TUTLY THUYET XA HQI HOC VE CONG DONG DEN PHAN TICH TiNH CONG DONG TRONG HOAT DONG SAN XUAT, KINH DOANH CUA NGUOI DAN NONG THON VIET NAM Ly thuyet xa hpi hpc v l cdng dong Vdi tdc pham
Trang 1TUTLY THUYET XA HQI HOC VE CONG DONG DEN PHAN TICH TiNH CONG DONG TRONG HOAT DONG SAN XUAT, KINH DOANH CUA NGUOI DAN NONG THON VIET NAM
Ly thuyet xa hpi hpc v l cdng dong
Vdi tdc pham 'Cdng ding va xa hpi", F,
Tonnies nhd xd hdi hpc ngudi Ddc da thuc hien
nghidn cffu chuydn bidt dau tidn ve cpng dong
(nam 1887) Ong Id ngudi dffa ra khai niem cpng
ding eda xd hdi hpc Ong da quy mpi quan he xa
hdi v l hidn tupng gle eda ehd nghia nhj nguyen,
v i y chi ban ttil (Urpng dng vfli hanh dpng ttt
ddng CP bdn trong) vd "y ehi Iffa chpn" (tuong dng
vdi hanh ddng do muc tieu dat ra tu ben ngoai)
cda con ngffdi'" Ong da phdn chia xa hpl thanh
hai loai la xa hfli d n g ding tinh (tieng Ddc la
Gemeinschaft) vd xd hdi hiep hdi tinh (tieng Dffe
Id Gassellschall)
Xa hdi edng ding tinh dac trffng cho tinh
nguydn ttifly - d c cdng ding tmyen thdng thupc
xa hfli ndng ttifln, ndng nghidp, tien cong nghiep;
xa hpi hidp hpi tinh dae frung cho tinh hien dai
-d c c-dng -d-dng thupc xa hpi c-dng nghiep, -do thi
Trang thdi trdt tu ndy dupe kilm soat bdi tap tuc
vd fruyin ttidng F Tonnies da chi ra nhung dac
tnmg cda xa hdi cdng ding fi'nh la mang tinh than
tinh, d kit tt; nhien, bin vffng Trong xa hpl cpng
ding tinh d ba kilu gan bd - theo huyet thing
(hp hdng, ddng hp), theo fi'nh cam (tinh ban, tinh
ding chl) vd ttieo dja phudng (Idng, xa); trong do
d nhdn hanh ddng vl moi lien he cua quan he
Chung Vj t h l xd hdi d san (gan cho) cua cac
thdnh vidn frong cdng ding duoc danh gia cao
• Tiih si Hoc Vlin Chlnh tn Khu vui I
1 - Endruweit G vd TrommsdaiffG Tit diin Xd hoi hot
Nxh Thigidi.H.2002.tr 99
14
TRAN THI XUAN LAN •
hon vj the dat dupc do eac thdnh vien pha'n dau
ma cd Trai lai, trong xa hpi hiep hdi tinh, tinh ca nhan dupc de cao, cac quan he xa hpi cung mang tinh nhay cam va su thda thuan giffa cac thanh vien tren co sfl ve quyen Ipl va nghia vu Tinh hpp ly va tinh loan da thay cho tinh tinh cam,
Vj the dat dupc cua cac thanh vien dupc de cao Tonnies rat de cao xa hpl cpng dong tinh, la mpt tinh dupc xet tren nhffng quan niem cfla gia tri luan, ia gla trj tdt dep trong quan he giffa ngircri vdl ngudl Ngupc lai, ong lo ngai qua trinh CNH,HOH va do thi hoa mang iai nhieu lpi ich song cung lam mat di nhffng gia tri tdt dep cua cpng ddng va pha vfl moi trffdng thuan ipi cho cac thanh vien cpng tac vfli nhau, Cac dac trung cua
xa hpi cpng ddng la: Chuyen mon hoa han che trong phan cong lao dpng, duy tri tinh cpng dong tren co sfl md'i lien he tuong trp true tie'p gISa cac
ca nhan, dieu chinh cac quan he nay bang chuan muc dao ddc don gian, anh hudng quyet dinh cGa cac gia tri, tin nguflng va ton giao, su thfl'ng tri cua thiet che than tpc
Tupng tu Tonnies, E, Durkhelm de cap den khai niem doan k i t xa hpi co hpc (may moc) va doan k i t xa hpi huu cp
