Tir khda: Nghien ciiu x i hdi, mau hinh qui chieu, nhin ibiic lu^n, quan didm ly thuydt, phuang phap luan, phuong phip.. dugc xem nhu la the gidi quan; 2 dugc xem nbu la lap Irudng nhan
Trang 1ui-r V' MOI QUAN HE G I U A X H A N THlTC LUAN,
'^ QUAN DIEM LY THUYET, PHl/ONG PHAP LUAN
VA PHU'ONG PHAP TRONG NGHIEN CtTU XA H O I
TS Nguyen Xudn NghTa'
TOM TAT
Tir nhiing thdc mdc, khd khdn vi mat ly thuyet vd phuang phdp lugn sinh vien gap phdi khi ldm nghiin cdu khoa hqc hdi viit tim hieu moi quan he giua bon thdnh
to chinh yeu trong nghien cuu xa hoi: nhdn thirc ludn, quan diem ly thuyit, phuang phdp ludn vd phuang phdp Mdi quan he giiia mqt so trong bon thdnh td co the cd tinh xu hudng nhung khong mang tinh tdt dinb Bdn thdnh to trin tdc dgng ro ret lin sdn phdm nghien cuu Viic phoi hgp cdc thdnh to ndy tgo ra cdc logi hinh rdt da dgng trong nghiin cuu xa hgi
Tir khda: Nghien ciiu x i hdi, mau hinh qui chieu, nhin ibiic lu^n, quan didm ly thuydt, phuang phap luan, phuong phip
ABSTRACT
*'From the theoretical and methodological questions and difficulties that students encounter when doing research, this article explores the relationship between four key elements in the social research: epistemology theoretical perspective, methodology and methods The relationship between some of the four elements can be tendancies but non-deterministic These four elements clearly impact on many aspects of research product The combination of these elements generate diver.se forms of social research
Key words: Social research, paradigm, epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, methods
1 DAT VAN DE dd tri ldi, nbung that ra kbdng nhu v^y,
Trong mdt thim do ciia chung tdi ^^ ^f vin dd d day la hidu kbai nidm "ly
ve cac kbd khin khi thyc bidn nghidn dmydt", "pbuong phap" nbu thd nao, d d p cuu ciia sinh vidn xa hdi hgc, Trudng Dai dp nao?
^^ ^.^I"'- " ^ ' ' ' f ^ l''" "^ ' ^ ' "f™"8 "<^ '^i " ? " 'hu tich vi nghien
nam ba diuong neu len nhung kho khan ciiu, cac thuat ngu phuong phap, phuong
ve cac ky thuat nghien cmi (ban hdi, tiep phap luan, quan diim ly ftuyet v4 nhan can dot t u g n g ) Trong khi smh vien nam thuc luan duoc su dung mdt each mo
ba, nam tu cbo biet khd khan ldn nhat la bd, chdng eheo va d d i l u c xung ddt nban lam die nao not ket dugc cac dii kien tbSu (Carter, 2007, tr 1317) "Khong phai la thap dugc ym ly thuyet Trong thdi gian khdng didng dung khi thiy ring, vi dw, cac gan day, mgt em sinh vien goi email bdi; thuat n g i ly thuyit tuong tac biiu tuong, Thua Tbay, trong mgt cdng Uinh, phuong dan tdc hgc, ly dmyi, k k tao duoc d S pbapnghiencm nao (dinb lugng hay dinh gian don danh nhau va duoc xem nhu ia
d l ! k i r , r ? I - T ' " " ''""'• " ••P'"'™« phap luan", "ldi tiip can", " viin dung khong? Cau ho, thoat «en xem ra tugng ly thuyit" hay cai gi nrong tf nhu
'l1vlnclir,eMXSIvilvc.iaa,xmi.CniH-Bm TnmgBHMrpHCU
Trang 2vay That ra chung khdng the so sanb vdi
nbau Gdp cbung chiing ma khdng phan
biet tbi cijng gidng nhu xem nudc xdt ca
cbua, gia vi va tbyc pham phu la ciing mgt
tbii" (Crotti, 1998, tr 3)
Ve mdi quan bd giua phuang phap
va ly thuyet, mpt sd tac gia quan niem
kbi sii dyng pbuong phap thau thap thdng
tin nao dd li da gia djnh vd cbgn lya ly
thuyet, nhung mgt sd tac gii kbac cho i^ng
phuang phap (dmh lucmg, dinb tinb) cd
tbd dung cbo bat ky mo binh nghien cim
nao (Cuba, Lincoln, 1994, tr 105)
Do dd bai vidt nay se cd gang tim
bieu mdi quan he giiia bon thanh td chinb
yeu ciia mgt ngbien ciiu xa hgi, dd la nban
tbiic luan (epistemology), quan diem ly
thuydt (theoretical perspective), phuang
phap lu^n (methodology) vi phucmg pbap
(methods)- Cac mdi quan he nay la mgt
chieu hay nhieu chieu va cd tfnh ba( budc,
tit dinb bay khdng?
