PTXH khdng hpp thiic Id cdu true "dgi ngbich" vdi PTXH hpp thiic, dupe hinh thdnh khdng phdi do su khdc bifit ve tai, due, ve su cdng hiln thuc t l eiia mdi cd nhdn, td chuc cho xd hdi m
Trang 1V l l ° i
THl/C TRANG VA XU Hl/dNG PHAN TANG XA HOI HOPTHUfCVA KHONG HOPTHUfC HIEN NAY
• • •
(Qua khao sat nhan thiic vk thai do cua ngtfdi dan tai qudn Ba Dinh - Ha N^i)
• GS, TS NGUYEN DINH TAN
• ThS NGUYEN THI THANH HUOfNG
Vien Xd hoi hoc
Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Phan tdng xa hdi (PTXH) la hien tupng
tat yeu trong qud trinh phdt trien kmh
te - xa bpi, phdn dnh nhiing vdn dl
mang tinh quy ludt ndi ehung vd Id kit qud
true riep cua kinh te thi trudng Hien tupng
ndy diln ra trong pham vi ca nude, d ea ndng
thdn vd thdnh thi, ddng bang vd mien mil,
trong ndi bd mdi giai cdp vd giiia cdc tang Idp
Noi nao kinh t l phat triin, thi trudng hang hda
sdi dfing thi d dd PTXH diln ra mgnh me, noi
nao san xudt hang hda chua phdt triin thi d dd
PTJCH cdn md nhat
PTXH hpp thirc la mfit cdu tnie tdng bile xd
hdi dupe hinh thdnh tren eo sd ciia su khde bigt
tu nhien eiia cdc cd nhan ve tdi, diic, su cdng
hien, ddng gdp thuc tg eua hp cho xa hdi
PTXH hpp thiic phdn dnh quy ludt phat trign
xa hfii vira phu hpp vdi dgo ly, phdp ly va cdc
chudn muc, gid tri ciia xa hpi trong hien tai,
vira phii hpp vdi quy luat va xu hudng phdt
trign di len ciia vdn hda, van mmh; viia phdn anh mdt trat tu cila cdng bdng xa hfii, viia phan anh nhiing khdt vpng ciia nhdn logi tien bp va tat cd nhiing ai ed tu duy lanh manh, bmh thudng trong xd hdi"'
PTXH khdng hpp thiic Id cdu true "dgi ngbich" vdi PTXH hpp thiic, dupe hinh thdnh khdng phdi do su khdc bifit ve tai, due, ve su cdng hiln thuc t l eiia mdi cd nhdn, td chuc cho xd hdi md do Idm dn phi phdp, trdn, lau thul, tham nhiing, ehgy quyin, chgy chuc Cdu triic ndy tuy khdng lan at cau triic phan tdng hpp tinie song nd la giac "ndi xam" Id ke thu cua vdn hda, van minh xa hdi Id kl di ngupe lgi con dudng ma Ddng ta, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh vd nhan dan ta da chpn vd dang quygt tdm xdy dung"^*
Khdo sat nhdn thiic vd thai dp eua xa hgi doi vdi PTXH tai qudn Ba Dmh dupe thue hign tai 2 phudng Id phudng Dign Bifin (ehii ylu Id tri thiic) va phudng Phiic Xd (phdn ddng Id luc lupng Iao ddng ehan tay) sg ed cdi nhm todn dign
ve PTXH cua ngudi dan trong quan Kgt qua khdo sdt Ihyc trang PTXH tai dia ban 2 phudng cdn phu thupc vao mot sd ygu td Hfin quan din tinh da dgng vl ngdnh nghi cua ngudi tham gia
Trang 2o
B a n g 1 ; N h a n thirc cua ngiroi dan v^ cac nhom xa
I H H m ^ " ™ ^ f B ^ 9 B
C6hocv3ntt(3aihoctr6len
Co iMi So chuyen mdn ky thuat nghe nghiep cao
Lao dpng, thao vat
