Danh gid kit qua cua 30 nam dtfi mdi tf Vidt Nam, Nghj quylt Dai hfli dai bieu Dang toan qutfc Idn thtt XII da khdng djnh: Viet Nam "da dat dupc nhung thdnh tuu to Ion, ctf J nghTa Ijch
Trang 1PHAN HOA GIAU NGHEO 0 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
VA Sir TAG DONG DOI V6l oOl SONG XA HOI
DINH QUANG HAI'
J
Ttt ngdy 15 din ngdy 18 thang 12 nam
1986, Dai hfli Dang Cdng san Viflt
Nara Iin thtt VI da diln ra tai Thii dfl Ha
Nfli Vtfi tinh t h i n "Nhin thdng vdo suthdt,
ddnh gid dung su that, noi ro su that", Dai
hfli khang djnh quylt tdm doi mtfi cflng tac
Ianh dao ciia Dang theo tinh t h i n cdch mang
vd khoa fapc Kl ttt sau Dai hfli Dang Iin thtt
VI din nay, Viet Nam da trai qua 30 nam
thuc hien dudng Ifl'i dtfi mtfi toan difln dit
nutfc va da thu dupe nhilu thanh tyu quan
trpng trfln nhilu ITnh vue, dtfi stfng cua nhdn
ddn da dupc ndng Ien rtf ret Danh gid kit qua
cua 30 nam dtfi mdi tf Vidt Nam, Nghj quylt
Dai hfli dai bieu Dang toan qutfc Idn thtt XII
da khdng djnh: Viet Nam "da dat dupc nhung
thdnh tuu to Ion, ctf J nghTa Ijch stt; dtfng
thtfi eung ctfn nhilu vd'n dl Itfn, phtte tap,
nhieu ban chl, ylu kira edn phai tdp trung
giai quyet, khie phuc dl tiep tuc dua dit nutfc
phdt triln nhanfa vd b i n vihig hon" (1)
Nfattng thdnh tuu to Idn, cd J nghTa Ijcfa stt
qua 30 nara dtfi radi da "kfaang djnh dutfng Idi
ddi mtfi cfla Dang ta Id dung ddn, sdng tao;
con dudng di Ifln chii nghTa xa htfi cua nutfc
ta la phfl hpp vtfi thye tiln eua Viet Nam vd
xu t h i phdt triln ciia Iich su Thdnh tyu va
nhihig kinh nghiem, bdi hpe due ktft ttt thuc tiln tao tiln dl, n i n tang quan trpng dl ddt nutfc ta tilp tyc dtfi mtfi vd pfadt triln manh
me trong nhiing ndm toi" (2) Tuy nfaien, ben canfa nhung thdnh tuu da dat duoc, Viet Nam cung phai dtfi mdt vtfi nhilu khtf khan, thdch thttc edn giai quyet tren con dudng tiln tdi
rauc tieu "ddn gidu, nude mgnh, ddn chu,
edng bdng, vdn minh", trong dtf vdn dl vl
giara ngheo b i n vttng, vl pfaan bda gidu ngfaeo trong xa fadi Id radt trong nhttng vdn
dl b i t sttc quan trpng, thu hiit dupc sy quan tdm ciia ca hfl thtfng chfnh trj vd toan xa hfli Trong pfaam vi bai vilt nay, tae gia mong mutfn gtfp pfain Idm ro hon thyc trang phan htfa giau nghlo tf Viet Nam hifln nay vd su tdc dflng dtfi vtfi dcli sraig xa htfi trong tbdi ky ddi mtfi, diy manh cdng nghiflp bda, hien dai
hda vd hdi nhdp qude t l Di ed t h i Idm ro
dupc nhflng vin dl tren day, trutfc hit chiing
ta ein nhan tfattc ro va ctf nhttng butfc di cflng vdi nhflng giai phdp phfl hpp tren nhttng vaii
dl sau day:
1 Thuc trang phan hda giau nghlo d Viet N a m h i € n n a y
Vdi Dai thing mfla Xuan nam 1975, cuflc khdng ehiln chtfng My cttu nutfc cua nhdn
' PGS.TS Vi^n Sit hpc
Trang 2dan Viet Nam k i t thue t h i n g Ipi Da't nude
dupe thtfng n h i t nhung nhihig faau qua vd
ton that do chitfn t r a n h dl Iai eho dit nutfc vd
ddn ttfc Viflt Nam hflt sfle ndng n l Khdt
vpng ciia toan tfal dan tflc Viflt Nara sau 21
ndra cfailn tranfa Id duoe stfng trong hoi binh
Iau dai dl xdy dyng Iai dd't nutfc vd xdy dung
euflc stfng mdi ira no hanh phuc, nhung chi
sau 2 nam hod binh, til n a m 1977, nhan dan
Viet Nara da Iai phai dtfi phtf vtfi cudc ehiln
tranh bien gidi Tdy Nara do the lUc phan
dflng Pfln-Ptft, dupc Trung Qutfc giiip dtf gay
ra va tiep dtf, din thdng 2 nam 1979 Trung
Qudc da huy dtfng 60 van qudn gay ra cuflc
chiln tranfa quy mfl Itfn xara phara trfln toan
tuyen bifln gidi phia Bic Viflt Nam, buflc
nhdn ddn Viflt Nam viia phai xdy dung vtta
da'u t r a n h bao vfl To qutfc Thyc ttf tinh hinh
chie'n t r a n h tf hai diu bien gidi trong thdi
gian nay vd dSc biet la nhiing faau qua nang
n l cua cudc ehiln tranh chtfng My trutfc dtf la
bit sttc trdm trpng, vtfi 1,1 triflu con era ede
dan tflc da chien diu hy sinh; 600 nghin
thuang binh; 300 nghin ngutfi bi rait tfeh
trong cfailn difu; 2 triflu nguoi ddn bj gifl't hai;
2 trieu ngudi bj t i n tat; 2 trieu ngutfi bj nhiira
chdt dfle hda hpe; 500 nghin tre em bj di dang
do anh hutfng eiJa chit dflc htfa hpc (3) Theo
tai hflu thtfng kfl cua Btf Ngoai giao, hifln nay
ctf khoang 4,8 trieu ngutfi Viet Nam bj nhilm
chit dflc da cara/dioxin, stfng tap trung tai cac
tinh dpc dutfng Trutfng Scm va bifln gitfi
Campuchia Hang trdra ngutfi trong stf do da
qua dtfi Hang triflu ngutfi va con chiu cfla hp
dang phai stfng trong bflnh tat, nghlo khtf do
di chttng cua chdt dtfc da cam (4) Cd t h i ntfi,
nhttng bau qua va di ehflng eiia chitfn tranh
dtfi vdi nhan dan Viet Nam Id fait sttc ndng
nl
