Mic du bj ngudi anh tham lam ddi xu lin nhin nhung ngudi em trudc sau khdng hi oin thin anh ma chim chi lao dpng bing chinh sue lire cua minh de lo cho cupc sdng ciia ban thin vi gia din
Trang 1BlTdC DAU TIM HIEU VE QUAN HE XA H Q I - NHAN SINH CUA NGU'OI Vlf T VA NGUdi HAN QUA TRUYfiN C 6 TICH
LUUTHiHCNGVier T6M TAT
Cde quan h^ Irong gia dinh xd hpi dupc ddn gian Vi^i vd ddn gian Hdn phdn dnh rdt sinh dpng ro net Id mpt npi dung ca bdn cua thi logi co tich Quan h^ ay that da dgng
vd phirc tgp bao gom quan h$ cha me - con cdi chong - vp anh - em m^ ghe - con chong,
me chdng - ndng ddu, dfa chit - ndng ddn gdn lien vdi S{r doi lgp giira gidu ngheo xdu lot, thi^n ac Qua do ehung ta Ihdy dupe nhiing diem tuong ddng vd dj bi^f ve ndi dung cua truyen cd tich hai nudc J lei Nam Hdn Quoc
Tu khda: quan hp xd lipi - nhdn sinh, ngudi Vipt vd ngudi Han, truypn co tich
ABSTRACT
Initial study ofthe Vietnamese and Korean social - human relationships
reflected in fairy tales Relationships within the family and society were lively and clealy reflected as a primary part of fairy tales by Vietnamese and Korean country folks These relationships are various and complicated, including parents - children , husband - wife, siblings, step-mother step-children, step-mother-in-law daughter-in-law landlords peasants, indispensable to the contrast between wealth and poverty, bad and good, good and evil Through these relationships, readers can see similarities and differences in ihe content of Vietnamese and Korean fairy tales
Key}i>ords: social - human relationships, Vietnamese and Korean, fairy tale
I Dat van de
Mdt trong nhtmg nudc thupc khu
vyc Ddng Bac A md Viet Nam cd sy giao
luu vdn hda tir xa xua la Hdn Qudc Ngdy
nay Vipt Nam va Han Qudc ed dieu kien
thugn lai hon de giao luu van hda va qua
do thay dupc nhihig net chung cung nhu
nhiing net rieng trong van hda cCia mdi
dan tde Du d bat cii dan tdc, qudc gia
ndo thi truyen cd tich vdn Id mdt trong
nhirng the loai hodn chinh cua vdn hpc
dan gian, Id sdng tac ddn gian trong loai
hinh tu su
ThS, Trudng Dgi hpc D^ Lat
Truypn cd tich cua ngudi Viet vd ngudi Han deu luu giu nhiing net dpp ve van hda, phan anh rd nhirng tin ngudng, phong tue, nhirng ll hpi va ddi sdng vat ehit cua dan gian hai nudc; mang tinh gido due cao va dupc the hien m^t each
rd net, sinh ddng Bdi viet ndy se bude ddu tim hieu ve cac mdi quan he xa hdi -nhdn sinh ciia ngudi Viet vd ngudi Hdn qua truypn cd tich cua hai nudc
2 Quan hf anh - em
Gia dinh Id eo sd eiia xa hdi ndng nghiep ed truyen Viet Nam cung nhu Han Qudc Tinh anh em rupt thit trd thanh ddi tuang ciia nhieu truyen dan gian cua cd hai nudc Mdi quan he giiia
Trang 2T9P chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
ngudi vdi ngudi sS lim nii rd tlnh cich,
bin chit cua tdng hpng ngudi trong xi
hpi, nhit li khi quan h^ iy chju sy chi
phii vi quyit djnh cua tiin tii, cua eii vi
danh vpng Sv tham lam, ham muin giiu
sang vi vit chit lin it tlnh cim, cudp di
nhin tlnh Nhin vio m5i gia dinh trong
truypn ci tieh, ta thiy ci ngudi Vi^t vi
ngudi Hin di phin inh chin th^re hi^n
thpc cudc sing cua nhihig gia dinh tin tpi
miu thuin xuit phit td vi^c phin chia, ki
thda tii sin Khi bi m? gii hay mit di thi
ngudi niy Idng tham, ieh ki muon chiim
dopl toin bp gia sin bao gid eflng li
ngudi anh, ngudi chju thipt thdi, khdng
oin thin, trich cu mpt ldi vi chip nhpn
cupc song khd khin, thieu thdn li nhihig
ngudi em tpi nghipp Cic truypn Cdy
khi: Nhdn tham tdi nhi tir, diiu Iham
thuc nhi vong: Hai anh em vd con chd
dd Hd rdm hd rgc; Binh vd Dinh eua
ngudi Vipt di khai thic chu di lu moi
miu thuin gida hai anh em Nhin \ai
ngudi anh bpc lp rd Idng tham, vo v^t,
chiem het cua cii cha mp de lpi, khdng
chia eho em mpt thu gi, ban ni!a lpi ludn
eoi thucrng ngudi em cua minh Sp sdng
