Quan niem tang Idfp trung li/U middle thuat, cdng nghd nhu ky su, nhdn vien phdng thi class va mot sdcach tiep can trong nghien cffu nghiem, van hanh may tinh,..., cae nha quan ly Thuat
Trang 1NGHIEN cdu-TRAO BOI
MOT SO LY THUYET TIEP CAN
TRONG NGHIEN CUfU TANG LQTP TRUNG LUU 6 VIET NAM
TRAN THI MINH NGOC *
T rong qua trinh ehuydn ddi kinh td tff kd Idp trung gian, tang Idp trung luu)
hoach tap trung sang eo che thi trudng ed Cac hgc gia Trung Qudc cd nhieu tranh luan
sy quan ly cOa Nha nudc da hinh thanh cac yeu ve tang Idp trung gian "middle class" Vuong Kidn
td tac ddng tdi sy phan tang xa hdi (PTXH) Trong Binh (2004), Chu Dieu Quan (2005), Ly Xuan
dd cd sy xuat hien tang Idp trung luu Mdt sd hgc Linh (2009), deu cd gdc nhin rieng vd tang Idp gia tren the gidi da khang dinh vai trd to Idn va sy trung gian (giai cap trung san) nhung hg deu co anh hudng manh me cua tang Idp trung luu ddn didm chung khi cho rang tang Idp trung gian la
sy dn djnh va phat tridn xa hdi 6 Vidt Nam, eho tang Idp giffa
den nay cdn thidu ving cae cdng trinh nghien cffu Cdn ddi vdi cac hgc gia My va Phuong Tay, d ban ve tang Idp trung luu Nghien cffu nay cung gdc do tridt hgc, tac pham "White Collar: The ca'p each nhin tdng quat ve tang Idp trung Iffu tren American Middle Classes", tang Idp trung Iffu cd thd gidi hidn nay, tff dd luan ban ve mdt sd ly tring d Hoa Ky, (C Wright Mills, 1953) da md ta thuyet tidp can trong nghien cffu vai trd tang Idp va phan tfch ve tang Idp trung Iffu mdi d Hoa Ky trung luu va tac ddng ciia nd ddn phat trien xa hdi Sy hinh thanh tang Idp trung luu mdi la do nhu
va quan ly phat trien xa hdi d Vidt Nam cau khach quan eiia xa hdi can cac chuyen gia ky
1 Quan niem tang Idfp trung li/U (middle thuat, cdng nghd (nhu ky su, nhdn vien phdng thi
class) va mot sdcach tiep can trong nghien cffu nghiem, van hanh may tinh, ), cae nha quan ly Thuat ngff "Tang Idp trung luu" xuat phat tff dd td chffc va giam sat eac cdng viec ciia nhffng phffong Tay, bit ngudn tff quan diem ciia nha ngudi khae trong eac don vj san xuat Idn hoac cac tridt hgc cd dai Aristotle (384 - 322 TCN) ma don vi kinh doanh, budn ban Nhffng ngffdi nay trong tae pham "The Politics" (350TCN) dng da trd thanh tang Idp trung Iffu mdi, cdn nhffng ngffdi nhin nhan tang Idp trung Iffu la "trung binh giffa kinh doanh nhd, chii hieu, gia dinh ndng dan, va giau cd va ngheo khd" nhffng nha chuyen mdn ty tao vifc lam la nhffng C.Mac & Ph.Angghen trong "Manifesto of the loai didn hinh ciia tang Idp trung luu cG 6 gdc do Communist Party" (Tuyen ngdn dang cdng san, xa hdi hgc, ngudi dugc coi la dat nen tang cho 1848) de cap den khai niem tang Idp trung luu vide nghien cffu tang Idp trung luu la Thorstein (hay giai cap trung gian), cho rang ngoai hai giai Veblen (1899), Abdul Rahman Embong (2001), cap CO ban ciia xa hdi tu ban la giai cap vd san va Simon Gunn & Rachel Bell (2002), Abhijit V giai cap tu san, cdn cd tang ldp trung dang (tang Banerjee & Esther Duflo (2008) Tang ldp trung
^ _ luu dugc eac dng de cap den d nhieu khia canh:
* Pho Gido su, Tien sl Hoc vien Chinh tri Khu vuc I Khai nidm, dia vj xa hol, trinh dd giao due, hanh vi
Trang 2NGHIENCliU- TRAU BUI
van hda, hinh anh ban than, quyen uy, nghe tin ve sy ndi len eiia tang Idp trung luu d Viet Nam
nghiep, phong each sdng vai trd cua tang Idp va sy thay ddi cua ca'u true tang Idp nay Tang Idp