Sau 10 ndra titfn hdnh xdy dung lai dit
nudc sau chiln t r a n h (1975-1986), vdi
khtfng it nhung vd'p vap, sai Idm, da Idra cho
kinfa tl, xa hfli nghiflra trpng, Iam phit tang Ifln dtfn 3 con stf Tinh ehung ttt ndra 1976 dtfn ndra 1985, thu nhdp qutfc ddn ehi tdng 38,8%, binh qudn radi nara tdng 3,7% (5) Ndng nghiflp Id ngdnh kinfa ttf then ehtft eua dit nutfc, thutfng tao ra tren dudi 50% thu nhap qutfc dan, nhung trong nhiing nara (1976-1985) binh qudn rafli ndm gid trj ttfng san Iupng ndng nghiflp chi tdng 3,8% (6) Luong tfayc tfailu but rd't lon Trong 5 ndra (1976-1980), rattc tiflu dung Iuong thyc thufle khu vyc nba nudc Id 11.8 triflu tin, quy gao, nhung huy dflng trong nudc chi dupe 5,8 triflu tdn, bdng 49% mttc tieu dung (7)
Den diu tfadp nien 90 cua tbtf ky XX, Viet Nam vin Id mdt trong stf nbihig nutfc nghlo nha't t h i gitfi, la mflt nutfc nflng nghiflp nhung hdng ndra vin phai nhap khiu luong thuc dl cun ddi cfao nfaan dan Chi tiflu kinb
te diu ngutfi r i t thip Ty le dan stf bi ddi gay git kinh nien trong ca nutfc vdo kfaoang 6% -8% Nhflng nam ctf tbien tai va gap cde rui ro khac, d nfaiing vflng ndng thdn, ngutfi ddn bi dtfi gay git chilm tdi 27%, dtfi gay gdt edp tfnh ien ttfi 19% - 21%, stf tuyet dtfi Id 3,7 trieu ngutfi Ld mdt nudc ndng nghiep truyin tfad'ng, nfaimg tong stf dan ndng ngfaiep bj dtfi tf 36 dia phuong Ien tdi 4,81 trieu ngutfi, dtfi gay gdt la 1,9 triflu ngutfi (8) Nfattng eon stf thtfng ke "bifl't ndi" dd that dang budn Hifln tupng ddi ngheo xlt theo bilu bifln true tilp la ddi an, thilu an va
khdng cd luong thyc dl an, do la chua xlt din
cae tieu chf khdc nhu tlnh trang nfaa tf vd dtf dflng sinh boat cua cdc fad gia dinh cd tfal ntfi
Id r i t thdp kim Tfnh cfaung vtfi mttc thu nhdp mfli ngutfi ttt 8 - 15kg gao/thdng dupc eoi la fad ddi, ttt 8 - 22 kg gao/tfaang dupe coi
Id hd nghlo o viing dtfng bing, trung du; 15
kg gao/thdng Id bfl ngheo tf miln mii, nflng thfln va ttt 20 - 25 kg gao/thdng Id bfl ngheo
d dd tfai, tfai stf htf ngfaeo tf Viflt Nara nam
Trang 3Tinh trang ddi nghlo tf Viflt Nara trd nen
tfautfng xuyen, trira trpng Trudc thye ttf dtf
ddt ra yeu cdu t i t ylu pfaai tfayc hien cdng
cudc xda ddi giam nghlo trfln difln rtfng,
Thyc hien dutfng Itfi ddi mdi, xdy dyng dd't
nude theo djnh hudng XHCN ttt sau Dai hdi
Dang Iin thtt VI (nam 1986), vdi phuong
chdm tang trutfng vd pfadt triln kinfa t l phai
di ddi vdi vide giai quylt cdc vd'n dl xa btfi,
tttng bude tbuc hidn eflng bdng xa hfli trong
dilu kifln kinh t l cbo pfalp; van dl xda ddi
giara ngfaeo dupe xem Id ctf tfnh ehiln luoc
nim trong ehiln lupc phdt triln kinh ttf-xa
hdi cua ddt nude
Trong Chiln lupc dn dinh vd phdt triln
kinb t l - x a hdi den ndm 2000, dupe thflng
qua tai Dai hfli Dang todn qutfc lin tfatt VTI
(ndra 1991), Viflt Nam dua ra rauc tiflu hdng
ddu Id "pfad'n ddu vupt qua tinh trang nudc
ngheo vd kem phdt triln, eai thien ddi stfng
eiia nfaan dan" Trong btfn nfaiflm vu dl dat
dupc muc tiflu dtf tfai nhiflm vu thtt faai Id
"pfain diu xtfa nan dtfi, giam stf ngutfi ngheo
khtf, giai quylt viec Iam, bao dam cdc nhu
ciu CO ban, eai thien dtfi sfl'ng vat cha't, vdn
htfa vd tinh t h i n eua nhdn ddn" (10)
Trai qua cde ky Dai htfi Dang todn quflc
lin thtt VII (nam 1991), Idn thtt VIII (ndm
1996), Idn thtt IX (ndm 2001), Iin tfatt X
(ndra 2006), lin thtt XI (ndm 2011), Idn thtt
XII (2016), quan dilra xuyfln sudt cua Dang
vd Nhd nudc Viet Nam Iudn kfadng djnb: vdn
dl xda ddi, giam ngheo vtta Id rauc tidu, vtta
Id yeu ciu vd Id ddng lye dl phat triln kinh
t l - xa htfi, gtfp phin bao dam an sinh va
eflng bdng xa bfli
Trfln CO stf ehii truang, dutfng Itfi cua Dang;
Chfnh pfau Viet Nara da ban faanh nhilu
cbfnh sdch vl xda ddi, giam ngfaeo; tbi hifln
quylt tdm cua Chfnh pbu trong cuflc chiln
efatfng dtfi nghlo Nhiflra vu xtfa dtfi, giam
ngheo da tttng budc dupe thi chl hda thdng
qua viec xdy dung phap Iudt, k l hoach pfadt
triln kinh ttf-xa fadi, muc tiflu vd cbfnh sdch
cy tfal vtfi phuong chdm mang tfnh nguyen tdc Id "kit hpp hdi fada gitta tdng trudng kinh ttf vd thye hifln cdng bing, tiln bfl xa bfli",
"thu hep dan kfaoang cdcfa vl trinh dd phdt triln, vl mttc stfng gifla cac vflng, gifla ede ddn tdc, gifla cdc ting Idp dan eu" (II) Trong 30 ndm (ttt nam 1986 din nam 2016), Dang va Nhd nudc Iudn nhit qudn vl ehfnh sach giam nghlo bin vung di dfli vdi khuyin khfch Idra gidu hpp phdp Ddy manh viflc triln khai tfaue faien cic nghj quylt ciia Chfnh phu va Chuang trinh muc tiflu qutfc gia vl giara nghlo, trong dd cbu trpng chi'nh sdch giara nghlo da cfailu vd khde phue nguy