chet cua em minh ra sao ngudi anh khdng
di y tdi Khi ngudi em trd nen giiu cd,
ngudi anh tim nhihig Idi ngon ngpt dd
dinh em cho biit dieu bi mpt di eiu sv
giau sang, phii quy ban bpi lin Mic du
bj ngudi anh tham lam ddi xu lin nhin
nhung ngudi em trudc sau khdng hi oin
thin anh ma chim chi lao dpng bing
chinh sue lire cua minh de lo cho cupc
sdng ciia ban thin vi gia dinh Tuy ngheo
khd nhung ngudi em vdi ldng nhan hiu
da giup nhung ngudi ngheo kho hon
minh, ngay ca nhihig eon vpt cung nh|n dupc tinh thuimg td ngudi em Khi sp may min din, dimg trudc nhihig niii ving, nui bpc, ngudi em chi nhin liy phin nhd du di trang trii cho cupc sing Vdi bin chit thit thi, ngudi em chia se niim vui vdl mpi ngudi vi sy: may min cua minh, ki cho anh vi xdm ling biet nguyin nhin dan tdi sp dii thay trong eude ddi Nhin vit ngudi anh li Non Pu
trong truydn Hung Pu vd Non Pu ciia
Hin Quoc vdi tinh eich tham lam di vo
vii hit tii sin vi dii xu vdi em minh nhu
ke hau ngudi hp Khi gia dinh ngucri em lim vio cinh nguy khon, Non Pu td ra khinh bi, xua dudi em thpt tin nhan Cuii eung ngudi anh di phii tri gii cho hinh dpng cua minh, Non Pu trd nen ngheo khd cdn ngirdi em thi dupc hudng cupc song sung sudng, hpnh phuc Sp phin bipt giiu nghdo xuat hien trong cic truypn cd tich phin inh budc phit ttien eua xi hpi vi dd li sy ximg dpi quyen Ipi gii^a nhihig con ngudi dpi dipn cho budc khdi diu cua sy phin hda ding cip, tir do dan den nhiiu bit cdng vdi nhiing sd phpn bit hpnh Mudn cupc sdng ciia mpi ngudi trong cpng ddng dupc hanh phuc trudc hit ein cd tinh yeu vi Idng nhan tir, con ngudi thdng cim, tin tudng lin nhau Nhimg diy vin ehi li mo ude bdi mdi gia dinh van cdn ton tai sy nghi ngd, ghen ghet
Qua ttuyen cd tich, chung ta thay quan he gida anh va em trong gia dinh ngudi Vipt dien ra gay git va khac nghi?l hem quan he anh em trong gia dinh ngudi Hin Ngudi anh ludn doi xu tan nhan vdi ngudi em vi tu diu den eudi truydn
Trang 3khdng ed chi tilt ndo ndi ve sy h6i cai
cua ngudi anh, ngudi anh khdng nhgn ra
nhiing l5i lam eiia minh vi thi eiing
khdng thi khdi phyc m6i quan h$ tot dpp
Dilu ndy cho thiy ngudi Vipt ed quan
niem: cdi thipn vd edi dc khd cd thi dung
hda, nd ludn tdn tgi vd ddi lgp vdi nhau
nhung cdi de se bj lieu dipt Truypn Cdy
khi eiia ngudi Vipt nhin mgnh din vipc
"khuyin thipn trimg dc" cdi thi^n ludn
dupc hudng nhung dieu tot dpp rUiat edn
cai dc se bj tieu dipt Truypn Hung Pu vd
Non Pu ciia ngudi Hdn thi lgi gido dye
con ngudi ldng vj tha, bilt nhgn ldi, siia
ldi, cdn dieu hda mdi quan hp trong gia
dinh Khi ngudi anh roi vdo cdnh ngheo
khd, ngudi em la Hung Pu da dpng vien,
an ui vd giiip anh cd mdt cupc sdng tdt
dep hon: "Tic ddy, xin anh dimg lo ldng
diiu gi hit, hay din nhd em ciing chung
sdng vai em " [6, tr.434] Ngudi Hdn cd
quan niem: bdt ki ai cung cd the sua minh
vd trd nen mpt ngudi cd dao diic, eon
ngudi nen tha thii vd khoan dung ldn
nhau vi vdy, nhdn vgt ngudi anh sau
khi nhan nhung hinh phat vi t^i dc gdy
bao dau khd cho ngudi em, cudi cung
eiing nhan ra ldi lam cua minh vd biet ty
siia chira, dupc em tha thii nen hai anh
em lai cd cupc sdng vui ve, doan ket,
thuang yeu nhau het myc Truyen Cdy
ggy cua nhirng con Tokkaebi xdy dyng
nhdn vgt ngudi em vdi ldng nhdn tir, dp
lupng da giiip ngudl anh nhdn ra ldi ldm
va biet siia chira ldi lam, trd thdnh mpt
ngudi tdt, tgo nen mdi quan he tdt dep
hon de cd cudc sdng hgnh phiic, nghia
tinh: "Cdm an em! Cdm an em! Xin em
hdy tha thu cho anh vl anh dd ddi xir tdi
ti v&i em Anh hira si tra nin tdt bvng nhu em tra thdnh mpt nguai anh tdt vd mpt ngtfdi con hiiu thdo " [6, tr 171] Ngudi Vipt cd truypn S\f tich trdu, cau vd voi ndi ve tinh anh em sau n ^ g