2 BON THANH TO CHINH YEU
CUA NGHIEN ClTU XA HQI
2.1 Xac dinh cdc thugt ngir
M3c du cdn cd nhiing tranh luan,
cbua thdng nbat, song eae thual ngii
phucmg phap, pbuong phap luan va nhan
thiic luin cin dugc dinb ngbia rd
Trudc bet la thuat ngir de hidu va
eu thd nhit; phuang phip "Phuong phap
la nbiing cdng cu va qui trinh dugc nhi
nghien cuu su dung vi ihuc hien" (Hall,
Kirsten, 2008, tn253) bay la "qui trinh,
cong cu va ky thuat eiia nghien cuu"
(Schwandt, 2001, p 158) Bni The Cudng
ciing bidu phuong phap trong nghia la
chidn luge, thii tyc va ky thuat nghien
ciiu (2010, ti 33) Crotti lap luan chi liet
ban "Phucmg phap la nhihig kJ thuat hay
nhirng qui trinh dugc sii dyng de thau thap
va phan ticb cac diJ kien cd lien quan den cau bdi ngbien cim hay gia thiet ctia van dc nghien ciiu" (1998, tr.3)
Phucmg phap luan dugc dinh nghia la viec "phan ticb cic gia dinh, nguyen tie va qui trinb cua mpt ldi tiep can nghidn cuu
cu thd" (Schwandt, 2001, tr 161) Va theo Crotti, 'Phuong phap luan la each thuc, sach luge, qui trinh nam dang sau viec chpn lua bay sir dung cac phuang phap dac tbu, cu the va ndi kdt vide chpn lya va
su dung phucmg phap vdi cac kdt qua dat dugc" (1998, lr,3) Ndi tdm lai, phugng phap luan cung cap sy bidn mmh cho cac pbuong pbap cua mdi dy an nghien ciiu, Quan diem !y thuydt bay vien lugng
ly thuydt (theoretical perspective) la ca
sd triet ly no bien minh cho pbuong phap luan Hay "Quan diem ly thuydt cbo pbep ngudi ngbien cuu thira nb^in va giii thich nhiing gia djnh vdn gan lidn vdi cic pbuong pbap luan dugc cbgn lya" (Hall, Kristen, 2008, 253) La mdt ldi tidp can dd hieu vi giai thich ve xa hdi, ve xi bgi cua con ngudi Nd dat ca sd tren mdt sd gii dinb, liy thi du ly thuyet tucmg tac bieu tugng, ly thuyel thuc chting
Ve nhan thuc luin, Schwandt dua ra dinh nghia: "Nhan thiic luan li mdn hgc vd ban chat ciia trj thiic va sy bfen minh cho chiing" (2001, tr 71) Cdn tbeo Bryman:
"Nhin tbiic lu^n la ly thuyet vd nhan thiic cho biet dau la nhan thtic cd the chap nban dugc" (2008, tr 693) Nhan thiic luan tiem
an trong quan diem ly tbuyet va pbuong pbap luan
Cudi ciing, mdt kbai niem cd tinb thdi thugng va bao trum la mau hinh qui chieu (paradigm), thuat ngif do T Kuhn dua ra ([1962J, 1996, ban dicb tidng Viet, 2008} That ra quan diem ciia ICuhn kha ma hd,
do dd Masterrrian da neu ra hai muoi mdt
'CA nhliu khung (framework) iTxmg vifc trinh bay cac moi ^uan he nay Co Idc gia nhw Rawnsley, Chaiierjce chi de cap ddn
ha yeu tS ban IhiluQn itti^n Ihwc lugn va p/immg pfiiip ludn (Rawsiey J99H: Chatterjfe, 201!) Hall va Ktrsien ngoai ba
V Su td trin than phan "phdn lich va Hs qua (Hall, Kirsten 20QS, tr 253j Bat viet nay theo khung trinh bay ciia Crotti (199S)
Trang 3each sd dung thuat ngii nay d Kuhn
(Bry-man 2008, 605, Moi;gan 2007, tr 50)
Qua ldi bat ciia tac phim nay, tai ban nam
1959, Morgan tdm tit mau hinb cd bdn y
nghTa cbinh:!) dugc xem nhu la the gidi
quan; 2) dugc xem nbu la lap Irudng nhan
thuc luan; 3) dugc xem nhu lit nhiing mem
muc dfch nghiSn ciiu, bit cii quan diim ly Ihuyel nao cOng cd the chgn bat cii phucmg phap luan nao va bit cii phuang phap luin nao cung cd t h i su dimg bit ky phuong
•pbap nao Chi trir mgt sd quan he mang linb dac trung (vi du: ly thuyet duy khach thi => ly' thuyit thirc chiing •* dieu tra o duoc c'ac Ihanh vien trong mdi lanh vuc phan tich thdng ke; hay ly thuyet kien lao
7 _ _ * ! ' I , £ i t.rnmn tir- ^ iHan trir "hnr- z i
nghidn cuu cy thd chia sd; 4) dugc xem
nhu la nhCdig vi du mau (exemplars) Tac
phim eiia Kuhn nhin manh y nghTa ba va
