Ten ndy dUpe nhIc den trong cdc truypn truyin mieng hoac trong cdc tM hdu eua ngudi Dao nhU trong Truyen qid bdu, trong Qud son bdng v&n Binh Hoang khoan diep, trong Bdng trUdng thi tk
Trang 1Doi net ve lich sii va van hoa
ngi/di Dao 6 Thanh Hoa
MAI V A N T O N G *
1 Khai q u a t v e ngU'di Dao & Vi§t
N a m
NgUcfi Dao von cd nguon gd'c ti^ Trung
QuIc Trong cac tdi Udu bdn v l goc tich ciia
ngudi Dao cbn cd nhilu y kie'n khdc nhau
Do sU dan dp tdn khdc ciia phong kidn
phuong Bac, bode do ehien tranh Hdn
mien, ban hdn mat miia Hen tid'p nhilu
nam , to tidn ngUdi Dao da phai di cU d i n
ve miln nui phia Nam vd mpt bp phan da
vdo ^^dt Nam, Ldo, Mianma, Thdi
Lan,v.v Dan tde Dao thudc nhdm i ^ n
ngfl Mdng - Dao ciia ngij hd Nam A; la m^t
trong 54 ddn tde trong edng ding eac ddn
tpc d ^^et Nam
Ve mat tdc danh, ngUdi Dao sinh song
tren dat nUde ta da ti^ Idu, nhung chi den
nam 1979 ten Dao mdi dupc xdc dinh Cach
day khdng lau, ding bdo edn dUpc gpi bang
nhieu ten khac nhau nhu: Mdn, Ddng, Trai,
Dao, Xa Cbn ten t u nhdn ciia i ^ d i Dao
Id Ki^m miin hay Kim mim deu cd nghia
la ngUcfi Cf rifng nui {IQ.^m, Kem, Kim =
lifng; mien, mam, mun = ngUbi) Tdn ndy
cung Id tdn phie'm softig Ngodi ten Kiim
miin ngUdi Dao cbn co ten Diu miin phdt
* TS Mai van Tung, Truing Sai hoc H6ng BUc
dm theo H^n - Vi|t la Bao nh&n tile 1&
r ^ d i Dao Ten ndy dUpe nhIc den trong cdc truypn truyin mieng hoac trong cdc tM
hdu eua ngudi Dao nhU trong Truyen qid
bdu, trong Qud son bdng v&n (Binh Hoang
khoan diep), trong Bdng trUdng thi tk&
ngdn ndi ve cudc ddi cua ngUbi Dao Tilnira
Dao Quan Chet tfl Quang Dong vao Viet Nam b l i nhd Ly?.v.v
Danh xUng Dao khdng ehi dUpc ndi t6i trong cdc edu ehuypn dan gian, trong cac vdn ban co eua ngUdi Dao, md nd con difdc ghi trong cdc thU tich c l ciia Trung QuS^c
Sdeh Tu$f thu dia ly chi viet: "Qudn TnTcing
Sa lai CO Idn dan mpi (di didn) ten Id Mac Dao, hp t u ndi rkng t l tien bp co cong thudng dupc m i l n dao dich cho ndn My dd
dat thdnh ten" Sdeh Thuyit Man viet:
"Man b i t dau td Ngu Khd gpi Id Bdn H6 & rai rac khap vung Sd \^pt gpi Id Dao, luc
b l y gib CO cdng ndn dupe mien dao dich goi
Id Mac Dao, ve sau gpi sai di Id Dao" Cic sdeh chuydn viet v l m i l n Linh Nam vdo
thdi Tong nhu Q u i hdi ngu hdnh chi cua Pham Thanh Dai, Linh Nam ngoai dap
cua Chu Khd Phi deu ndi tdi ten Dao Q"^
Hdi ngu hdnh chi viit: "NgUdi Dao vln la
Trang 2dong doi Bdn H i d Ngu Khe " Linh ngoai
dai ddp viet: "Ngudi Dao cd nhilu thdn lae,
manh n h l t la ngudi Dao La Man, ngUdi
Ma Vien Hang niii edr^ xa thi ngUdi Dao
cdng nhilu
Nbu vdy, "Dao" la tdn tU nhdn cua ngudi
Dao, nd g i n l i l n vdi lich sd b m h thdnh ciia
ddn tdc Dao Cbn cac ten gpi khdc bode Id
phiem xUhg hoac do ngUdi eac ddn tdc khdc
gdn cho mpt each tuy tidn vd thudng mang
tinh ch^t midt thi dan tdc, cho nen ten
Dao la ten gpi hpp ly hon ea*^'
Qud trinh di eU ciia ngUdi Dao vdo Vidt
Nam Id ea mot thdi ky ddi, cd t b i b i t diu
tfl the ky X m cho de'n nhflng nam 40 cua
the ky XX Nhiftig cho den nay, van chUa cd
nhflng tdi Upu chle c h i n de khang dinh
dupc ngudi Dao di al vdo Viet Nam tCf ndm
ndo Difa vdo tri nhd vd mpt so it nhiftig gia
pha cua ngudi Dao, chdng ta cd the so bd
thay rang, ngUdi Dao di cU vao ^ e t Nam
qua nhieu thdi ky, b ^ g nhieu dUdng va