nhung khi ngudi anh cd hgnh phiie gia dinh thi linh cam anh em khdng cdn thdm thiet nhu trudc, quan hp giiia hai ngudi ngdy edng cd khodng cdch vd mdu thuin giC^a hai anh em khdng the gidi toa cho nen sy tuypt vpng ludn bao trum tam tri ngudi em Ngudi em dd lya chpn sy ra di
de cho quan hp vp ch6ng ciia ngudi anh dupe yen dn; ngudi anh ra di vi nhd thuang em vd hdi han ve sy Ignh nhgt vdi em; ngudi vp ra di Id de tim chdng va em ehdng Nhimg khi ngudi anh biet hdi hdn, nhan ra sai lam eiia minh ddi vdi em thi
da qud mupn Cdi chet ciia cac nhdn vdt cho thay trong mdi quan he anh em ciia gia dinh ngudi Viet khi da cd sy xung dot
ve tinh cdm - tinh anh em thi se khd cd the khic phye dupe Vi quan niem khde nhau nen khi sang tdc truyen cd tich ve quan he anh em, ngudi Han dd sang tao nhieu truyen ndi len sy gidi quyet nhirng khiic mdc dang ngdn can, chia re tinh cam va khi gidi quyel dupc dieu dd, quan
hp anh em lgi Ird nen thdm thiet, gdn bd
3 Quan h | vp-ch6ng Ngudi Viet vd ngudi Hdn ciing nhdn mgnh mdi quan he khdng the thieu trong mdi gia dinh, mdi xa hdi, dd la tinh yeu ddi lira, tinh cam vp chdng Qua mdt
sd truypn cd tich tieu bleu eiia hai nudc, ngudi dpe cdm thay nhu dang dupc sdng trong thi gidi diy dp tinh yeu thuang vd ldng ehimg thiiy vdi nhirng dieu tdt dep nhdt Trong xd hdi cu, eon ngudi ludn
Trang 4T9P chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
ludn phii sing theo li giio phong kiin vi
thi khdng ai dupc lim theo j thieh, mong
ude cua rieng minh, nhit li trong tlnh
yiu thi "chg me dit ddu, con ngil diy "
Din gian mong ude thoit khdi nhthig
ring budc vi hdn nhin, tlnh cim, mong
ude mdt x! hdi cdng bing mi d dd eon
ngudi dupc thyc hi^n nhthig ude mo, li
tudng eua bin thin, khdng ed sy phin
bi^t sang hdn, thin phin, dja vj vi nhihig
ngudi yiu nhau sS dupc din vdi nhau,
edng nhau chia si mpi cay ding cflng nhu
hpnh phuc d ddi Truydn Ndng Xudn
Huang [2, lr.l317j ciia ngudi Vi^t vi
truydn Choon Hiong (truypn vi ning
Xuin Huong) [6, tr.369j cua ngudi Hin
diu cd npi dung giong nhau: ndi vi tinh
yeu thuy chung, son sit cua ddi trai tii
gii sic Ci hai truypn diu ea ngpi tinh
yeu eao dpp, Idng chung thuy cua nO
nhin vpt chinh li Xuin Huong NO nhin
vit chinh dupc dit trong hoin cinh cd
ngudi yeu di xa, trong thdi gian xa eich
nhau, cd gii bj vien quan ciy quyin cpy
the ep bupc ning lim Ihiip, nhtmg du
cho cd phii chju bao dau ddn cyc hinh,
cd phai chju canh tu diy thi cd gii vin
kien quyet tu chdi vi mpt myc bao vc
tinh yeu, gid vimg ldng thus chung son
sit vdi ngudi yeu cua minh, nang van
thim chd mong ngiy ngudi yeu trd ve
Cang trong gian khd, trong hoin cinh
khic nghiet, con ngudi vdi tinh yeu cao
ci nhu nd nhin vpt chinh trong truypn cd
hai nudc cing ngdi sing ve dpp phim
chit, dao due Tinh yeu di giup hp vupt
qua lit ci mpi Ihu thich ldn lao cua cupc
ddi Hp sdng vdi mpt niem tin manh mS
vao linh yeu va ldi g chung thuy Dii cho
ngudi yiu ciia minh cd trd n«n mdt ki nghio khi, khin khd, cd tin tp thi nio di ching nOa thi cd gii vin mpt ldng yfei thuong, kinh trpng ngudi ySu vi lo ling cho ngudi minh y4u Ci hai truydn cd kit thdc nhu mong muin cua nhin din, dd li
nO nhin vit chlnh di Awfc chinh ngudi ySu cda minh giii thoit (ngudi yiu ciia
cd gii d i dpt vi gid chdc vy cao trong
trliu), Cd gii dupc hudng mpt cudc sing hpnh phuc, dupc mpi ngudi ydu min, khim phyc cdn viin quan gian ic bj trimg phpt thich ding
Trong truydn c6 tich hai nudc cdn
cd rit nhiiu mii tinh cao dpp, tinh cam
vp ching gin bd keo scm, sy ra di cua mdt trong hai ngudi sd khiin ngudi cdn Ipi dau khd, tuy^t vpng, timg giiy, timg phdt diu nhd tdi ngudi yeu, ngudi ban ddi cua minh Dd li vp chdng ttong
truy$n Str tich trau, cau vd vdi Sir tich trdi sdu rieng, Str tich dng ddu rau, Su tich con sam, A Chuc chdng Nguu eiia
ngudi Vict Tinh yeu dupc thu thich Irong gian khd cing ngdi sing ve dpp, dii eho vit ehit cd thiiu thon nhtmg tinh ySu