nay ddi vdi sy phat trien xa hgi ndi chung tren trung luu tre d Viet Nam cd nhffng dac diem
nhieu mat (kinh td, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi), chung gidng nhu tang Idp trung luu Ddng Nam A
Nghien cffu ehi ra sy khac biet ciia tang Idp trung va cac noi khac nhu cd trinh do van hda, sy quan
luu vdi cac tang Idp khac d nhu cau, trinh do van tam cam ket ddi vdi giao due, dinh hudng ddi vdi
hda, thu nhap, tai san, nghe nghiep, gidi han tieu dung va tidp can vdi thdng tin va mong mudn
ngan sach, hanh vi chi tidu, kha nang thj trudng, dd cai thien va phat tridn nghe nghiep ban than,
xu hudng di chuyen, dau tu phat trien vdn con Nghien cffu cd rat ft bang chffng tang Idp trung
ngffdi va eiia cai tffong ddi eao trong xa hdi luu hd trg xay dyng mdt thyc the chfnh tri'^'
Trdn gdc do kinh td hgc, cd cac cdng trinh ciia Trong bdi canh hien nay, viec dinh nghTa khai
Thurow Lester (1984), Easteriy William (2001), niem nay ehua dugc thdng nhat bdi nhieu each
Brandko Milanovic & Shiomo Yitzbaki (2001), tidp can khae nhau va cQng bdi thanh phan eiia
Joseph G.Eisenhauer (2007), Abhijit V Banerjee tang Idp trung luu ed the nam trong tat ea cae giai
& Esther Duflo (2008), Abhijit V Banerjee & cap, eac tang Idp xa hdi Thuat ngff sff dung nhieu
Esther Duflo (2008) Cac tae gia trdn deu gap khi cung khong gidng nhau (tang Idp trung san, tang
nhau d nhffng diem sau day: (i) tang Idp trung luu Idp trung gian, tang Idp trung luu, tang l(5p uu trdi)
gin lien vdi dia vi kinh td, tang Idp trung luu la Tang Idp trung luu (middle class) vdn la mdt
nhffng ngudi cd mffe thu nhap trung binh giffa khai niem phffc tap, lien quan ddn nhieu nganh
giau va ngheo (Thurow Lester, 1984), tang Idp khoa hgc xa hdi nhu kinh td hgc, tridt hgc, lich sff
trung luu d Hoa Ky la mdt nhdm vdi mffe thu nhap hgc, xa hdi hgc, chinh tri hgc Tang Idp trung luu la
tuong dugng 75%-125% mffe thu nhap trung tang Idp giffa trong PTXH Do vay, tang Idp trung
binh (Easteriy William, 2001), tang Idp trung luu luu can dugc tidp can da didn, da nganh
la nhdm ngudi nam trong khoang ma can dudi 2 Ly thuyet tiep can tang ldp trung liTU
dugc xac dinh la mffe thu nhap trung binh cua Mot la, ly thuyet cOaHMarxve giai cap, tang Idp
Brazil va can tren dugc xac dinh la mffe thu nhap K Marx coi ban cha't ciia sy PTXH la bat binh
binh quan ciia Italia, la nhffng ngudi cd thu nhap dang xa hdi do cau tnic xa hdi giai cap gay ra
trung binh mdt ngay tff 12-50 USD (Brandko Giai ca'p thdng tri vd mat kinh td ddng thdi la giai
Milanovic & Shiomo Yitzbaki, 2001) Abhijit sff cap chidm vj the cao va thdng tri eac giai cap
dung thffdc do chi tidu binh quan 6e xac dinh tang khae ve mat chfnh tri, tinh than Giai cap bi trj ve
Idp trung luu Theo dd, nhffng ngffdi cd mffe tieu mat kinh td ddng thdi nam d nhffng tang Idp dffdi
tff 2$-4$ dugc coi la trung luu dudi, cdn chi tieu tff ciia eo cau PTXH Hgc thuyet eua K Marx ve cau
4$-10$ la trung luu tren (Abhijit V Banerjee & tnic xa hdi giai cap cQng ehi rd rang trong xa hdi
Esther Duflo, 2008) ; (ii) nhieu tac gia da phan cd sy phan chia giai cap, sy PTXH dien ra dudi
tich dac trung tang Idp trung luu trdn khia canh hinh thffc bat binh dang xa hdi sau sic vdi hinh
kinh td (tai san, thu nhap) Tff dd nhan dien va dang chdp ndn, tffe la da sd dan cff trong xa hdi
phan biet tang Idp trung iuu vdi eac giai tang khac nim d tang day ciia hinh thap va mdt bd phan