nhieu nhom khdc nhau, eu the nhu; NgUcfi
Dao of khu vUc Tay Ble den Viet Nam vdo
khoai^ the ky XEI vd di theo dUdng bp
Ddy Id mdt bo phan ngUdi Dao cU tni vdo
loai sdm nhat of >^et Nam NgUdi Dao d khu
vUc Dong Bic vd mpt so tinh trung du Bae
Bd e u i ^ b i t d i u den Vipt Nam vdo khoang
the ky X i n cho tdi dau thd' ky XX, hp di chu
yeu b I n g dUdng thuy
Qua trinh di cU ciia mdt vdi nhdm Dao
da d i l n ra nhU sau:
Dao QuIn Trang vdo ^^dt Nam khoang
the ky XIII, hp tii Phuc Kien tdi Quang
Yen ngupc len Lang Son, Cao Bang, Thdi
Nguyen r l i de'n Tuydn Quang Mdt bp
xudi ve Doan HCmg (Phu Thp), roi ngUpe sdng H i n g len Yen Bai va Ldo Cai Nhdm ndy mang tdn Id Dao Ho
Dao QuIn Chet, Dao Tiln, hien cd mat
d Phu Thp, Ha Tay, Hoa Binh, Ydn Bai vd Tiyen Quang da tCf Quang Dong vdo Quang Yen r l i tdi cdc dia dilm tren Qud trinh di tbifc ndy dUpc viet thdnh mdt CUOTI "Sd thi" vdi nhieu tinh t i l t ldm ly, nay cbn dupe lUU truyen rpng rai trong nhdn dan Dao Hai nhdm Dao ndy vdo Viet Nam td thdi Ly hay Ld con Id dieu cln dupe lam sdng ro, vi rang, t r o i ^ cuin "sijf thi" dd ghi Id "L^ trieu" song lai ndi dd'n "Dai Minh quoc" Cd the hp vao Viet Nam tfl thdi Le thi dung hon, Ad nd an khdp vdi thdi Minh d Tnmg Quoe (trong khodng the ky XV - XVni) Dao Thanh Y den Viet Nam khoang
culi the' hy XVII, hp td Quang Ddng vdo
Mdng Cai qua Luc Ngan (nay cd mdt bd ph$n d Luc Nam), tdi sdng Duong r l i ngUpe len Tuydn Quang Mdt bp phan khac lai ngupc len Ydn Bdi va Ldo Cai, ve sau
cd ten Id Dao TuyIn
Dao Do vd Dao Tiln d Cao Bing, Lang Son, Thdi Nguyen, Ha Giang, Tuydn Quang Id td Quang Ddng vd Quang Tdy den, eung vao khoang thdi Minh Nhflhg ngUdi Dao Dd hidn nay d Ldo Cai Id tfl Vdn Nam di cU dd'n vdo culi thd' ky XVIII Dia diem cU tni dau tien eiia hp Id Idng Tbng Sdnh, Chu Quang Ho thupc huydn Bat Sdt Rieng nhdm Dao Ld Gang vdo Viet Nam mudn hOn ca, vao culi the ky XIX,dluthe'kyXX<2'
Nhin chung, mdc dti Men nay ngUbi Dao
d nUdc ta cd nhieu nhdm khac nhau; song d
Trang 3mat toe danh, ngdn ngu: v^ cac dSc dilm
van hoa chung Tat ca nhOttig di^u ki§n do
bilu thi v4 mat ban linh, y thiic tU giac d&n
t8c; dong th6i ho con co y thijfc r^t ro ve
ngu6n goc va s^ phan lich silf ciia nunh Do
d6, tat ca cac nhom Dao d^u thu6c m6t c$ng
dSng toe ngudi thong nh^t la dan t ^ Dao
trong cong d&ng cac dan tgc d ViM Nam
2 Ddi n e t v 4 n g u o n g ^ c ngtfcd D a o it
T h a n h H o a
Theo th^ng k6 dan s6 nSm 1997, d
Thanh H6a c6 7.382 nguM Dao thu6c hai
nh6m Dao Quan Chet va Dao Do Nhdm
Dao QuSn Chet d viing niii thifp co 10 limg
(9 lang toan la nguM Dao va m6t lang ghSp
S cilng nguM Thai, nguM Mutaig, nguM
Kinh) CO dan sff 14 6.748 nguU Trong d6,
4 huyen Cam Thiiy co 7 lang: Phd Son, Son
Lap, Binh YSn, Binh Son, Ngpc Son,
Thach An, lang Oi (lang GhSp); d huy^n
Ngoc Lac c6 3 lang: Ha Son, Tan T h i n h vk
PhungSon
Nh6m Dao Do d v£mg nui thuffc huy$n
Mutog Lat (sat b i t o giffl Vi$t - Lao) cd 3
chbm: Suoi Tiit (co 82 nguM), Con Dao (c6
286 ngudi) thuoc xa Quang Chieu, chdm PCi
Quan (co 266 nguW) thuOc xa Pu Nhi
Tinh dffn thdi dilm tong dilu tra dan sff
(1/4/2009), ngudi Dao d Thanh Hoa co 5997
nguM, cU tru tap tnmg chu ylu 4 cac
huy-en e l m Thuy (3506 ngudi), Ngpc Lac
(1840 ngudi), Mudng L i t (622 ngudi) va
Thach Thanh (30 ngudi)<3)
Cho den nay, 4 Thanh Hda v l n quen
