Ten gpi cdp sdc xuat phat tir dac diem la ngudi trai qua nghi le nay dugc thay cung cap cho mpt ban sdc ghi bang chii Ndm Dao vdi npi dung the hien: li lich ciia ngudi dugc cap sac, ly
Trang 1ANH H i r d N G CUA CAC H I N H THAI TON G I A O TIN NGlTONG
TRONG L E C A P SAC CUA N G l T d l DAO
Mai Thj Hong VTnh"
Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc - DH Thdi Nguyen
T O M T A T
Moi mgt ddn tpc trong lich sir tfln tai vd phdt triln da hinh thanh nhung yiu tfl vdn hoa dac trung
nSn ban sdc cua tflc ngudi Tuc cap sdc phdn dnh dien mao buc tranh van hda cua tpc ngudi ttr quan nigm, tam IJ- din cac gid tri nghg thudt, gia tri lich sii, gia tri xa hfli Dflng thdi, cfing cliiia dyng gid tti ve mgt tfln gido tin nguong, dnh hudng ciia nhieu hinh thdi ton gido tin nguOng khde nhau ttong ddi sflng tfln gido tin nguong ciia ngudi Dao
Til- kh6a: Tdc ngudi Dao, vdn hda tinh thdn, tdn gido lin ngudng, tue edp sde
Ngudi Dao la mdt ttong 54 dan tdc sinh sdng
d Viet Nam, dan sd xlp hang thii 9 ttong danh
myc cac dan tpc Viet Nam vdi 620.538 ngudi
[5,fr.2] va dung thir 2 trong sd cac nudc cd
ngudi Dao tgp trung ddng tren thi gidi Ngudi
Dao cu tru phan tan d nhieu dja phuang chit
yeu cac tinh mien niii phia Bac Viet Nam
Trong qua trinh tdn tgi hp da tao nen nhiing
sac thai vdn hda rieng hinh thanh ban sdc van
hda tdc ngudi, mdt trong nhifng hilu hien do
la tuc cdp sdc Day la van de nhan dupc sy
quan tam ciia nhieu nha Khoa hgc nhu: Be
Viet Dang ciing tap thd tac gia (1971), Dd
Dire Lpi (2002), Pham Quang Hoan ciing tap
the tac gia (1999), Ly Hanh Son (2003),.,,
Thdng qua cac cdng trinh nghiSn ciru cac hpc
gid da tim hieu Ie cap sac d nhiing ITnh vuc
khac nhau: Ten gpi, tiln ttinh le cap sdc, y
nghTa cung nhu mdt so hgn che ciia nghi ll
nay, Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi chi d l
cap din ll cdp sac vdi su tac ddng ciia cac
hinh thai tdn giao tin ngudng khac nhau
TUC C A P S A C C U A NGLTCJI D A O
Cap sdc la mpt nghi ll quan ttpng trong ddi
sdng ciia dong bao Dao, khdng chi tdn tgi d
ngudi Dao ma chiing ta cdn thay d mdt sd tpc
ngudi anh em khac nhu San Diu Tuy nhien,
dilm khac biet vdi ngudi San Diu chi tiln
hanh ie cdp sdc ddi vdi nhimg ngudi mudn trd
thanh thdy ciing, d ngudi Dao day la nghi ll
' Tel: 0982 050611 Email hongvinh.dhkhtn@gmaill com
gan nhu mang tinh bdt budc vdi nam gidi va tham chi neu phan logi cac nghi le ttong mdt chu ky ddi ngudi: sinh de, cudi xin, tang ma thi vdi t^c ngudi Dao cdn bao gdm ca tyc cap
sac hay cdn goi la le "lap ljch"
Ten gpi cdp sdc xuat phat tir dac diem la
ngudi trai qua nghi le nay dugc thay cung cap cho mpt ban sdc ghi bang chii Ndm Dao vdi npi dung the hien: li lich ciia ngudi dugc cap sac, ly do cap sac, cac dieu giao huan va ten, dau an ciia cac dng thay cap sac
Nghi le cap sdc Id mdc danh dau chuyen tir tte con sang ngudi ldn, dugc tham gia vao cac sinh boat ciia cdng ddng nhu mdt thanh vien binh thudng trong xa hpi: dugc ngdi ciing vdi cac gia lang ban bgc cdng viec ciia lang, lam mai moi trong hdn nhan, cung td tien Ban Vuong Dong thdi cd trai qua le cap sac mdi dupc xem la con chau Ban Vuong va khi chet ma dupc doan ty vdi td tien va quan trpng trd thanh thdy ciing, thay cung cao tay khi ngudi do dupc cap sdc tir 7 - 12 den (tire cap sdc d bac cao hon "Qua tang" la 3 den), cdp sac ttd thanh nghi le bdt bupc ddi vdi ngudi con ttai Dao, nd nhu spi day vd hinh rang budc con ngudi ta vao mot tuc le bdt thanh van
