dat nude chung ta khong
2 Nhung mi diem cua kiuh (e xa hoi
a Nhin tdng qudl
Trong Ban Tuyen ngdn Lima ve kinh te doin kit cd neu len rfing: "Kinh tl doin kit dya trSn hpp tac, chia se va hanh dpng tip the Kinh (S doan ket dgt con ngudi vao trung lam cOa sy phit triln kinh te v i xfi hdi" M^t khac Van kifn Dai hdi Ding lan thu
9 nam 2001 da djnh nghTa nen kinh tc thi trudng theo dinh hudng \a hpi chii nghTa nhu mpt nen kinh te liy phucmg thiic sd hihi cdng cdng (nha nudc va lap the) lam nen ting va danh vai trd chii dao cho khu vyc kinh ll Nha
nudc Theo quan diem nay thi kinh ti xd hgi
hoan toan phu hop vdi khuynh hudng phir triln kinh tl cua Nha nuoc ta hien nay Thgt vay, vl
phuang thtic sd hihi, md hinh kinh li xd hgi
ciing chil truong sd huu t^p thi vdi cic logi hinh hpp lic xa vi doanh hpi Va no cung chii truang phat triln nen kinh te da khu vyc, trong
dd mpi chil Ihl kinh ll deu cd cho dung vi cimg hoat ddng binh dang Khu vyc Nha nudc van giu vai trd chii dao theo nghTa li Nha nudc dieu lift xi hpi va kinh tl ciia dat nude, giti vai trd
Trang 3t i i phan phfii thu n h i p ctia loan xfi hdi, cung
nhu quan ly nhung nganh lien quan d i n c h i l n
lupc va an ninh ctia mgt quoc gia N h u the mdt
dat nudc mdi p h i t t r i l n mpi c i c h hai hda chir
khdng p h i i v d i hai tdc dp khac nhau, k h i l n gay
p h i n hda giira ngudi giau v i nghSo v i tgo b i t
dn cho x i hgi
Trong B i o cao n i m 2001 v l Phit t r i l n
con ngudi lai V i f t nam chinh phu dfi nhin n h i n
N h i nudc khdng p h i i la ngudi cung cap viec
lam duy nhat va ldt nhat, nhung Nha nudc p h i i
t i p trung n h i l u ban vao v i f c thyc thi vai trd
gian t i l p ciia minh, nghia la t h i l t I^p v i giam
sal nhiing djnh che lao dieu k i f n thuan Ipi cho
thj I m d n g lao ddng dupc hoal dgng tdi Nha
nudc cung cd t r i c h n h i f m dam b i o cung iing
nhihig djch vu xa hdi phii hpp vdi k h i nang t i l p
can va ihanh loan ctia nhan d i n Quan n i f m nay
ve vai Ird ciia Nha nudc cung duoc chia se bdi
kinh le xd hgi
Ngoai ra thi trucmg cung la m p i chii the
cin thiet cho ddi song kinh te va xa hdi dS trSn
dd ngudi d i n cd the trao do! hang hda v i djch
vu Do dd, kinh ti xd hgi khdng choi bd sy c i n
thiet cua thi trudng ma cht chdng ddi lai chu
nghta tan t y do, vi chii nghTa nay da "bien thi
trudng thanh mpt t h i i tityft ddi cd k h i nang
quylt djnh ddi vdi quyen Ipi chung" v i da trao
ddc nhat cho thi trudng vai i r d d i l u liet nhiing
quan h f xS hgi Trong khi dd kinh le xa hdi se
bien thi trudng t h i n h "mdt cdng cy hiiu ich de
dgl dupc nhiing mye lieu kinh tS v i xa hgi an
djnh bdi cac cdng dong dia phuong v i cuoi
citng la boi xa hgi quoc dan (societd
nationale)"(Gelinas, 2000: 289) Vay, thay vi
mudn loai bd thi trudng, kinh li xd hgi se cho
phep nd hoat ddng lot hon v i m f l c i c h binh
