Trudc day khi tim hiiu facebook, ngudi ta da nghien cdu xem nhdng ngudi su dung da trinh bay nhu t h i nao v i hinh anh cua minh, can tinh cua minh; nhung v i n d i cdng khai va rieng tu
Trang 1KINH T £ H O C - XA HOI HOC
FACEBOOK VA V 6 N XA HOI - KHAO SAT MOT S6 NHOM THANH NIEN TAI THANH P H 6 HO CHf MINH
NGUYEN XUAN NGHlA HUYNH TH! DI^WI PHU'D'C
Bii viet tim hieu twang quan giCra viec sw dung facebook & thanh nien TPHCM va ba /og/ hinh von xa hoi: von xa hdi ring budc (bonding social capital), von xa hqi bac ciu (bridging social capital) va von xa hdi dwoc duy tri (maintained social capital); mqt so chi bao nhan khau - xa hQi cOa ngw&i sw dung facebook va mdt so biiu hi$n cua von
xa hdi nhw si/ hii long doi v&i CUQC song, si/ tin cay vao eon ngw&i va vao dinh ehe xa hdi ed lien h$ v&i tirng /op/ hinh von xa hqi cu thi
Facebook, mpt mgng xa hpi, vd von xa
hpi deu la nhung v i n de mang tinh thai
SU- VI vgy, tim hiiu tuong quan giua
mgng xa hpi nay va von xa hpi la mpt
chu d i nghien cdu cd the rat huu ich
Nam 2004, M Zuckerberg, D Moskovitz
vd C Hughes da tgo ra mgng xd hdi
facebook, d i u tien chf ddnh cho sinh vidn
dgi hpe Harvard Sau do, nd phdt trien
sang cdc trudng dgi hpc khae vd d i n
mua thu nam 2005, 2006 lan sang cac
trudng trung hpc d My Nam 2008 co
100 tripu ngudi sd dyng vd d i n cuoi
ndm 2013, ed khoang 1,23 ty ngudi sd
Nguyin Xuin NghTa Tien sT Tru'dng Oai hoc
Ma Thdnh phi H6 Chi Mmh
Hui^nh Th| Diim Phudc Cu nhan Tru-ang Dgi
dyng mgng xa hpi nay'' Den thang
8/2013, tgi Vipt Nam da cd 19,6 tripu ngudi dung facebook, chiem 21,42% dan
sd vd chiim tdi 71,4% ngudi sd dung internet khoang 27,5 trieu ngudi'^' Hien nay d Viet Nam facebook Id mgng
xa hdi dugc nhieu ngudi sd dyng nhat
so vdi cac mgng khdc nhu Zing me, chi
cd khoang 8 trieu thdnh vien
Trudc day khi tim hiiu facebook, ngudi
ta da nghien cdu xem nhdng ngudi su dung da trinh bay nhu t h i nao v i hinh anh cua minh, can tinh cua minh; nhung
v i n d i cdng khai va rieng tu; nhdng md hinh truyin thdng qua facebook va cDng khdng it nghien cdu de cap d i n nhung khia cgnh tidu cyc eua facebook Tuy nhien, vdi tu cdch la mang xa hpi, facebook cd lien quan mat thiet vdi vdn
Trang 2xa hdi (social capital) md nhieu tdc gia
cho rang Id k i t qua cua cdc mdi quan he
xa hdi, cua mgng ludi xd hdi Do dd
nghien cuu ndy se tim hiiu mdi quan he
giua viec s u dung facebook vdi vdn xa
hdi qua mdt sd bieu hien, dgc trung vd
Ipgi hinh
1 T O N G QUAN T A I Lieu VS V 6 N X A HQI
Trong vai thdp nien g i n day, khdi niem
vdn xa hdi dugc nhiiu nha khoa hpc xd
hdi nudc ngoai nhu P Bourdieu (1980),
Coleman (1988), Putnam (1995, 2000),
Fukuyama (2000) de cap trong nhiiu
edng trinh, bdi vidt Ngay d Viet Nam,
vdn xd hdi da dugc ban d i n qua cae tac
gia nhu T r i n Huu Dijng (2003), T r i n
Huu Quang (2006), Doan Khae Xuyen
(2006), Le Minh T i i n (2006, 2007), Bui
The Cudng, (2008, dieh), Pham Nhu Hd
(2013)
Cd hai khuynh hudng d i cap d i n vdn xa
hpi P Bourdieu (1980, tr 2) dinh nghTa
vdn xa hpi: "Id tap hgp nhung nguon luc
hien thyc hay kha t h i cd lidn quan den
mpt mgng ludi b i n vdng bao gdm cde
mdl lidn he quen biet nhau va nhgn ra
nhau, it nhidu da dugc dinh e h i hda"
Ong CLing quan niem "Khdi lugng vdn xa
hdi eua mpt tdc nhan cy thd nao do nhu
vgy phu thupe vao mdc quy md mang
ludi cdc mdi lidn he md ngudi dd cd the
huy ddng dugc trong thuc td, va vao khdi