gpi ngudi Dao (^uan Chet la ngudi M4n
(hay Man Son DSu) v i Dao Do la ngudi
Giao Vi 4 each xa nhau v4 di cU den sinh
sffng 4 nhUng thdi diem khac nhau, nSa hai nhdm Dao nay it hilu bilt v l nhau Neu hp ndi chuydn vdi nhau thi chi hi^u duoc kho&ig 70-80% n^i dung vi cSch phat phat am khac nhau^^l
Theo cac ngu6n tai lieu thanh vfin, ghi chdp sdm n h a t ve ngudi Dao Quan Chet fl
Thanh Hda la cong trinh Le Thanh Hoa
cua CRobequain'^' Tai li§u eho bilt, v4o dau nam 1925 da cd 3 mang (3 tffp nho -MVT) ngudi Dao (Man) trSn nhiing vimg d6i eua m i l n B^c Thanh Hod, hp 4 phia tren thung liing, t r t n cac dffc di$p thach® hay Porphyrite cao tU 300-600m Va ciing trong tai hdu n a y C Roi)equain cdn cho biet thdm, ngudi Hmdng 4 liii sau*'' ngu&i Man trdn cic day niii cua rang Phu Nghi (Pii Nhi), khffi nui 4 ranh gidi vdi tinh Hua Phan (CHDCND Lao), gian sdng Ma v» sdng Lu6ng, vdi cac sffng nui cao tnmg binh khoing 1.200m
- Nhdm 1, khoang chimg 10 ngdi nha Dao duoc xay dung 4 Quan Hoa, phia Bac Hoi Xuan, trdn dia ph$n cua tffng Lung Cffc (ting Cff Lung) va tren nhiing dilm cao ngan each thdn nay vdi thon ciia Hoi Xuan va Phu Nghiem (tffng Phu L$)
- Nhdm 2, 4 Tay Nam Phong t cd 30 nha, chilm Hnh 4 cac thdn Thanh Yin vi Ngoc Diln (chau Ngpc Lac, tffng Ngoc Khe) sudn Nam cua nhiing qua dii duoc goi
la Phu Tidm hoac nijii Hac (nui Hao)
- Cac thdn Cao Tri (ting Ngpc KhS) v4 Phdng Giao (tong Vdn Am) 4 Ngpc Lac co chimg 20 can n h a ngudi Dao trdn cac chfim Cong Khd va Doi Nam<»
Cdn theo tai heu Ghi chip vi ngudi Tiiy
Trang 4deng de Lang Chdnh) cdch ddy bon nda
t h i ky cua vidn dai ly ngUcri Phdp RRobert
cho bilt: H l u nhU ehi co m^t trdm ngUdi
Mdn d vung ndy, rai rac d edc xa Phii Ydn
vd Cao Tri cua ehdu Ngpc Lde Hp noi Id
thupe nhdm ngUbi An Nam, gpi Id son dau
(son dau hodc bdi sdp) Chac h I n Id hp dai
dipn eho mdt p b l n eua mdt bd tdc Idn T a
Pan" Theo Idi ciia mpt ngUdi tdn Id Chpu
Van Liang (ed t h i la Tridu Vdn Lupng,
theo tid'ng An Nam) Id ngudi biet ehijf d nui
Bii Nan (xa Phd Ydn) cho biet eon cd
nhiing ngudi "son dau" cU tru d Thach Lam
(huypn Thach Thdnh), Doi Mic (chdu Tan
Hod), Lai Lang (ehau Quan Hod)*^\
Ngodi ra, trong tdi heu Le Thanh Hoa
ciia C.Robequain cho biet them, ngUdi Dao
Quan Chet d Thanh Hda chu yd'u tfl Tuyen
Quang, Hod Binh, Vmh Phuc di cU vao b l i
dau the ky XX Ciing theo CRobequain,
ngUdi Man dd'n Thanh Hda chi tC( nam
1905 trd lai ddy Luc dd, mdt vdi gia dirih
Mdn bo cac Idng Vinh Dong vd Kim Bdi
(ehau Luong Son, tinh Hod Binh), noi ma
hp da tiAig luu tni chdng 30 ndm, vd sau 4
ngdy di bd hp d i n d Idng Diln Ha, tong
Dien Lu do vien tho ty Trieu Nguydt (Hd
Trilu Nguydt - MVT) Idi keo de'n vd d lai
noi ndy suit 15 ndm Sau d6 bp di tan di
cdc noi khdc d khu vUc Quan Hod, Ngpc
Lde Nhu v$y, ngUdi Dao khi di cU d i n
Thanh Hoa, trUde tien bp tu eU tren mdt
khu doi roi phdn tan theo nhieu hUdng
C Robequain cbn nghien edu con dUdng
di cU ciia ngUdi Dao vao Thanh Hod Ong
nhdn thay moi quan hd bo hdng than
thuOc gifla ngUbi Mdn (Dao) d Thanh Hda
B i c Ky Budc diu tim thdy m i l Hdn hd giOfa ngudi Man Thanh Hda vdi Mdn Tam Dao (Tuydn Quang) Dd Id ngUdi Man Thanh Hda cbn dupe b i l t vdi ten gpi Du Cun ma dai td BonifaQ^^^', khdng thay d noi ndo khae ngoai Tam Ddo (Tuydn Quang) Cung nhu ngudi Man d Du Cun -Tam Dao, ngUdi Man d Thanh Hda eo le Id mdt nhdm nhd cua nguIn Idn Mdn Dai