eo tdi nghlo, nha't Id dtfi vtfi cac huyfln ngfaeo, uu tien ngutfi ngheo Id ddng bao ddn tdc tbilu stf tfautfc huyfln ngfalo, xa bidn gidi,
xa an toan khu, xa, thtfn ban dac biflt khd khan, vflng bai ngang ven biln, hai dao; thu hep chenh lech vl rattc stfng vd an sinh xa hfli so vdi binh qudn ca nutfc (12) Tuy nhifln, trfln thyc ttf, bfln eanh nhflng tfaanfa tyu to Idn vl kinfa tl, chi'nh trj, van htfa va xa fadi da dat dupc tfai su phdn hda gidu - ngfalo, "cdi true trung tdm cua phan ting xa faoi" (13) da btfc Itf radt edeh rd net vd ngdy cdng trtf ndn gay gdt, din din phdn cue gidu - nghlo Phdn cye gidu nghlo d Viet Nara trong nhttng ndm qua diln ra vdi nhilu hinh thttc, mttc dtf vd h i t sttc phttc tap Phdn cyc gidu nghlo gitta tfadnh thj vd nflng tfafln, gitta cac vflng miln, cde nhtfm Itta tudi, cdc nhdm nganh nghl, gitta cdc ddn tflc, cdc
vi trf ddn eu Cd tfal neu lfln nhttng bilu hifln rd n i t nhd't vl phdn cye gidu ngheo tren cdc khfa canh sau ddy:
Phdn cue gidu - ngheo ve thu nhdp
Kit qua Dilu tra mttc stfng ddn cu vd Hfl gia dinb Viet Nam ttt ndra 1992 din ndm
2012 do Ttfng eye Thtfng ke cho tfaiy khoang cdeb cfaenh lech t h u nhdp gitta nfatfra 20% sl
Trang 4btf cd thu nhap t h i p nfait tf Viet Nam hifln
nay cd xu hutfng doang rflng, ttt 4,9 Idn ndm
1992 tdng len 9,4 Iin ndm 2012 (14); Dtfng
tfatfi, trong vtfng 10 nara (2002 - 2012), dtfi
vdi nhdm hd nghlo thu nhap chi ehitfra
khoang 3,8% - 5,3% (trung binh la 4,7%)
trong ttfng stf cua todn xa hfli Trong kfai dd, tf
cye kia Id nhtfm gidu thu nhap chilm phdn
ldn hon r i t nhilu, khoang 50,8% - 65,4%
(trung blnh Id 54,4%), mac dfl mtfi nhtfm htf
giau ngheo diu ctf 20% dan stf bang nhau
Dilu ndy cho t h i y b Viflt Nam, nhttng ngutfi
gidu ngdy edng ctf xu hudng giau thflm do hp
cd nhilu dilu kifln thudn Ipi, edn nhttng ngufli
nghlo tuy cd t b i khtfng nghlo hon, nhung rit
khd ctf sy cai thifln thu nhdp do han c h l vl
vtfn, vl trinh dp hoc vdn hode tay nghl
Mat khdc, dya trfln ngutfn stf hflu cua Ttfng
cue Thtfng kfl qua 20 ndm doi mdi
(1992-2012), ddc biet la k i t qua Khao sat mfle stfng
ddn cu Viet Nara ndm 2012 cho thd'y su bd't
I binfa ding tf Viet Nam da ngdy cang tang len
thi hien qua he stf Gini ttt 0,33 ndm 1992
tang I6n 0,424 nam 2012 tf ca nutfc (15)
Chenh lech t h u nhap ttt mttc tfaudng T i t
tai cdc CO quan doanh nghiep cflng la vin dl
thtfi su vd la mdt trong nhflng bilu bifln rtf
nit cua sy phan cyc giiu - ngfaeo Theo bdo
cdo cua 900 doanh nghiflp vtfi hem 310 ngdn
lao ddng tai Thdnb phd Htf Chf Minh cho
thiy, mttc thutfng T i t Nguyfln dan ndm 2015
cua cdc doanh nghiep ngodi khu cfae xuit,
khu cflng nghiflp cao n h i t Id 400 triflu ddng
vd thip nha't la 3,1 triflu ddng, rattc chflnfa
Iflch tdi 129,03 Iin Ctfn dtfi vdi cdc doanfa
nghiep hoat dtfng trong khu c h l xuit, khu
edng nghiep Thanh phtf Htf Chf Minb, rattc
thutfng Ttft Nguyen ddn cao nhdt Id 457
trieu dtfng/ngutfi, t h i p n h i t gin 2,9 trieu
dtfng/ngutfi, mttc chenh Idch Id 157,59 Iin
Theo khao s i t cua Sd Lao dflng - Thuang
binh vd Xa htfi Thdnh phtf Da Ndng, mttc
la 300 triflu dtfng/ngutfi, thdp nhit Id 300 ngdn dtfng/ngufli (16) Mttc chenh lech nhau ttfi 1.000 Iin Nlu so sdnh mttc thudng eao nhd't (482 triflu ddng/ngutfi tf Binh Duang) vfli mttc thudng tfaip nhdt (30.000 dtfng/ngutfi tf Binh Pbutfc), tfai rattc chenh lech len ttfi 16.066,7 Idn Dd Id nfaflng con stf chenh lech rd't ddng phai suy nghT dtfi vfli su pfadn cue gidu - nghlo vl thu nhdp thyc tl
Phdn cue gidu - ngheo ve tdi sdn
Mttc ehflnh lech vl tdi san d Viet Nam trong nhung nam gin ddy edn tdng nhanfa ban chenh Iflch vl t h u nhdp Nam 2014, Viet Nam ctf 116 ngutfi sieu gidu, tdng tfaem 40 ngutfi so vtfi 11 ndra trutfc (ndm 2003) Tfaeo Knigfat Frank dy bdo, trong mflt tfaap ky ttfi, Viflt Nam la qutfc gia ctf ttfc dfl tang ngutfi sieu giau nhanh nfaa't the gidi, len 300 ngutfi (17) Trong dd, 100 ngutfi gidu nha't trdn thi trutfng cbung khoan n i m trong tay ttfng gid tri tdi san ban 70.000 ty dtfng - xip xi faon 3 ty dd la
My va tuong duong 1,7% tong gid tri tdi san qutfc ndi (GDP) nam 2013 cua Viet Nam Tren tfayc t l , stf ngudi siflu giau tf Viet Nam