lugng vdn (kinh te, van hda hay bidu
trung) cua tdng ngudi ma tac nhan cd
lien he" (Bourdieu, 1980, tr 2) Nam
1988, nhd xa hdi hpc My J Coleman
(1988, tr S98) dua ra mpt quan didm
khdc ve vdn xa hpi, vdi y mudn ndi k i t
hai ddng t u tudng e i u true luan va cd
thuc the dan gian ma nhieu thuc the khae nhau, vdi hai yeu td chung: tat ca chung deu bao gdm mdt vdi khia cgnh cua k i t c i u xd hdi va chdng tao s y dd dang cho mdt sd hdnh ddng cOa cdc chu thd - cd the Id ed the hay tgp the - trong
ea eau xa hdi" Cd nhiiu tuang ddng vdi Coleman, theo R Putnam (1993, 2000) khi ndi d i n vdn xa hpi Id quy chiiu d i n
"nhung net cua cac td chde xa hdi nhu cde mang ludi, edc chuan muc vd sy tin cay (trust), chung vdn tgo s y dd ddng cho hanh ddng vd hgp tae nham d i n nhung Igi ich hd tuang" (Putnam, 1993,
tr 35) Tdm lgi trong khi Bourdieu xem von xa hdi la mdt ngudn lyc cua ca nhan thi Coleman vd Putnam xem vdn xa hpi la nhung dac trung gan vdi mpt td ehdc xa hpi, mdt cdng ddng Quan diem cua Ngan hang T h i gidi hay cua td chde OECD sau nay cung chiu anh hudng cua Coleman va Putnam (Tran Huu Quang,
2006, Bui The Cudng, 2008) Them vao
do, Fukuyama (2000) eho rang vdn xa hdi la mot thdnh td van hda cua xa hpi hien dgi, dugc dat eg sd tren ly tinh Coleman vd sau nay eac tac gia nhu Putnam da dua ra mpt sd chi bao (ddng thdi cung Id mdt sd d i i u kien de phat tridn vdn xa hdi) d i do ludng vdn xa hdi,
vi nhu s u tin cay, tham gia cac hogt ddng dan sy, tham gia eac td ehdc xa hdi, sy hdi long, hgp tac, cde mgng lydi
xa hpi Trong nghien cuu nay, chung toi
se tim tuang quan giua mdt sd chi bao nay vdi vipe s d dyng facebook
Vd cac logi hinh eua vdn xa hpi, Putnam
(2000) la ngudi d i u tidn phdn bipt von xa
hQi rang buQC (bonding social capital) vd
Trang 3v6n xa hOi bic ciu (bridge social capital),
vdn xa hpi rang bupc tdn tai do lien k i t
giua nhung ngudi "gidng tdi" (like me), d
nhung ea nhan cd cac mdi quan hp
khang khit, keo ddi, gan lien vdi cam xuc
mgnh, chang hgn quan hp cua cdc thanh
vien thudc cdc nhdm sa cap nhu gia
dinh, bgn than Trcng khi vdn xa hdi bac
c i u thudng dua tren nhung mdi lien k i t
y i u (weak ties), lien k i t gida nhung
ngudi "khdng gidng tdi" (unlike me) - mpt
quan diem cua Granovetter, la nhung
mdi quan he cd t h i cung c i p nhung
thdng tin huu ich nhung khdng chiem
thdi gian, it ndi dung, cudng dp cam xuc
thip vd mdc dp tin cgy khdng eao
Granovetter da cho thiy sy phong phu,
da dgng, mdi me cua thdng tin dya tren
nguyen tac phdt tan cua cac quan he y i u ,
chinh la sdc mgnh, lam gia tang mgng
ludi xa hpi cua cac chu the (Granovetter,
1973; Bhuiyan, Evers, 2008, tr 77-78; Le
Minh Tiin, 2007) Trong khi dd, Ellison,
trong nghidn cdu thyc nghipm, da dua
them mpt logi vdn xa hpi la von xa hoi
dwpfc duy tri (maintained social capital),
dugc hiiu Id ngudi ta su dyng facebook
d i duy tri nhung mdi quan he vdi nhung
ngudi thdn cD (nhu bgn hpc thdi trung
hpc), nhung ngudi cung song trong cdc
mdi trudng cO trudc ddy (Ellison, 2007)
Trong nghien edu ndy, chung ta se tim
hiiu su tdn tgi, mdc dd, tam quan trpng
cua ba logi hinh von xa hpi neu tren
2 MUC TI^U V A PHU'DNG P H A P
Nhu vHy, nghidn cdu ndy bude d i u
nhim tim hiiu mdi lien he gida vide su
dyng facebook cua thanh nien TPHCM
vd vdn xd hdi Qua dd, sd tim hieu tuang
sd chi bao eua vdn xa hpi nhu su tin cgy