ANH HLTCNG C A C HINH T H A I TON GIAO TIN N G U O N G
Anh hirdng tam gido
Dgo gido: Bieu hien trudc hit d sy anh hudng
ciia Dao giao do chinh la muc dich ciia viec
Trang 2cap sac, thdng qua nghi le nay ngudi dugc thy
ll chinh thiic gia nhap vao Dao giao Bdi le
sau khi dugc cap sac hp ttd thanh mpt thanh
vien trong dgi ngu cac thdy cung chuyen
nghiep, nhiing ngudi cd the sii dung cac thii
thuat, ma thugt, thuc hien cac nghi ll ciing bai
dl hanh nghi thdy ciing mang mau sdc Dgo
giao Va doi vdi "ngirdi thanh nien Dao binh
thuang hQ tu nhdn thuc minh phdi Id mdt tin
do cua Dgo gido'' [7,fr.l33]
YIU to Dgo giao cdn dupc thd hien ro net d
cac biic ttanh thd ttong nghi ll cap sdc, le
cung khdng the thieu cac biic tranh ndm trong
h^ thdng than dien cua Dao giao BO ttanh
Tam Thanh gdm Ngpc Thanh, Thai Thanh,
Thugng Thanh, theo each lugn giai ciia Phan
Nggc Khue: day la ba vi thien tdn, ngdi vi thir
nhdt la Nguyen thiiy thien tdn (Ngpc Thanh)
tugng trung cho cai gdc, cai khdi dilm ciia
Vii try; Linh bao thien tdn (Thupng Thanh)
tugng trung cho nguyen ly Duong Dao Dire
thien tdn (Thai Thanh) tupng trung cho
nguyen ly Am Su tu phan hda va hda digu
ciia Thai cue vdi Am duong la khdi diem cho
sy tdn tgi, luan chuyen khdng ciing, lien tyc
khdng nghi cua van vat ttong vu try [1,
tr.l41] Hai ben tranh Tam Thanh ngudi ta
treo tranh Ngpc Hoang thugng de, vi dugc
Dgo giao coi la dang Dai thien tdn Ngpc
Hoang Huyen Khung Cao hoang dl la ngdi
chi tdn bao triim ba coi ttong vu try la tSng
trdi, tdng dat va tdng dudi Idng dat (am phii)
Bp ttanh Tii True Cdng tao gdm bdn vi thdn
linh tugng trung cho sy tuan hoan ciia vii try,
chiing kien cac viec lam thien ac cua ngudi
ddi de tau ttinh len cac bgc thien tdn Nhu
vgyj y nghTa cua cac biic ttanh the hien su anh
hudng ttong quan niem ciia Dao giao vl vu
try luSn
Dgo giao la mot ttong nhting tdn giao ma
nghi thirc ngng vl nhiing thi thirc ciing bai,
dac biet la viec sir dung cac thii phap biia chu,
ma thugt, trong khi hanh le 6 nghi ll cdp
sac thay cung sii dung cac thii phap ma thuat
ket hgp vdi su phii tra ciia cac dung cu nhu:
gay tam xich, the am duong, kilm ggi hon
ma, thi hien mdt each r5 net viec ke thiia cdc thii phap ciia Dao giao
Tii khi budc chan ra khdl nha cho den khi den nha gia chii hanh ll, thay ciing deu sii dung biia chii phii phep dl ttir ta: trudc khi ra khdi nha thdy lam d^ng tac yem biia, dgc than chii
dl ggi am binh theo trg giiip Tren dudng di cii mdi lan qua sdng, suoi thdy lai diing g|.y tdm xich vdt nudc dua Idn mi?ng khdn dl tru
ta ma chdng lai thdy Khi den gdn nha gia chu, thay ca va thay hai ciing lam dpng tac ma
thuat: "Rut manh giay nhd duac cdt hinh dudi
en tren do cd ve hinh quai ddn, nhimg cdu phil chii bdng chir Norn Dao, roi niem than chu vdo do de thu hit cdc ta dgo, nhimg vong hon cd y phd roi ddm cdp sac nhdt vdo trong nguc tdi" [2, tt.l07] Dac bigt cd nhiing liic
thay thuc hien cac hanh d^ng mang mau sac
ma thuat, phii thiiy Chang ban trong nghi le cap sac ciia ngudi Dao Quan Chet, sau le Cling Ngpc Hoang thay ciing thyc hien nghi thiic dua hdn de tii len thdm thien dinh, ngudi