bdn Nhu vay, mSu hinh qui chidu thudng
dugc bidu la "rndt loat nidm tin va thyc
hanh vdn didu hudng mdt lanh vyc nghien
ct> ]\' thuydt tuang tic => dan tdc hoc =* quan sat tham gia) "Tuy nhien die trung khdng cd nghta la bd budc" (Crotti, 1998,
tr 12)
Chieu quan he cua mgt muc cy tlid (cpt bdn trai) cd tbd di den nhidu muc khac cuu" Nd nhim xac dinh phai ngbien ciiu ^ (.51 ben phai Mdt quan diem ly thuyel cai gi, phai ira ldi nhiing cau hdi nio, lam ^d thd hien than trong nhidu phugng phap sao dd ira ldi va phai theo nhung qui lac
nao dd ly giii cac cau tra Idi (Ritzer, 2000,
tr 629X Trong bai viet nay, miu hinh qui
chidu bidu hidn trong nhan thiic luan, quan
didm ly thuydt va phuang phip luin
2.2 Moi quan he giiia bon thanh td
chinh neu tren
Tbeo bang 1, cic ddng tu ludng
nhan thue luin cbinh yeu tbudng dugc
dd cap la thuydt duy khich the
(objecLiv-ism), thuydt kidn tao (constructiv(objecLiv-ism), duy
chu thd (subjectivism), duy ihyc (realism)
va thyc dyng (pragmatism)"' Va chiing
thudng dugc the hipn qua cac quan didm
ly thuydt- Liy thi dy quan didm nhan thirc
luan duy khach thd dugc bidu hidn qua ly
thuydt thuc ehirng (positivism), hay quan
diem kidn I?o luin the hien qua hien
tugng luan (phenomenology) Do vay, mgt
lie gia hidn lugng luin khdng thd cd mpi
nhan thiic luan duy khach ihd bay duy ehu
the Tir epl 2 (quan didm Iy thuydt), bang
I, Irdn nguyen lac va ndu thich hgp vdi
luin Liy thi dy ly thuyet tuang tie bidu Urgng cd tlid the hien trong cac phuong phap luin dan tdc hoc hay ly thuydt dat co
sd trdn dir kien thyc dja (grounded theory) (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 2()10, tr 9-19) Ly thuyet phe pban cd the thd hidn qua nghieii cim hanb dpng (action research) va ngay
c i dan tdc hoc pbd phan (critical ethnog-raphy)
Chidu quan he tCr trai sang phai la dira trdn Idgic Trong ihyc te, theo dien tidn thdi gian cua eudc ngbien cuu ta cd the di tir phai sang trai Thdng thudng, nghien ciiu
la nhim tim cau tra ldi cho mdt vin de Va
la thudng dat ra dau la nhiing cau hdi lidm
an trong van de mudn nghidn cuu, dau la mye dich va cdc muc ticu ciia nghien ciiu chidn luge nao cd the cung cap nhirng dir kien ta dang tim kidm Nhu vay cic cau hdi nghien ciru da ihd hidn cac muc tidu ciia nghien cuu va dan den phuang phap luan
v i cic phuong phip V i chiing la mudn mpi ngudi Ihay dugc qui irinh nghien ciiu
ic pfidm aia Crotii ong de cqp din thuyit duy chu the duy khdch thi va kiin nfo ludn (1998, tr S) trong nhihi sack
vi phuang phap nghien ciiu cdn de cgp din Ihuyit duy ihi/c thuyit ihiKdifng (Saunders vd (gt 2009 tr 119) Theo chiing n5i thinet hen lao co the xem Id mgi bien the ciia thuyet duy cha thi vd thuyit duy thia: Id mpt biin thi dia thuyit duy khdch ihi Tren binhdi^n bdn ihSludn • mot mon HQC vi bdn chdt cua ihuc tai cua hiiu thi- thuyit duy khdch Ihi quan mem cd mot ihvt tgi ben ngodi khdch quan vd OQC Igp v&i cdc lac nhdn xd h^i Thuyil duy chu thi quan niim ^h^tc lgi mang tinh cku quan bi chiphiji bdi y thuc cua con ngudi Vdi ly thuyit kien tgo thuc tgi dir^rc hin tgo bdt xa hpi, mang linh chu quan da dgng vd co
dm bien ddi Thi^-et duy thuc quan nifn ihui- tai khdch quan dpe lap vai lu tirdng niim ttn vd nhgn ihwc cua con ngudi nt^M
no dugc h gidl thong qua nhiing diiu ki^n xd hgi (du)' ihifcphe phdn crUicai realism) Cuoi citng theo ly Ihuyel thgc d^^
Trang 4la ngbidm can, cac ket qua la dang tin cay phap phucmg pbap luan ddn quan diem ly Bieu nay din cbiing ta di tii cac pbuong thuyet va nhan thuc luan
Bang 1 Bang liet ke mpt so nhan thuc luan, quan diem ly thuyet, phuong