Doan k i t xa hpi may moc, dd la kilu doan kel dua tren sir gidng nhau, sir thuan nhat, sir don dieu, su thdng nha't cua cac gla tri, niem fin, tin nguflng, phong tuc tap quan Cac ca nhan gan bo vfli nhau chu ye'u tren co sd cung chia se nhffng gia trj, nhffng y niem thieng lieng ddng nha't (tuong tu cpng dong tinh) Sffe manh cua y thflc
TAP CHi GIAO DUG LY LUAN - SO 238 (12/2015)
Trang 2tap the d kha nang chi phli, dilu chinh suy nghT,
i tlnh d m vd hdnh dflng cda d nhan Trong doan
' kit may mdc, quyln tu do d nhdn, tinh ttian tt;
chd vd tinh ddc lap cda ede d nhdn rat ttiap Su
khac bidt vd tinh ddc dao eda d nhdn khdng
I quan trpng Xd hdi gan kit kilu mdy mic thuflng
' d quy mfl nho nhung y thdc epng I l n g eao, d c
chuan muc chat che, luat phdp mang tinh cuflng
chl Dodn kit xd hdi httu cfl la kilu doan kit xd
hfli dua trdn su phong phd, da dang cda d e ehdc
, nang, d c mil lidn hd, su tuflng tae gitta d c d
' nhdn va d c bd phan d u thanh ndn xa hdi Trong
' xd hdi httu co, mdc dfl vd tinh chat chuydn mdn
hda chde nang dng cao thi d e bfl phan frong xd
' hpi edng phu ttiudc, dng gan bfl va doan kit chat
' ehd vfli nhau Kieu loan kit xa hfli ndy d trang
xa hdi van minh dua trdn su phdn dng (tuong fi;
I hidp hdi tinh), d quy md Ifln, y thdc cdng ding d
I the ylu nhung tinh ddc lap tu chd d nhdn dupe
d l eao, dupc tdn trpng phdt trien VI vay,
Durkhelm chp rang, sir doan kit httu efl mfli Id
nin ting ttiuc su cda xa hfli hidn dai'"
Vfli J Fichter, khi nghien cdu v l cflng ding,
flng cho rang, khdi nidm edng ding bao glm 4
ylu t l : (1) Tuong quan cd nhdn mat thilt v(S
nhttng ngufll khdc, tuflng quan ndy doi khi dupe
gpi Id tuong quan dd nhat dang, tudng quan mat
ddi mat tUdng quan thdn mat; (2) Cfl su lien he
v l tinh cam vd d m xdc noi d nhan trang nhttng
nhidm vu va dng tae xa hpi eda tap ttil (3) Cd su
hiln ddng trong finh than hoac dan thdn dli vfli
nhiing gia fii dUdc tap thl coi Id eao d vd cd y
nghia; (4) Mdt y thdc loan kit vdl nhttng ngudi
trong tap t h l " J Fichter da phdn tich y nghTa cda
cpng ddng theo ba ITnh vuc: Dodn kit xa hdi,
tuong tdc xa hfli va cfl d u xa hfli
Khdng chidUng lai dvidc phdn tieh, md ta khdi
nidm cdng ding, ndu rd y nghia d a nhttng ylu td
doan kit xd hdi, tuflng tdc xd hpi va cfl d u xd hfli, J.FIchter d n ly giai ba ylu t l (hay ba ly do) hinh ttianh ndn cdng ding la yeu t l kinh t l hay nghi nghidp, ylu td sac tdc vd ton gido Tuy nhidn, cdng ding d n g d n dupe phdn ti'ch trdn mdt ehieu canh khde v l thanh phan tao lap ndn
d l Id yeu to dia vuc va ylu t l van hfla Cuong vuc va lanh ttid la diem dau fidn khu bidt mpt eflng ddng Nfli din cdng ding Id noi den mpt tap thl ngufli dinh cu fren mpt vung l i t dai Khi nhan bilt mpt cpng ding cung d n phai luu tam din yeu t l van hoa, dac bidt la hd gid trj vd chuan muc vdi tu d c h Id d c djnh chl xd hdi quy djnh nhdn thdc vd hdnh vi cda d e ttianh vien frong cdng ding Chinh d e chud'n mue va khufln mau