cd t h i cao ban du bao nay r i t nhilu Bdi stf lieu trfln ehu ylu can ctt vao khtfi tdi san "bl ndi" ciia cdc dai gia cfattng khodn thtfng qua stf hChi cd phie'u cflng khai tai ede cflng ty niflm yIt, chua tfnh din sd hihi thflng qua ngudi thdn eung nhu qua cde ctfng ty Sy gia tdng sd Iupng vd gid tri tdi san cua nhttng ngutfi siflu gidu tai Viflt Nam Id raflt tfn hiflu tfefa eye, tfal faidn pfain nao sy Itfn manh ehung cfla nin kinh tfl' Song, mflt btte t r a n b dtfi lap Id hifln nay ca nutfc vin ctfn gdn 2 triflu hfl nghlo (18) vd vin ctfn tinh trang thitfu dn trong 1 - 2 tfaang tf nfaflng vung dtfng bao ddn tflc thilu stf, vflng lu lut, ban ban, vd kfaoang faon 1 triflu lupt ngutfi rafli ndra tfailu an (tttc la ttt 200.000 - 220.000 luat hfl) ehie'm khoang 5% bfl nghlo theo chuin mtfi vd 1,2% stf htf toan qutfc
Trang 5Phdn cue gidu - ngheo qua diiu kien tie'p
can vd hiGmg thu cde dieh uu xd hdi ca bdn
Nfl'u nhu ndra 2002, cbdnb Iflch ty Ie ddn
stf ed trinh dtf cao ding, dai hpc eiia 20%
nhdra thu nhdp cao nfad't vdi 20% nhdm tbu
nhdp thd'p nhd't la 3,45 lin, tbi din ndra 2012
da tang len 50,25 Iin (1,3% so vdi 20,1%)
(19) Hdu hit nfaOng ngutfi trong nhung bfl ctf
trinfa dtf hpe vdn tfaip (khdng bilt chtt, ebua
bao gid din trutfng, khdng ctf bing eip) diu
thupc nhtfm ngheo (nam 2002 Id 11,77%; ndm
2012 tdng lfln 15,7%) vd cfal ed radt ty Ie rd't
nhd thufle nhtfm gidu (5% ndra 2002 giam
xufl'ng ctfn 1,2% ndm 2012) Khdng ft con era
nhd ndng ddn ngheo, nhit la nhung xa ngfaeo
miln nfli, vflng ddn tflc thieu stf, khtfng cd
dilu kifln dl hpc chtt, fapc nghe, khflng cd dilu
kien dl dupe tilp cdn va tfafla fautfng nin gido
due ehit luong cao, ttt dd khdng t h i ndng cao
trf Iuc vd vdn xd hdi, khtfng tfal kilra dupe viec
lara vdi rattc tfau nhdp cao Ngupc lai, ngudi
gidu thudng chon nhttng trudng hpc qufl'c tl,
dat chuin qude gia ngay ttt raiu gido dl cho
con eai hpc, thdm chf ra nudc ngodi hpc tap
va nhtf dd t h i be ndy cd nfaieu co hfli tot vl
sy nghiflp sau nay
Ndm 2014, mttc chi tiln cua cde hd gia
dinh cbo chdm sde sttc khde vin cdn eao,
chiira gdn 48% (20), ty Ie ndy nara 1995 Id
62,9% Tbeo To chtte Y t l t h i gitfi ehi kbi
rattc chi tiln cua bfl gia dinh dudi 30% mtfi
dara bao dupc cflng bang trong chdm sdc sttc
khde Dilu nay dfl din din tlnh trang nghlo
hda d nbiing hfl gia dinh cd mttc thu nhdp
trung binfa kfai cd ngutfi tfm dau He tfatfng y
t l rdng kfaip nhung pfadn bd khdng diu, eac
bflnh vien ldn chu ylu tap trung tf tuyin
trung uong, cac tfadnfa pfatf lon vd cdc kfau
vuc tfadnh thi, di theo nhihig benh vien Idn
nay Id ddi ngu y bdc sy ed trinh dtf chuydn
mfln eao va ca uu tifln ngudn ngan sdeh
khong Id Trong khi dd, pbdn Itfn ngutfi
nui, vung sdu, vung xa vd viflc tilp cdn vdi cdc dicfa vu y ttf, ehdm sdc sttc khde cd chdt lupng cua ngutfi ngheo d nhflng vung ndy Id
r i t khd khdn Thue trang dtf vtta bdt edng eho ngudi ddn, ddc biflt la ngudi nghlo tf vung sau vung xa trong vide tilp can djch vu, v&a gay ra faien tuong tro cip ngupc; ngutfi gidu dupc hudng ehi ttt ngan sdeh nhd nudc hon Id ngutfi ngheo
Dac biet, tinh trang khdng ctfng bdng trong chdm sdc sttc khde ctfn eao gitta cdc nhtfm ddn eu; Su thiflt tfatfi thuflng roi vdo nfattng ngutfi ngheo, ngudi ctf hpe vd'n thdp, ngutfi dan ttfc tfailu stf vd tre em Ctfng bd
ngfaien Clhi qutfc t l "Nhdng cugc ddi tre' tka"
tai Viet Nam ngdy 19-01-2015 cbo thdy tre
em tfaa'p ctfi ngdy cdng tap trung d nhdm tre ngheo nhit, cfai 9% tre em thutfc ede hd gia dinh khd gia bj thdp ctfi, so vtfi 31% tre em tfautfc ede btf gia dinh ngheo, trong khi chi 14% tre era ddn ttfc Kinh bi thap ctfi so vfli 52% tre em ddn ttfc thilu stf Ddy Id mflt thyc
t l xdt xa, minh ehung cho khoang each giau
- ngheo tf Viflt Nara ngdy cang ndi rdng Ngay ea vdi mtft xu hudng phat trien tdt dep hon, ro rdng vdn cd raflt sd dflng ngutfi gin nfau dung ngodi cude trong su pfaat triln dd
n l u nfau ehung ta khflng ctf nhiing bifln phdp ngdn chan cd hidu qua
Dtf bao phu eua td't ca cde chuong trinh bao bilm xa hdi, nhtfm ngfalo eung cue chi dupe 11,2%, ngupc Iai nhtfm giau nha't dupc huong 58,1%; khu vye tfaanh tfaj hudng 56,2% ngupc lai khu vyc ntfng tfafln 22,0%; nhtfm ngutfi Kinh, ngutfi Hoa 35,2%, ngupc Iai nhdm dan tdc thilu stf 14,0% Ty le cd dong bao hiim xa hdi efla nhdm ngheo nhit
Id 7,5%, nguoc Iai, nfadm gidu nhdt chilm tdi 50% Nhdra ngfalo nha't faudng 29,6% trp cdp
y tl, nhtfra gidu nfaa't faudng 33,7% (21) Dien sinh boat va nutfc sach thieu, ty le thilu dien sinb boat Id 21%, vd edn 18,2%
Trang 6sutfi, htf, ao khdng dara bao ve sinb Cdn ty
16 cao ngutfi nghlo khtfng ctf hoae thie'u dit
san xuit Nam 1993 cd khoang 8% btf ndng
ddn khtfng ctf dd't san xuit Tinh trang ndy
tdp t r u n g tf cdc vflng dtfng bing stfng Cihi
Long (39%), Ddng Nara btf (31%), Tdy
Nguyfln (3%), Duydn hai miln Trung (9%)