ta ttai chieu giiia nha va dat mpt Idng tre d phia ttudc Thay ca dua de tii diing d chieu, ciing nhay miia de dd dudng va dgc ten cac con dudng len tien gidi Dpc xong thay day ngudi de tii nga xudng chieu gia ngat xiu Cac thdy lam phep thugt dua anh ta len tham Ngpc Hoang, sau do dng thdy lam phep thugt dua hdn ngudi de tir trd ve duong gian, lap bic ngudi dd tinh day [2, tr 130]
Ngoai ra, viec cac dng thay sii dung tu va dugc lam bang sung trau gpi Ngpc Hoang, Thai Thugng Lao Quan cung nhu cac vj than linh khac cung la mpt bieu hien ciia su anh hudng Dao giao
Sy anh hudng ciia Dgo giao trong nghi le cdp sdc khdng chi d cac nghi thiic thuc hien le ma cdn d nhan sinh quan, the gidi quan cua cac thanh vien ttong cdng dong tpc ngudi
Phgl gido: Quan niem thuylt luan hoi dinh
m^nh Clia Phat giao khi con ngudi chet di thi chi chit vl thi xac cdn linh hdn la luan hdi chuyen kilp Do do, thuyet nay anh hudng kha sau rgng ttong cac tOc ngudi d nudc ta
Trang 3bdi ndi dung phii hgp vdi tin ngudng ciia cu
dan ndng nghidp (cupc sdng theo chu ky ciia
cay ttdng) Ngudi ta tin rdng khi mdt thyc thi
chet di se dupc ddu thai trd Igi, song niu
ngudi kiSp trudc sdng mang tdi ldi thi kilp
sau phai ganh chiu tdi Idi do hg gay ra Doi
vdi ngudi Dao, hg cung chju anh hudng ciia
quan ni?m dd trong cupc sdng, dieu nay dupc
the hipn phan nao d myc dich ciia vi?c cap
sac Hp cho rang chi nhiing ngudi da ttai qua
le cap sac mdi biet phan biet phai ttai, song cd
tam diic, lam dieu thien va chi cd nhu vay thi
khi chit di se dugc ddu thai lam ngudi, khdng
bj day dpa d am phii, khdi bi dau thai lam
kiep ngua trau Ddng thdi chi khi dupc cap
sac con ngudi chet di mdi ttd ve doan tu vdi
td tien d Duong Chau Do do, khi sdng con
ngudi ta phai tu than tich diic, su tu than tich
diic nay thi hi?n d viec dupc giao due, ren
luyen va tuan thu bdi nhiing diiu giao hudn
trong ban sdc va hanh nghe thay ciing ciiu
giiip con ngudi
Trong nghi ll cdp sdc ngudi thu le phai tuan
thii nghiSm ngat nhimg diiu cdm ky Trong
thdi gian ttudc khi banh le, ngudi con ttai dd
phai nghiem chinh chap hanh cac dieu cam:
cam khdng dugc nd diia, gan gui phu nii (trii
me va chi gai), phai ngii rieng giudng, cam
giet hai siic vgt, cai va vdi ngudi khac, Doi
vdi thdy cung tir khi nhan ldi hanh ll cung
phai tuan thii: khdng chung chg ttong quan he
vg chdng, ludn giQ cho than the sach se, khdng
cau gian, Cac dieu cam ky dd gidng vdi viec
cdm pha gidi va sat sinh cua Dgo Phat
Trong cac biic tranh ciia le cap sac ciing cd bd
tranh mang mau sdc Phat giao dd la td ttanh
Thgp di?n Diem Vuong la ttanh ve ve nha tii
Clia Phat vdi n^i dung ndi ve cac vi than linh
d coi Ha nguyen dang thi hanh nhiem vy cua
Tir Phii Cdng ddng (la bdn vj dgi dien cho tda
an tdi cao cua nha trdi) [2, tti 10]
Nho gido: Mac dii so vdi phat giao va Dgo
giao dac bi^t la Dgo giao, Nho giao cd phdn
md nhgt trong nghi 16 cdp sdc Song, thong
qua nhirng dieu giao huan cua ban sdc ddi vdi
ngudi thy le phan nao the hi^n su anh hudng cua ttiet ly sdng Nho giao ttong cpng ddng tdc ngudt Dao the hien d cac mdi quan he xa hgi, ttong 10 dieu cam cua Ban sdc: Dieu thii 3, quan h^ cha con:
" Cdm con khong duac chiri mdng hd m?, luc thdn ciru loc"