trong xa hdi nhd tffe la thidu sd giai cap thdng tri nam d tang
6 Viet Nam cac nghidn cffu vd tang Idp trung dinh chop ciia thap
luu cdn rat mdng Nghien cffu tang Idp trung luu K.Marx chi ra rang, chd do sd hffu tff nhan ve
tre d Viet Nam sau cai each, chua dua ra dugc
dac trung, dinh nghTa tang Idp trung luu d Vidt , ^.^^^^ ^j,,^^ Phuang An Nguyen, Nguyin HUU
Nam, nghien cffu chii yeu cung cap mdt sd thdng Minh, 2004
TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) 3;[
Trang 3NGHIENCliU- TRAO BOI
tu lieu san xuat san sinh ra cau true PTXH gdm chii trgng phan tich den tinh co ddng xa hdi - mdt hai tang bac chu ydu: Mdt la, giai cap hay tap dac trung quan trgng gin chat vdi nhffng ddng doan ngudi lam dng ehii, sd hffu tu lieu san xuat, thai va phuong thffc tao ra sy bidn ddi trong ngi ehiem vi tri thdng tri va bdc lot ngudi khac; hai la, bd cua nhffng co cau xa hdi hien thye (nhu eac nhdm hay eac giai cap cdn lai trong xa hdi ehuydn dich xa hdi tff nghe nay sang nghe khac, khdng nim tff lieu san xuat hay ehuydn tff nhffng viee cd trinh do ky nang thap Trong eudn nhap mdn xa hdi hdi hgc, Tonny len nhffng cdng vide ed trinh do, ehuydn mdn, ky Bilton va cdng sy da vidt: "K.Marx da cung cap nang cao hon) Dac biet la sy phan tfch nhffng cho xa hdi hgc va ehfnh tri hgc hidn dai mdt trong chuyen dich xa hdi tff khu vyc lao ddng ndng nhffng tidp can ly thuyet bao quat va manh me nghiep sang cdng nghiep, thuong nghiep, djch vu, nhat Vdi K.Marx, mdi quan he giai cap la chia tff ndng thdn sang dd thj (dudi tac ddng ciia Cdng khda cCia mgi mat cua xa hdi Mdi Igi kinh td, nghiep hda - Dd thj hda) va sy chuyen djch tff tang quyen lyc chfnh trj va uy tfn xa hdi, tat thay deu Idp lao ddng len tang Idp trung Iffu dffdi, tff trung
b i t ngudn tff cau triic giai ca'p, eac giai cap dd Iffu dudi len trung luu trdn va ngugc lai
vugt qua cac nhdm thu nhap, chung dugc tao ra K.Marx cho ring, khi cudc each mang cdng theo cung each ma ndn san xuat dugc td chffc ve san chii nghTa da gianh thing Igi tren pham vi mat xa hdi Theo K.Marx mdi xa hdi deu bao toan the gidi, xa hdi se dugc xay dyng thanh m6t ham sy bde lot giai cap tren co sd nhffng quan hd lien hiep ciia nhffng ngffdi san xuat ty do va "tir san xuat, chfnh cai nay ma K.Marx ggi la phffong do cua mdi ngffdi se la dieu kidn cho sy phat trien thffc san xuat Chia khda de tim hieu mdt xa hdi ty do eua tat ca mgi ngudi" Trong xa hdi nay se nhat dinh la kham pha ra trong dd phuong thffc khdng cdn nha nudc, nen chuyen chfnh, sy tdn tai san xuat nao chidm uu thd Tidp dd chung ta bidt cua cac giai cap, khdng cdn cau tnic bat binh dugc md hinh co ban cua nhffng mdi quan he xa dang xa hdi, sy thdng trj xa hdi va ap bffe xa hdi
hdi va chinh tri va cd thd danh gia nhffng sy xung Nhff vay, theo sy phdn tieh ciia K.Marx, nha dot va nhffng tiem nang thay ddi nao da dugc gin nude, giai cap, sy ddi khang giai cap, bat binh
bd vdi xa hdi'^' dang giai cap net cdt ydu nhat ciia cau tnic bat Theo sy phan tich tren ciia K.Marx, co cau xa binh dang xa hdi chi la mdt pham tru Ijch sff Nd se hdi chii yeu dugc xem xet theo mdt "true thing mat di, khi xa hdi cdng san chii nghTa xdy dyng dffng" tffe la quyen Iffc chinh tri phu thudc tryc thanh cdng tren pham vi toan thd gidi, xa h6i tidp vao quyen lyc kinh td; giai cap tff san thdng khdng cdn PTXH, khdng cdn tang Idp trung luu tri ludn tim mgi each de hgp phap hda, thd chd Day chinh la diem ridng, ddc dao ciia Marx ve hgc hda quyen sd hffu nay thanh cae quy tic, van ban thuyet xa hdi ndi chung, cung nhu sy kidn giai ciia phap luat nhim duy tri, bao vd va kd thffa cau dng ve PTXH, ve tang Idp trung luu ndi rieng