phap luan va phmrng phap chinh ylu trong nghien ciru \9 hpi
Nhan thirc luati^
(1)
- Ly thuydt duy
khach ihd
- Ly thyydt kidn tao
• Ly thuyet duy chu thd
• Ly thuydt duyihuc
• Ly thuydt ihuc dpng
*
Quan diem ly thuvet
(2)
- Ly thuydt thuc chimg
(va hau thuc chimg)
- Ly thuyel kidn giai:
* Ly thuyet nrong tac
bidu tuong
* Hien ftrpng luan
* Thdng didn hoc
- Ly huydt chiirc n5ng
- Ly thuyet cgu tnic
- Ly thuydt phe phan
- Ly lhu>-et nu quyen
- Ly thuydt hiu hicn dai
- Cac ly thuyet ctia cac
bp mdn, chuyen nganh
- w
Phutmg phap luan
(3)
- Nghien ciiu thyc nghidm
• Nghien cuu dieu tra -Dan tpc hoc nhinhpc
- Ly thuydt dat trdn du:
[den thiTC dja (grounded tlieor>')
- Nghien cuu hidn tirpng luan
- Nghien cuu hanh ddng
• Nghien ctiu tren quan diem nir quydn
• Phan tich didn ngdn
• w
Phuong phap (cu the)
(4)
- Ban hdi
- Phin tich thdng ke
- Quan sal tham gia''
khdng tliam gia -PVsau
- Cich chpn mau
• Thang do
• PV nhdm lieu diem
• Trudng hgp dien ciiu
- PV tieu sir
- Tu thuat
- Cac phuong phao dan tpc hoc thi giac
- Phan tich ihdng kc
- Phan lich ddi chieu
- Ban dd nhan Ihirc
- Phin tich tu lieu
- Phan tich npi dung
• Phan tich dam thoai -w
Nffiion- Nguyen Xudn Nt^hia tong her/? Crotti
JL'M i t ^ w Tlwnihill (2()09f
Trong vide di tim sach luge phu hpp
de thyc hidn cac muc tidu cupc nghidn ciiu,
rat nhidu kbi cac pbuong phap luan cd san
cd thd giup ta Nhung ciing cd trudng hgp
ngudi nghien ciiu phai ddi chidu nhidu
phuong phap lu(in dd tao ra phuang phap
luan tbich hgp nbai vdi nghien cim ciia
minh Ngudi nghidn ciiu phii co dau dc
bidn chiing cd quan didm ly tbuyet di ddi
vdi phuang phap luan vi cac pbuong phip,
nhung ciing cd nhQng ly thuydt khdng di
(I99}i) CarlL'i: Little (2007) Bnnian (20QH)
Saun-ddi vdi mdi phuang phap luin nao, vi du
ly thuydt gin nhan (labeling theorj') trong nghien ciiu hanh vi lech lac, hay ly thuydt the tuc boa trong lanh vyc tdn giao khdng nhat thiet di kem vdi nhiing phucmg phap luan, vdi cac phuang phip nhat djnh nao Cbiing la da dc cap cac mdi quan he lir trai sang phai vi tii pbai sang trii Chiing
ta cung ed the thay cic hudng quan he tii tren xudng vi tu dudi len (cot 2) Hay ndi each kbac cd the phdi hgp hai quan diem
'.Vhtiu Mch vi phuang phdp nghiSn cuu con di cgp den nhiing vdn di ban the lugn (oniology), song sung vin nhung vdn di nhgn thuc ludn Ban thi lugn td b() man nghien cuu ve hiru thi (being), ve thuc tai (reality) Nhiiu van di bdn thi ludn vd nhdn ihvc lugn hod Idn van nhau han nSa trvng tdi quan dtem ly ihuyei cOng da the hipn cdc casa bdn thi lugn, vd vi khang gian giai hgn cua hdi bag nin chiing ldi khong tdch cdc van di bdn thi lugn thdnh mgt mut neng Tmng gido trinh cua Saunders Le>vis vd Tht»ithill cdc tdc gid frinh bdy bon khuynh hudng iriit h^ic ty ihuyit thuv chung, ly thuyit duy ihuc, Iv thuvit hen
Trang 5pbuong phap luan Habermas di uanh
luan vdi nha thdng dien bgc Hans-Georg
Gadamer dd hinh thinh thdng didn hgc
phd phan (critical hermeneuties) Chiing
ta ciing nghe thay ly thuyet nii quydnphd
phan, nii quydn hau hidn dai (postmodemist
feminism) hay ly thuydt phd phan hiu hidn
dai (postmodemist critical theory)
3 BONG GOP, ANH HU'ONG
CUA BON THANH T O TREN TRONG
NGHIEN ClTU XA H O I
3 J Ddng gdp cua nhdn thuc ludn
cho nghien curu xd hpi chu yeu mang
tinh ly thuyit Nhtmg day Id dieu khong
trdnh khdi cho du nhd nghien cu-u co
nhdn thirc duac £eu do hay khong Vdi
nhd nghien cuu cd tinh phan tu cao, thi
se tich cjfc chu dgng ung dung quan
diim nhgn thuc lugn da chgn lua vdo
nghiin cuu, Vdi nhd nghien cuu it tinh
phdn tu vd day Id diiu thudng xdy ra, cho