Ban d suit ^ dd't Ho Nam cho d i n tan ca
nUde Ldo Tuy nhidn, vdh de m l i hdn bd gifla ngudi Dao d Thanh Hda vdi Dao d Tam Dao bode edc k h I i Dao khdc can tiep tue nghidn cdu
Cbn t l tidn g i n gfli cua nhdm ngUdi Dao Quan Chet d Ngpc Lde, C i m Thu;^' di cU vdo Vi^t Nam tfl khi ndo? Nhflng k i t qud nghidn cdu budc diu cho biet dd Id khoang thdi gian khoang 4 t b i ky Theo C Robequain, n l u cdc cudc di cu ciia cu ddn
g i n ddy cua ngUbi Mdn d Thanh Hda dupe bilt khd ro thi nguIn gd'c xa xUa cbn rat mo
h i Khdng ai trong hp cbn nhd chmh xac, chi nhd da d i n Vi^t Nam dupc 12 ddi"^* Ciing hen quan de'n qua trinh di cU, dng Bdn Phdc CMnh of ldng Dao T i n Thdnh (xa Thach Lap, huyen Ngpe Lde) edn eho bilt, gia pha hp Bdn eon r I t d l y du vd co ghi: Hp Ban vdo Vidt Nam ngdy 11-2-1742,
b i t dau vdo Quing Ninh r l i di cU qua Tuydn Quang, Hod Binh vd vdo Thanh Hda ngdy 26-12-1903"2)
Con theo gia pha hp Tridu d ldng Pbiing Son (xa Phiing Gilo, huydn Ngpc Lac) ed nguIn gd'c tfl Trung Qud'c, de'n Vidt Nam dinh cU lau dbi 6 n g Trieu Ngpc Duong, trudng hp Tridu d Phiing Son, sinh ndm
Trang 5cd dat cdy, nen hp Tri$u dd phai di eU ti3
Trung Quoc sang d I t QuIng Ninh, roi dan
di cu qua cdc thih Phd Thp, Tuyen Quang,
Hod Binh, vdo Thanh Hda dinh cU & Ngpc
Lde De'n nam 1954, ed 3 hd vdi 13 nhdn
khIu ho Tridu dd di chuyin tfl viir^ nui eao
Thdnh Lap xuong Phung Son de khai
k h i n ddt dai, t r I n g cafy D i n ndm 1969, c6
thdm 4 nhan khIu nfla chuyen tdi, tao nen
cdng ding ngUdi Dao chung song hod
thu§n vdi cdc dbng hp khdc Ong nhd lai,
khi dd d ddy rudng dlit h l u h i t la eiia
ngudi Mudng da dinh cU tfl trUdc, ngUM
Dao khdng ed rudng d l ldm dn, nen dd c6
Itic dng cung dbng hp dinh quay trd lai
Tuydn Quang sinh sd'ng Ndm 1974, Nhd
nudc cho xdy dung dap trdn Phung Son d l
dilu hod r ^ l n nUdc, ngUdi Dao mdi dUOc
clip dd't cdy cay vd cu^c song b i t diu doi
thay, d i n dUpc eai thi^n vd I n dinh'^^\
Trong tdi lieu Tinh Thanh Hda cua C
Robequain vd nhflng tdi Hpu ed ghi chep v l
edc tdc ngudi d Thanh Hba diu the ky XX,
khdng he cd bong ddng nhdm Dao ndo
khdc ngodi Dao QuIn Chet NhU dd noi, do
so lupng di cU it, lai d i n mu^n nen ngudi
Dao khdng chilm dUpc uu the d Thanh
Hda ndi chung vd d Ngpe Lde, Cam Thuy
ndi ridng Tuy vay, ngUdi Dao da bdm dat,
bdm rflng d l bao t i n sU song, cimg vdi vide
bao luu vdn boa truyin t h i n g eua minh vd
tim cdch thiet Idp m l i quan hd tot dep vdi
cdc tdc ddn ban xd Id Mubng, Thai, Kinh
anh em
CuOc sing du canh du cU nay day mai dd
dd khdng cho phdp smh tu mat tdp, moi
bdn trUdc kia cua ngudi Dao chi khoang 5
gia daxih sinh song Ddi song khd khJn,
sinh boat tam bp Nhflng gia dinh g6c & Tan Thdnh (Thach Lip), PbCmg Son (Phung Gido) ngdy nay cho bid't, t£r nfim
1904 den 1954 da di cU qua nhieu noi nhu
Bd Thudc, Cam Thuy, Ngpc Lde C6 noi hp chi d 3 - 4 ndm rdi lai di chuyin di noi khde Cdng eu$e dinh canh dinh cu cua Dang vd Nhd nUde Vidt Nam tfl nijfa aau
t h i ky XX trd lai ddy (cu t h i tfl nhflng nSm 1960-1970) da gdp phan huih thdnh nhiilig bdn ngudi Dao dinh eU Hidn nay, 10 ban
Dao QuIn Chet d Cam Thuy, Ngoc lAc da
phdt t r i i n thdnh 10 ldng Dao ddng due Trong euOe s i n g I n dinh hdm nay, nh6 lai nhflng thbi ky gian kho trUdc ddy, bd con