si giup con ngudi Ipc quan, tin vio tuong
lai tuoi sing \ a cim thiy cupc sdng that
y nghTa Md diu truypn Su tich dng ddu rau, din gian di khing djnh va ca ngpi
cupe sdng vp chdng diy yeu thuong, gin
bd va se chia: "Ngdy xua, cd hai vp chdng son nhd ngheo Hp diu sinh nhai bdng nghi Idm muon Tuy ngheo nhung
hp rdt yiu nhau." [1, tt.207] Ndi tdi
nhimg ciu ehuypn tinh, ta khdng the quen ehuypn tinh thim dim nudc mit cua ning
cdng chua ttong Ttnh yiu cua ndng cdng
Trang 5gidi ve dja vj, mpi sy ngdn cdn ciia vua
cha, ndng cdng chiia dd di theo tieng gpi
eua tinh yeu, cd kien quyel tir bd mpi
vinh hoa phii quy, vupt qua mpi gian nan
de di tim ngudi minh yeu thuang Vi sy
thil hin giiia vua cha ciia hai vucmg qu6c
nSn ndng khdng dupc g^p ngudi y^u,
eudi cimg cd va ngudi y^u dd chpn cdi
ehit dl mdi mdi dupc d ben nhau Tinh
yeu ciia nang edng ehtia phuong Nam vd
ehdng hodng tii phucmg Bde dd khien vua
cha hai vucmg qu6e cam dpng, lir dd hai
ben xda bd mpi hgn thii Con ngudi sdng
khdng the thieu tinh yeu Tinh yeu cd siic
manh mdnh Hel, nd cd the lam lieu lan
mpi sy thil hdn, dem lai dieu Idl dpp nhat
eho cudc sdng Ngudi Hdn cdn sdng tgo
cdc truyen Kyon-u, nguai chdn gia sue vd
Chik-Nyo, nguai tha dit; Cdng chua
Pyonggang vd anh ngoc Ondal de
khdng dinh tmh cdm thieng lieng ciia con
ngudi vd nhan manh tinh yeu la nen ldng
tgo nen eude sdng gia dinh hgnh phuc ben
viing
Bgn egnh nhiing net tuong ddng,
mdi quan he vp - chdng dupe phdn dnh
trong truyen cd tich cua ngudl Viet vd
ngudi Han cdn cd diem khde bipt Mdi
quan he ndy bi phd vd xuat phdt tir nhieu
nguyen nhdn khac nhau song d cdc truyen
eiia ngudi ViSt ndi bat van la sy ghen
tudng ciia ngudi chdng ddn den cdi chet
oan khde eua nhutig ngudi vo hiln ldnh,
chung thuy Cac truyen Su tich dd bd rau,
Va chdng Truang ciia ngudi Vipt cd ddng
gdp ldn vdo viec khuyen ran eon ngudi tir
bd thdi ghen tudng mil qudng Chinh sy
ghen tudng mu qudng nay da din pha vd
hanh phiic em dm, tinh nghia va chdng
hon thi cdn gdy n6n cdi chit oan uc, bi thuong ciia nh&ng ngudi phy nft Md diu
truypn Vpr chdng Truang, ddn gian ndi tdi
m$t mdi im gia dinh vdi quan h$ vp ch^ng thdm thill, ngudi vp ludn gift gin khudn ph^p, hilu thiu tfnh cdch ciia chong n&n ndng iing xii kh^o l^o mpi nai mpi liic rit cin trpng Din ldc Truang Sinh di linh, ndng mdt minh nudi dudng
mp ch^ng, dgy d6 con tho, ldm nhiem vu ngudi con ddu, ngudi m? tre m0t cdch chu ddo Khi mp chong 6m, ndng hit siie
lo Idng, chgy chfta thudc thang, khi bd mat ndng dd lo Iipu chdn cat me chu todn Xua nay mpt ngudi con gdi di lam dau phyng dudng, lo li$u cho me chdng dupc nhu ndng Vu Thj Thiel that ddng kinh trpng Pham chat dao diic cda ndng edn duac khdng dinh bdi sy ehung thCiy m$t ldng hudng ve ngudi chdng dang phdi ddi m^t vdi sy sdng vd cai chet Tinh cdm vp chdng ddi vdi ndng sdu ndng vd cimg vi nang chi cd mdt nguyen ude duy nhdt dupc lam vp, lam me cho den sudt ddi Ddi vdi con tho, ndng coi diia con Id niem vui, Id ngudn hanh phiic de giiip ndng tru vihig giiia cudc ddi, tru vimg giiia nhirng ngdy vdng chdng dan chiSc Chdng di chien trdn, vi nhd thuang chong, thuong con ndng dd diia vdi con, dem niem vui tdi eho eon bang each trd bdng minh md bdo dd Id cha ciia con Ndng bi ehinh Truong Sinh (ngudi chdng
ma ndng hit myc yeu thuang, ddng ding dpi chd) rii bd tit cd ehi vi thdi da nghi, ghen tudng mil qudng Chi vi tin theo ldi ciia mdl diia tre iha dang tap ndi: "May
loi noi vo tinh cua dua be ldm cho Truemg Sinh tin la va minh ngogi tinh
Trang 6T9P chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
( ) Can ghen ttf nhiin bimg bimg bic
tin" [2 ir.I467], mic dd Vfl Thj Thiit di
ra sdc bi^n bpch vi hing xdm binh vyc
nhung Truong Sinh vln mdt myc khdng
tin, hem nda cdn dinh dip ning Quan hi
gida hai ngudi di lin tdi dinh diim,