true bat binh dang vd mat kinh td, chinh trj va dja Hai la, ly thuyet cOa Max Weber ve giai cap,
vj xa hdi cd Igi cho minh tang ldp
K.Marx cung ddng thdi luu y phdn tfch ddn Bang each nhin xa hdi hgc ve cac giai cap va nhffng khac biet giffa lao ddng tri de va lao ddng tang Idp, M.Weber phat trien, bd sung nhffng kien chan tay, giffa lao ddng cdng nghiep vdi lao ddng giai ciia K.Mac ve PTXH M.Weber nghidn cffu ndng nghiep, thffong nghiep K Marx da hdt sffe cau tnic xa hdi ciia chu nghTa tu ban sau K Marx
hon nffa thd ky Do vay, M.Weber da ghi nhan
— duoc nhffng thay ddi quan trgng trong eo cau giai
i - / r ^ ^'^^'"'' ? " 1 " Bonmett Philip Jones, ^ ^3 hdi dd phdt tridn ly thuydt xa hoi hoc V^ <;if
Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard vd Andrew ^ T , • i T L KIXMU *^ i- ' ' ° "Vi n g c VO S y
Webster, 1993; 56-57) PTXH Theo M.Wobor, tang lop trung luu cd vi tri
Trang 4NGHIENCliU- TRAU BOI
trung gian trong cau tnic PTXH Ngudn gdc xuat ngudi khae'^' Ly thuydt ciia M.Weber ve ca'u tnic
than cua tang ldp trung luu la sy nd lyc cua ea xa hdi va sy PTXH da vach ra cac nhan td kinh
nhan, vj the cua gia dinh va co may ma nhffng td, uy tin xa hdi va quydn lyc; cae nhan td nay quy
ngudi thudc tang Idp nay nim bit dugc'^' dinh ba md hinh PTXH tuong ffng Md hinh PTXH
M.Weber cho rang ITnh virc kinh td khdng cdn vai ve mat kinh td gdm cac giai tang khae nhau ve tai
trd quan trgng ddi vdi sy phan chia giai cap va san Md hinh PTXH ve uy tin xa hdi gdm cae
tang Idp xa hdi trong xa hdi tff ban hien dai (Le nhdm vi the xa hdi va md hinh PTXH quydn lyc
Ngge Hung, 2008) Cau tnic xa hdi ndi chung va gdm cac nhdm cd quyen lyc va khdng cd quyen
sy PTXH ndi rieng chiu tae ddng cua hai nhdm lye Tff dd, Weber xem xa hdi cau thanh tff hai
ydu td eo ban: Mdt la, cac ydu td kinh td (vdn, tu nhdm giai ca'p tuong ffng vdi hai tinh hudng tren,
lieu san xuat, thj trffdng ); hai la, cac ydu td phi va mdi giai ca'p bao gdm cae tang Idp xa hdi khac
kinh td (vi thd xa hdi, nang lye, eo may, quyen nhau, cu the nhff sau: Tinh hudng giai cap thff
l y c ) trong qua trinh hinh thanh va bidn ddi cau nhat gdm hai tang Idp: (1) Tinh hudng giai cap thff
tnic xa hdi va sy PTXH nhat bao gdm 2 giai tang: tff san - chii vdn dau tu
M Weber quan niem giai cap la mdt tap hgp va (2) tu san chii tai san cho thud mudn kidm
ngudi cd chung cac co hdi sdng trong dieu kien Idi Ca hai giai tang nay deu thudc "giai ca'p tai
kinh td thj trudng Cd hai hinh thffc PTXH ve mat san" hay theo Marx la "giai cap tu san"; tinh
kinh td: Mdt la, sy PTXH thanh cae giai cap khac hudng giai cap thff hai gdm ba giai tang: (3) ngffdi
nhau vd sd hffu tai san; hai la, sy PTXH thanh ban sffe lao ddng cd trinh do chuyen mdn va cd
cac giai cap khac nhau ve mffe thu nhap kha nang lam dich vu (ngudi lam dich vu va ngudi
Nhdm vi thd va PTXH vj thd Weber eho quan ly), (4) ngudi ban sffe lao ddng cd trinh do
ring, trong xa hdi ed ea nhffng ngffdi ma cudc chuyen mdn, tay nghd (cdng nhan cd tay" nghe,
sdng cCia hg va nhat la Idi sdng eiia hg khdng cdng nhan ky thuat, cdn ggi la "cdng nhan cd