d i n g hon qua su kiem s o i l kinh te v i xfi hpi
b S^ ihich hgp vi mdt chtnh ir'f
Kinh ti xd hot quan tfim d i n v i f c tham
gia d i n chu v i o ddi sdng lap I h l chii khdng
phai chi quan tam d i n sin xuat va lich liiy ciia
cai N h u vay, kinh lixd hgi dem d i n cho chiing
t h i n cdng d i n tfch cue ngay trong ddi sdng
h i n g ngay Va ngupc lai chinh v i f c ihi hanh dan chu se lao d i l u klen d l nguai dan tham gia
v i o c i c quySt dinh v i dupc hudng mdt each cdng b i n g hem nhiing thinh q u i lao ddng dypc
p h i n phdi Vay hnh te xd hgi cho thay la d i n
chu khong chi thugc pham vi chinh irj ma cdn
cd chd diing quan trgng Irong cic l i n h vyc kinh
t l v i xfi hdi, la nhiing Ifinh vyc t h i l t yeu ctia hoal dfflig con ngudi V i neu trong chfnh trj dan chu chi cho phep chung ta cd nhQng dgi
d i f n thi qua kinh le xa hgi, nd eho phep t o i n
ths cdng d i n tham gia vao v i f c ra quyet dinh
v i thi h i n h quySt djnh d mgi c i p Dan chii l i
m p i dieu kien t h i l t yeu cho sy phat t r i l n ciia
hnh li xd hgi v i ngupc lai kinh tc xd hdi la
phuang lien phit trien cua d i n chii
c Su thich hftp vi mft kinh ti
Trudc thdi ky ddi mdi kinh te vao cudi
I h i p niSn 80 chinh nen kinh t l phi chinh thirc
d i giup cho kinh t5 V i f t nam ldn tai va phat trien Sau khi cd chinh sach ddi mdi khu vyc phi chfnh thiic d i trd nen phdn thinh v i cd the
ndi d i y l i nSn mdng ciia kinh te xd hgi Nhu vay, kinh te xd hgi da cd mdt co sd quan trgng
tai V i f l nam va sy ddng gdp ciia nd vao sy phat trien kinh l l khdng p h i i la nho Tuy nhiSn, x u i t
h i f n mdt c i c h t y phat, khdng dupc chuin bi cung khdng cd d y i n lUcmg lai, khu vuc phi chinh thdc nay cung rat l i bap benh va de hi tan
v a trudc sy canh tranh khfie nghift ciia co che thj trudng khdng cd to chirc N h i nudc nen the
c h l hda khu vuc n i y v i tao dieu k i f n dk no hogt
dgng theg nhung nguySn t i c v i phuong thiic
ciia hnh ti xa hgi de nd cd the ldn tgi va tiSp
tuc gdp p h i n v i o sy p h i l irien ctia d i t nudc Ngoai ra, da sd ngudi dan V i f l nam khfing cd dii von d l thanh lap riSng mpt doanh
nghifp, md hinh hop t i c x i ma h'nh te xd hgi
de nghj CO I h l giai quySt v i n de nay Tgi ndng thdn, mdi ndng dan chi dupc mgt sao viec hpp
t i e hda se cho phep gdp chung d i t ndng nghiep Igi de cd the sin xuit trSn mot quy mfi rpng ldn
Trang 4(ac hda cting giup cho ndng din giii quylt cic
vin de vS ihi trudng, chuyen gJao cdng nghf
va vay von Nhung cic ndng dan cd le cdn bi
sy thil bai cua cic h ^ tic xa thdi bao cip am
inh nSn cdng lac van dgng tu tudng cho cac
ndng dan de khuyen khich hg xiy dyng hpp tic
xa la can ihiet
Kinh ti xa hgi cung cho phep hinh Ihanh
mpt sin nghiep tap the quan Irpng, vi no fa
phuong ihiic sd hihj tap ihl Do dd, nhiing
doanh nghifp hnh te xd hgi hpp thanh sin