xa hdi, s y hai Idng vdi cudc sdng; tuang quan giua vide su dyng facpbpok vd ede logi hinh vdnxa hdi
Khdch t h i eua nghien cdu ndy Id nhung thanh nidn dang su dyng facebook, t u 16 den 35 tudi dang theo hpc tgi cae trudng dgi hpc hoac dang Idm vipc thudc cde ngdnh nghe khae nhau tgi TPHCM, dgi
bp phan cd trinh dp hpc v i n sau tu tai vd tuong duang trinh dp dgi hpc Tong so mdu nghien cdu dugc chpn la 300 ngudi Cach chpn mdu k i t hgp djnh ngach va tinh cd, phan deu theo tieu ehi dang di hpc va dang di lam; gidi tinh Ridng 150 ban khao sat cho sinh vien dugc phan deu cho 4 trudng dgi hpc tren dja bdn TPHCM, gdm Trudng Dgi hpc Bach Khoa, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi
va Nhan van, Trudng Dai hpc Kien True
va Trudng Dgi hpc Kinh t i
Cac bien quan trong vi cic thang do ' Vipc su dyng facebook dugc do ludng
bing hai bien: 1) Thdi gian sd dyng trung binh mdi ngay (phut); 2) Mpt biin tdng hgp do ludng cudng do quan hp vdi facebook'^' bao gom cdc bien: a, thdi gian trung binh sd dyng (phut/ngdy); b,
sd lugng ban be trdn danh sach facebook; c, "Tdi nhgn thiy minh Id mpt phan cua cac giao tiip tren facebook" (tu 1- rat khdng ddng y d i n 5- rat ddng y); d,
"Tdi san sang dung thdi gian cua minh
d i tham gia cac hoat dpng chung tren facebook" (tu 1- r i t khdng ddng y den 5-rat ddng y)
- Ve sy hai long trong cupc song: Sy hdi Idng trong cupc sdng la mpt trong cac chi
Trang 4va cde chf sd khdc cua chat lugng cudc
sdng phan dnh mpt ddnh gia tdng hgp v i
mdi trudng xung quanh Id tich cyc hay
tieu cyc Thdng thudng, cdc nha nghien
edu danh gid sy hdi Idng v i cudc sdng
vdi nhdn thdc ehu quan v i hgnh phDc
hogc thoa man ed nhdn Cde nghidn cuu
thda nhdn rang cdc ca nhan vdi mdc dp
eao ve s u hai Idng va hgnh phuc trong
cudc sdng ed nhieu kha nang de tin
tudng ngudi khae vd nd lyc tham gia
vdo hogt ddng tap t h i han Id nhung ea
nhan khdng hdi Idng (Putnam, 2000) De
tiin hdnh do ludng mue dp hai Idng
trong cudc song eua nhdng ngudi s u
dyng facebook, chung tdi su dung thang
do Likert vdi 5 muc dp t d 1 (rit khdng
ddng y) d i n 5 (hodn todn ddng y), vdi
cac nhgn djnh sau day: 1) Nhin chung,
tdi hdi Idng vdi ban than minh; 2) Nai tdi
dang sdng r i t ly tudng ddi vdi tdi; 3) Cae
dieu kipn sdng noi tdi dang sdng rat tdt;
4) Tdi hai Idng vdi cupc sdng d TPHCM;
5) Tdi da lam dugc nhdng didu quan
trpng ma tdi muon Idm tgi TPHCM
Vd su tin cay con ngudi va xa hdi, chung
tdi da thao tac hda qua cac biin sau:
Tin cay con ngw&l gdm cdc biin v i s u
tin eay ddi vdi: 1) "Nhdng ngudi trong
gia dinh, ddng ho"; 2) "Bgn be, nhung
ngudi quen biet ngoai thuc t i " ; 3) "Ban
be, nhdng ngudi quen tren facebook,
mang xa hpi"; 4) "Nhdng ngudi mdi gap
lin dau ngodi thuc t i " ; 5) "Nhung ngudi
mdi gap lan dau tren facebook"; 6)
"Nhung ngudi thupe tdn gido khdc"; 7)
"Nhdng ngudi thudc qudc tich khdc"
(thang do Likert vdi 5 mde dp: 1- hoan
todn khdng tin tudng; 5- hoan toan tin
- Tin cay vio djnh chi va cac td ehdc xa
hpi, bao gdm cdc biin: v i s y tin cay ddi vdi: 1) "Cdc phuang tipn truyen thdng dgi Chung"; 2) "Qudn ddi"; 3) "Cdng dodn"; 4) 'To ehuc cua tdn gido, tin ngudng"; 5)
"Canh sat"; 6) "Chinh phu"; 7) "Doan the
q u i n Chung"; 8) "Qudc hdi"; 9) "Cdng ty,
xi nghiep"; 10) "Td chue bao ve moi trudng"; 11) "Hdi Lien hiep Thanh nien"; 12) Hdi Phu nu"; 13) "Td chde thien nguyen" (Thang do: 1- hodn todn khdng tin tudng; 3- hoan toan tin tudng)