ngudi Dao rat xdc ddng cam On D l i ^ vk
Bdc Ho da mang lai oipc song lin no, hanh phuc cho ho
Ngodi nhom Dao Quan Chet, nhdm Dao
Dd bi^n dang sinh s i n g d Mudng Ldt di cU vdo Thanh Hda mudn hon Theo nghiSn cdu dieu tra ve nguIn goc lich suf cho biet,
ngudi Dao Do 6 Mubng Lat co nguon glc di
cU tfl cdc tinh QuIng Ddng, Quang Tay (Trung QuIc) vdo ^^dt Nam sinh song kho-ang t h i 1^ XVIII Ho sinh sing d cdc tinh Cao Bang, Lang Son, Thai Nguydn, Hi Giang, Tuyen Quang Khoang ndm 1945
-1950, hp di cU sang Ldo r l i sau dd chuyen
eu vdo dia ban h u y | n Mudng Ldt sinh song khodng ndm 1954 NgUbi dSn diu 10 gia duih vdi 66 nguM tfl Ldo sang Mudng l i t
cu tru tai ban Pu Qudn, xa Pu Nhi Id flng Tridu Xanh Chiu Buoi dau ldm dn kh6
khdn nen 3 gia dinh trd lai Ldo Ong Chiu
da ddng vidn bd con d lai bdm rflng Pii Nhi ldm dn lap ndn b i n Pu Qudn Sau dl bS
Trang 6ban Con Dao vd Suoi Tud't d xa Quang
Chieu Ba b a n ndy ed quan b^ rudt thit, bd
con vd hon n h d n vdi Dao D6 bdn Ldo Do
dinh cU d dia bdn cao, beo Idnh, di lai khd
khdn ndn dbi song kinh te nhin chung
chua b ^ g i ^ b i Dao d vung tb^p
3 D^c d i e m v e v a n h o a D a o if
T h a n h H o a
Cung nhu cdc t | c ngUdi khde, ngudi Dao
ndi chung ed ddi song vdn hod r a t phong
phu vd da dang, g i n Uen vdi nhflng s i c
thdi t | c ngudi r a t ro net
Trong boat ddng kinh te truyin thing,
ngudi Dao thich i ^ i i cao vdi he sinh thdi
viing dat doc, g i n h e n vdi dde trUng canh
tdc nuong r i y theo budng tap canh Chinh
vi t h i ngudi Dao co duoc h^ t h i n g cdy
trIng phong phu vdi du cac loai cay luong
tbuc vd cdy dn qui Bdn eanh dd, ngUbi
Dao khdng ngflng phdt trien cde nghe thu
edng, tieu bilu nhU n g h i rfen, n g h i det,
n ^ l Idm giay b i n , lam eao chdm, do trang
sdc, dan ldt nhdm dam bao nhu clu tU
cap t u tuc Tuy nhidn, tfl khi dinh canh
dinh cU, ngudi Dao da ti-Cng bUdc thich flng
vdi canh tdc rupng nUde, khdng ngflng t i l p
thu khoa hpc 1 ^ thudt vd thay doi nhung
tdp qudn canh tdc lac h^u trUde ddy
Trong dbi s i n g vdt chat, ngUdi Dao eiing
ed nhilu ndt ddc trUng tfl net d, net an, net
m d c Tieu bieu nbU trong vdn hod d, vdi Hi
Men true t n i y l n thing, i^Ubi Dao QuIn
Chet thudng d trong nhfllt^ ngdi nhd nda
sdn niia ddi Ddy Id net khdc bipt vdi ngUW
Dao Dd (d huydn Mubng Ldt) co tap qudn d
nhd tr§t - nhd d a t Ngdi nhd tniyen t h i n g
gian rdng rdi, it eda dUOc Up ghep tuong dii don gian Tuy v^iy, trUdc bli canh hdi nhdp vd sdng tao, t|ip qudn d ciia ngUdi Dao eiing ed nhiing biin doi, ngdi nhd truyen
t h l i ^ dang ttdig budc dupe thay t h i
n h u b i ^ cho cho loi kien true hi$n dai theo phong cdch cua ngUdi Kinh Cu t h i nhU d ldng Phung Son (Phung Gido, Ngoc Lde) bien nay chi cbn lai 3 r^di nhd truyen thong nfla sdn nijfa dat'^**, cbn lai h l u h i t
da chuyin sang d nhd dlit xdy hodc nhd dat khung ^ chii yeu do cdc t i p tho ngUdi Kinh
d cdc hiQfpn d o i ^ b l i ^ nhu H o l i ^ Hod, Hgu Lpc Idn Idm Tuy nhidn, d6 ding chi
la sU thay doi ve "mdt tiln", cbn n^i dung -van hod flng xd d bdn trong ngdi nha v l n mang nhflhg ndt ddc trung ciia ngUdi Dao, khdng l l n vdi bai ky tdc ngUiJi ndo khic Trong dbi s i n g tinh t h i n , g i n h I n vdi nhieu ye'u t l tdm Iinh h i t sfle thidng Ueng,