nghifp chung cua mpi dfin tdc That vay, nlu
mpt doanh nghifp tu nhin cd thi chuyin
nhupng dl dang va cd Ihl bj mua bdi mdt cfing
ly nudc ngoii, thi mot hop tic xa khdng thi
dem ra mua bin
Toin ciu hoi li xu hudng ciia thdi dai,
nhung nSu khdng dupc chuin bi kJ cing vi chi
dao chat ch5 vifc mpt quoc gia ngheo tham gia
vao thj trudng qude tl tao cho nd nhilu thift hai
ban li lpi fch Nhthig dong ngogi tf thil li hip
din nhung khi mudn hda nhap vio thj trudng
the gidi, cic nudc ngheo chi phy thugc them
vio thi trudng niy tren dd canh tranh rit la gay
gfii, trong khi ngudi ndng dan lai khdng nim
viing nhiing quy luii cung nhu nhiing chuin
mye mi hg phii luan thii khi bude vio tht
trudng Ihl gidi Do dd, vi Vift nam dang trSn
da phat trien vi nin kinh tl Vift nam cdn ylu
kem, nen nhiing dy an vi nhiing doanh nghifp
nhd mi kinh le xd hdi dS nghj phii hop hem vdi
thinh phan ndng dan nghSo tai Vift nam
d Strlhich hgp vim^xdh^i
Cac thanh niSn ndng thdn dfi xd ra cic dd
Ihj thudng khdng de tim dupc vifc lim vi khdng
dupc dio tao va thieu chuyen mdn DS kilm
tiln hg rit de bj du dS vio nhiing vlfc lim bit
chinh Kinh te xa hgi rat quan lam dSn vifc l ^
ra cdng fin vifc lam, cting nhu la dua cac thinh
phin yeu kem irong xa hpi trd tai thj trudng lao
dpng, nSn cd thi lim giam iinh trgng nay
Vift Nam la mpt nudc cd 54 din tgc khic
nhau M$c dau ngudi Kinh chilm 90 % dan sd
nhung hg cung phai dupc quan lam din trong mpt dit nudc dan chii khdng ky thj chiing tdc
Kinh te xd hgi thich nghi de ding vdi nhiing
die diem dia phuang bang nhiing dy in nhd,
de c6 ihS len ldi vao cic hoat dgng kinh le ciia cac dan loc thilu so nay Nd s£ gdp phin Jim sdng lai va phit trien nhiing nghl truyin thong dan gian, ddng thdi van giu dupc ban sfic van hda ciia moi dan ldc cung nhu sy da dang ve vin hoa ciia ci nudc
Kinh ti xd hdi cung tao dilu kien cho
phy nii tham gia kinb tl Kinh t l gia doat giai Nobel kinh tS nam 1998 Amarlya Sen khing dinh li phy nii ddng mdt vai trd rat ldn irong
sy thay ddi xa hgi vi ddng gdp ctia hp chua duac Iuu tim dSn nhilu trong cac nghien cihi
ve phit trien
e Su thich h^ vi m^t vdn hda
Nhting gia tri vl doan ket vi tuong trp
ctia kinh li xa hoi chin chfin li rat phii hpp vdi
tinh each ngudi dan Viet nam, nhit li tai ndng thon noi sinh sdng ciia 75 % din so Sy tuong trp vin diln ra tir bao ddi nay khdng nhiing trong Cling mgt gia dinh ddng hp, mi cdn Irong ciing mdt ling xdm, khu pho
Nhi nudc cung khuySn khfch rit nhilu hinh thirc tuong tro nay qua cac hdi doin nhu Hgi Nfing dfin, Hpi liSn hifp Phu nO Hgi lien hifp Thanh nien Mil tran Td qude v.v NSn
nhiing nguySn tic ctia klnh li xa hgi khfing thi
khdng dupc ngudi din hudng ting
/ Su thich hgp vi mdt mdi trirdng