da lap nen frdt ti; xa hfli vd bao dam cho su thing nhat va doan kit cflng ding'"'
Td nhdng phdn fi'ch frdn ddy, chdng ta Uiay ngay nay d c cdng ding ndng ttidn ttuyln ttiing d nudc ta vdn d n d dd dac fi'nh cua nhttng epng ding xa hdi nflng nghiep trayen thong dien hinh Nghidn cdu filp can cdng ding gidp ehdng ta d l dang hon di vdo phan fi'ch d u frdc va mli quan hd eda ngufll nflng dan bong d u fide cfla cdng ding Cdch tiep can xa hfli hpc v l cdng ding gpi ra
ed sd ly luan cho vide xem xdt su phdt triln eflng ding vfli tu d c h la mflt qua trlnh xa hdi, qua trinh biln ddi d u tnJc vd biln dli chdc nang cua cdng ddng xa hdi d ndng thfln Vidt Nam Su phat triln cdng ding d ndng thdn Vidt Nam dang diln
ra trong bli d n h dll mdi kinh t l - xa hdi, phdt triln kinh t l thi tnidng djnh hudng XHCN frong bli d n h todn d u hod, hdi nhdp kinh t l t h l gidi,
do dfl vai ttfl eda ngufli ddn ndng thdn trong phdt triln cdng dong d n dupc xem xdt trong bli d n h rpng Idn cua su phdt triln dd't nuflc Dilu dac biet quan frpng Id hp dang dupc coi la nhdn vat ding vai frfl chd thl frong dli mfli va phdt ttiln eflng ding
2 To Duy Hop Luong Hdng Quang Phdt tnen cdng ddng
-Ly thuyel vd vdn dung Nxb Vdn hda Thdng tin H 2000 tr
3 - Joeph H Fichter Xd hdt hot Nxb Hien dai Sai Gon,
1973 ir- 80
4 Td Duy Hop Lucmg Hdng Quang, Phdt men cdng dong
-Ly thuyet vd vdn dung N.vb Vdn hda Tiidng tin H 2000 Ir 27.32
Trang 3Tinh cpng dong cda ngddl ndng dan Viet
Nam trong hoat dpng san xua't, kinh doanh
Sau doi mfli co c h l quan ly kinh t l , nha't la tff
khi Bd Chinh trj (khda VI) ra Nghj quyd't 10 ve 'ddi
mfli quan ly kinh t l ndng nghidp' vfli su khang
^nh vai trfl d a kinh t l hp gia dinh ndng dan, coi
trpng chdc nang kinh t l h d cda gia dinh nflng dan
trong phdt triln nflng nghidp vd ndng thdn mdi fla
khdi phue lai vj trf kinh t l hd gia dinh vd quan he
xd hfli cung phuc hll ttieo su ddi mfli kinh te
Trong san xuat kinh doanh, ngufli ddn nflng thfln
dd khflng hoat dflng theo kilu "ddn nha ai nay
rang" ntta ma da d su fidn kit, hpp tae, hfl trp
nhau cung phdt ttiln fi^n finh than cdng ding
Dilu fra xd hdi hpc v l dli tupng md ngucn nflng
ddn dd uu tidn lidn klL hpp tdc trang eflng dong
d l san x u l t kinh doanh d 2 huydn Thaeh That va
Thudng Tin thude dja ban Hd Ndi nam 2008 the
hidn qua bilu d l i :
Bieu do 1: Doi tUtfng ma nong dan lien ke't
trong san xuat, kinh doanii
Kit qua dilu tra cho thiy, frong san xua't, kinh
doanh hidn nay ngufli ndng ddn I d phal lien kd't
vfli rat nhidu dli tupng khdc nhau D I u mfli lien
kit, hpp tde trong san xuat kinh doanh dupc
nhilu ngufli ddn tim d i n nhat ehinh Id anh em
rapt thjt tdc la lidn kit lam an vfli nhttng ngufli co
d n g quan hd huylt thing Trong d l , cfl tfli gan
60% y kiln cda nam gifli vd phu ntt ehpn phuong
dn Idm an vfli anh em radt Xem xet din sd the he
trong gia dinh nhttng ngufli tra Ifli cho tha'y, cdc
gia dinh cdng nhilu ttil hd d n g cfl xu huflng
muln hpp tdc, lidn kit san xuat, kinh doanh vdi
anh em ruflt thit