Dieu thii 8, moi quan hp anh em, bgn be:
"Cam con khdng duoc khinh thuang anh em
be bgn, ho hdn^'
Diiu thii 10, mdi quan he thay trd:
"Cdm con khong duac chui thdnh thdy, hira phdi ddm bdo an ninh"
[3,tt.I44] Quan he thay trd cdn dugc phan anh d ldi hanh xit, thai dp cua ngudi dugc thy le ddi vdi ngudi thay lam le Ngudi dugc thy ll ludn the hien su kinh trpng va tuan thii su chl bao ciia cac thay lam le cap sac Mat khac, tu tudng tdn su ttpng dao cdn dupc the hien viec thd td
Su, dng td ciia nghe thay ciing ddi vdi nhihig ngudi dupc cdp sdc va ttd thanh thay ciing
Anh hudng ciia ton gido nguyin thiiy
Le thanh dinh: Theo X.A Tocarev le thanh
dinh la mpt hinh tugng cua giai dogn bd Igc
so ky va dd la Ie den tuoi trudng thanh [6, tr.249 - 250] Vdi y nghTa nay, le cap sdc la nghi le danh ddu sy chuyen tir gidi tre con sang gidi ngudi ldn Xet ve mpt sd cac quy dinh ciia tuc cap sac vdi le thanh dinh cd net gidng nhau co ban: ca hai nghi le nay chi tien hanh mpt lan duy nhat trong ddi ngudi, ngudi thy ll cung phai trai qua, tuan thu cac dieu cam ky, thii thach nghiem ngat Do do, cd the khang dinh le cap sdc la mpt bidu hien ciia tan
du ll thanh dinh xua, song nd khdng phai la
su ke thira mpt each nguyen ven ma da nhudm mau sdc Saman giao, vdi myc dich dao tao cac dpi ngii thay ciing (thay Saman giao) la chu yeu
Vgt linh gido: La hinh thirc tdn giao ra ddi
vao cudi thdi ky Cdng xa thi tpc, theo
E.Tylor: "vgt linh gido Id niem tin vdo mot sinh vgt hay mot vgt the ndo do gom hai phdn
Trang 4thi xdc vd linh hon" va dd la su bieu thj ciia
viec "Sinh vgt hda, nhdn cdch hda vd linh hdn
hoa cdc vgt trong tunhien vaxdhgri^, tt.43]
Trong thi gidi quan ciia ngudi Dao vgn vSt
dlu cd Iinh hdn gpi la "van", khi thuc the chit
di hay hi hiiy hoai bien thanh ma ggi la
"mien" Do dd, d dau ttong thi gidi nay deu
cd hdn va ma The gidi than linh va ma quy
bao gdm: Nggc Hoang thupng de Ban
Vuong, thd cdng, thd dia, den cac logi ma
sdng ma sudi, ma nhung ngudi chet khdng
binh thudng Ngudi ta chia ma quy, than
thanh ra lam hai loai: ma lanh (lyc lugng
giang phiic lanh bao ve cupc sdng con ngudi)
va ma dii (ma thudng gay hgi cho cudc sdng
con ngudi) Do quan niem ve hdn va ma chi
phdi nen trong nghi le cap sac, ngudi thay
Cling thudng thuc hien ma thugt de chdng lgi
cac loai ma quy lam hai va cau khan cac vi
than linh, ma td tien phti giiip cho viec thyc
hien nghi le, cho ngudi thy le va gia chii, Dac
biet trong le cap sac hp tien hanh ciing nhieu
vi than linh, ma td tien Chang hgn, khi den
ddu lang cua ngudi thy le ngudi thay phai
cung than lang de xin dugc sy cho phep ciia
cac vj than din nha gia chii tien hanh Ie cap
sdc Hay d ngudi Dao Quan Chet, ttong le
Cling Ban Vuong ngudi ta ciing khan thdn
chdn nudi bdng mdt bai tau ttinh va lap mdt
chiec ban cd bay le vat d gdc san ciing thdn
ndng, thinh cau than ndng md ciia kho luong
thyc dl cdp cho gia dinh tin chii [2, tr.l29]
Dac bipt, ttong qua ttinh cdp sac dlu khdng
thi thilu su hien dien ciia ma td tien vdi cac
nghi thiic khac nhau de bao cao, cau mong su
phil hg
KET LUAN
Nghi le cap sac, ngoai viec the hien tinh giao
due, gia tri nghe thuat, dong thdi gdp phdn
phan anh dac diem ciia ddi sdng tin ngudng
tdn giao cua ngudi Dao.'