ning khdng cdn cich nio de ty minh oan
cho Idng thuy chung cua minh bdi ngudi
ching qui ghen tudng, ieh kl, hpp hdi vi
bio thu Bao nhiiu cdng sue, tlnh cim
chit chiu cua ngudi vp di vun dip, giQ'
gin cii gia dinh bi nhd di trd ndn vd
nghTa, ning di trd thinh mpt ngudi bpc
mpnh Quan hp giila ning vdi ngudi
chong khdng cdn mpt tia hi vpng gin kit
nio bdi nd di bj ehing ning nhin tam
phi vd Trii tim ning tan nit Dau ddn
khdn eung, ning di ty vin noi ddng sdng
que huong de giil td Idng minh
Nhin vpt ngudi vp trong truydn Su
tich dd Bd-rdu cflng phii chju bao oan
uc, bit hanh Vi sinh ki, hai vp chong
phii xa nhau, ngudi vp ngiy dem nhd
mong tin chdng, lo ling cho chong timg
giay tung phut Sau nhdng thing ngiy dai
chd mong, ning lpi dupc song trong niem
vui ldn lao dd li sy trd vi cua chong
nhung "vKi chua trpn md buin dd xudt
hiin Su nghi ngd bdng ndy nd trong Idng
ngudi chdng Chdng vdn Id nguai cd
ghen " [1, tr.281] Cii ghen dan ldi sy
bao thu, hpp hdi vi din tdi nhdng hinh
dpng vu phu Doi vdi nhihig ngudi ching
ghen tudng mu quing, thieu niim tin vio
ngudi ban ddi di chung song vdi minh
thi sy giii thich, phin trin cua ngudi vp
khdng cd gii tri gi Cii quyen dupe giai
thich, minh oan, dupe biet rd nguon gdc
van di eua ngudi phy nd cung khdng thi
cd trong xi hpi phong kiin vdi chi dd nam quyin; vi thi, ngudi vp di chet vi hda di vl sy ghen ludng, vd tlnh vi bit edng cda ngudi ching Biy l i bi kjch ttong quan h$ vp ching bdi hp khdng thi
thio gd miu thuin do ngudi phy nd bj
phin bi^t dii xu ttong chi dd xi hpi phong kiin lii thdi, Ipe hpu
Niu nhu truypn cua ngudi Vipt
phin inh bi kjch ttong gia dinh bit ngudn
tu sy ghen tudng cua ngudi chong; lin
in, phd phin ehi dd nam quyin thi ttuyen
e i tich cua ngudi Hin lpi tpp trung md ti nhihig xung dpi ttong quan h? vp chong bit nguon tu sy thiiu kien nhan, Idng tham cua ngudi vp hoic ngudi chdng, co khi ci hai vi qua dd, giio dye con ngudi
tu dudng, r^n luypn dpo due, tinh eich
Truypn Cdi lp thdn cho ta thiy Idng tham
khdng cd gidi hpn cua ngudi vp ddng thdi dpo vp chdng cdng bj phi vd bdi chinh sy tham lam, dpc ic Khi cd dupc chiie lp than vdi ba diiu ude, nguiri vp ude gl dupc nay: cd dupe nhieu gpo, la ngudi giiu ed nhit virng, trd thinh ngudi phy nd xinh dpp Neu nhu dimg Ipi d ba dieu ude di trd thanh hipn thyc thi ngudi
vp s5 dupc hudng cupe sdng hpnh phuc, sung sudng cimg vdi ngudi chdng hien linh, thpt thi, nhung bdi bin ehit tham lam, dpc ic, ngudi vp mudn bd ngudi ehdng di cung chia ngpt se bui vdi minh eho nen cd vp iy di mat tat ci, mat ca tinh mpng Dd Ii hinh phat cho nhung ke tham lam, Iim nhung dieu ttii ngupc vdi
dao vp chdng Truypn Ddi va chdng uang buong li nhihig tieng cudi mia mai
ve tinh tham lam Hai vp chdng mau thuin khdng phii vi li do gi to ldn mi chi
Trang 7bdi mpt dia bdnh ciia ngudi hdng xdm
mang biSu Ngudi ndo cijng muln sd hthi
dia bdnh iy vi Ihl ai cung mu6n ihdng
cupc Hp tham cai lpi trudc mdt md coi
thudng tinh nghia vp chong Hp khdng
tdn trpng nhau Ngudi ch^ng khdng ddng
dupc vai trd try cpl; ngudi vp khdng ludn
phuc, kinh trpng ngudi ehdng M$c dii bj
kd trdm lay hel lit cd cua cdi vd do vgt
quy nhung ngudi chong khdng mdy may
suy nghi ma thay vdo dd Id sy hd he, sung
sudng vi thing cu$c: "The Id bdy gid tdi
CO thi dn chd bdnh ndy mpt minh roi "
[6, tr.321] Truypn ed kll thiic mang dgm
tinh chit hdi hudc de bdc trin ban chit
xiu xa ciia nhdn v§l Den vdi truypn Vpr
anh hpc trd biin thdnh con tdm, ta thiy
nguyen nhdn khde dan tdi sy tan vd
khdng the ndi lai trong quan he vo ehdng,
dd Id sy thieu kien nhln eiia ngudi vp
Ngudi vp rdt kinh trpng ehdng, da chiu
dyng.ldl cd nhiing khd khdn, lo ldng mpi
viec trong gia dinh de eho chdng yen tam
hpe hdnh vdi hi vpng cd dupc cudc sdng
sung sudng hem khi ehdng dd dgt ldm