Sau "anh chi em rupf, thi 'ban be" la dau mS
quan trpng tie'p theo ma ngufll dan chpn lira Je lien ke't trong san xuat, kinh doanh (53.4%),
"Hang xom lang gieng" vSi nhting "ngut* cung
lang" dupc ngudi dan lua chpn chie'm vi tri thfl 3
vfli ty Id tinh chung d nam gifli va nu gifli la
51,1%, Nhffng "ngufli trong hp" dupc ngufli dan & dia ban khao sat chpn d vi tri uu tidn thff 4 (vi tn gan tha'p nha't) trong hpp tac lam an Chi co 30,6% nam gifli va 35,5% phu nff cho rang hp co lien ke't lam an vfli 'ngfffli trong hp"
Chflng tdi nhan thay cfl su tffong ddng va khac biet ve thff tu uu tien lua chpn do'l tupng hpp tac lam an trong nghien cffu ve "Vai tro dong hp trong dpi sdng cpng dong lang xa hien nay' (Nghien cffu trffflng hpp lang Quynh Ddi, xa Quynh 961, huyen Quynh Luu, tinh Nghe An trong thoi k} do'i
m(!ri) cua Nguyen Tuan Anh Nghien dru cua
Nguyen Tuan Anh cilng chi ra rang: Trong lam an kinh t l , ddi vdi ngufll ddn nong thon Quynh Doi vung Bac Trung B6, quan he uu tidn nha't van la quan he hp hang can huyet, tid'p de'n la quan he ban be tin cay, roi de'n quan he vdi ngufli biet lam
an va tiep flen la hpp tac vfli nhung ngufli trong
hp Sau do mdl ia quan he vdi bat ky ai bill lam
an (50,3%) va cudi cung la quan he vfli ngirffl trong lang" (tac gia nha'n manh)'"
Tff nhffng nghien cffu phan tich d hai dja ban thupc khu vuc Bac Bp va Bac Trung Bp tren day
CO the thay, dac trung cua nong thon Viet Nam van mang nang dac trung cua xa hpi cpng dong linh nhu F Tonnies mo ta Du da budc vao then ky CNH.HDH dat nuflc nhung trong iien k i t lam an ngudi nflng dan v i n theo ba kieu gan bo truyen thdng - theo huyet thdng (hp hang, dong hp), theo tinh cam (ban be) va theo dia phuflng (hang xom) Tinh cd ke't cpng dong lang xa theo kieu co
k i t tit nhien, dira vao huyet thdng va tinh than van la chu yeu
5 - Nguyin Tudn Anh Vai trd ddng ho trang ddl sd'ng cdn,
ddng long mhiin nay Ludn vdn ihuc siXd hdi hoi 2004
Trang 4Tuy nhidn, nlu nhu d Idng Quynh Ddi (Nghd
An), quan hd lidn kit lam an vdi nhttng ngufli hdng
xim Idng gieng, nhttng ngufli dng Idng ddng vj ttt
eudi cdng trang lua chpn cda nhttng ngufli ndng
ddn ttii ftong nghidn cdu cda chdng tdl (d ding
bang Bae Bd), lidn k i t hpp tdc vfli hdng xdm, vfli
nhttng ngudi cdng lang lai ehilm tJ Id hdn mflt nda
(51,1%), dupc xip tren d lua chpn lien kit vdi
nhttng ngudi ttdng dflng hp Dilu ndy d nghTa,
nhttng ngufli ttong ddng hp khdng dupe ngudi
ndng dan Bac Bfl eoi trong trong hpp tdc Idm an so
vdi nhttng ngufli Idng xflm, Idng giing
Phdn ti'ch cu ttil, chi tilt str lira ehpn nay frdn
dja ban huydn Thach That, ngufli ndng ddn d ddy
col trpng quan he lam an vfli hdng xom, Idng
giing (70,2%) trdn d hp hang (47,6%) vd ttidm
ehi trdn d anh em rudt thjt (68,5%) Giai thieh
eho hidn tupng ndy, mdt ngudi ddn d ddy eho
bilt: "Trong idm an nhilu khi khong muln "dinh"
din anh em, hp hdng Tfli da d bai hpc cda ban
thdn vd ban bd Ldm an vfli ngudi ngodi d khi lai