3 K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U 3.1 Mdt sd thdng tin ve m i u nghien cdu Mdu nghien cuu c6 mdt sd dgc diem sau:
- Ve gidi tinh, nam chiem 49,7% (n= 149), nu51,3%(n= 151)
- Thanh nien dang hpc dgi hpc: 50% (n= 150), dang di lam: 50% (n= 150)
- Thanh nien sinh trong thgp nien 1980 (8X): 35% (n= 105); trong thdp nidn 1990 (9X):65%(n=195)
- Thdi gian trung binh tren internet va facebook (phut/ngdy): 75 phut''''
- Sd ban (friends) trung binh tren facebcok khoang: 210 ngudi
- Sd bgn than tren facebook: 14 ngudi Thanh p h i n ban tren facebook cua ngudi sd dung: 37% thupe trudng dgi hpc, 30% ban trung hpc c i p 3, 11%> thupe nhdm ban than, 7% Id ddng nghiep, ehi 2,5% thupe gia dinh ho hang
- odi tugng tuang tdc tren facebook: 31% thudc ban than, 28%, ban trudng dgi hpc, 22% vdi bgn c i p 3, 8% vdi ddng nghiep, 3% vdi gia dinh
3.2 Facebook va s u tin cdy xa hpi
Trang 53.2.1 Long tin vd mgng xa hdi
Ldng tin trong xa hdi Id mpt trong nhung
thdnh td quan trpng tgo nen vdn xa hdi,
bdi vi mpi sy hgp tac, mpi sy giao tiip
giua ngudi vdi ngudi chi cd dugc khi
mpi ngudi deu tin cay vdo nhau, tdc mpi
sy hgp tae d i u dgt tren co sd eua ldng
tin Neu khdng the tin cay vdo nhau thi
khdng cd hgp tac va khd ndi den su phdt
then cua xd hpi duge
Trong ddi sdng thuc te, xay dyng dugc
Idng tin td nhung ngudi xung quanh doi
vdi chinh minh khdng phai la edng vide
de dang Dieu dd cang khd hon khi con
ngudl tiip xuc vdi nhau tren mgng ao,
chi truyen thdng tin cho nhau qua trang
web, qua mang xa hpi Lam the ndo de
cpng ddng mgng tin tudng nhdng dieu
dugc ddng tai tren facebook la su that?
Tat ca nhdng npi dung (bao gdm nhat ky,
tin nhan, thdng tin ca nhan ) cua ngudi
su dyng facebook se
dugc cpng ddng mang
theo ddi va d i n d i n dinh
hinh, gdn nhan cho chu
nhan cua thdng tin do
mpt vai dgc diem tinh
each nao do, nhung su
danh gid dd cd t h i
khdng khdch quan ma
lgi theo each ngudi sd
dyng muon ngudi khdc
nghT v i minh Ben cgnh
do, cdn ed nhdng ldi
blnh lugn eua mot vdi
ngudi bgn xung quanh
cQng ed sdc lan tda it
nhiiu, nhung khd kiem
chung, den todn the
Du the nao thi viec tgo dyng long tin can trong cdng ddng mgng xa hpi ao hoan todn khdng d l Cudc sdng thuc eho phep kiim tra tinh xdc thyc cua thdng tin ca nhdn va neu mdt ai dd cd dau hipu vi phgm cdc chuin myc thi ngudi do se nhgn dugc hinh phgt t d cpng ddng, nhp nhat la sy chd bai va ngng ne nhit Id bj
t i y chay Trong mgng xa hpi do, khdng phai mpi mdi quan he xa hdi se di den mdt cupc gap mat ngoai ddi, do do khdng d i dang kiim tra dp tin cay trong thdng tin cd nhan cua nhau Va neu mdt
ai dd bj cdng ddng mgng t i y chay vi quan diim, tu tudng khdng phu hgp thi chi vipc t u bd avatar dd, xdy dyng mot avatar mdi vdi thdng tin ca nhan mdi Noi cdch khdc, trong cupc sdng thuc, mpt ngudi chi ed mpt avatar nhung trong mgng xa hdi, ddc biet la facebook, mpt ngudi ed the cd rat nhieu avatar theo nhu cau ca nhan
Bang 1: Ma tran phan tich nhan to ve mu'C dp tin cgy vao con ngudi cua cac doi tu'ang s i i dung facebook
Nhan dmh tin cay vao con nguai cua nhung doi lupng su dung facebook NhOng ngu'di mai gap lan dau ngoai thuc te Nhung ngudi mai gap i l n dau tren facebook Nhung nguai thuoc ton giao kfrac Nhung ngudi thupe quoc tich khae Ban be, ngudi quen tren facebook Ban be, ngudi quen biet ngoai thuc le Nfiung ngudi trong gia dinh, ddng ho