dit khong y thuc, nhung khi tiin hdnh
nghien cuu - co nghta Id tham gia qud
trinh tgo ra kiin thdc - thi cung da mgc
dinh thi ndo Id kiin thuc, no dttgrc cau
tgo nhu thi ndo
Mpi ngudi dimg trdn I sip irudng
nhin thtic luan khac nhau sd chgn lya
nhiing phuang phap luin khic nhau Lay
thi dy mpt nha nghien edu X nghien ciiu
ve vide hiit thuoc li trong thanh nidn Ndu
nha nghidn cihi diing tren quan diem thyc
cbiing quan nidm cd thd ngbien ciiu mdt
each khach quan vd kidn thirc, hanh vi, thai
dp, nidm tin eua ngudi dang hut thuoc li thi
ed thd tidn hanh mdt cupc didu tra
kidn-thai-hanh-tin (KAPB survey; K: knowledge A:
attitude P: practice, B: beUef) Nhung ndu
nhi nghidn ciiu cho ring \ipc hiit thuoc la
trong thanh nidn la bieu hidn cua mpt pban
ldp vin hoi (subculmre) mudn ty khang
dinb minh nha nghidn cuu cd thd theo ldi
tidp can nban hoc hay theo ly thuyet dat ca
sd trdn dit klen thuc dia (grounded thetHy)
dd lim hidu
Va tir dd, nhan thuc luan inh hudng sau dam quan didm, quan he gida ngudi nghidn cim va ddi tugng khao sat, xem ddi tugng khio sit ed vai trd thy ddng hay chu ddng tham gia vao cugc nghidn ciiu Nhu vay nhan thuc luan inh hudng ddn each thiic tbd bipn tinh ehat eiia cac phuang phip Cuoi ciing, nhan thue luan anh hudng ddn hinh thiie, each thiic ldn tieng, trinh biy ciia phuang phap (Hinh 1)
S.2 Dong gdp cda quan diim ly thuyit cho nghiin cuu
Khi chpn lya mgt phuang phap luan, ta da ed mdt sd g i i dinh Chiing
ta ein lap luan nhiing g i i dmh nay li
gl Diy chinh la dieu duge tbuc hidn khi dua ra mdt quan didm ly thuydt Ly thuydt dua ra lap luan ve nhirng g i i djnh
ta gin cho nhidm vu nghidn ciiu va phan anh phuang p h i p luin ta da hieu v i sii dyng Lay thi du, khi tidn hanh mgt dd tii tbeo ldi nghidn ciiu dan tdc hpe vi thau thip dii kidn bang quan sat tham gia, ta da dya vao nhung g i i dinb nao khi tien hanh nhu vay? Vdi pbuong phap quan sat tham gia, ta da cd nhung gia dinh vd ngdn ngiJ (phai hidu ngdn ngff cua ddi tugng k h i o sit), vd nhiing vin
dd lien chii the (intersubjectivity) (ta pbii hidu ddi tugng tu quan didm, kinh nghipm ciia hg), ve giao tiep (phai diau hidu y nghia bdn trong, nbung suy nghT chu quan ciia ddi tugng ) Tai sao ta xem nh&ng gia dinh nay la quan trgng v i bidn minh cbiing nbu the nio? B i n g cich trinh bay quan didm Iy thuydt eua chiing
ta - nghia la cii nhin ciia ta vd thd gidi con ngudi, vd ddi sdng xa hgi - va dd chinh la ca sd ciia nhirng gia dinb Trong
vi du vua ndu, do la Iy tbuydt tuang tic bidu tugng (symbolic interaeiionism) ma lip luan can ban la muon bidu dugc ddi tugng khao sit ta pbai dat minb v i o vi tri ciia bg, dd bidu dugc nhirng iing xii suy nghT ciia hp
Trang 6Nhu va)' quan diem Iy thuydt cd vai
trd to Idn trong vide bidn minh cho vide
chem lya phuang phap luan vi phuang
phip Nd cdn ndi ket phuong phap luan va nhin tbiic luan cua nghidn ciiu
Hinh 1 ADH hirdng nhan thirc luan, qnan diem ly thuyet, phirimg phap loan va phircmg phap doi voi nghien cihi xa hpi
NHAN THUC
LUAN
- Quan he ngudi nc &
ddi tugng dugc nc
- The hipn sin pbam
3.3 Ddng gdp cua phuong phdp
ludn doi vdi nghiin cuu
Thdng thudng trong cic nghidn eiiu,
cd nhan xet "Phuang phip luin niy dugc
chgn thich hgp vdi mye tidu va cau hdi
nghien ciiu", that ra tic ddng nay la hai
chidu, phuang pbap luan anh hudng qua
lai vdi muc tidu ngbien cihi, cau hdi nghidn
ciiu vi thidt kd cupc nghidn cuu Trd lai
nghidn ciiu vd hiit tbudc li trdn diy, ndu
nhi nghidn ciiu chpn phucmg phip Iu|n
dan tpc hpe thi xem vide hut tbudc la bidu
hidn ciia phan ldp van boa nhi nghien ciiu