hoan toan phu thudc vao tinh hudng thi trffdng ma tring"), (5) ngudi ban sffe lao ddng thd so (cdng
phu thude vao uy tin, danh vgng va sy danh gia nhan khdng cd tay nghd, cdn ggi la "cdng nhan cd
ciia xa hdi danh cho hg Ong ggi dd la nhdm vj xanh") Ca ba giai tang nay deu thudc ve 'giai cap
thd (Status Group) Dya vao khai niem nay, thunhap", giai cap lam thud Nhu vay, theo Weber,
Weber chi ra sy PTXH ve mat uy tin gdm hd ca'u triic giai tang xa hdi gdm hai giai cap vdi 5
thdng cac tang Idp xa hdi khac nhau ve vj the xa tang Idp xa hdi Xet ky thay rang Weber cd kd thffa
hdi Khi phan tich mdi quan he giffa nhdm vi thd va quan niem cua Marx khi ndi ddn nhan td sd hffu tu
giai cap, Weber cho rang ydu td kinh td, vi du tai lieu san xuat dudi dang cae ngudn vdn dau tu va
san xet cho cung, quy djnh vi the xa hdi, tuy nhien mua ban hang hda sffe lao ddng lam thud,
khdng phai liic nao cung la nhff vay Weber cho Dieu quan trgng la Weber da chi ra mdi quan
bidt "ca hai loai ngffdi cd tai san va khdng cd tai he bidn chffng giffa cac nhan td kinh td, xa hdi va
san deu cd the thudc ve cung mdt nhdm vj the"'^' cliinh tri trong sy PTXH Giai tang nim giff tai san
Quyen lyc, dang phai va PTXH M.Weber dffa cd the ddng thdi nim giff quyen lyc va cd vj the
ra dinh nghTa ndi tidng ve quyen lyc trong dd
nhan manh bd mat thff nhat ciia nd Quyen lyc la 5 Weber dinh nghia: "Nhin chung, chung ta hiiu
, , , _ • 7 " ' ' - I r ' , i - i u U : A _ auvin lUc Id cO hoi md mot ngUdi hay mot nhom
kha nang cua ca nhan^hay nhom ngffoi thyc hign IJ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ -^^^ ^ ,„ ^^ '^^^ J^ ^^,^ ^^^
dugc y chi cua hg bat chap s y chdng ddi ciia cong ddng thiam chi chdng lai su khdng cu cua
nhQng ngUdi khdc dang tham gia trong hdnh dong dd" H H Gerth and C Wright Mills From Max 3-Nguyin Dinh Tdn, 2013; 36 Weber: Essays, in Sociology New York: Oxford
4 - H.Gerth and C Wright Mills, 1958; 187 University Press 1958, tr 180
TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) 33
Trang 5NGHIEN cdu-TRAU BOI
cao trong xa hdi Ngugc lai, nhdm ngudi nao nim tang ve dja vj xa hdi hay sy ne trgng (Prestige) va giff quyen lyc chinh trj thi ddng thdi ed the nim PTXH ve quyen lyc hay chinh tri (Power) Trong giff tai san va cd vj the cao trong xa hdi dd, PTXH ve tai san hay kinh td dffgc hieu la sy Max Weber dffa ra nguyen tic nghien cffu "ba phan chia xa hOi thanh nhffng nhdm ngudi ed co chieu" ve PTXH "Ong da tach mdt luan diem ve hdi trong cudc sdng gidng nhau dugc xac djnh bdi giai cap thanh ba phan rieng bidt, song cd quan dja vj kinh td trong xa hdi'^'
he tae ddng mat thidt qua lai vdi nhau Dd la dia vj M.Weber kd thffa va phat trien ly thuydt PTXH kinh td hay tai san; dia vj chinh tri hay quyen lye, ciia K Marx Tieu ehi sd 1 ciia Marx la cua cai va dja vj xa hdi hay uy tin'^' Ong khdng thffa nhan hudng sy nghien cffu vao con dffdng xda bd sd quan niem cho rang chi ed quan he kinh te la ydu hffu tff nhan tff ban ehu nghTa ve tff lieu san xuat