d dd bilu thi gid tri truyen thd'ng lich sd, tinh cdng dong, tdm ly cung nhu ban hnh tdc ngUbi r I t ro net Dd la cdc nghi le g i n hen vdi ehu ky vbng dbi, tidu bieu nhU tue cdp s i c Ql trudng thdnh) Trong nghi le vbng ddi, d i ^ d i Dao, con trai tfl khodng
15 den 20 tuoi deu phai trai qua Id cap sic
Ngudi Dao Do gpi le ndy Id Qua tang
(nghia Id soi sang bay lam cho trong sach, minh mdn); ngUdi Dao QuIn Chet thi gpi
la Qud tdng (tang Id den - Id mdt thu tue trong ctfp sic), hay S&nh Sdy Cdo la clip
sac, vi trong Id ndy cd cljp dao sac cho ngudi thu l l Day Id mot tuc 1$ quan trpng,
cd tinh b i t budc doi vdi tdi ca nhOng i ^ b i ddn dng Dao Tham chi luc sing c h i ^ dupe ca'p sic, sau khi c h i t eon ehdu phai ldm le
d p sic Ngudi ta cap sac theo thd b i c nhflng ngudi trong gia ffinh vd tdng tdc, b l
Trang 7me da cap sac thi con cdi mdi dupc cdp sle,
anh cdp sac roi tin mdi dd'n lUOt em Do
dd cap sac Id hidn tUOng pho bien trong
sinh boat xa h^i cua ngUbi Dao c6 hdn
quan de'n y niem tdn gido, tinh than dao
dflc, san xuat va sinh boat hdng ngay
NgUdi Dao ndi chung, ngUbi Dao QuIn
Chet d Thanh Hda vd Ngpc Lac ndi ridng
ddu c6 chung quan nidm:
Thd nhdt, ngUbi nao dupe elp sac thi
mdi c6 t h i hdnh nghe ciing bdi, ddy Id dilu
ngUOi Dao r I t quan tam Muon v^y khdng
nhflng phai biet ciing bai, biei lam cde
phep thu|tt ma dieu quan trpng bon la phai
dupc thanh t h i n "cdng nhan" vd dUpc cap
"am binh"
Thd hai, ngUbi ndo dUpc cdp sac, sau
ndy chei b i n mdi dUpc ve doan tu vdi t l
tidn Cap sac cung cbn c6 y nghia la l l
"khai sinh" bay II nhan lay tdn cua thdnh
t h i n ban dinh cho NgUdi nao dupc cap sac
mdi dupc cdng nhdn la con chau eua Bdn
Vuong va mdi dupe Bdn Vuong phu hp'^^*
Thd ba, ngudi ndo dupe cdp sac thi luc
song tren dUong t h i mdi dUOc quyln thb
cung t l tien, sau khi che't b i n mdi trd
thdnh to tidn, dUpc lam ma co ken trd'ng,
tu va, phung Idn trdi vd dUpc con ehdu thb
cung, dupe ghi ten vdo gia pha NgUbi dUpe
cap sac mdi dUpc xa hdi tbfla nhan Id ngUbi
Idn, ngudi ehUa dupc cap sac du tuoi cao
md'y di nfla v l n bi coi la tre con vd den khi
chet h I n eh! ve dd'n dupc ddng Ddo Hoa
hay Dao Hoa Ldm Chau, khdng the dUa vl
Duong Chau dUpc
Thd tu, dong bdo Dao eo Ibng tin sdu
sac rang, dupc cd'p sac thi lam an mdi dupc
thudn loi, dbng ho dan tdc mdi phdt triin, Ddi vdi ngudi Dao Do, neu chUa dUpc cap sac r I t khd lefy vp, vi phu nfl cam th^y nhflng ngUbi chUa dUOe cap sic khdng dij tin c|Ly de hp nUOng tUa
Vi le trdn, ndn du ton kdm dd'n dSu ding bdo cung t l chde eho bang dupc nghi
II ndy
Nhin ehung, neu gat bd tat ca nhOSgylu
to gpi Id me tin, h a n e h l sang mdt bdn se thliy rang, d trong tap tue ndy chda dihg nhiing gia tri nhan ban, nhdn vdn sdu sic Ngdy nay khdng ai khuyen khich tilp tuc duy tri tuc c§fp sac nhifrig nhiing ndi dung mang tinh gido due cua no thi v l n cbn y nghia, vdn phfl hpp vdi tinh than "Tien hpc
Id, hau hpc vdn" md nen giao due hien dai cua chung ta dang r l t coi trpi^ Ngodi ra, trong ddi song tinh thin dia ngUbi Dao, cbn co cdc Id tuc gan hen v61 dbng hp nhu Id tuc Ho La mien Tit Nhay, Tit Nam cflng, t a ma ; edc ngbi l l ndng nghidp, cau miia he't sde phong phii Hi&n nay, p h l n Idn nhflng nghi II truyin thong vdn cbn dUpc bao lUU va co gid tri trong dfti sing tinh than eua tde ngUbi