se chpn mdt nbdm thanh nidn biit tbudc
li ciia mdt tnrdng, mpt td chiic dd lim
''tbuc dia" xam nb|ip Ndu nha nghidn euu
chpn ndi tidp can hidn tugng luan thi se
di tim ban chat, y nghTa cua kinh nghiem
hiit tbudc la cua cac ci nhin trong liia tudi thanb nidn Neu ebpn ly tbuydt dit co sd tren dir kien thyc dia (grounded theory) tbi nba nghien cuu cd gang binh thanb mdt
ly thuyet cy tbd vd vide hiit thude la d Ida tudi nay Ndu chpn ldi nghien ciiu hanh ddng (action research), ngudi nghidn ciiu
se nham thay ddi vide hut tbudc li d mdt cgng ddng, mdt nhdm ihanh nien nao dd Nbuno n^uge Iai, mye tidu cau hdi
vi viec thidt ke nghien ciiu ciing chi phdi chpn lua phuong pbap luan Trong nghidn ciiu vide hut thude li, ndu nhi nghidn ciiu chii trgng tim hidu van hoi ban la nbiing
ea nhan thi se khdng chgn hidn tugng luin hay cac phuang phap luin ty sy (narrative methodologies), mi cd the chgn lya loi tidp can dan tdc hoc
Trang 7Pbuong phip luin cung inh hudng
cac hoat ddng eiia tidn trinh nghidn curu
Lay thi du, neu chpn ly thuydt dat ca sd
trdn du kidn thue dia thi phai chpn mau
theo ly thuydt (theoretical sampling), vdi
hidn tugng luin va cac phuang phap luan
ty sy viec chpn mau li kbdng bd budc
3.4 Donggop cua phuffng phdp cho
cugc nghiin ciru
Cac pbuong phap giup vide chon raaii
thaii'thap, xii ly dir kidn phan lich va viet
bao cao Trong nghidn cuu dinh lugng cac
budc udn cd thd lich bidt va tuin ty didn ra
theo dudng thing Nhung trong nghidn ciiu
dinb tinh cac budc tren ndn hinh dung theo
nhirng chu ky nhd lap lai, bdi le nguydn
tac "phin tich ngay trdn thyc dja" ("in spot
analysis") cd the dua ddn vide dat lai gia
thiel diliai each chpn mau
Ddng gdp cua phucmg phap cd tinh
thyc tidn nd quydt djnh san pham cudi
ciing cua cudc nghidn cuu Ciing mdi de
iai nghien ciiu, ciing mpt sich lirge ngbien
ciru dinh lugng, nhung ndu chi chpn lya su
dung dii lieu thdng kd cd san se eho mdt sin
pham khii: vdi viec su dyng ban hdi Ciing
vay vdi nghidn ciiu dinb linh ndu sir dung
phdng van nhdm tidu didm thay vi phdng
vin sau ci nhin, phdng van qua email thay
vi didn ddi dien, quan sat thay cho sir dung
m lipu se cho nbung dii kidn kbic nhau
Remy va Ruquoi cho la mpt thi du, cdng
mdt van ban, su dung ba phuong phip phan
tich ndi dung khic nhau di cho nhirng kdt
qua, Idi nhin khic nhau (Remy, Ruquoi,
1990) Do do, khi chpn lua phuang phap,
phai xic dinh ro muc tidu six dung ddng thdi
phii ngbidm tiic khi thao tac
4 SV* PHAN CHIA TRUYEN
THONG GltTA NGHIEN ClTU DINH
LU"QTVG VA DINH TINH VA NHLT*NG
VAN Bt DO s y PHAN CHIA NAY
D A T R A
4.1 Tinh tutfng doi ctia su phdn
chia truyin thong
Co su phan bidt giiJa ngbien eiru dinh
xem nhu la nhirng sach luge (strategies)
vi chi xiy ra trdn binh didn phuang phap Cac sich giio khoa ve phuang phap deu phan ra nghien euu dinh lugng gin lidn vdi cac phuang phap dinh lugng va nghidn cuu dinh tinh gin vdi cac phuang phap dinh tinh v i xem hai loai nghien ciiu niy tuang phin nhau That ra sy phan bidi nay cd tinh each qui udc va tuong ddi Sir phin bidt cung nhic nay khdng cdn dupc bipn minh, bdi le "Hau nbu cac phuimg phap lugn ma ngay nay chiing ta bidt dudi dang la '"nghidn ciiu dinh tinh" trong qua khii da dugc thyc hidn iiigt each hoan loan ihyc nghidm va tbyc chiing" (Crotti, 1998, Ur.15), liy thi du, Idi tidp cgn quy nap phan lich (analytic induction)- mgi idi tiep can djnh linh - da khdi dau lir y do thyc chiing (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 2011, tr 24-33)
Sy phan bidt nghien ciru dinh lugng
vi dmh tinh trudc day dugc dat ca sd trdn quan diem nhan thuc lugn duy khach thd