quan Ude ma dep dg iy ciia ngudi vo
anh hpc trd da bao Idn bi dap ldt bdi anh
hpc trd may ldn thi deu Ididng dd dat Tir
thdi thiic mudn thodt ra khdi tinh hudng
khd khdn thye tgi vd su thit vpng vl
chdng, cd da cd hdnh vi sai lim Cd da ty
rdi bd ehdng vd ciing tu danh mat hgnh
phiie le ra thudc vl minh Khi ngudi
chdng thi dd, lam quan, gap lgi chdng cii,
ed da ty vdn Truyen dl cao sy ehung
thiiy vd long kien nhln cua ngudi phu nii
trong mdi quan hp va ehdng eua ngudi
Han
4 Quan hf me ghe - con chong
Quan h$ gifta mp gh6 - con ch^ng cung Id m$l trong nhthig quan h$ gia dinh
dd dupc dl c§p, phdn dnh trong truydn c6 lfch ciia hai nudc Vipt, Hdn NOi dung cda cdc truydn xoay quanh sy d6 kj, ghen gh^t cua ngudi di gh6 dli vdi con ch6ng Nhihig ngudi con lOI nghidp bj mp gh6 hdnh hg, doi xu tdn dc khdng bilt trdng
c§y vdo ddu Truypn Tam Cdm d Vipt
Nam eho chiing ta thiy rd n^l quan hf gifta m? ghe - con ehdng: Tim mo cdi cha me, d vdi dl ghe vd phdi Idm til cd mpi vipc Khdng chi dimg lai d dd, mp eon Cdm cdn ludn cudp doat tdt cd nhChig
gi eiia Tam, cudp dogt cd niem an lii nhd nhoi nhit ciia ndng Tpi de ciia mp eon di ghe cang ngdy cdng ldn Hp dm muu gilt chet Tdm khi Tam duoc lam vp vua, de dua Cdm vdo ldm va vua thay Tdm Trong truydn cd lich Hdn Qudc, quan he giua me ghe - con chong cung dupe nhan ddn phdn anh rd net va sdu sdc, cung cd
sy cay nghiet ciia me ghe ddi vdi con chdng Cung gidng nhu nhdn vat Tam ciia Vipt Nam, nhdn vdt Y-Pu-Ni trong
truyen Chim Pul-kuc ludn ludn phdi lam
viec khdng nghi ngoi, han thi cdn thudng bj me ghe ddnh dap dau ddn Su sdng eiia Y-Pu-Ni ludn ludn hi de dpa vd eudi CLing ed be eung khong thodt khdi
dm muu gian de, bat luang eiia mu di ghe, ddnh ehiu mdt cdi chet oan khde
5 Quan hp mp chdng - nang dau Trong xd hpi, quan he gifta ngudi vdi ngudi la rat phiic tap 6 ddu cung ed ngudi ldt, ke xau; cai thien vd edi dc ludn ludn tdn tai song song Cd ngudi sdng hda thuan vdi xdm lang duac mpi ngudi yeu quy, giiip dd nhung cung cd ke ich
Trang 8T5ip chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
kl, muu lpi ci nhin, coi khinh mpi ngudi
vl thi phii chju qua bio Cd nhdng ngudi
mp ching yiu thuang con diu vi eflng cd
nhihig ngudi con diu hit Idng chim lo
cho mp ching timg miing in, giic ngu
Du eho bin thin cd ddi khit nhung vln
ludn nhudng cho mp, mong cho mp mau
chdng khde mpnh, coi mp ching nhu
chlnh mp di cua minh Cd nhflng ngudi
con hieu thio nguydn hi sinh bin thin
minh di cdu cha mp, dem Ipi hpnh phuc
eho cha mp Doi lip vdi nhflng con
ngudi vdi pham chit cao dpp dd li nhihig
ngudi tham lam, ddc ic, bit luong Vi the
din gian di phin inh khi chin thyc hi^n
thyc eude sing, mii quan h$ gida mp
chdng ning diu trong cic truydn cd
tich Ngudi Vipt vdi truypn Quan Am Thi
Kinh (song song vdi chio Quan Am Thj
Kinh) di ndi len mudn vin khd dau, oan
uc ma ngudi con diu phii chju dyng bdi
ngudi chdng va m? chong gian ngoa
Vdn khdng ua gi ning diu nen khi xiy
ehuypn, ngudi me ehdng mpt mye dd loi
cho eon diu, dii cho eon diu cd hit ldi
phin trin, giii biy Hinh dpng dudi
ngudi con diu ra khdi nhi cua bi mp
chdng di khiin cupc ddi cua mpt con
ngudi bj dang dd, nhit li dudi thdi phong
kien nhung ngudi con diu iy khdng the
tru ndi bdi nhflng eii nhin soi mdi vi sy
khinh mipt cua ngudi ddi Ngudi mp
chdng trong cac truypn cd tich Hin Quoc:
Ngudn gdc chim Po-khu-ky, Tiing kiu
ciia chim Kuckoo di tryc tiep giy nen cii
chel cua ngudi eon diu Sy xuit hipn eua
ning diu trong gia dinh khien bi mp
chdng ludn eanh chimg mpi vipc tu vipc
nhd nhit, ki ci miing in Vi miing in
mi hp mit hit nhan tinh, dinh dip ngudi con diu din chit
Tuy viy, moi quan h^ gin bd ttin diy tlnh yiu thuong gida mp ching va ning diu cflng di dupc cic tic gii din gian Hin phin inh rd ndt, sinh ddng
Truydn iiia eiia trai ki ve mii quan h?