% pfiuang sai
Nhan 16
1 817 816 748 734 520 159 -.158 39,566
2 -.150 -.003 063
043 358 837 792 20.961
Nguon: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phu'dc Ket qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM
Ghi chu Phu'ang phap xoay nguyen goc cdc nhan to Vanmax procedure, Chi so KMO= 0.681 cho thay co y nghTa, phan tich
Trang 63.2.2 Facebook vd su tin cay vdo con
ngudi, djnh c h i vd td chde xa hpi
Trpng phin ndy, ehung ta de cap den
mdi quan hp giua viec sd dyng facebook
vd sy tin cgy xd hdi (social trust) De tim
hieu v i n de nay chung tdi su dyng them
hai bien dpc lap: 1) Bien vd thdi gian
trung binh su dyng facebook/ngay va
bien ve "Cudng dp quan hp vdi facebook"
Vd sy tin cay con ngudi vd xa hpi, chung
tdi da su dung hai thang do vd "tin cgy
con ngudi" va "tin cdy djnh c h i " dd dugc
trinh bay trong muc 2 d tren
• Tin cay vao con ngw&i
ChDng tdi tien hanh thu phdn tich nhdn
td ve thang do "tin cay con ngudi" (xem
Bang 1)
Ta tam dgt ten: Nhan td 1: Tin cay vdo
nhdng ngudi it quen biit; Nhan td 2: Tin
cay vao nhdng ngudi da quen biit, g i n
gDi K i t qua cho thay ea 2 nhan td giai
thich dugc 60.5%) phuang sai Cronbach
alpha'^' cdc bien trong nhan to 1: 0.780;
Cronbach alpha cdc biin trong nhan td 2:
0.556
Kiem djnh vdi mpt sd phan to (xem Bang
2), chung tdi thay cd tuang quan gida
thdi gian trung binh su
dung facebook mdi ngay
vdi nhan td "tin cay vao
nhung ngudi it quen
biet" Didu nay ggi cho
chung ta nhdn djnh
mang xa hdi la phuang
each phat triin vdn xa
hgi bang nhdng mdi lien
he yeu
Nhan dinh tren cDng
giua b i i n "cudng dp quan hp vdi facebook" va mdc dd "tin cay vac nhung ngudi it quen biit": r= 0.139, p= 0.016
• Tin cay vdo djnh ehe xa hdi Vdn xa hdi dugc dung d l chi nhdng mdi day lien k i t giua eon ngudi vdi nhau trong mdt edng ddng hay mpt xa hpi Nhung mdl ddy lien k i t nay chju sy chi phdi quyit djnh cua ede chuin muc va ede djnh c h i dang tdn tgi trong cdng ddng hay xd hdi ay Do ludng vdn xd hOi
Id do ludng n i i m tin eua cd nhan vdo sy cdng bang trong ddi sdng xa hdi, niim tin vdo ngudi khdc va cac dinh c h i xa hdi Trong p h i n ndy, chung tdi tien hdnh kiem djnh thdng ke qua cac bien tin cay
v i cac djnh c h i , cdc td ehuc xd hdi (xem Bang 3)
Trcng bang khao sdt cua ehung tdi (myc 2) ed 13 djnh che dugc danh gia v i muc
dp tin cay, tuy nhien d ddy chi dua ra nhung djnh chd cd d i i m ddnh gid sutin tudng d nhdm cao nhat vd t h i p nhat Nhung ngudi s u dung facebook cd mdc
dp tin tudng cao nhat ddi vdi cae td ehdc thipn nguyen (2.36) Cae djnh c h i nhu qudc hdi; chinh phu; cdc td chue tin ngudng, tdn giao cd d i i m trung binh diu Bang 2: Tuong quan giua nhan t i tin cay con ngudi vd thai gian trung binh sii dung facebook
Thai gian trung binh
s i i dung facebook
H e s o R (Pearson) Sig
N
Tin cay vao nhu'ng ngu'O'i it quen biet 0.162
0.005
300
Tin cay vao nhung ngudi
da quen biet, gan gui -0.055
0.339
300 Diem trung binh la diem cong don theo danh gid cua cac doi tugng SLP dung facebook
Nguon: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem P h u o c K i t qua
Trang 7la 2.32 diem Ddnh gid cua ngudi su
dyng facebook ddi vdi djnh e h i cdc
phuang tipn thdng tin dgi chDng cd
diem thip nhat la 1.92 diim
De tim hiiu sy phdn logi vd nhung
mdc dp tin cay vdo edc djnh c h i xa
hdi cua ngudi su dung facebook bj
chi phdi bdi nhung yeu td ndo, bdi