Cung gilng nhU mdt so dan tdc khac, ngUbi Dao trong heh sii cua minh da sdng tao r a mdt loai cbfl gpi la ehfl Ndm Dao dl ghi chep, nhu ghi lai gia pha, cac bdi cung, cac bdi dan ca, v.v T i t ea nhflng sach vd nay Id tdi san vd gia cua ddn tdc No khong
chi CO gid tri v l mat van ban, thU tich, mk
cbn CO gid tri v l van hpc, van hda, ngon
ngii", lich sd, v.v
Tfl chd CO vdn tU ridng, e6 truyin thing hilu hpc, nhat la lai co y thdc v l coi
Trang 8gia tpc trd thdnh cong vi$c b i t budc Mdi
gia tpc deu c6 gia pha Gia pha ndy dupc
bo sung thudng ky vdo dip to chdc T i t
Nhay d gia dinh toe trudng vd bo sung khi
thay can t h i l t Gia pha don g i l n n h l t Id
trong dd ghi tfl dng t l cua dbng tpc den
cdc ddi tiep theo
Trong quan hd d b i ^ hp, theo tdp qudn
cua ngUbi Dao, ngUbi ndo sinh trUdc Id anh,
ngUdi ndo sinh sau Id em Do do, n l u con
anh ca sinh sau phai gpi con em ut sinh
tnldc la anh Nhflng i ^ d i trong cflng dbng
hp khdng bao gib cd quan hd hdn nhan,
hon nhdn gifla nhflng ngudi trong cflng
dbng hp hi coi Id vi pham tue le*^^' Vi vdy,
i ^ d i Dao v l n thudng rdn day nhau r i n g :
Cau hdn diftig can cflng dbng hp/ Cung
hp lay nhau ngUdi trdch cubi/ Cung hp My
nhau nen chuydn x^u/ Con chdu dbi sau
n i t cda
nhd(">-Nhin chung, cd t h i ndi dbng hp cua
ngudi Dao nhu mdt t§c ngucd thu nhd
Dbng hp c6 vai trb r I t quan trpng trong dbi
song mSi cd n h a n vd gia dinh Nd Id eho
dua ca v l mdt vat c h i i vd tinh t h i n cho
mdi ca nhdn, gia dinh Ngodi ra, ddr^ hp
cd chde ndng co ket mpi thdnh vien vd cac
gia (finh trong hp t^c Trong dd, tdc trUdng
giS vi tri ddc bidt quan trong trong vi§c to
chde doi ndi cung n h u dm ngoai de duy t n
su t i n tai ben vC&ig cua mdi dbng hp
Mdt trong nhflng ddc trung vdn hod cue
^ dde s i c nfla cua ngUdi Dao Id t m h cdng
d l i ^ r I t cao, dupe the bidn tren mpi
phuong dipn, chieu kicb cua cupc sing;
trong ca ddi s i n g thUe vd dbi s i n g tdm
linh - tin ngUSng tdn gido Trong d6 tieu
vd dbng hp 5 gia <^nh dUpc bieu hidn thdng qua d n h cdm hod thudn, t h u o i ^ yeu dum bpc l l n nhau; trong dbng ho dupc the hien trong eo k i t vd su phdt trien ben viing thdng qua cdc II nhdp bp, nhdp tpc dupe thUe hidn nghiem ngdt vd thieng hdng Ngodi ra, ngUdi Dao ciing rat d l cao, ehu trong den m i l quan hd ldng xdm thdng qua chia se vui buin, gidp dd l l n nhau khi gdp khd khdn, hoan nan Cdi md, men khdch, thich giao lUU ket ban vdi cdc dan tdc khdc t i i i ^ Id mpt pham chat van hod td't dep cua ngudi Dao Nlun chung, tinh eo ket cOng dong vd tinh edi md, tinh hudng npi vd hudng ngoai da hinh thdnh mdt cdng dong Dao h i t sdc ben chdt va n d i ^ ddng, tao n i n tang cdn ban eho vide bao ton vd phdt huy nhflng gid tri thuIn phong
my tuc ciia dan tdc
Hien nay, dong bdo Dao d Ngpc Lac da c6 nhilu doi mdi trong cupc song, 100% ngUbi dan giao t i l p thanh thao bIng t i i n g pho thdng Con em eua dong bdo Dao r I t hilu hpc, 100% s i hpc sinh d i n tuoi di bpc deu dupe den trUbng, khdng ai bd hoe gifla cbflng Trong dd c6 nhiftig dbng hp hilu hpc tieu bilu nhu dbng hp Tridu d Phung Son (Phflng Giao), t m h den ndm 2010 c6 tren hai chuc ngUbi cd trinh dp dai hoc vd tren dai hpc, cbn n l u t m h ca Idng Phimg Son CO 45 ngUdi cd trinh dd dai hpc va tren dai hpc 100% so hd cua ngUbi Dao da thUc hien dinh eanh dinh cU vd cd dbi song tuong d i i on dinh Tinh edng ding cua ngUbi Dao khdng chi bo hep trong ndi bd dbng bo, tpc ngUdi, ma cbn dodn kei g i n