tit dpp gida mp chong, ning diu Hp ludn yeu thuong, quan tim vi hi sinh cho nhau, dd nghio khd nhung khdng khi gia dinh luc nio cflng trin diy tlnh ngudi Cudc ddi cua ngudi con diu gip nhieu bit hpnh, ching chit, hoin cinh gia dinh nghio khd, phii lim thue lim mudn di nudi mp chong E)6i vdi cd, vipc chim sdc mp ching li mpt niim vui hpnh phuc eho nen du cd vit va den miy cd eflng khdng mpt Icri than vin, mi ngupc lai,
ldng yeu thucrng mp mdi luc mpt Xdn din
Tlnh cim giihi hai mp eon di sau sic lai cing ttd nen siu sic, gin bd hon vi ngudi mp chong rit ty hio ve ngudi con dau cua minh Tinh yeu thuong, sy chia
se di giup hai mp con vupt qua mpi kho khin, thu thieh; ngheo khd khdng the lam hp nin chi \a cung khdng ed gi co the chia rS tinh eim thieng lieng iy Hp xung ding duyc hudng cupc song no du
suit ddi Ning diu ttong truypn Chao giun ddt eflng mang ttong minh pham
ehat ngdi sing, cd hit long chim sdc va
Io ling cho sdc khde eua mp chdng, co Iim tit ci mpi vipc de nudi mp Du hoan cinh gia dinh tung thiiu, cpn kiet ngudn luong thyc nhung ngudi con diu vin lac quan, khdng de me phii Io ling Chinh su chim sdc in cin, chu dio eua cd da lam cho ddi mil cua me sang trd lpi, ngudi
mp tu do khdng phai sdng trong dau om
Trang 9Liru Thi Hdng Vi^t
benh t$t vd mil Ida nhu trudc Gia dinh lgi
them phin hgnh phiic, dam am, hda
thugn Truypn dd ndi den quan h§ hai
chilu: Ndng ddu doi xu hilu thugn, todn
tdm vdi mp ch6ng, mp chong quy trpng
eon dau nhu ehinh eon d6 ciia minh, cung
chia se mpi niim vui, ndi bu6n nen gia
dinh dd cd dupc liing ndi chung vd cd
nin tdng vihig chdc
Gia dinh cung dupc ngudi Vipt
ludn quan tdm, phdn dnh qua nhftng
truypn cd tich khuyen rdn con ngudi bilt
nang niu, trdn trpng id im ciia minh: con
cdi hilu thugn vdi cha mp, vp chdng mpt
long thiiy chung, anh em doan kit gdn
bd Nhung trong 201 truypn ed tieh ciia
ngudi Vipt dupc Nguyln Ddng Chi gidi
thieu d Kho tdng trifin cd tich Vi^t Nam
Ihi chi cd truypn Quan Am Thi Kinh ndi
ve sy bit hda gifta m? ehdng vd ndng
ddu, edn quan hp tdt dpp, hai chilu thi
khdng duoc nhin mgnh, khdng dupc
phdn anh rd nhu Irong cde truypn cd tich
ciia ngudi Hdn {Lua cua trai, Chdo giun
ddt)
6 Quan hp cha mp - con cai
Ngudi Vipt vd ngudi Han deu quan
lam phan anh mdi quan he gifta cha mp
vd eon cai Ddi vdi gia dinh phy hp,
ngudi cha la ngudi cd vai trd try cpt, dieu
hanh vd quylt djnh mpi van de, gido due
eon chau gift vutig gia phong Mdi thanh
vien trong gia dinh ed bdn phan lam theo
ldi ciia "ngudi chii gia dinh" Sy phyc
timg cua con cdi ddi vdi cha me Id nen
tdng de duy tri trgt ty Irong gia dinh Id
mdl due tinh rat duae coi trpng Sang tgo
truyen ed tieh, ngudi Viet khdng lgp
con hi sinh than minh dk eftu cha nhu
truypn ciia ngudi Hdn md chu ylu phS phdn sy xdu xa cua nhOtig ngudi con bit hilu, lu dd khuyen rdn con ngudi song diing vdi dgo ldm eon, nhthig thdnh vien
di ngupc vdi dgo li ciia tinh mlu tir sg bj ddn gian len dn mgnh md vd phdi nhdn
nhChig hinh phgt n$ng nl Truypn Sijr tich khdn tang ndi len mpt hipn thyc phu
phdng tdn tgi trong gia dinh hai vp chdng
phli h0, dd Id sy ihd a, Ignh nhgt ciia
nhthig ngudi con doi vdi cha mp Sy vd ldm cua con cdi vd tinh dd trd thdnh mdn chin ngdn cdch tinh cam thi6ng liSng, cao dpp nhdt trong eude ddi con ngudi, gay nen dau khd, bdt hanh cho nhirng bac lam cha ldm mp Ben egnh dd, truypn eung
ndi den quan nipm "trpng nam khinh nir" ciia ngudi xua Truypn Cha m? nudi con
bi hd lai ldng, con nudi cha me ki thdng
ki ngdy da ndi rd quan he cha me vd con