Co sd ha t i n g phye vu san xuit ctfn k i m phdt
triln, thitfu thj trudng diu ra, thilu kitfn
thflc san x u i t do trinh dfl vdn hod thip,
khtfng ctf trinh dtf chuyfln mfln ky thudt hode
mfl chfl Ngodi ra, ctfn phai k l ttfi nfaung
phong tyc tdp q u i n Iac hdu vd phdn biflt dfl'i
xtt khitfn tre em bo hpc vd ngutfi tfm kfadng
dupe y ttf cham stfc, gay lang phf vd ttfn kira
vd mdt kha ndng tra no ede khoan vay Tlnh
trang chdnh lech vd b i t binh dang xa btfi
gifla cic vflng, gidi tinh vd gitta nhtfm dan cu
dang ngiy cing gia tang Trong khi cdc vung
dd thi dupe hutfng lpi nhilu n h i t ttt cdc chfnh
sdch cai cdch vd tdng trutfng kinh t l , thi tinfa
trang nghlo v i n ttfn tai dai ddng tf nhilu
vflng ndng thdn cua Viet Nam vd tf rattc dtf
rit cao b cdc viing ddn ttfc thilu stf
Mac dfl ctfn n h i l u han chl, b i t cap trong
ctfng tic xtfa ddi giam nghlo, nhung nhin
chung Viet Nam v i n dupe t h i gitfi danfa gid
Id qutfc gia dS dat dupc nhttng tfadnh tim rd't
i n tuong trong giam nghlo Ty lfl htf nghlo
ca nutfc giam blnh qudn 1,5 - 2%/nara; cde
huyen, xa dac bidt khtf khdn ctf ty Ie hd
ngheo giim 4%/nam theo tidu chuin nghlo
tCrng giai doan Ndm 1993, ty Id btf nghflo ea
nutfc ctfn 58,1%, dtfn ndm 2011 ty Id bfl
nghlo giam ctfn 9,5%, ndm 2013 ctfn 7,8%,
ndm 2014 ctfn 5,8% - 6%, mttc phin diu ndm
2015 ty Id htf nghlo ca nudc ctfn dutfi 5%,
trong vung ddc biet khd khdn cdn dudi 30%
(22) Tang trudng kinh ttf diln ra tren dien
rtfng di dem Iai nhflng cai thifln ddng k l vl
chit lupng cutfc stfng cho h i u h i t ngudi dan
Chit lupng cutfc stfng ciia ngay ea nhttng
ngutfi edn chua thodt nghlo eiing dupe cai thifln ddng k l Sy tbilu hut tiflu dung eua nguiSri nghlo tf mttc trung binh so vdi ngutfng nghlo, dupc do bdng ty le kboang each nghlo cflng da giam lien tyc Nhung dac tfnh cfla nhtfm ngutfi nghlo cflng da thay dtfi ddng kl trong giai doan ndy Quy ratf htf ciia mtft gia dinh ngheo diln hinh giam ttt 5,2 ngutfi xutfng ctfn 4,8 ngutfi Xa hfli Viflt Nara faien nay da trtf nen da dang hon nfailu so vtfi faon hai thap ky trutfc day khi dit nutfc mtfi bit diu thye hien ctfng cuflc ddi mdi, Nhu vdy, ea nghifln cun djnb tfnh lin nghifln cttu djnh Iupng deu cbo tfaiy su pfadn htfa gidu ngfaeo d Viflt Nara ngdy cdng doang rdng, ddn den pfadn cue giau - ngheo Do vdy Dang va Nhd nudc da ctf nhung bifln pfaap giara tfailu kjp tfatfi va hiflu qua dl trdnh tinh trang phai dtfi raat vtfi rattc dd pfadn cue gidu - ngfalo gay gdt din din phdn cue xa bfli trong tuang Iai Tfauc t l dd ddi hdi Dang vd Nfaa nutfc cin phai tfaan trpng faon trong cac kich ban vd chinh sdch phdt triln kinh t l
-xa hfli nhim gdp p h i n giam thilu sy phdn cyc giau - nghlo
2 Tdc dgng cua su phdn hda gidu ngheo ddi v&i ddi song xd hgi Viit Nam hiin nay
Nghi quylt Hfli nghj Trung uong 7 khda
XI eua Dang Cflng s i n Viflt Nam da ehi ro
"Sy phdn hda giau ngheo, pbdn tdng xa hdi, Cung vtfi te quan liflu, tham nhflng, xa ddn, xdm pham quyen Idra cbu cfla nbdn ddn, Idra giara sut Itfng tin cua nfaan dan ddi vdi Dang,
la tfaach thttc dtfi vdi ratfi quan he gitta nhan dan vtfi Dang" (23)
De gdp p h i n giara thilu dtfn mttc thd'p
n h i t ed t h i dupc sy phan eye giau - nghlo, tfayc hien edng bing va tiln bd xa bdi, trong nhung nam qua, Nba nudc da hoach djnh vd ttf chttc thye hifln nfailu chinfa sdch pfaat triln kinfa t t f - x a fapi Tuy nhifln, trong qud
Trang 7trinb td chttc tfayc bifln vdn ctfn bdc Itf khflng
ft ban chl, khie'n cho su pfadn cyc giau
-ngfalo tren thuc ttf chua dupe giam thilu
Nghi quylt cua Dang Ctfng san Viet Nara
cung da nbdn djnh: Phdn btfa gidu nghlo ctf
xu hudng gia tang; phdn ting xa btfi tfaeo xu
faudng khdng fapp tfattc diln biln phttc tap
Giam ngheo thilu bin vihig Chua hinh
thdnb CO c h l dtfng btf vl giam ngheo da chilu,
da myc tieu Nfailu chfnh sdch an sinh xa hdi
vd giam ngheo chdng chio nhau vd efatfng
chio vtfi ehfnh sdch khde Dtfi sd'ng eiia mflt
bfl phdn nhan dan ctfn nhilu khd khan; kit
ciu ba ting xa bdi b nhilu dja phuong, khu
vyc, nhit Id vung sdu, vflng xa ctfn han chl,
radt bd pbdn nfadn ddn chua duoc hutfng thu
radt cdcfa cflng bing cdc tfaanfa qua cua cflng
cudc dtfi mtfi Bd't binh ding xa htfi vl thu
nhdp, giao dye, y tl, van hda, an sinh xa hdi
chdm dupe khic phuc (24)
Su pbdn btfa gidu nghlo tdc dflng ttfi d5i
song xa fafli Viflt Nam hien nay theo nhilu
ehilu Trutfc hit, tde dflng vl mdt tfeh eye,
phdn hda gidu nghlo da gdp phin khoi ddy
tfnh nang ddng xa hdi trong eon ngutfi d
nhilu nhdm xa hdi, kich thfch hp tim kilm