bd keo son vdi cdc ddn toe Mubng, Thdi, Kinh anh em thdng qua m l i quan bd hdn nhan, kinh t^, v.v
Trang 9Nhin chung, ngudi Dao d Thanh Hda
noi rieng c6 nguIn gd'c di cU trUe tiep tfl
phia Bic vdo dUOe khoang trdn dudi mdt
t h i 1^ Hipn nay ding bdo Dao d Thanh
Hoa da cd nhilu doi mdi trong nd'p sing
Con em dd theo bpc cde trUbng p h i thdng,
trUbng d i n tde ndi tru 100% so hp eiia
ngudi Dao thUc hipn dinh canh, dinh cU
Dbi sing ciia ding bdo da dupc cai thidn
rdt nhilu CU tru xen ke vdi ngUbi Mubng,
ngUbi Kinh, ngUbi Thdi, ngUbi Mdng,
truy-en thd'ng dodn k i t gifla ede ddn tdc ngay
cdng trd nen g i n bo keo son Viec trao dii
trong hdn nhdn vdi ngUbi Kinh, ngUbi
Mubng dupc didn r a thudng xuyen vd ngay
cdng pho biin hon Tuy so lupng it, lai
sd'ng g i n gui vdi edc ban Idng Mubng,
Thdi, Kinh, nhUhg ngUbi Dao v l n bao lUU
ben chdt cdc gid tri van hod truyen t h i n g
dOc ddo cua minh, gop p h l n bao luu sac
thai vdn hod tde ngUbi trong bde khdm vdn
hod da sic mdu cua xd Thanh./
C H U T m C H
1, 2, 17 B l Vi^t Ding, Nguyin KhIc Tung,
Ndng Tnmg, Nguyin Nam Tigh (1974),
Ngudi Dao d ViSt Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa
hdi, Hd Npi, tr.17-18, 22-24, 205
3 Nguon: Ban Ddn tgc tinh Thanh Hod
4 12 Ddo Thi Vinh (2001), Phong tuc tdp
qudn cda ngUdi Dao Thanh Hod, Nxb Vdn
hod thdng tin, Hd Npi, tr.18-19, 243
5 CSng trinh Le Thanh Hoa cua Tien sy Vdn
khoa Charles Robequain, cim hpi vidn
TrUbng Vidn Ddng Bdc Cl bign soan vd
dupc Nhd xult bdn G Van vd TrUbng Viln
Ddng bdc cl In hdnh bdng ti^ng Phdp ndm
1929 Cdng tiinh ndy dutfc Nhd xuat ban Thanh Hda chinh thdc t l chdc dich sang tiing Vi^t vd ah hdnh ndm 2012
6 Di^p thach Id dd philn
7 0 liii sau nguOi Mdn c6 nghia Id d dia bk cao hon ngUtJi Mdn (tdc ngudi Dao)
8 11 Charles Robequain (2012), Tlnh T/umh
Hod, Nxb Thanh Hod, tr.243, 249
9 R Robert (1941), Notes sur les Tdy dkngde
Lang Chdnh (Thanh Hda - An nam), Hanoi
imprimerie d Extreme - Orient
10 Dau td Bonifacy Id nhd Suf hpc Phdp, da c6 rapt cdng trinh n ^ d n cflu cdng phu ve
ngUbi Mdn vdi tieu de Hi^n chUang cm
ngudi Mdn
13 Nguyin E»nh Manh (2013), Dong hg Tri$u
ngudi Dao vdi viic khuyin hpc (ldng Phimg San, xd Phung Chdu, huySn Ngoc L^c, tinh Thanh Hda), Tap chi Bdo tang vd Nhin
hpc, s i 3, tr.73-74
14 Ba ngfli nhd truyin thing cbn lai cho d§'n thbi dilm hi^n nay (thdng 7/2014) ciia ngubi Dao d ldng Phflng Son Id cua ba gia dinh: dng Tri^u Ngpc Duong, 8ng Bki Ddng Khoa, 6ng Bdn Vdn Thing
15 06 t h i hilu vl Bdn Vuwng mdt cdch ddn giln Id m§t ngubi anh hflng huyin thoai, thu^ t l cua cdc ngdnh Dao Bdn Ho hay bdn Vuong cung Id m$t 06 thi ndi, ai 1^
ngubi Dao diu coi Bdn H i - Bdn VilOng Ik
thuy t l cua minh; cung nhu ai Id nguM A^^t
diu coi cdc vua Himg Id cdc vi Vua da c6
c5ng dung nUSc Chinh vi the, cau chuyen huyIn thoai vl thir^ to nnh hiing hi^n thoai Bdn Vuong c6 sdc manh tinh thin cue ky quan trpng, co ke't todn bo cong dong ngubi Dao tren t h i giOi thdnh mgt
t h i thing nhlt Odu chuyen Bdn VUtmg chinh Id chit keo kit dinh trong vide t3 chUc vd quIn 1^ xa hOi d bat ky thbi di^m
lich sd - xa h^i ndo md khdng phai d tSc
ngubi ndo cung c6 dupc
16 Tuy nhidn, d ngubi Dao D6 lai c6 tuc con cS
\ay con cdu, vi ho quan niem nhUvdy Id khac