Can.cii chiu kho
Giif chQc vu lanh tfao, q u i n 1$
Co bo me, vd, hoae chdng ngifCli than giQ cac
chiJcw cao trong xa hdi
Gap nhi^u may man tmng cudc sdng
Budnlau, trdn thue, lamanphiphap
Chay chiJc, chay quy^n
Cdh^nhvithamnhflng
Gioi s i n xuat, kinh doanh
Co quan he rong rai
Lam vi€c d nhihig co quan, td chl}c nam giif
ngudn lac k i n h t i
Nhilu
N
80
79
98
22
40
«
25
25
32
35
86
57
• 7 1
%
41.9 41.4 51.3 11.4 20.9
20.9 13.1 13.1 16.8 18.3
45 29.8
37.2
i 6 i thanh dat or dia p h u v n g
(Ban vi tinh: %)
It
N
72
63
49
41
73
73
98
40
34
35
68
69
47
%
37.7
33 25.7 21.2 38.2
38.2 51.3 20.9 17.8 18.3 35.6 36.1
24.6
Khiill9c6
N
10
21
IS
129
25
25
24
46
41
34
11
23
17
%
5.2
11 9.4 66.8 13.1
13.1
• 12:6"
24;1 21.5 17.8 5.8
12
8:9
Kho danh g i i
N
29
28
26
1
53
53
+t
80
84
87
26
42
56
%
15.2
14 13.6
OS
27.7
27.7
23 41.9
44 45.5 13.6
22
29.3
Ngudn: Nhdm tac gid di tii diiu tra khio sit nim 2014
khdo sdt (trong dd ed 11,7% ngudi lam cdng vigc
Hfin quan din lanh dgo, quan ly va 12,8% ngudi
Idm cdng vigc vdn phdng)
1 Nh^n thijc ciia ngirM din ve phdn tang
xa hoi hgrp thiic va khdng h^p thiic
Phdn tieh sd Hgu Bdng 1 cho thdy, nhimg
ngudi gidu cd, thanh dat d dia phuang cd xu
hudng xudt hign ngay edng nhieu, tap trung d
nhdm nhung ngudi ed trinh dp hpe vdn tii dgi
hpe trd lln (41,9%), cd trinh dp chuyfin mdn ky
thudt nghi nghigp eao (41,4%), nhimg ngudi
Iao ddng, thdo vat (51,3%), nhiing ngudi kmh
doanh gidi (45%) Thue te nay la mmh ehiing
cho xu hudng PTXH hpp thiic dang diln ra khd
tich cue trfin dia ban Quan Tuy nhifin, qua
khao sdt cho thdy vdn cdn mdt ty lfi khdng nhd
ngudi ddn khdng di Ifin bdng ndng lire md
thdng qua cdc edng vific khdng cliinh ddng:
budn Idu, trdn thue, lam dn phi phdp (13,1%),
tham nhiing (18,8%), ehgy chiie, chgy quyfi'n
(16,8%) Qua dd cho tiidy xu hudng PTXH khdng hpp thiie ndy Iudn tdn tgi vd dan xen vdi PTXH hpp thuc d dia phuong Do dd, cdn cd nhiing giai phdp huu higu dl han ehi su PTXH khdng hpp thiie nay
Khi dupe hdi vl xu hudng PTXH eua dia phuong hign nay, cd 46% sd ngudi dupe hdi cho rdng, cd "ngdy edng nhilu ngudi gidu cd, thdnh dat nhd Idm dn hpp phdp, hpp thiic, chinh ddng" vd 28,5% sd ngudi dupe hdi cho rdng, cd "ngdy cang nhilu ngudi giau cd, thdnh dat nhd lam an hpp phap, hpp thiie vd ehinh ddng nhilu hon ngudi gidu cd, thanh dat nhd lam an khdng hpp phdp, chinh dang" Qua thdo luan nhdm vd phdng van sau ea nhan, nhieu ngudi cho rdng, nhiing ngudi thdnh dgt bdng chinh ndng lire vd lam an hpp phdp thudng la nhiing ngudi thg hien rat cdng khai, minh bgch, do dd cd the dl dang nhdn dien xu hudng PTXH hpp thiie nay
Trang 32 Thai do cua ngirM din doi y6i sv PTXH
Thai do ciia nguoi dan dfii voi PTXH a dia