viit tien hdnh phan tich nhan td
thang do "Tin cgy ddi vdi i^nh ehi xa
hdi" (xem Bang 4)
Chung ta tgm ddt ten: Nhan td 1:
Nhdng djnh ehi, td chde eua chinh
quyen; Nhan td 2: Nhdng t^nh c h i
ngodi chinh quyen K i t qua cho thay
ca 2 nhan td giai thich dugc 56,5%
phuang sal Cronbach alpha cua cac
biin trong nhan td 1: a= 0.905; trong
nhant6 2: a= 0.529
Oe tim hiiu nhung khdc bipt trong
nhgn djnh cua nhung ddi tugng su
dyng facebook vdi sy tin cgy vdo cde
(^nh c h i xa hpi, chung tdi tien hdnh
sc sanh tren mdt sd phan td sau
Kiem djnh tugng quan hai nhdn td
tren vdi cdc biin nhdn khiu xa hpi,
cho ta thiy khdng cd sy khdc bipt cd
y nghTa thdng ke giua biin gidi tinh
vd mdc dp "tin tudng vdo nhdng djnh
chi ngodi chinh quyen" (trung binh
cua nam: 19.5; nu 20.3; gia tri t: -1.7,
p= 0.077.) Tuy nhien, nhdng ngudi
tre, sinh trong thgp nien 1990 (9X) cd
mdc dp tin cgy vao cac djnh che eua
chinh quyin cao han t h i hp cua thgp
nien 1980 (8X) (trung binh eua 9X:
20.37, 8X: 19.09; gid tri t= 2.5, p=
0.01) Cung vgy, nhung ngudi edn di
hpc cd mde dp tin cgy vdo edc djnh
Bang 3: Mdc dd tin cay vao cac djnh c h i xd hpi qua nhgn djnh cua nhung ngudi sd dyng facebook
Cac djnh che xa hpi
To chiic thi$n nguyen Quoc hpi Chinh Phu Cac to chiic tin ngudng, t6n gido Hpi Hen hiep thanh nign
To chde bao ve moi tru-ang Cong ty, xi nghiep Phirang tien thong tin dai chung
Trung binh 2.36 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.30 2.30 2.07 1.92 1- hoan toan khong tin tudng; 3- hoan toan tin tu'ang
Nguon: N g u y i n Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phu'dc Ket qua khao sat thdng 3/2013 tgi TPHCM
Bang 4: Ma tran phan tich nhan to ve tin cgy vao cac djnh che xa hpi cua ngu'di s i i dyng facebook
Tin cay vao cac dinh che xa hpi
Canh sat Quan dpi Chinh phu Quoc hpi Cpng dpan Hpi lien hiep thanh nien Hpi phy nu Cac phuang tien TTDC Doan the quan chung
To ehuc thien nguyen
To ehuc bao ve moi truang Cdng ly, xi nghiep Cae to ehuc ton giao, lin ngudng
% Phuang sai
Nhan l6
1 855 845 826 775
719
718 698 ,651 521 -.024 496 320 -.268 44.112
2 -.013 -.056 086 185 121 392 364 -.165 ,299 802 639 536 428 12.402
Ngudn: N g u y i n Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phudc Ket qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM Ghi chu Phuang phap xoay nguyen g6c cdc nhan to Vanmax procedure; Chi so KMQ= 0.877 cho thay c6
Trang 8Chi eua ehinh quyen eao hpn nhyng 18.75; gia trj t= 5.15, p= 0.000) Vdi kinh ngypi da di lam (trung binh eua nhyng nghigm eua cgge ddi, eon ngydi se ed ngydi di hpc: 21.1, nhu-ng ngydi di lam: nh&ng cam nghiem thyc t l hPn
Bang 5: Ma tran phan tich nhan to nhu'ng nhan dinh d l do ludng v6n xa hpi cua thanh nien
trong vigc sir dung facebook
Nhan dinh cua ngudi s u dung ddi vdi facebook
Toi cam thay thich thu vdi nh&ng gi dang d i i n ra tren
Tdi thay minh la mpf ph§n eua eae giap liep tren facebook
Tuang tae vdi nhung ngudi tren facebook giup ldi lam nhieu
viec lpi dep han
Tpi sSn sang diing thdi gian cua minh de tham gia eae hoat
deng ehung Iren faeebpok
Facebpok giup tdi tuang lac vdi nhieu ban be mdi
Tdi ep the d l dang lim vipc lam hoac nai thuc tap nhd s u
giup d d cua ban be cu
Tdl cd I h l d l dang lim dupe ban be eu eung ldi tham gia
nhung hpat ddng Ihuc t l
Tdl CO the tham vieng va d lai nha ngudi quen, ban be eu
tren facebppk khr ldi di du lieh