vd khai tfaac eo raay, van fafli dl phdt trien
vupt Ifln Kfch tfaich sy sang tao efla eon
ngutfi, nhim tao mtfi trudng canh tranh
quylt het, qua dd sdng Ipe vd tuyin cbpn
nhttng tfadnh vien vupt trdi, tao ddng lye cho
su pfadt triln cua mfli ngdnfa nghl, mfli ITnfa
vye hay radi dja phuong Dae biet la stf nhdra
vd nhdra ngudi xa fadi gidu len do Idra dn
dung phdp Iudt Vd nhung bd da gidu hudng
ddn cich Idm an cbo ngutfi nghlo ldm cho
nin kinfa t l phdt triln vtfi ndng sud't Iao
ddng eao, tang phflc Ipi xa fadi cbo ngutfi ddn
(y ttf, giao d u e ) thdng qua thutf thu nhdp
cua ngutfi giau
Sy phdn btfa gidu ngheo nlu khdng dupc
kip tbtfi giam thilu se can trtf qud trinh tang
trudng vd pfadt triln kinfa tl, khiln cho mdt
p h i n ngutfn Iyc stt dung trong cdc chfnh sdch
an sinh xa btfi, philc Ipi xa hdi eua Nha nudc
bj giam di Sy phan htfa giau nghlo sau sie ctfn la mtft trong nhttng nguydn nfadn Iam suy tfaoii dao dttc vd gia tang cde te nan xa fadi, tdi pham hinh su Thdm chf ldu ddi, su phan htfa gidu nghlo cd tfal se din din pban cyc xa hdi, khitfn cho sy gin kit xa hdi yeu di
vd cfatta dyng nhung "tilm in" efla xung ddt
xa hdi, ldm giara sut Itfng tin cua nhan ddn dtfi vtfi chtf dtf
Pfadn htfa gidu nghdo ctf t h i se din din phan cue xa hfli Bfln canh nhttng ngutfi giau Ifln bdng tai ndng, cflng sttc thyc sy, thi cung ctf khflng ft "quan thara", "dai gia" bay "trpc phfl" giau Ifln nhanh chtfng mtft each bdt minh, bd't hpp phdp, do Ipi dung nhihig khe
hd Iudt pfadp dl khai thae tai nguyfln, bde lot lao dflng va vo vlt tdi san xa hdi Nhttng khoan thu nhdp bd't chi'nb ndy Idm gia tdng khoang edeh ehflnh lech gitta nhdm giau va nhtfra nghlo, Idra eho nhttng ngudi ngheo cdng trtf nen nghlo hon Vi ngudn tiln kiem dupc do phi Iao ddng la chfl ylu, khdng phai
"dtf mtf hdi, sdi nudc mit", ndn nhtfm ngucd gidu ctf nay sd'ng rd't xa hoa, Iang pfaf, tbdm cbf h i t sttc hom hTnh (25)
Sy phan hda gidu ngheo vl Idu ddi se Idm eho ngutfi ddn btte xue, Idm giam tinh gin kit
xa hfli, Idra gia tdng cdc vu kfailu kifln gdy md't In djnfa xa fafli Pbdn btfa gidu ngheo ctfn din dfl'n nfaiing hfl qua tieu eye Id: nfli bfl edn btf, dang vifln ty difln bifln tbeo chilu hutfng xiu, gdy anh hudng nghiflm trpng din
an ninfa cfafnh tri ntfi btf; bfl mdy Nhd nudc faoat ddng kira faiflu Iyc; cdc efau truang, chi'nfa sdefa ciia Dang vd Nha nuflc bj vd faieu fada vd bj Iam sai Idch; sy Ianh dao eua Dang suy ylu Dilu dd tao dilu kifln cfao cdc tbilyc thfl diefa tilp tuc tfauc bifln dm muu "diln bie'n fada binb", Idm giam siit Idng tin eiia nbdn ddn dfli vtfi Dang va de dpa sy tdn vong
Trang 8cua e h i dfl xa bfli ehu nghTa md ehung ta
dang tirng bude xdy dung Sy pbdn hda gidu
ngfaeo khdng cfai tilm i n nhflng mau thudn,
xung ddt, ma ctfn ctf nguy eo phd hong sy
nghiflp dtfi mtfi vd cdc rauc tiflu phdt triln
eua dit nude
Sy phdn htfa gidu nghlo sdu sic cd tfal trtf
thanh ylu ttf kira hara su tdng trutfng vd
phdt t r i l n kinb ttf (nlu dd Id su Idm gidu
khtfng cfafnfa dang) Vi, tinh trang b i t binh
ding trong thu nhdp ngay cang trtf ndn t r i m
trpng se khitfn tdng trudng kinh t l kfadng
t h i on djnh Dilu ndy gdy ra tinh trang di
ddn CO hpe ttt nflng thfln ra thanh thj, ttt
vflng khtf khan sang vflng thuan Ipi hon, ttt
dd gay dp Iyc qua tai Ifln eo stf ha t i n g dd thi
vd gdy xdo trtfn xa hfli Do dtf, viflc giai quyfl't
ttft vin dl pbdn hda giau ngheo se tdc ddng
tieh eye tdi rauc titfu phdt t r i l n n i n kinh te
mtft each b i n vttng
Dutfi gtfc dd xa htfi, phdn htfa gidu nghlo
anh hudng tidu cyc din an ninh xa htfi; Idra
gia tang td nan xa htfi, ede loai tdi pham Vi
lutfn phai dtfi diu vtfi nhttng khtf khan vl kinh
tl, nfln khdng ft ngutfi ngheo Iuc ndo cung cam
thdy cutfc stfng cua minh bj de dpa Cdi ngheo,
edi dtfi cflng thutfng di Iiln vtfi su t h i t hpc, dtf
cfing Id nhttng nguyfln nfadn diy mtft btf pbdn
ngutfi nghlo vdo ngo eyt eua cuflc dtfi Vdi
quan nidm "kfatfng ctfn gi dl mit" nfln mtft stf
ngudi nghlo ed t h i h i u lmh Idra nhflng viflc
trdi vtfi phdp Iudt vd dao dttc (nhu trdm cudp,
Itta dao, bufln Iau, bdn ddm, )
Xlt v l khfa canh dao dtte, sy phdn htfa giau
ngheo Iam cho mtft stf ngutfi djnh fautfng Iflch
Iac cdc gii trj chuin myc dao dtte, Itfi stfng eiia
xa hfli Cflng vdi viflc diy manh kinh ttf thi
tru&ng cd sy gia tang tritft IJ sdng "manh dupc
ylu thua, khtfn stfng radng chit" vd due vpng
chay theo dtfng tiln, bdt chip tinh nghTa Sy
xutfng cip vl dao dttc Id nhdn td Idra phd vd
n i n n i p gia pfaong cua nhilu gia dinh Tinh