phuong la mot trong nhiing clii bao d^ danh
gia nhan thuc cila nguM dan doi voi hito tupng
PTXH, dupe biSu hien qua: (1) thai dp cua
ngu6i dan doi vM xu hudng PTXH; (2) tha dp
cua nguoi dan ddi voi nhiing nguoi thanh dat
Thai dd oia nguoi dan doi v&i xu liiKmg
PTXH Khdo s^taidiabancho thay, nguoi dan
c6 thai dp rat ro rang doi voi PTXH hpp thirc va
PTXH Idiong hpp thiic Co 76,2% so nguoi
dupe hoi "rat ung hp" va "ung hp" xu huong
"ngay cangnlii^u nguoi giau c6, thanh dat nho
lam an hop phap, hpp thiic, chinh dang" va
63,2% nguoi dupe hoi "ting hp" va "r^t ling hp"
xu hu6ng: "nguoi giau thanh dat nho lam an
chinh dang, hop phap nhi^u hon ngiroi gi^u,
thanh dat nho lam an khong hpp phap" Trong
khi do, chi co 4,1% sd nguin duoc hoi "r^t ung
hp" xu huong "ngay cang nhieu nguoi giau len
nho lam an bit hop phap, khong chinh thuc"
va khong co ngiroi nao "ling h6" xu hirong
"ngirm giau, thanh dat nho lam an khdng
chinh dtog nhifo hon nguoi giau thtah dat
nho lam Sn chinh dang"
Qua thao luan nhom va phong v&i sSu ca
nhantaidiaban,dasd ngudi dupe hoi d^u cho
rSng, nhUng nguoi lam an hpp phdp, lam giau
ehinh dang la nhiing nguci en dong gnp tich
cue cho dia phuang, su thtah cdng cua hp cp
fch ehp xa hpi Thirc tg cho thdy, eo rat nhieu
nguoi lam giau bSng cai tam, cai diic cila hp va
nh& the, dong gdp dupe rit nhiSu ehp phat
min kinh tg-xahpiciiadia phupng Trpng khi
dn, nhung nguM lam an phi phap, thudng ehi
lam phuong hai dgn loi ich eiia ngudi khde,
tham chi lam tdn thdt kinh tg - xa hdi cua dia
phunng va dat nuoc Do dd, xa hpi cSn len dn,
loai bo nhung hanh vi lam gidu hdi phdp ludt,
tdn vinh, iing hd nhirng nguoi lam giau ehinh ddng bdng nang lire eiia minh
Thai do cua nguoi i^n doi ven nhiing ngudi thanh dat Phan tich sd ligu khdo sdt cho thay,
nguoi ddn to rd thdi dp ddi vdi nhirng ed nhdn thdnh dat bdng nhung viec lam chinh ddng va khdng ehinh ddng Cd 91,3% sd ngudi dupe khdo sdt ed thdi dp "rdt iing hp" "nhung nguoi vupt khd lam giau"; 79% sd ngudi dupe hoi tra ldi "rdt ling hp" "nhiing ngudi thdnh dat nhd n6 Ivc, sieng ndng, sdng tao"; 59,6% sd ngudi diii;ic hoi cd thdi dp "rdt ung hp" "nhiing ngudi thanh dat, thang tign vd giau cd nhd tai ndng, diic dfi
vd sii ddng gdp thuc tg cho xd hdi"; vd 47,2% so ngudi ed thdi dd ung hd "nhung ngudi thdnh dat, thdng tien, gidu cd dua tren nhirng quanhe rdng rai" Ben canh dd, cd 96,9% sd ngudi duoc hdi cd thdi dp khdng ung hd "nhiing nguoi thdnh dgt nhd ldm an trdi ph6p, trdn, lau thu^, ldm hang gid, hang nhdi" vd 93,3% "khdng ung hd" "nhiing ngudi thdnh dat nhd lpi dung chiic
vu, quyen ban"