va duy chu the, nhung ngiy nay cd nhidu quan diem nban thue luan va chiing eung kbdng dga trdn sy phan bidt rach rdi nhu Irdn Cic quan didm ly tbuydt, ngay nay bj chi phdi bdi logic md (fuzzy logic) Quan didm duy thuc thua nhan tri Ihuc chap nhan dugc la nhung hien tugng quan sat dupc, nhung ddng thdi ihCra nhan vai trd cua cam giac, cua bdi eanh chi phdi nbiing hidn tugng nay Quan didm thyc dung di xa hon chu truang hidn tugng ta quan sit dugc
v i y nghia chd quan ddu li uhim^ nhin
tbuc cd the chap nhin dugc, vin de quan
trpng la d ciu hdi nghidn cim Nhin tbiic luin nay cbii trgng tinh thyc tien, hdi nhip tit ca quan didm nao giup ly glai dii kidn (Saunders, 2009 tr 120) Ngay nay ngay
ca md hinh khoa bpe ty nhidn cung khdng cdn ddc tdn ly thuydt ihyc cbiing m i cdn chap nhan quan diem duy tbuc va ngugc lgi, chu truang ciia nghidn cim dinh tinh la
ly thuydt phai xuat phit tu dii kidn thi thyc
ra diy eung la '1y thuydt thyc chiing dugc che giau" ("''covert positivism") (Bryman,
Trang 8Cae ly thuyet dugc dua ra ciia cae
nha xi hgi hgc ndi tidng gan diy nhu P
Bourdieu vdi ly tbuydt ve tap U'nb (habitus)
Iy thuyet ciu tnic phai sinh (structuralisme
genetique) hay A Giddens vdi thuydt ciu
true boa (stru duration) ddu li nhiing ed
gang vugi ldn nban thuc luan nbi nguydn
duy ehu tbd hay duy khach thd (Bourdieu
1980; Giddens, 2009 ir 89-90)
Trdn binh didn phuang phip luin,
trong mdt phuang phap luan xem ra vin cd
the tdn tgi bai quan didm nhan thue luin ddi
nghich nhau Trong ly thuyet dit ea sd trdn
dii kipn thue dia (grounded theor>') ddng
tbdi tdn tai quan didm duy khich thd ciia
Strauss va Glaser va quan didm kidn tao
luan cua Charmaz (Bryman, 2008, tr
548-550; Nguydn Xuin NghTa 2010, tr.l7)
Vd mat phuang phip, van cd quan
nipm phuang phap dinh tinh - vi nhu,
quan sat tham gia, phdng van sau - cho ta
nim bit dugc y nghTa, suy nghT ciia ngudi
dugc nghien eiiu va pbuong phap dinh
lugng vi du ban hdi, cd sd trudng giup ta
nim bit cac sy kidn, hinh vi khach quan
The nhung viec sir dung cac tbang do thii
dp nhu thang do Likert, cho phep ta do
ludng thii dp va qua dd tim hidu nhGng
chuan mye gia tri (tiic la nhung y nghTa
bdn trong) chl phdi ngudi tra lot Ky tbuat
phan ti'ch nhan td li mdt kJ thuat thdng kd
nhung nd cung cho ta khim pba eai Idgie
ding sau cac lap luan Phuang phip phan
tieh npi dung (content analysis) ihudng
duge ung dung eho cac diJ kidn dinh tinh
nhung phin ticb tin sd xuat bidn cua cac
tir chii dd lai cho phep ta dinh lugng boa
cac vin ban
Nhu viy mdi lidn he giua nhan
thiic luan, ly thuydt, phuang phap luin
va phucmg phap khdng ed tinli lit djnh
(deterministic) Ddi vdi mdt sd phuong
pbap, mdi lidn hp niy li mpt xu hudng va
rang budc giita chiing la kbdng chat che
Nam 1976, Snizek da thdng kd 1.434 bai
thay khdng cd tuang quan giua nghidn ciiu dinh lugng vi dinh tinh vdi cic md hinh
ly tbuydt do Ritzer dua ra (2000 u 630-632) Cung vay, nam 1986, Piatt lam mdt nghien ciiu Hch su vd xa hdi hgc My vi ndu rd ngudi ta da cudng didu mdi lien he tbudng de cap giiia ly thuyet ehiic nang vdi thuyet duy thyc cbiing vi didu tra xi hdi hoc (Bryman, 2008 tr.593) 4.2 Cac phvong phap hon hop: phdi hop nghien cvu dinh lirgng va dinh tinh Cac nghien eiiu theo phuang phap hdn bgp ngay cang gia tang, nhung khdng