td duy nha't giai thfch ca'u triic xa hdi va la ddng Cdn Weber lai bd sung cac ydu td quyen lyc, uy lyc dau tien cua mgi sy thay ddi trong xa hdi M tfn, co may, nang lyc thi trffdng va hffdng trgng Weber nha'n manh, quyen lyc kinh td cd thd la kdt tam vao ydu td thj trffdng Ong cho rang nguygn qua tff sy sd hffu quyen lyc tren eac nen tang nhan dau tidn ciia sy bat binh dang trong chO khac Dia vi xa hdi hay uy tin cd thd xuat phat tff nghTa tu ban la kha nang thj trudng, tffe la nhffng quyen lyc kinh td, nhung ddy khdng phai la ky nang ma ngudi lam thud mang ra thj trudng trudng hgp tat ydu Ong dan ra trudng hgp nha lao ddng dd ban va ngudi chii se la ngudi mua kinh doanh mdi giau len, song chua cd dugc sy Ydu td vd kinh td khdng cdn la ydu td cd vai tro giao due va van hda can thidt dd nim dugc duy nhat ddi vdi sy phdn chia giai ca'p va tang nhffng dia vi cao Tuong ty nhu vay, dja vi cao Idp xa hdi nffa Ma sy phan chia giai cap, tang trong kinh td cd the dugc tao ndn tren eo sd ciia Idp xa hdi chiu sy tac ddng ciia hai yeu td kinh td quyen lyc chinh tri va phi kinh td
Dac biet, M Weber nhan manh vai trd ciia sy Nhin chung, ly thuydt tdng quat ciia K Marx tuong tac giffa eac ydu td trong vide tao ra nhffng rat khd djnh lugng trong nghien cffu tang Idp trung ddng lyc thue day hoac kim ham sy PTXH luu Do vay, cac nha xa hdi hgc lya chgn each Max Weber eho rang: PTXH cd thd dugc xem tiep can ciia M Weber trong nghien cffu giai cap, xet theo 3 khia canh dia vj kinh td, dja vj chinh trj, tang ldp Ly thuyet eiia M.Weber da chi bao, dja vi xa hdi va theo dng, kinh td khdng phai la khdng quy gian vd kinh td, dng ehi rd kinh te ydu td duy nhat giai thich ca'u triic xa hdi va la khdng phai la chi bao duy nhat, ma cdn chi bao ddng lyc dau tien cua mgi sy thay ddi trong xa tdn giao, van hda
hdi Ong eho rang, nhffng tu tudng tdn giao cd Ba la, ly thuyet tang ldp trung luu cOa Luc anh hudng ddc lap ve mat lich sff va ITnh vyc Hpc Nghe
chinh tri thffdng la lyc lugng kiem soat cdt ydu Da sd eac nha xa hdi hgc Trung Qudc cd xu nhffng thay ddi ciiaxa hdi hffdng sff dung tieu chi: thu nhap, vide lam va
M Weber nhan manh tdi vai trd ciia "thj mffe dd giao due dd do quy md eiia tang Idp trung trudng" hon ydu td tai san trong vide hinh thanh luu d Trung Qudc Luc Hgc Nghd, nguydn Giam cac tang Idp xa hdi khac nhau, ma trong ydu td thj ddc hgc Vien Xa hdi hgc Trung Qudc, da phan trudng thj "kha nang thi trudng" la nguyen nhan chia xa hdi Trung Qudc thanh 10 nhdm'va 5 tang chinh, dau tien ciia bat binh dang xa hdi va Idp xa hdi
PTXH Ong dua ra md hinh phan tang 3P gdm: Ong da phan loai dya theo mffe do eac ca Phan tang ve tai san hay kinh te (Poverty); phan nhan tidp can vdi 3 loai ngudn luc bao gdm:
6 - Ian RoBertson, 1987; 260 7 Tony Bilton vd cong sU, 1993; 66
Trang 6NGHIEN cdu - TRAU BUI
ngudn lyc td chffc (organizational resources) thi PTXH ve quydn lyc tuong ddi ndi bat, dugc
gdm quyen lyc va anh hudng; ngudn lyc kinh td xem xet theo thff bac chffc vu hanh chinh eua bd
(economic resources) gdm thu nhap va tai san may cam quyen trong xay dyng kinh td Co ehe
Ngudn lye van hda (cultural resources) gdm dia vi kd hoach hda tap trung tdn tai qua lau lam giam
va giao due 6 day cd sy khac bidt rd rang tff sy nang ddng xa hdi, tham chi tren nhieu ITnh vyc
each tidp can phffong Tay trong vide phan loai bj tridt tidu Co chd dac quyen, dac Igi lam muc
Sy khac bidt chinh giffa khai niem eiia phffong rdng nen kinh td bao cap va kim ham lye lugng
Tay va Trung Qudc ddi vdi tang Idp trung luu nam san xuat Budc sang co chd kinh td thj trudng,
d vai trd duy nhat eiia can bd dang nhu quyen dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa, nhffng nhdm xa hdi