Nhu vay, thdi dp eiia ngudi ddn ling hp va khdng ling hd rat rd rang ddi vol nhung nguoi ldm giau chinh ddng vd nhiing ngiroi lam giau khdng ehinh ddng Do dd, cdn cd nhiing bien phdp vd CO chg eho ngudi ddn bdy to quan diim ddi vdi cdc hpat ddng kinh tg - ehinh tri •
xd hdi cua dia phuong, gdp phan phdt hien nhirng tdm guong tdt, ten dn va td gidc nhung hdnh vi ldm tdn hai dgn lpi ich cua qudc giava dia phuong, ddng thdi se ban ehS dupe PTXH
khdng hpp thiic va phdt huy PTXH hpp thuc a
diaphuong
Cupc khdo sdt ve PTXH hpp thiie vd khong hpp thiie 6 qudn Ba Dmh eung eho thdy mgt digu kha tgnhi: dudng nhunhdm lanh dsio,quJii
ly - nhiing nguoi eo chiic, quygn it dupe quy trpng, ng phuc hon nhdm nhUng ngudi thuc tai,
Trang 4Nhung ngudi co chu'c quy^n
NfiQtig ngi/di co trinh do nghe nghiep cao
NhQngngircri CD hoc thiic cao
NhCTig ngirdi co tai nang co dong gop vdi dia phiTcmg
Nhulig ngudi co lot song trong sach, gi^n dj va lanh manh
M
Don vi tinh: %
Ngudn: Nhdm tic 0i di tii diiu tra khio sit nim 2014
can cu chiu khd, ed dgo due, nhdn each, thanh
dgt, giau cd mdt cdch hpp phdp, hpp thiie
Phan tich Bigu dd 1 cho thay, cd 88,2% sd
ngudi dupe khdo sdt cho rdng "nhiing ngudi
sdng gian di, trong sgch va lanh manh" vd
75,4% eho rdng, "nhiing ngudi cd tdi nang, ed
ddng gdp eho dia phuang" thude nhdm ngudi
dupe xa hdi kinh ng; chi ed 43,1 % sd ngudi dupe
hdi tra Idi "nhiing ngudi cd ehiic quyen" Id
nhdm ngudi dupe xd hdi Idnh ng Digu nay eho
thdy, trong bdi eanh hidn nay, nhiing ngirdi ed
dia vi eao vg kmh tg, chinh tri ehua ban Id
nhiing ngudi cd uy tin trong xa hdi
Trdn eo sd phan tieh mdt cdch tdng quan vg
PTXH hpp thiie vd PTXH khdng hop thuc tai dia
bdn qudn Ba Dmh, cdc nhd qudn Iy cdn ed
nhirng bien phdp gido due vd khoi day Idng
nhdn di, phdt huy cdc gia tri truygn thdng tdt
dep ciia van hda Vidt Nam, gdp phdn xdy dung
dat nude ta phdt trign bgn viing
Nhu vdy, PTXH dang dign ra trdn theo cd
hai xu hudng hpp thiie vd khdng hpp thiic
Thai dp eiia ngudi dan la ung hd va tin tudng vdo xu the ngdy edng phdt trign ciia PTXH hpp thiic, ddng thdi khdng ddng tinh vdi PTXH khdng hpp thiic, coi dd la ngudn gde cua bdt binh ddng vd bdt cdng trong xd bpi Do dd, Ddng, Nhd nude, chinh quygn dja phuong vd cdng ddng xd hdi cdn khang dinh su hien dien
va ling hd su phdt trign eiia PTXH hpp thiic, ldm cho cau tnie PTXH hpp thiic trd thdnh trdt tii xd hpi chigm uu the trong toan xd hdi; mdt khde mpi ngdnh, mpi cap vd toan thg nhdn ddn phdi kidn quygt ddu tranh day liii PTXH khdng hpp thiic, cd nhu vdy mdi xay dung dupe mpt xd hdi tign bd, ddn chii, cdng bdng, van minh, hanh phuc 0
(1), (2) Xem; "Ph5n tdng xa hpi tCr sw tdng - tich hpp cdc ly thuygt xa hOi hoc phuong Tdy va mgt s6 gpi
md vg Cdng bdng xa hdi", Tgp chi A2 hpi hoc, sd
4/2014, tr.16