nfl vd tre em, tre em bj xam hai, tre em phai lang thang kilm stfng, tre em vi pham phap luat ctf chilu hutfng gia tang
Phan hda gidu nghlo ctfn gay ra sy phan ting ddng cip trong xa hdi Dilu niy ctf t h i din de'n tinh trang bdt man cua mflt nfadm ngutfi nao dtf.Hd phdn edch gidu ngfalo nlu
dl qud Idn se din din thai dfl dupc eoi Id "tfafl dicfa" cfla ngudi nghlo dtfi vtfi ngutfi gidu Dilu ndy t h i hifln qua vide xud't bidn vd tdn tai tam IJ b i n hpc vdi sy giau ctf, dtf ky vdi rihung nfaa kinh doanh, de cam vdi nfattng ngutfi thdnh dat khtfng tbeo quan nitfra truyin thtfng cu
Nbu vay, eang ngheo ddi, chdm pfadt triln tfai su bd't blnh ding xa hdi cdng Itfn ban Va cdng khdng phai ctt diy manfa kinh t l thj trutfng tbi kfaoang each gitta nhdm fad giau
va nhdm hd nghlo se dupe xtfa bd; ma trai Iai, kinh t l tfaj trudng cang tu do thi eang diy nhanh sy edch bidt gidu nghlo Vffn dl dat ra
Id phai ngdn ngtta, han c h l sy pfaan hda giau ngheo do gidu ldn radt cdch bdt thutfng va bit ehfnh, do tham nfaung, do nhflng hanh
vi budn gian bdn Idu, Iam an theo kilu "chyp giat" trong giai doan "tranh tdi, tranh sang" cua CO c h l tfaj trudng, do nhung efainh sdeh khdng hpp Iy rad con ngutfi tao ra Ddng tfatfi, phai tuyfln duong, nhan rdng cdc difl'n hinh Idm giiu fapp phap, bdi nhihig ngutfi gidu, trong chttng mye nao dd, edn la tdm guong, sy gidu cd cdn Id rayc tiflu dl nhttng ngutfi nghlo phai nfl Iuc vuon lfln Cin khuyin khich cac btf da gidu Ien mtft cdcfa fapp phdp hfl trp ngutfi ngheo Mdt khac, phai ndng cao mttc stfng eiia ngutfi nghlo thflng qua vifle ndng eao ndng Iyc vd sy ty J thttc vuon Ien thoit nghlo cfla chfnh hp Do dtf, vide "xtfa ddi" kiln thttc, "giam nghlo" nhdn thttc se la
su xda ddi giam nghlo mtft cdcfa cdn co nhd't cho sy phit triln bin vttng va tfn dinb efla xa htfi Viec giup eho ngudi nghlo chile "cin cau"
Trang 9phucmg cdcfa faidu qua ban nhilu so vdi cdch
eho hp eon ca Do vdy, giam thilu su phan cyc
giau - ngheo Id viec ldm giam din mttc thdp
nhit cd the dupc sy tuong phan hay dtfi lap
nfaau gitta 2 cye gidu - ngfalo vl dilu kien
kinh t l vd chit Iupng stfng Ddy Id muc tieu
quan trpng, dtfi hoi Nfad nudc, cdc nbd hoach
dinh cfafnh sdeh vd todn tfal xa htfi cin binh
tlnh, sdng sutft xera xlt giai quylt mtft cdch
thdn trpng, khoa hoc
3 Nhan x l t
Trong qud trinh dtfi mdi Dang vd Nfad
nudc Viflt Nam da rd't ntf Iyc dl ra he thtfng
chi'nh sdch phdt trien kinh t l - x a btfi; tryc
tiep ttf chttc thye hifln vd tao r a sy ddng
tfaudn eiia todn xa hdi n h i m giam thilu su
phdn cyc giau - nghlo Khi dd't nude vtta
mdi di qua faai cude chiln t r a n h Itfn chtfng
thye dan Pfadp va d l qud'e My xdm luoc voi
bao tdn t b i t ndng n l v l ngutfi va eua, Viflt
Nam dflng trutfc mtft stf lya ehpn vl eon
dutfng phat triln: Mdt Id, mutfn dat dupe sy
tang trutfng kinh t l cao vdi eo c h l thj
trutfng thi t i t ylu phii hy sinh cflng bing
xa hfli Do dd cic chinh sach xa hdi khdng
dupe ehu trong n h i l u vd viflc thu hep
khoang edch gidu nghlo cung nhu giai
quytft ttft cdc vin dl xa hfli eflng khdng dupc
diy manb Hai Id, cin chip nhan phuong dn
tap trung diy n h a n h tdng trudng kinh td
trudc, din khi kinh t l tdng trutfng cao rtfi
mtfi cd t h i giai quylt vdn di xa htfi sau Dtfi
vtfi Viet Nam, rd rdng, mtft khi da lua chpn
eon dutfng giai phtfng dan ttfc di Iiln vtfi giai
phdng xa hdi, giai phdng eon ngutfi, md
cutfc Cdch mang thdng Tdm nam 1945 da
mtf ddu hon ntta t h i ky trutfc day, tilp sau
dd Id ca nutfc cflng "oin minh" di qua hai
cutfc khdng cfailn chtfng thyc dan Phdp vd chdng d l qutfc My xam lupe thi chflng ta khdng tfal chip nhan b i t ctt dilm nao trong hai con dudng phat t r i l n nhu trfln Vdn dl dat ra Id iam thtf ndo dl cd tfal dua ra dupc ehiln lupe phdt t r i l n kinh t l - xa bfli dung din, trong dd ctf chi'nh sdeh xtfa ddi giam nghlo mflt cicfa tfailt thye, cy t h i vd bpp Itfng ddn, tao thdnh dtfng Iyc manfa me cua
sy nghiflp ddi mdi vi muc tidu 'Ddn gidu,
nude mgnh, xahdi ddn chu, cdng bdng, vdn minh" Dilu ndy ro rdng khtfng d l ddng vd
gian don Vd, chic chin ehi ed sy sdng tao sinh ddng cua dtfng dao quan chung nbdn ddn tfaeo dutfng Itfi dung ddn cua Dang tbi mdi d i n din tim ra nbiing giai phdp huu faieu Chfnh ttt tinh tfain ndy, ngutfi ddn Viet Nam da ty lya cfapn cho minh mflt con dutfng di diing din nhd't Dang da xdc djnh