tidp can vdi quyen lyc va cac ngudn lyc Lam vide vdi sy cdi md ciia co chd mdi, nhanh nhay nim
trong khu vyc Nha nudc dugc xem nhu ydu td chu bit dugc co may va van hdi, tranh thii dugc
ydu dd trd thanh tang Idp trung luu Va vide cd nhffng Igi thd mdi do kha nang ciia thj trudng dem
quan he gan gui vdi nhdm chinh tri cd tac ddng lai nhffng vi thd mdi Qua trinh dd hinh thanh mdt
dang kd den sy thanh dat vd kinh te Trong xa hdi tang Idp xa hdi mdi ma trudc day xa hdi ta chua
Trung Qudc hidn nay, ba loai ngudn nay quydt cd hoac khdng dugc coi trgng Tang Idp cac nha
dinh vi tri va dia vj kinh td xa hdi chung trong eO doanh nghiep mdi hoac cdn ggi la tang Idp chffc
eau giai tang cua cac nhdm xa hdi Dya vao nghiep cac nha kinh doanh'®'
nguyen tic phan tang nay dng da phae hga ra Gan 30 nam ddi mdi, Vidt Nam da gat hai
hInh thai co ban ve co cau tang Idp, giai cap xa dugc nhieu thanh tyu to Idn trdn mgi mat ddi sdng
hdi Trung Qudc hidn nay Tang Idp cao nhat la xa hdi Co chd kinh td thi trudng dinh hudng xa
tang Idp ciia nhffng ngudi quan ly nha nude va xa hdi chii nghTa da cdi trdi, khuyen khich ngudi dan
hdi; tang Idp nhan vien quan ly kinh doanh; tang lam giau, khuyen khich trung luu hda, lam giau
Idp chu doanh nghiep thudc doanh nghiep tu diing dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa Do vay nghidn
nhan; tang \dp nhan vien ky thuat chuyen nghiep; cffu tang Idp trung Iffu d Viet Nam lay ly thuyet
tang Idp nhan vien lam vide; tang Idp hd cdng cua K.Marx va M.Weber lam gdc dat nen mdng
thffOng ca the; tang Idp nhan vidn trong phuc vu cho nghien cffu ly thuyet, tren co sd dd td chffc lai
thuong nghiep; tang Idp cdng nhan san xuat; tang each thffc nghien cffu Thao tac hda khai niem
Idp cua nhffng ngffdi lao ddng ndng nghiep; tang tang Idp trung luu qua ngudn lyc (ngudn lye td
Idp cd tinh dac thu cd tinh chat quydt djnh'®' chffc, ngudn lye kinh td (vdn), ngudn lyc van
* Dong gdp mdi cQa cac nha xa hoi hoc sau hda), do qua chi bao gian tidp PTXH, qua thu
M Weber nhap va chi tieu, qua co cau nghe nghiep
Sau nha Xa hdi hgc ngffdi Dffc (M.Weber), Da sd nha xa hdi hgc da thao tac hda khai
cac ly thuydt ve giai cap, tang Idp (PTXH) dffgc niem giai cap qua nhieu each, nhffng phd bidn
cac nha xa hdi hgc tidp can theo 2 hffdng: Bd nhat la qua eo eau nghe nghiep Ndi each khac,
sung lien tue va tai cau triic, xay dyng he quan cac nha xa hdi hgc cho rang phan chia giai cap
diem mdi tffong ffng vdi nhffng kieu nghe nghiep khac nhau
d Viet Nam, vao giffa thap ky 80, khai niem va xffa nay hg vin dung cac so dd nghe nghiep
tang Idp trung Iffu gan nhff bj ne tranh Nghidn dd ve nen ban dd eo cau giai cap Nghe nghiep la
cffu PTXH Viet Nam qua khao sat ciia TffOng Lai mdt trong nhffng nhan td hdt sffe quan trgng trong
chi rd: Trong co chd kd hoach hda tap trung, quan vj thd xa hdi, co may cudc sdng va mffe do day du
lieu, bao cap, sy PTXH ve kinh td khdng ndi trdi ve vat chat cua mdt ca nhan Cac nha xa hdi hoc
8 - Luc Hoc Nghe, 2002 9 - TUcfng Lai, 1985
TAP CHI GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) 35
Trang 7NGHIENCliU- TRAU BOI
sff dung nghe nghiep lam chi bao cua giai cap vi Tdm lai, khang dinh mgt each trung thyc va co