cdi ngay tu nhan de eiia truypn Nhdn vdt ngudi cha, ngudi m? duoc ndi tdi trong truyen la nhung ngudi het ldng vi con eai, niem vui eiia hp la cde eon nen cd bao nhieu tdi san chdt chiu dupe, hai vp chdng deu chia het eho con Mdt ddi tan tao den khi tudi gid, siic yeu, hp cftng khdng cd dupc niem vui trpn vpn Sy hi sinh ldn lao vi con cdi lgi bi dap trd bdng
su thirc dau long Con hp ngay mpt xao
nhang viec chdm sdc cha me: "Moi ngdy
su nudi ndng cha me mdi ti, thdm chi eon chi mong mau din ki hgn de tdng bo m§
di Cir nhu vdy chua ddy ba ndm bd me vi khdng chiu duac ddi vd ret, ldn luat qua ddi." Khi phdn anh mdi quan he cha me
- con eai, dan gian da sir dung motif eon
Trang 10Tgp chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
em phin cdng nhau nudi cha m? vi motif
cha mp chit vi ddi, xil Trong truydn Dira
con trdi ddnh hay li truyin Tiic gd chdn
m(, ngudi Vi$t lin in hinh ddng bit
luong cda ngudi eon trai dii vdi mp gii,
hinh ddng iy khiin trdi khdng dung, dit
khdng tha, ldng ngudi oin giin Moi
truydn tuy xoay quanh nhthig miu thuin,
xung ddt vdi nguyin nhin khic nhau
nhung deu cd diem ehung nil bit li sy
tha hda vi nhin phim, dpo due eua con
cii Khi eii ic xen vio cudc song gia
dinh, nd s6 phi vd moi quan h^ thin tlnh,
rudt thjt; gia dinh bj xio trdn inh hucmg
tdi xi hpi, khiin xi hpi cing them rii ren,
phuc tpp
Gia dinh cd vj tri quan trpng trong
xi hpi nen di dupc phin inh sinh ddng
qua cic truypn cd tich nhung mil din ldc
lai cd cich lya chpn nhflng tim guong
dien hinh khic nhau de giio dye ve chd
"hieu" va Iim ndi bpt quan hp gida cha
mp vi con cai Neu nhu ngudi Vipt xa>
dyng nhihig nhin vit dien hinh cua sy
bit hieu vdi cha mp thi ngudi Hin lpi
quan tam den sy hieu thio cua eon eii, tu
dd quan hp cha mp - eon cii mang dpm
nghTa tinh vi cim dpng siu sic Truypn
Shim Ch 'ong ngudi con gdi hiiu thdo di
lim xuc dpng ehung ta bdi hinh dpng eao
dpp cua nhin vit Shim Ch'ong Tuy thipt
thdi vi sdm md cdi mp nhung ning di
dupe bu dip bdi linh thuong yeu khdng
gi sanh ndi eua ngudi cha Hai cha con
cung vupt qua mpi khd dau de tin tpi vi
hi vpng Den tudi trudng thinh, vdi ve
dpp ci ve hinh thuc lin tim hdn Shim
Ch'ong cang dupc mpi ngudi yeu min,
cam phuc Niim vui, hanh phuc ldn nhit
dii vdi ning li thiy cha dupc sing mit trd lpi, thoit khdi canh sing mu Ida Shim Ch'ong di ty nguy$n hi sinh than minh di thyc hi^n diiu mong ude dd Di khing djnh phim chat ding qu^ cua nhin vit, din gian di dit nhin vit vio nhflng
tlnh huing khic nghipt vi io le Tuy
truydn ed xiy dyng chi tiit Shim Ch'ong trd thinh hoing hiu vi dupc vua yiu thuong nhung dd khdng phii li hpnh phuc mi ning mong chd IChdng ai cd the thay thi dupc vj tri cua ngudi cha trong ldng ning, khdng cd cha cupc ddi ning khdng thi ed niim vui vi tieng eudi Giiy phut y nghTa nhit trong eude ddi Shim Ch'ong dd li luc gip Ipi cha Ngiy cha eon hpi ngd li mpt ngay trin diy nude mil - nude mil eua hpnh phuc ldn lao vi cflng chinh giiy phut a> di lim eho ddi mil cua ngudi cha sing ttd lpi
Dd li mpt sy ki dipu Sy hieu thio cua ngudi con gii.di dem din inh sing cho ddi mil nguiri cha vi dd eflng li inh sang ludn ludn \'ihig bin cua tinh cha eon Hoan cinh ngheo khd li die diem chung cua cic gia dinh cd mil quan hp cha me -con cai siu ning, bdi chinh hoin cinh ay gdp phan thu thich tinh cich, phim chit cua con nguiri Din gian qua dd khing djnh: du cupc sdng ngheo ve vit chit nhung tinh eim phii ttin day, eon ngudi
CO tlnh cd nghTa thi se cd tit ca (.Cd chip miia ddng) Do chju inh hudng sau sic
cua Nho giio, liy dao due lam diu trong mpi ung xu gia dinh, x i hpi, ngudi Han rit tin ludng vao viee con ngudi se dupc thudng hay phpt tuy theo hinh dpng cua
hp ed hpp vdi nguyen lac dao ddc hay khdng vi tuy theo muc dp tin tudng vao