cd nghTa cac nha nghien ciiu deu chap nhan xu budng nay Nbung ngudi ehdng ddi vide phdi hgp nghien ciiu djnh lugng vdi nghien cuu dinh tinb dua ra ly do ve nhirng rio cin vd ban the luin va nhin thtic luan cua hai ldi nghien ciiu niy: cbung ddi nghich va khdng thd phdi bgp Ngugc lai nhirng ngudi chu truong phdi hgp hai phuang phap nay quan niem rang mdi phuang phap thau thip du kien dinb lugng va dinh tinb ddu cd uu khuyet didm, ndn cin phdi hgp dd ban cbd bdt cae khuydt diem Hg ciing thira nhin hai ldi nghien ciiu trdn cd nhirng gii dinh nhan thiic luin khac nhau nbung didu dd khdng hoan loan ciing nhac Hon nira, so vdi nhin thuc luan nhidu phuang phap mang linb trung lap phi Iy thuyet (atheorelical)
va cd tinh ddc lap (Bryman, 2008, tr 606: Carter, 2007, tr 1324) Tir nhiing nam
1980, sy phit trien cua khuynh hudng nir quydn phd phin Idi nghien eiiu dinh lugng lai cang gia tang khuynh hudng phdi hpp cae pbuong phip Pourtois vi Desmet trong eudn sach vd phuang pbip luin cua minh ciing khang dinh, ngay nay nen vugt qua Idi nhin "hoac li dinb Iugng hoac fa dinh tinb" (Pourtois, Desmet, 2007, ir I) Tdm lai, "Li nguy hiem ndu xem hai truydn thdng nay (dinh lugng va dinh tinh) nhu li hai "ehien tuyen" vdi cac ldi tidp can ngbien ciiu hoan loan khic nhau" (Giddens 2009 tr 49)
Trang 9Khuynh hudng su dung cac phuang
phip hdn hgp nga>' cang dugc thira nhin
va phat tridn Nam 2003 A Tashakkori
va C Teddlie viet cudn Sdch hudng ddn
ve phucmg phdp hon h(rp trong nghien
cuu xa hgi vd hdnh vi ("Handbook of
Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral
Research", Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage)
Nim 2007, tgp chi quoc te Joumal of
Mixed Methods Research (Tap chi Cac
phuang phap nghien eiiu hdn hgp) ra ddi
Creswell, mgt trong cac tdng bidn tap cua
tap chi nay da cho thay phuong phap hdn
bgp da phit tridn trong nhieu nginh khoa
hoc xi hdi vi hanh vi, cing di siu vio cac
vin de eo bin nhu nban thiic lu^in, pbuong
phip lu^ (Creswell, 2008, 2009)
Ngiy nay, trong tuang quan vdi
phuang phip, cic nghien ciiu cd thd di
theo mpt trong ba hudng: dan phuong
phap (mono-method), da phuong phip
(multiple-method) vi phuang phap hdn
hgp (mixed method) (Saunders va tgk,
2009, tr 138, 152 ) Vd phuong phip hdn
hgp, cic tac gia ciing dua ra phin loai cac
logi hinh phuang phap hdn hgp dya trdn
cac tidu chi: a) phai chgn hoic phuong phip
dinh Iugng hay djnh tinh, phuang phip nio
la chi'nh ydu, b) phuang phap nio se dugc
tidn hanh trude hay tien hinh song song
Cung da ed bii vidt bing phuong phap
phan tich ngi dung da lidt kd cac phuang
thd phdi hgp hai loai phuang phip trdn,
vi nhu: kidm tra eheo (triangulation), bd
sung cho nhau (completeness), phat yidn
cdng cu (instrument development), minh
hog (illustration), khing dinh vi kham pha
(confirm and discover) (Bryman, 2008,
tr 607-608; Saunders, 2009, tr 152)
Nhiing dii kien trinh biy trdn eho
thay mdi quan be giija nhin thiic luin,
quan didm ty thuyet, phuong phip luan va
phuong phap uong nghidn cuu xi bdi la
da chidu va da dang Do viy, trong truydn
dgt kidn thuc ve phuang phap nghidn ciiu,
can trinh bay vi cung cip cho ngudi hpe
nhiing loi nhin khac nhau dd ngudi hpe bidt phe phin, nhung ddng thai cung cdi
md chap nhin nhtrng quan didm diing din cua.ngudi khac Tinh thin niy cdn giiip ngudi nghien cim bd ldi nhin giao dieu va
cd thd cd nhiing chpn lya sach luge thich hgp cho van de nghidn ciiu ciia ridng minh
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Paris, Minuit
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thitydt dgt ca sd trdn dG kien tbyc
dia: trmb bay vi so sanh vdi mdt sd
tidp can dinh tinh Tgp chi Khoa hgc
Xdh0is69{U5)
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Ngudi viet: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, giing vien Khoa XHH & CTXH DTDD: 0908890504 Email: nguyenxngbia@yahoo.com