d l Sn, dd nfli hfln, ngufll nhd rat hay tu al Vfli lai,
nlu d chuydn gl khflng hay xay ra, ngufli ngodi
thl khdng sao, chd ngufli nha t h l ndo rii cung
mang tilng vfli hp mac Cfl khi khflng Idm cdng thl
d n anh em, I l n khi gidp nhau rll lai mat hit tlnh
d m anh em dy chd" (NTH, ntt, 40 tudi)
Do dfl, coi quan hd thdn tdc dupc uu tidn trong
quan hd Idm an dudng nhu khdng ddng frong
trudng hop ding bang Bac Bd Budc sang cd chi
thj trudng vdi eung dch Idm an mdi, mac du vin
efln mang dac trung efla xa hfli cpng ddng tinh
nhung ngudi ddn nflng thfln nude ta khflng efln
sing trong cflng ding truyln thing thuan nhat
vfli su gan b l , hy sinh Ipi ieh ed nhdn chp dflng
hp, cpng ding nhu trufle ddy ntta Qua trinh
chuyin dfl'i sang xd hfli hidn dai, nhttng dac
trung cda xa hfli hidp hfli tinh da bat dau xult
hidn vdi tinh d nhdn vd su hpp ly, tinh loan
trong san xuat, kinh doanh cda ngudi ndng ddn
Do dfl, lidn kit Idm an vdi dli tdc ndfl trong cpng
ding vfli ngudi nflng ddn khdng cdn dfln thuan Id
vin d l d m tinh
C l str chuyin dfl'i xd hfli cua Vidt Nam td dodn kit xd hdi may mdc (cfl hpc) sang dpdn kit xd hfli httu ed eho dd ehua ttidl ro net Quan he cflng ding v l mat kinh t l khflng chl dua vdo quan hd gia flinh md d n dua fren quan hd edng vide, quan hd ddc nang ndi ttieo Duri<heim v l d c h to chffc, phdn d n g lao dflng frpng xd hfli Dae bidt fl
d c lang nghi cda ding bang Bae Bd, khi tn'nh dp phdn d n g lao dflng ngdy dng rd thi vai trd, nhiem vu cda ngudi lao ddng trong gia dinh vd trong d c hd gia dinh ngdy cdng chuydn mfln hoa cao Nhd dd d c hd gia linh ngdy cdng phai tuong tdc vdi nhau, phu thuflc chttc ndng ldn nhau frong lao ddng san xuat
Ttt nghien edu ly thuylt xa hfli hpc v l cpng ding den tim hilu hoat ddng lidn k i t hpp tdc trong sin xuat, kinh doanh cda ngufli nflng ddn Vidt Nam cho thay dfli sdng kinh t l gia dinh nflng thfln vd chdc nang kinh t l hd gia dinh ndng ttidn da thay dli k l tff khi dli mfli cfl c h l kinh t l Rfl rdng, khdng thl cfli kinh t l hd ndng ddn nhu mdt hinh thdi kinh t l ddc lap md khdng
d lidn quan gi tdi ddi sdng xd hdi cdng ding, dac bidt Id thilt chl ddng hp vd cdc mdi quan
hd ban bd thdn httu, Idng xdm Idng giing Ngdy nay, nhttng ddc trung cda xd hdi cdng ding vdn cdn dam net, trong san xuat, kinh doanh, khi eln thilt ngudi ndng ddn vin lidn kit, hpp tac
vd nhd su tudng trp tn;e tilp tff nhttng cd nhan trong cdng ding Idng xd vd cdng ding dflng hp Nhffng quan he cflng ding ay vfli day dd y nghTa cda nd chinh Id cd sd quan trpng eho su phdt triln cfl hieu qua kinh t i hfl gia dinh Viet Nam Quan he gitta nhttng ngudi nflng ddn trong san xuat kinh doanh khflng chi dua vdo quan hd tinh d m , thdn tdc md da chuyin sang mdt giai doan cao hon dd Id quan hd chffc ndng Ldm the ndo d l duy tri net dep trong quan hd eda xa hdi edng ding, ding thfli day manh quan hd chdc nang chuydn mdn hda trong xd hfli hidn dai eda ngufli ddn nflng thfln Viet Nam dd chinh Id cdu hfli dat ra eho cae nhd nghien cdu xd hpi hpcs