Trudc het, tdn giao tin nguong chiu su tac
dpng ciia nhieu sdc thai tdn giao khac nhau,
dung nhu sy nhan djnh cua cac nha khoa hpc
khi nghien ciiru ve vdn hda ngudi Dao "O
ngudi Dao cdn nhiiu tdn du ton gido nguyen thuy, nhung tam gido da biiu hien rdt ro net
[8,tt.331]
Mat khac, sy anh hudng cua cac hinh thai ton giao tin nguong ttong nghi le cap sac cho thdy ngudi Dao khdng tiep thu cac tdn giao mpt each khudn mdu ma cd su thich iing phii hgp vdi tam ly, quan niem va dieu kien sdng cua tdc ngudi; giira cac hinh thai cd sy dan nhgp vao nhau trong ciing mpt nghi le chir khdng tach biet
Trong nghi le cdp sdc, Dao giao anh hudng kha sau sdc Song, tin ngudng thd cung td tien mdt trong nhirng tan du cua tdn giao nguyen thiiy dupc xuat hien dam net trong tien ttinh hanh le Dieu dd phan anh thuc ttang chung ciia vdn hda cac tdc ngudi d Viet Nam luon lay vi?c thd ciing to tien lam gdc
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Phan Nggc Khug, Tranh thd cua ddn loe Dao a Bde BQ Viet Nam, trong cufln Su phdt triin viin hoa xd hgi cda ngudi Dao: Hien Igi vd tuang lai
(Ky yeu hgi thao Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chiic 6 Thdi Nguygn thdng 12 nam 1995), Ha Nfli 1998,
tt 135-146
2 Dfl Diic Lgi (2002), Tap tuc chu ky ddl ngudi eua cde tgc ngudi ngdn ngii- Mdng - Dao d Vi?l Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn tflc
3 Ly Hdnh Son (2003), Cde nghi li chu yeu trong chu ky ddi ngudi cda nhdm Dao Tiin d Ba Bi Bdc Kan, Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hfli
4 Trdn Ddng Sinh, Dao Diic Doan (2006), Ton gido hgc dgi cuang, Nxb Dai hpc Su Pham
5 Ting cue thflng ke (2001), Tdng diiu tra ddn sS
vd nha d Viet Nam 1999, NXb Tflng cu thflng kS,
HdNfli
6 X.A Tocarev (1994), Cde hinh thdi ton gido nguyen thdy vd su phdt trien eua chung, Nxb
Chinh ttj Qudc gia
7 D^ng Nghiem Vgn, Vai trd tdn gido loc nguai trong viic thdng nhdl y thuc cgng dong ngudi Dao, ttong cufln Sir phdt triin vdn hda xd hgi ciia ngudi Dao Hien tai vd luang lai (Ky yiu hfli thao
Quflc tl vl ngudi Dao, tfl chuc d Thdi Nguyen thdng l2 ndm 1995), Hd Ngi 1998,tr.l26-134
8 Vi?n Dan tgc hpc (1978), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi
a Viet Nam (Cde tinh phia Bdc), Nxb Khoa hgc
Xd hdi
Trang 5SUMMARY
THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL CEREMONY DAO ETHNIC PEOPLE
Mai Thi Hong Vinh'
College of Sciences - TNU
Every nation in the history of existence and development has formed the unique cultural 'jlements identity Granting color paintings reflect aspects of ethnic culture from conception, psychological and artistic value, historical value, social value At the same time, also contains the value of religious beliefs, the effects of many forms of religious faiths in the religious life of the Dao belief
Key words: Dao Ethnic, spiritual culture, religious beliefs, color issuance
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/9/2014; Ngay phdn biin-10/10/2014; Ngdy duyet dang 25/10/2014 Phdn bien khoa hoc: PGS TS Dam Thj Uyin - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyin
' Tel 0982 050611 Emad: hongvmh dhlditn@gmaill.com