Tgi Vift nam, sy ting trudng kinh tl cting keo theo c i sy thoii hoi cua moi irudng Thgt viy, cic m^i hang xuit khau cua Vift nam chii ySu dupc khai (hac tir mdi trudng thien nhiSn (dau thd than, gao, ndng san, hii sin, V.V.) Ngoai ra, cic chit thii cdng nghifp, iy fi nhilm d- thinh ihi vi sy kbai thic vd trich nhifm cic tii nguySn thiSn nhien dang Ji nhiing vin de nhiic nhdi anh hirdng din sire
khde va ddi song ciia mgi ngudi din Kinh ti
xa hgi chii iruong san xuai ctia cai va dich vy
Trang 5vi cic the hf tuong lai, nSn luon tim each x ^
djnh nhung yeu t^ cd arA\ hudng xau len mdi
trudng, vi ngay ca ngfin n g ^ chiing khong dl
xiy ra, de sy phit tnen cd tinh each ben vihig
Kit lu^n
Tren diy chimg tdi vira gidi thieu, trong
pham vi hilu biet gidi han va nghiSn ciru ban
h^p cita minh, mpt md hinh kinh te cd kha nang
gdp phan lim giam bat tic dpng xau vl mil
con ngudi, xa hpi va mdi trudng thudng niy
sinh trong nen kinh IS tu ban dang chiem uu thS
trSn ihl gidi hifn nay Ngoai ra, m^t mo hinh
kinh tl nhu the niy cd the dem lgi giii phip cho
dang viSn mu6n lam kinh tl tu nhan nhung
khfing phii la kinh tl tu ban
Vgy, thilt nghT nhiing ngudi cd thim
quyen vi cd Eien quan nfn n^iSn ciiu siu rdng
hon md hinh klnh le xa hgi dl xem cd the iing
dyng md hinh nay tai Vift nam, nhu con dudng
thir ba gii^a Nhi nudc va tu nhan c i the, de ho
trp cho hai khu vyc nay trong mpt nin kinh te
da khu vyc Xin ndi them li ty bin than nd
hnh tixa hdi \ih6ng hi cd diam vpng trd thanh
mpt dy in xa hpi hay m^t md hinh phit Iriln
cho tuong lai
That ra, tgi cac nudc phit trien, kinh te
xd hdt mdi chi duoc luu '} din chua diy hai
thap nien trd lgi day, nhu mpt giii phip tgo
cdng fin vifc lim cho nhihig ngudi ySu the
trong xa hdi, Tgi cac nudc dang phit trien thi
cac Td chirc phi chfnh phii thucmg ip dung md
hinh ibWi ti xd hgi dl giiJp cho mfit cdng dfing dia phuang phit hiln mpt each viing ving 6
Vift nam, cic To chiic phi chi'nh phit nudc ngoai Cling da phdi hpp vdi cic co quan doin ths trong nudc nhu cac Uy ban nhan din dja phuong, Hpi lien hiqj Phu ntf, Hgi Ndng din v.v, trong nhilu dy in phit Iriln c^ng ddng theo
md hinh hnh texd hgi vi dS dem lai nhilu kel
qui tdt dep trong chuang lrinh xoi ddi giam nghSo cua nudc ta
TAI LI?U THAM KHAO
D'AMOURS, Martine (1997) L'economie
sociale au Quebec Cadre theoriqiie hisioire realitis et defis, Montreal, Institut
de formation en developpemeni economique communautaire (IFDEC), 80 (rang
GELINAS, Jacques B (2000) La
mondialisa-tion du monde Laisser faire on faire?
Montreal, ^osociele, 340 trang LEVESQUE, Benoit (2001) «Economie so-ciale et solidaire dans un contexte de mon-dialisation: pour une democratic plurielie», http://www.unites.uqam.ca/crises/ cahier/c2000/0n5.pdf, 21 trang
SEN, Amartya (2000) Un nouveau modele
iconomique Divehppement, justice, lib-erie, Montreal, Editions Odile Jacob, djch
tix ban tieng Anh Development as Free-dom (1999), 356 trang