Tdi ed I h l tim duac viee lam t i t nha ban be cu
Toi CO the nhan dupc Idi khuyen l u ngudi than, ban be khi
phai CO nhung q u y l l dmh quan trpng
Tdi cd the muan mdl s l t i i n kha Idn khi gap khd khan
Cd vai ngudi ldi rat lin tudng giup ldi giai q u y l l nhung van
d l kho khan
% phuang sai
Nhan to
1
.822
.793
.766
.665
.613
.186
.275
-.064
.237
.158
-.197
.355
33.983
2
.022
-.072
.182
.284
.297
.829
.743
.727
.494
.160
.257
-.090
15.891
3
.120
.049
.177
,063
.028
.125
.003
.192
.475
.787
.706
.674
10 886 Nguon: Nguyin Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diem Phudc Ket qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM Ghi chu- Phuang phap xoay nguyen goc cac nhan to Vanmax procedure; Chi so KMQ= 0.806 cho
thay CO y nghTa phan tich nhan to tot thich hgp Kef qua cho thay ca 3 nhan to giai thich 6u(?c
6 1 % phuang sai
Bang 6: Ty le % cac loai hinh vdn xa hoi cua n g u d i s d dung facebook
Cac loai hinh v i n xa hdi
Nhdm 1 - Von xa hpi b I c c l u
Nhdm 2 - Duy tri vpn xa hdi
Nhdm 3 - V6n xa hpi rang bude
N
215
19
66
%
71.7%
6.3.0%
22%
Ngudn: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diem P h u d c Ket qua khap sat
Trang 93.3 Su hdi Idng va vdn xa hdi
Nhu da ndi d tren, su hdi Idng trong cudc
sdng la mdt trong cdc chi bao de do
ludng vdn xd hpi Sy hai Idng la mpt chi
sd tdng hgp, bac gdm nhung nhgn thuc
chu quan ve cd nhdn minh va mdi trudng
xung quanh Putnam (2000) thda nhdn
nhung ngudi cd muc dp hdi Idng cao cd
nhieu kha nang tin cgy vao ngudi khae
vd tham gia nhiiu hoat ddng tap t h i han
Thang do v i chi sd hdi Idng trong cude
sdng da neu trong myc 2, co Cronbach
Alpha = 0.780 Kiim djnh vdi cac bien
nhan khiu - xd hpi cho thiy, nam gidi cd
chf sd hai Idng cao han nu gidi (trung
binh cua nam: 16.00, nu 14.7; gid tri t
2.89, p= 0.007); the hp 8x (da sd cd cdng
an vipc Idm) cd chi sd hdi Idng cao han
t h i hp 9X (trung blnh cua 8X 16.36, 9X
14.81; t: 3.0, p= 0.002); nhdng ngudi
dang di hpc vd Id thupe kinh t i vao gia
dinh, cd Id lo au ve nghi nghiep tuong
lai va it hai Idng han so vdi ngudi da di
lam (trung blnh cua sinh vien: 14.57; di
lam: 16.13; gid tri t: 3.26, p= 0.001)
Chi sd hdi Idng nay cd tuong quan vdi
thdi gian trung binh sd dung facebook
mii ngay, cung nhu vdi mgng ludi bgn
than tren facebook Ngudi cang cd chi sd
hdi Idng trung blnh cang cao thi thdi gian
trung binh Idn facebook cang nhieu (r
0.121, p= 0.036) vd mgng ludi bgn than
cdng nhiiu ngudi hon (r= 0.238, p=
0.000)
Vd facebook, mpt logi mgng ludi xa hpi,
dd tgo diiu kipn hinh thanh nhung td
chde ddn sy, the hipn cd tuong quan
giua su hai Idng va su tin tudng vao
nhung djnh e h i ngoai chinh quyen (r=
Cudi cung sy hdi Idng trong cudc sdng cd anh hudng rat Idn ddi vdi sy hinh thdnh cae logi hinh vdn se trinh bay sau day 3.4 Facebook va cae logi hinh vdn (xem Bang 5)
Ta dgt tdn cac nhan td: Nhan td 1: Vdn
xa hpi bat c i u (nhung mdi quan he Idng leo, bgn mdi) cd Cronbach Alpha: a= 0.816; Nhdn td 2: Duy tri vdn xa hdi (nhdng mdi quan he vdi bgn cu) ed a= 0.741; Nhan td 3: Vdn xa hdi rdng bupc (quan he manh, c6 t h i giup dd khi gap khd khan: gia dinh, bgn than thiet ) cd 0=0.671