"xdy dyng, thye bifln cde chi'nb sdeh pbu fapp vfli cde giai t i n g xa fafli; giai quylt ed hieu qua nhttng vd'n dl xa fadi btte xuc; khde pbyc tttng butfc sy m i t cdn dtfi vl phdt triln gifla cdc ITnh vuc, cic vflng miln; bao dam sy hai hda v l loi i'ch, vl quan he xa hfli, quan tdra thich ddng din cde t i n g Idp, bfl pbdn ylu thtf trong xa fadi, dtfng bdo cde ddn tde tfailu stf tf vflng cao, vflng sdu, vflng xa, kfaie phue xu hudng gia tang phan hda gidu
- nghlo"
Dudi sy Ianh dao ciia Dang, su doin kit thtfng nfad't cfla todn ddn, su fatfi nhdp qutfc t l sau rtfng; ctfng cutfc giam nghlo, nang eao dtfi stfng nhdn dan, thu hep khoang edeh gidu - nghlo tf Vidt Nam trong nhflng giai doan tilp theo n h i t djnh se dat dupc nhflng
t h i n h edng mtfi trdn con dudng pfadt triln todn didn vd b i n vflng
CHU THICH
(1), Dang Ctfng ean Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hdi
Dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thd XII, Van pbdng Trung
(2) Dang Ctfng san Vitft Nam, Vdn kiin Dgi hdi
Dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii XIL Van phtfng Trung
Trang 10(3) Ban Cfai d^o Ttfng ktft chitfn t r a n b true
t h u ^ B4 Chfnh trj, Chi^n tranh cdch mgng Viit
Nam 1945-1975 thdng l^ vd bdi hgc, Nxb Cbfnh
trj QuA: gia, Hd N^i, 2000, tr 582
(4) B^ Ngoai giao, Ung hd ngn nhdn chM d^
da cam I dioxin
(5) Tdng cue Thtfag ktf, D^ng thdi vd thuc trgng
kinh t^- xahai Vift Nam 10 ndm ddi mdi (1986 •
1995), Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd N^i, 1996, tr 5
(6) T l t i ^ cue Thtfng ke, Ddng thdi vd thuc trgng
kinh ti - xd hai Vift Nam 10 ndm ddi mdi
(1986-1995), Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd Ntfi, 1996, tr.6
(7) Vitn Kinh ttf h ^ : 45 ndm kinh tiViit Nam
(1945-1990) Nxb Khoa hpc xa h^i, Hk Npi, 1990,
tr 254
(8) Nguyin Thi H i n g , Van d^ xda ddi gidm
nghio d ndng thdn nudc ta hifn nay, Nxb Cbfnh tri
qutfc gia, Hd Ntfi 1997, tr 75
(9) N g u y i n Ttij H&ng VAi di xda ddi gidm
nghio d ndng thdn nudc ta hien nay, Nxb Cbfnh tri
qutfc gia, Hd Ntfi, 1997, tr 79
(10) Dang Ctfng sdn Vitft N a m (1991), Vdn kien
Ddng todn tdp, t i p 6 1 , Nxb Chbih tri Qutfc gia Ha
Nfli, 2007, tr 157
(11) Cuang linh x i y dung d i t nutfc trong th&i
kJ qud dfl Itfn CNXH (1991), Cuong l m h xay dung
ddt nude trong thdi k J qud dtf Itfn CNXH (btf simg
phdt t r i l n nam 2011), cdc Chitfn lupc phdt t r i l n
KT - XH giai doan 1991 - 2020, Chitfn lupc toan
dien vtf tang trudng vi xtfa dtfi gidm nghtfo (2002),
Chuong t r i n h muc titfu Qutfc gia vtf xtfa dtfi giam
ngbtfo cdc giai doan 2001 - 2005, 2006 - 2010,
2011 - 2 0 1 5
(12) Dang Ctfng san Vitft Nam, Ban CbSp bdnh
Trung uong Ban cbi dao ttfng ktft: Bdo cdo tdng kit
mdt sd vdn di l^ ludn - thuc tiin qua 30 ndm ddi
mdi (1986-2016), Nxb Cbinb tri Qutfc gia, Hd Ntfi,
2015, tr.109-110
(13) Dd Nguytfn Phuong, Phdn tdng xd hdi,
phdn hoa gidu • nghio d nudc ta hiin nay Tap cbf
Nghiin cUu Ly ludn, s6 5-1994, tr.lO
(14) Ttfng cyc Thtfng ke Kit qud khdo sdt mdc
sdng ddn cu Viit Nam ndm 2012, Nxb Thtfng ktf,
Hd Ntfi, 2014, tr.201
(15) Ttfng cue Thtfng ktf M M gidm thdng ki
(Tdm tdt) Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd Ntfi, 2014, tr.338
(16) Ngpc Xuan - Vinh Thtfng, "Thuomg ttft At
Miii: Ldn ldn vui butfn', £<io Tiing ndi Viet Nam
(3), 2015, tr.8
(17) Xuan Than, "Stf ngudi Vitft sitfu giau tang
n h a n b nhdt tbtf gitfi', http://vov.vn, truy cap ngay
14/03/2015
(18) Btf Lao dtfng - Thuong binb va Xa btfi
(2014), Quyii dinh sdS29/^-I^TBXH Phi duyet kit qud diiu tra, rd sodt hd nghio, hd cdn nghio ndm 2013
(19) Ttfng cue Thtfng ke, M M gidm thdng ke
(Tdm tdt), Nxb Thtfng ktf Ha Nfli, 2014, t r 7 3
(20) Btf Y t*^ BA> cao tdng kH cdng tdc y tindm
2014, mdt sd nhiim vu vd gidi phdp trgng tdm ndm
2015, giai dogn 2016-2020, 2015, tr.23
(21) Ngan hdng Tbtf gidi (2012), Bdo cdo ddnh
gid nghio tgi Viit Nam, khdi ddu tdt, nhung chua phdi dd hodn thdnh: Thdnh tuu dn tugng cia Viet Nam trong gidm nghio vd nhdng thdch thva: mdi,
tr 85
(22) Dang Ctfng san Viet Nam, Ban ChSp banb
Trung uong Ban chi dao ttfng ktft: Bdo cdo tdng kit
mdt ad vdn di ly ludn - thia tien qua 30 ndm ddi mdi (1986-2016), Nxb Chfnh tri Qutfc gia Ha Nfli,
2 0 1 5 , t r l l 0
(23) Dang Cflng san Vitft Nam, Vdn kien Hdi
nghi ldn thd bdy Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khda
XI, Nxb Chfnh tri Qutfc gia, Hd Nfli, 2013, tr 39
(24) Dang Ctfng san Vitft Nam, Ban Chdp banb
Trung uong Ban chi dao ttfng ktft: Bdo cdo tdng kit
mdt sd vdn di ly ludn - thuc tiin qua 30 ndm ddi mdi (1986-2016), Nxb Chfnh trj Qutfc gia Ha Ntfi,
2015, tr 11
(25) LJ Tbi Hutf, Phdn hda gidu nghio d Viit
Nam hiin nay, thuc trgng vd hi luy Tap chf Khoa hgc xd hdi, B6 5-2014