hg tin rang cac ca nhan lam cung mdt nghe cd xu trach nhiem rang khdng cd nhffng tff tudng nen hudng ndm trai nhffng uu thd hoac bat Igi d mffe tang ciia hgc thuyet Marx ndi chung, vd ly thuyet tffong ty nhau, cung duy tri nhffng phong each PTXH ndi rieng, chung ta se thidu nhffng eo sd sdng gan gidng nhau va cung chia se nhffng eo "gdc" vffng chac, tin cay cho mgi sy nghidn cffu may gidng nhau trong cudc sdng'^"' Nhffng mat khac, ndu chiing ta khdng bidt manh PTXH la mdt he thdng eae mdi quan he xa hdi dan phat tridn xa hon nffa va van dung sang tao nham xac djnh: (1) lam the nao ma ngudi ta d vao cac ly thuydt cOa Marx vao cudc sdng dang hang
vi tri nhu vay; (2) cae loai ngudn lyc, ngudn Igi, tai ngay bidn ddi thi ehiing ta da ty xa rdi Marx can san va djch vu xa hdi dugc phan phdi giffa mgi phai tidp tue nghidn ngim va dao sau nghien ngffdi theo nhffng quy tic, phffong thffc thd nao cffu hon nffa hgc thuydt Marx, ddng thdi, khdng
va bing each nao va hg nhan dugc nhffng gi? (3) ngffng nghien cffu thyc tidn, kjp thdi khai quat, (VQ Manh Lgi 2013) chit Igc nhffng kinh nghiem eua thyc tien sdng
Do vay, ve mat phuong phap, nghien cffu tang ddng cQng nhff tidp thu mdt each nghiem tue co Idp trung luu khdng dugc dd cao djnh lugng Kdt phe phan, cd sy tuyen lya nhffng tinh hoa van hgp djnh tfnh va dinh Iffongf Vi md va vi md; hda nhan loai Chi khi dd, chiing ta mdi thyc sy Phffong phap ty danh gia Dd dam bao tfnh khach phat trien chO nghTa Marx va vide nghien cffu vd tang quan sd lieu ty danh gia phai dffgc danh gia lai |{5p trung luu mdi dap ffng mong dgi cua xa hdi.E
10 - Mai Huy Bich, 2004; 6-7
Mot la, ndng eao chat lugng cdng tac giao due ngudi bac sT Quan y ndi chung va y dffc each
va ty giao due, ddng thdi td chffc tdt hoat ddng mang cho hg ndi rieng
thyc tidn, nham dam bao sy thdng nhat giffa nang Ba la, lam tdt cdng tac quy hoach, quan ly,
cao y thffc va hanh vi y dffc cho ngudi bac sT Quan sff dung can bd, di ddi vdi vide nang cao ddi
y Bdi Id, dao dffe ndi chung va y dffc ndi rieng sdng vat cha't, tinh than eho ngudi bac sT Quan khdng the ty hinh thanh va phat tridn, ma nd phai y, tao ddng lye giiip hg vuon len ty tu dudng, dugc xay dyng tffng bffdc mdt each ty giac thdng ren luydn nang cao pha'm chat dao dffe Ddy la qua qua trinh hoat ddng tHlrc tidn cua toan xa hdi nhdm giai phap quan trgng gdp phan nang cao
va d chfnh ban than mdi eon ngffdi Do vay, giao y dffc cho ngudi bac sT Qudn y Hidn nay nudc due vajy giao due, ddng thdi td chffc tdt hoat ddng ta dang bffdc vao thdi ky day manh CNH.HDH, thyc tidn la giai phap quan trgng hang dau nham Dang ta ludn khang dinh can bd la nhan td dam bao sy thdng nhat giffa nang eao y thffc va quydt djnh sy thanh bai ciia each mang Theo
hanh vi y dffc cho ngudi bac sT Quan y hidn nay dd, 6e nang cao y dffc ngudi bac sT Quan y hien
Hai la, xay dyng mdi trudng y dffc that sy nay,.ddi hdi cac cap iiy Dang va ngudi ehi huy
trong sach, lanh manh, di ddi vdi vide dau tranh trong don vj phai lam tdt cdng tac quy hoach, chdng mgi bieu hien tidu eye vd y dffc d eae don quan ly, sff dung ddi ngu can bd, di ddi vdi vi6c
vi Trong xa hgi, mdi eon ngudi vffa la chii the, ndng cao ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cho hg vffa la san pham eCia hoan canh va mdi trffdng Tren day la may nhdm giai phap co ban,
xa hdi Bdi the, vide lam ndi tren la nhffng giai cd y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi viec nang eao y phap quan trgng de hoan thien nhan each eho dffc ciia ngudi bac sTQuan y nyde ta hidn nay.El