Tiin hanh phan tich cym (cluster) tren ba nhan td cac loai hinh von xa hpi (xem Bang 6) chung tdi thiy hon 70% thanh nien sd dung facebook thudc logi hinh von xa hpi bac cau Hp su dyng mgng xa hpi ndy de phat trien cac moi quan hp xa hpi, cho du cdc moi quan hp do khdng sau sac; 22% thanh nien sd dyng facebook d i cung cd cac moi lien kit vdi nhdm bgn than thiit, vdi cdc thdnh vien trong gia dinh; han 6% thanh nien su dung facebook nham duy tri mdi quan hp vdi nhung ban be cu, dgc bipt Id bgn be thdi trung hpc
Trong cac y i u td tac dpng d i n cac logi hinh nay, y i u td hai Idng vdi cupc song giu vai trd quan trpng d ca ba logi hinh vdn neu tren Dac bipt, vdi loai hinh vdn
xa hdi bde cdu, phan tich hdi quy bpi cho thiy md hinh (Bang 7) cd y nghTa (F=
39.979; p= 0.000) va vdi he sd ^ dieu
chinh = 0.343 (giai thich 30% phuang sai) Trong md hinh nay, yeu td hai long ddi vdi cudc song cd t i m quan trpng
Trang 10Bang 7: H6i quy cae biin tien doan vdn xa hpi bic d u
Cac bien ddc igp
Hai Idng
Tin cay eon ngudi
Thdi gian sCr dung (phut/ngay)
Tin eay dinh ehe dan s u
He so khdng ehuan hda
B 333
214 009 422
Dp lech chuan 047 063 003 141
He sd chuan hoa Beta 394 173 191 187
Gi4 tri t
8.075 3.600 4.020 3.832
Ml>e
y nghTa
.000 000 000 000 Ghi chu' Do khdng gian gidi han chung tdi chi dua ra md hinh cd nhilu bien dpe Igp nhai lien dpan bien phu thupe la von xa hpi bac cau
Ngudn: Nguyin Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diim Phudc Kit qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM
den sy tin eay vao con ngydi (Beta:
0.173, t= 3.600, p= 0.000), thdi gian
siJ-dung (phut/ngay) (Beta: 0.191, t= 4.020,
p= 0.000), va cuoi cung tin cay vao djnh
ehe dan sy (ngoai chinh quyin) (Beta:
0.187, t= 3.832, p= 0.000) (Xem Bang 7)
Vdi cac loai hinh von xa hgi rang bugc va
v i n xa hgi dype duy tri, chung ta da tiin
hanh phan tieh hci qgy, nhyng khong the
tilp tyc vi R^ dieu chinh nhd hpn 0.10
DP dd, ehi trnh cac tygng quan giya hai
bien K i t qua eho thiy von xa hgi rang
bude CO typng quan vdi sy hai Idng
trong cugc sdng (r= 0.242, p= 0.000), vdi
so lupng ban than nhlt (r= 0.137,
p-0.000) va vdi sy tin cay vao cac djnh c h i
cua chinh quyin (r= 0.104; p= 0.037)
Nor Chung, v i n xa hoi rang budc gan vdi
cac moi lien kit mgnh, trgyen thong va
chinh thu'c, nen cd typng quan vdi sy tin
cay vao eac djnh che cua chinh quyin la
drIu cd t h i hieu dygc
Cudi cung vdn xa hoi dypc duy tri co
typng quan vdi sy hai Idng trong cupc
song (r= 0.272, p= 0.000) va so lupng
ban than nhat (r= 0.160, p= 0.003)
4 VAI NHAN XET
Cae dD' kien tren eho thay ed tygng quan giya mgt sg net dgc d i l m , bilu hien cug vigc sy dgng facebook va cae logi hinh
v i n xa hgi
Trydc het, cd sy typng quan chat che giCra sy hai Idng d l l vdi cugc sing va viee su" dung facebook Ca ba logj hinh von xg hgi d i g cd typng quan vdi sy hai ldng Chinh sy hai Idng la dieu kipn cho
sy tin eay xa hpi, mpt y l u t l khdng the
thilu di phat triin v i n xa hpi
Sy tin eay xa hgi, co nhu'ng chieu kich khae nhau: tin eay con ngydi hay tin cgy vao djnh c h i ; tin cgy ngudi quen hay ngypi it quen; tin eay vap djnh e h i thugc ehinh quyin hay cae djnh c h i dan sy Cac chilg kich khae nhau nay cDng gan vdi cac logi hinh von xa hdi khae nhau
V l cae logi hinh von xa hgi, trydc hit vdi Iggi hinh vgn xa hgi b i c cau, hpn 70% doi tygng khao sat thugc loai hinh nay, nhu'ng ngudi nay da xem "facebook giup typng tac vdr nhilu bgn be mdi", hg cam thiy thich thu vdi nhyng gi dang xay ra tren facebeck, t h i y dypc ban than minh
la mgt phan giao tiep tren facebook Hay